| 00:34 | What goodness. That's good. Okay. Um So weekly quiz opens |
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| 01:21 | Through Monday. So that will be will cover we're gonna finish six. |
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| 01:29 | we'll go back to last. Um we? Yeah because we started talking |
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| 01:36 | viruses last Thursday. So we'll cover as well. So basically I have |
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| 01:41 | . Not every single thing but there'll questions about Chapter six and then the |
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| 01:48 | bit of 13 will do today. , so we'll start on that and |
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| 01:54 | finish that next Tuesday. Okay. let's see what smart workers do. |
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| 02:02 | that's kind of a part 12316 is monday. The part two on |
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| 02:09 | And uh I think that's it. um I had an email today. |
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| 02:15 | haven't looked at it yet. That uh Lincoln there to the uh how |
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| 02:21 | study part of the day one So if you understood, take a |
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| 02:26 | at that. If you have Um let me know. Okay um |
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| 02:32 | today um let's um um recap a bit from last time. Alright so |
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| 02:45 | went through bacterial viruses. So time put this in the perspective. So |
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| 02:52 | looking at the virus, you looking at viral life cycles. |
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| 02:56 | So all begins or ends of recognition behind you. The host getting entry |
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| 03:04 | carrying out the cycle. So the viruses we saw lighting types uh basically |
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| 03:11 | mod is but um replicate inside. lots of viral particles burst out filled |
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| 03:19 | . That's kind of their effect uh that. But they have this other |
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| 03:26 | dormant stage. If you will um they genome goes into the host |
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| 03:34 | it kind of sits there while the is replicating no problems with that. |
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| 03:39 | then eventually if it's going to make particles that have to go through life |
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| 03:45 | so less so ginny isn't a permanent . It's it's, you know, |
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| 03:51 | it'll vary. And so again to the particles we have to go in |
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| 03:56 | cycle but it has both those apartment 13. Remember it was one of |
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| 04:02 | uh that's it does not does not a profile page, but it will |
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| 04:10 | make viral particles a low rate. that enables it to not kill the |
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| 04:18 | . Okay. But the host is feeling super great figure the host is |
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| 04:23 | a flu alright function as well, still can still can replicate right at |
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| 04:27 | low, a little rain of Okay, so um uh so kind |
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| 04:37 | its strategy is to always have a , right while it's um replicating how |
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| 04:44 | sell, it comes out of the , right parts of the cell, |
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| 04:48 | the host cell, it was So it always has a host |
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| 04:52 | Um so just a different strategy. was the host defenses, restriction, |
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| 05:03 | altering mutation to alter the surface protein the virus recognizes. Okay, um |
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| 05:13 | the CRISPR system kind of pseudo quasi system if you will. Okay, |
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| 05:20 | uh, hantavirus. So we started really was kind of looking at the |
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| 05:26 | encoding mechanisms. Right? So we're look at uh developed the types are |
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| 05:31 | the coronavirus is uh virus types and uh how they uh different from bacteria |
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| 05:39 | . Right? They the the entry the cell can be the whole |
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| 05:45 | right? As you see over Okay. Or here. And so |
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| 05:54 | uh mechanism diffusion of, you then I'm sort of specifically a license |
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| 06:09 | or something refuses to kind of digest capsule, releasing the uh the mechanisms |
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| 06:21 | are similar as a testicle coming in a testicle into the cell, but |
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| 06:26 | is going to the nucleus close. then just gonna quote in the in |
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| 06:36 | outside like this. Okay, so more or less catches us up with |
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| 06:43 | time with any questions. Okay, let's look at uh it's kind of |
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| 06:53 | little repetitive, but I'm just gonna you the basics of what animal viruses |
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| 06:58 | here. So, we go from then to eventually copying genome assembling the |
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| 07:07 | particles uh envelope. So this can through this budding process, which basically |
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| 07:16 | this membrane here. So, number , uh for an envelope virus, |
|
| 07:22 | see the viral particles, viral proteins red. Right? And so these |
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| 07:28 | made typically in the gold. So migrate to the surface and that's how |
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| 07:34 | end up in the host membrane. , then here's the capsule structure of |
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| 07:41 | virus and the genome inside it. . And so as it exits basically |
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| 07:48 | happens is it's kind of crude drawing . Okay, so that membrane is |
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| 07:55 | pinched off, right? Like. so here's our so it goes from |
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| 08:01 | to that and eventually it just pinches . And we have an envelope virus |
|
| 08:08 | you see here. Okay, let's to the process for the virus. |
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| 08:12 | uh that's what we cut. That is the budding process. Okay, |
|
| 08:19 | you also hear the term shed? , shedding virus? Okay, dog |
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| 08:31 | hair, right, losing his A cell can shed virus when you |
|
| 08:37 | that term. That means the virus of viruses are basically coming out of |
|
| 08:41 | cell and shedding virus is okay. it can be synonymous. You know |
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| 08:47 | happening budding is cause budding is occurring viruses are being released from the |
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| 08:53 | And you can say the host is viruses. So you'll hear that term |
|
| 08:57 | well. Um but again, it relates to the exit of the |
|
| 09:02 | Okay. And so um it could from buddy, because the budding process |
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| 09:10 | leave the will leave this host host intact at the hotel still can be |
|
| 09:20 | as a virus. Uh Right. you know, but if this is |
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| 09:27 | , this process is occurring in a rate but there's types that are |
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| 09:35 | right? That may lice the cell together. So you can have the |
|
| 09:41 | of of different outcomes here. so the and so this is kind |
|
| 09:48 | recapping the basics of RNA and DNA . Right. So this is generally |
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| 09:57 | viruses. But there are exceptions. one of those is the flu virus |
|
| 10:03 | virus doesn't actually carry part of its cycle in unlike most other RNA |
|
| 10:10 | it actually does that. Um it so and there are DNA viruses that |
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| 10:18 | do. Uh but somehow so you're see some variations here and there. |
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| 10:27 | for most, right, they kind fit both of these modes here, |
|
| 10:32 | fact. Um, so let's we're gonna look So now I'm just gonna |
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| 10:39 | at examples. First DNA virus, a couple of different parties viruses and |
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| 10:45 | retrovirus. And then that will pretty close up the chapter on viruses. |
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| 10:50 | , so let's look at the data , papilloma virus. Very common. |
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| 10:56 | . T. E. Also cause , cervical cancer. Um, there's |
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| 11:01 | vaccine for it. So it is was actually I've seen signs around campus |
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| 11:08 | I think I emailed you all a of course looking for volunteers, a |
|
| 11:14 | at the Medical Center volunteers for let I can't remember the exact specifics relating |
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| 11:21 | the PPV virus. And so uh basis by getting people vaccinated, you |
|
| 11:27 | , women especially uh there is an vaccine. So, but anyway, |
|
| 11:34 | this is an example of not typical viruses virus. Right. Humans of |
|
| 11:44 | ourselves are typically parts of tissues right ? Parts of tissues, parts of |
|
| 11:52 | . And so because of that cells the tissues may have different states right |
|
| 12:00 | make differentiated different types of cells. skin cells cells Skin skin of course |
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| 12:14 | very thick with layers of cells. and you are sloughing off the upper |
|
| 12:22 | of skin cells continuously. Okay. now P. P. P. |
|
| 12:29 | . P. Okay effect basil cells . And those are the underlying cell |
|
| 12:38 | obey themselves, differentiate into crowded Okay. Um basal cells are not |
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| 12:47 | growing when you get the signal to growing. Um Then of course they |
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| 12:53 | into sites. So as you see from lower layer of skin to upper |
|
| 13:00 | . Okay so um this being the layer of skin. Okay so of |
|
| 13:11 | is not visible basal cells without deeper but anyway so the virus and it's |
|
| 13:19 | of linked toward its kind of replication tied to differentiation of the cell |
|
| 13:29 | Okay so in basal cells they can the type that can integrate they can |
|
| 13:35 | a pro virus. So when we about the process of a viral genome |
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| 13:39 | into a chromosome, when it's animal used to turn pro virus material types |
|
| 13:45 | the land that we call. Pro pro page pro page pro virus |
|
| 13:50 | Similar integrated. But one is specific bacterial viruses. One for animal |
|
| 13:56 | So they can form pro virus here this stage of sepsis. Okay. |
|
| 14:05 | in doing so they integrate into the and that's what can lead to potential |
|
| 14:12 | cell types because they integrate themselves into functioning genes in the cell are responsible |
|
| 14:21 | normal growth and repair themselves. I'm sure we all know. That's what |
|
| 14:27 | know uh that's what viruses do The cancer is a state of uncontrolled |
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| 14:34 | and not be able to repair mistakes the D. N. A. |
|
| 14:38 | occur during the cell cycle replication. . And so um and that happens |
|
| 14:45 | viruses that cause cancer by the integrated these all the normal growth and repair |
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| 14:51 | sets the cells off to be growth tumors. That so and that's what |
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| 14:58 | can do. That's what the that's the cervical cancer caused by PPB. |
|
| 15:03 | how they do that. Okay. so not all P. P. |
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| 15:09 | borrowers. I love the fact that the control that there may be genetic |
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| 15:15 | to this as well. Okay. um as the cell begins to |
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| 15:22 | Okay now remember that this is a of virus that needs the okay remember |
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| 15:34 | right mitosis. Okay that that nucleus divides. Right? And so yeah |
|
| 15:43 | replication going on in their memories. that's why so as as the skin |
|
| 15:50 | type goes this way right? It's and now the PPV virus can then |
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| 15:58 | to copy its genome replicate and then the host and that's what you see |
|
| 16:04 | here. So these cells are in shedding HPV um uh virus system. |
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| 16:13 | so again get tired because they need and that's really only available when the |
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| 16:18 | are actively dividing and that's and that's begins to their process of replicating themselves |
|
| 16:26 | host time. So um if HPV also cause like you'll see almost like |
|
| 16:36 | unaffected skin as well as how they themselves. Okay um now at least |
|
| 16:43 | just diagram that shows just such a type. And so we see um |
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| 16:50 | need a virus it carries out coding right um realize I'm supposed to |
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| 17:00 | Right so you're gonna have so again that the virus is right. They |
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| 17:08 | you care and excel right transcription occurs the translation outside piece. Okay so |
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| 17:15 | the virus part of the process can out here. Right so you see |
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| 17:22 | transcription of the viral genome the R. Exit. That's what happens |
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| 17:29 | you create sell. And then they then parts come back into the are |
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| 17:38 | then once again exit. So this going back and forth transcription translation assembling |
|
| 17:46 | because that's very typical for a N. A virus. You have |
|
| 17:50 | going on in different parts to sell not to mention they're not including in |
|
| 17:56 | . Um Goldy. Okay so those lead to us uh borrow envelope proteins |
|
| 18:06 | end up on the surface and so . So again very common for virus |
|
| 18:11 | kind of action happening everywhere in the . Everything. Okay. Um Any |
|
| 18:19 | about? Yeah. I would assume pre cancer should refer to cells that |
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| 18:37 | the pro virus in them. But the they're not yet activated to begin |
|
| 18:47 | yet. And so the it's when get into the out of the basal |
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| 18:54 | into the next stages where the cells , that's where the cancer will |
|
| 18:59 | So it's a pre pre cancer would that stage. It's integrated but not |
|
| 19:05 | to sell. Not yet growing because it's one of the boroughs when these |
|
| 19:08 | occur. So that's that's what I call it. Um Good point. |
|
| 19:20 | would say it's a pre cancerous You still want a vaccine because doesn't |
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| 19:25 | all this altar that way. You have some viruses that will be |
|
| 19:29 | So I think yes you want a regardless of what stage. But but |
|
| 19:35 | right. The the effectiveness will might affected by that fact but still do |
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| 19:42 | vaccinated. Yeah, that makes Okay. Okay so okay so it's |
|
| 19:53 | take us in this is our segue our Okay, so take a look |
|
| 19:57 | this. This goes back to the plus minus. That was ranting and |
|
| 20:01 | about last time. Right sense antisense non coding etcetera. Okay, so |
|
| 20:10 | virus possessing a single plus sense RNA its genome. What first have to |
|
| 20:19 | this into a minus. Anti sense and translate from this minus into |
|
| 20:26 | True or false. Let me get . Sorry, you can't see the |
|
| 20:31 | here. Okay, 26296996. So what I'm mulling that over. |
|
| 20:51 | me get my problem here. Yeah. Oh, good. Good |
|
| 21:18 | . Nice. Alright, let me pause it for so So yeah. |
|
| 21:25 | , go ahead and answer now. bet here it is. Mhm. |
|
| 21:37 | uh here's my pure protein bar. this? A source of? |
|
| 21:48 | it is. But ultimately it's a of coming attractions coming toward the end |
|
| 21:52 | the class. Yes, electron. let's put that in the back of |
|
| 21:58 | head. I'll revisit this problem again . Okay. Um Let me speed |
|
| 22:07 | . So 10 countdown from 10. . 8765. Mhm. 21. |
|
| 22:20 | , dramatic pause. Here we Okay. 50 50. So that's |
|
| 22:30 | right answer. Um It is. answered drumroll. Be false. I |
|
| 22:41 | to be. I'm not saying you're , but you want to be. |
|
| 22:47 | . Why'd you have to be? that's a wow correct. Had to |
|
| 23:00 | read that myself. I was in first place. But you're referring to |
|
| 23:07 | to this? Of course. Let's go through the example here. |
|
| 23:11 | so this is our virus. So sort of that's the first half of |
|
| 23:22 | is right. Like because that's um that minus is not not translatable. |
|
| 23:35 | , So we have to go another . Uh So remember what I said |
|
| 23:44 | time, you know, in in that. All right. So, |
|
| 23:48 | is a virus, right? Infecting host. Right. So happens to |
|
| 23:56 | one of those. And then I what the Endgame is. Right. |
|
| 23:59 | of viruses. And so remember each of these has a genome. |
|
| 24:11 | Which is in this case will be plus R. N. A. |
|
| 24:14 | don't write this down. You're gonna this in the next slide anyway. |
|
| 24:18 | So, you're gonna have all these have plus RNA genomes, right? |
|
| 24:23 | all gonna have these these Right. those proteins. Right? Caps |
|
| 24:29 | And maybe has spikes sticking out of . Right. So, you have |
|
| 24:32 | make all that stuff, right? come from scratch. So, you |
|
| 24:35 | to make all that. That's what on in here, right inside the |
|
| 24:40 | . Making all this stuff. You make viral proteins. You got copies |
|
| 24:44 | the loans. We gotta slap it together. Right. So, so |
|
| 24:50 | . Yes, of course, it be easy to if this were the |
|
| 24:55 | . Alright, If this worked this . Right. If you could do |
|
| 25:02 | , of course, that would be easiest stuff, but it doesn't |
|
| 25:06 | Alright. Doesn't happen because that's just way to pay gasses work. |
|
| 25:11 | When you copy a strand, you're copy that you're going to get a |
|
| 25:14 | of the complementary strand? Just a or if it's a minus A plus |
|
| 25:18 | plus and minus. So that's why have to go this route? |
|
| 25:24 | A Because that's the way to play work. B because you want to |
|
| 25:28 | lots of copies of that and then for the purpose of stuffing in to |
|
| 25:37 | captions as we assemble them plus um to translate from to make the proteins |
|
| 25:44 | it needs. Okay, so that's this happens this way. Okay, |
|
| 25:50 | let's look at um here. So , this is more kind of just |
|
| 25:59 | of stuff we talked about. So the RNA virus genomes can have different |
|
| 26:04 | depending on the viral type. It can be a template for translation |
|
| 26:09 | for um synthesizing A. M. . N. A. Remember the |
|
| 26:17 | Marnie is the plus so a template make that. Right? So basically |
|
| 26:24 | doing that to that. Right? so then of course the retrovirus. |
|
| 26:30 | ? That's totally different. Animal uh . Sorry, that uh D. |
|
| 26:38 | . A. So it's already template one to make DNA. Uh |
|
| 26:42 | Um so let's look at each of um Individually 1 2 3 back. |
|
| 26:53 | is the plus single stranded type. . Um Alright, so I just |
|
| 27:00 | some examples of types but just for . Right? Totally must not all |
|
| 27:07 | these types. And so and so I drew it like this for that |
|
| 27:11 | reason I just mentioned. Right, is a type of virus that's infecting |
|
| 27:15 | is what we're gonna get out of . Right? So how did this |
|
| 27:21 | ? Well we uh virus specific they get this from the host. Right |
|
| 27:33 | a proliferator. Our D. A. Um So I got into |
|
| 27:43 | we get lots of these and then will be used to make a lot |
|
| 27:49 | so while while sitting here so these themselves these minus RNA strands by themselves |
|
| 27:58 | no use for the virus other than template. So many more of the |
|
| 28:06 | . Okay so again some of these be used to translate the protein and |
|
| 28:13 | well the package into the right so that's what it's about for plus so |
|
| 28:23 | minus so we have a lot of etcetera so same same same. |
|
| 28:33 | So here's our we were infected with we produce in the end. So |
|
| 28:41 | we've got to have lots of copies the genome and of course lots of |
|
| 28:45 | approaches. So uh again we produce of friends. Okay and so you |
|
| 28:55 | think okay well we can stop right we've got lots of templates to make |
|
| 29:01 | right translate but that's only part of flavor, right? Because it's so |
|
| 29:09 | it is, that's the hand that genome inside of. Okay so we |
|
| 29:15 | do that. Okay then we have do this part because it's a minus |
|
| 29:24 | virus. So that's why we do you might think it's some kind of |
|
| 29:29 | process to get to the game. that's how it has to be |
|
| 29:36 | Um And so this this diagram is to show this I think this is |
|
| 29:46 | uh really just the main thing here the events are currently outside, |
|
| 29:54 | Not yet. Not part of It's all outside the nucleus synthesis |
|
| 30:02 | Alright then, um the copy of culturing strands and then back in plus |
|
| 30:11 | translation of uh proteins, proteins and assembly. So uh pretty much previous |
|
| 30:23 | but now um any questions about either it's one of those things you kind |
|
| 30:32 | think just kind of look at it be drawn out yourself. Right, |
|
| 30:37 | you're having problems with it, but it's easy enough just to put on |
|
| 30:41 | piece of paper that this Right, then see if you can carry out |
|
| 30:49 | . Okay, so um so with retrovirus. Okay, um well, |
|
| 30:58 | see if you can answer this question . Pretty simple, I think Takes |
|
| 31:04 | into our next one and last Oops. Okay, let's count down |
|
| 31:40 | 3 to one. It's um it a retrovirus. Okay, so it's |
|
| 31:54 | its own transparent, right? They need an independent. Okay, so |
|
| 32:06 | , so retrovirus life cycle. Um , so they have a plus single |
|
| 32:14 | RNA genome um and the indian of eventually they will do this. |
|
| 32:22 | But their way is a little So we diverse transcriptase the virus makes |
|
| 32:34 | again relationship. Right? We're now plus minus. Right? Even though |
|
| 32:44 | are the ones DNA. The same still apply. Okay so copy plus |
|
| 32:49 | . N. A. We're gonna a minus D. N. |
|
| 32:53 | Okay. Um is used to make second copy of the right now. |
|
| 33:00 | have a remember this is going to the host. We're gonna form a |
|
| 33:04 | virus here. Okay. And so but when it does but it does |
|
| 33:15 | it will translate proteins uh sample viral . So they are unique in having |
|
| 33:28 | state here. We're just gonna integrate the promise. Okay and it can |
|
| 33:38 | in that state. Okay and still all of this. Okay. It |
|
| 33:45 | have to be doesn't have to pop of the chromosome to do this. |
|
| 33:51 | can stay in the chrome zone and this. Okay so we see that |
|
| 33:58 | . Okay so here is a retrovirus uh here's our virus. Find it |
|
| 34:10 | specific. They act very specific immune cell T. Helper cell specifically. |
|
| 34:19 | think it's a t. Helper type . Right okay. And but these |
|
| 34:27 | of helper cells T helper cells direct the hola response. So if you're |
|
| 34:33 | those you're really really um damaging the system response or at least that |
|
| 34:40 | Okay you've got to get these antibodies so forth. So many case. |
|
| 34:47 | the release the transcripts from the virus we get into D. N. |
|
| 34:55 | . D. N. A. and then the genome in fact so |
|
| 35:02 | I said it can be in this and they can just stop right |
|
| 35:08 | Okay and do nothing. Right? can just remain that's what we call |
|
| 35:14 | latent state. Okay. Where it's kind of hanging out. Uh This |
|
| 35:19 | of course very analogous to right? we don't don't use that term in |
|
| 35:26 | following anti viruses that do this. don't that's the term only we use |
|
| 35:31 | like land of age and bacterial viruses the life. I wouldn't use that |
|
| 35:36 | for for this although it's obviously looks similar. Okay so um so again |
|
| 35:43 | can remain in this state here just this for months weeks weeks months |
|
| 35:51 | Okay. It's not detectable. A who gets uh blood test will be |
|
| 35:59 | negative in that state. It's not you begin to get some production of |
|
| 36:06 | . Okay. So it can be for large state and then carry out |
|
| 36:11 | transcription. Right? And then translation somebody off and they can do this |
|
| 36:21 | a lower rate but the cell is they can reproduce the cell phone copy |
|
| 36:28 | . Uh But surely releasing these Okay so uh so it's not until |
|
| 36:39 | get enough enough virus built up. . It's what they call viral |
|
| 36:48 | viral load builds up until it becomes . So it's at that point where |
|
| 36:57 | having negative uh of course like I uh for several months several years and |
|
| 37:11 | uh progresses and of course during this this assembly is replicated. Okay so |
|
| 37:18 | have more more cells with this genome it. All right. And so |
|
| 37:26 | doing this viral production of a little . So obviously the virus accumulating in |
|
| 37:32 | body. Okay. And at some it uh obviously damages the uh the |
|
| 37:39 | effects of a disease. Okay. so uh no but you know in |
|
| 37:45 | developed countries like ours right we have for for H. I. |
|
| 37:51 | A. C. T. Has around for a long time. It |
|
| 37:56 | affects the reverse transcriptase Function. Uh like a series of like nine or |
|
| 38:03 | different medications that are given to a and uh personally along both you know |
|
| 38:12 | life. Um but we don't not in the world has access to those |
|
| 38:20 | um because HIV is is endemic in of the world epidemic in parts of |
|
| 38:26 | world and uh they don't have access the drugs. So that's a whole |
|
| 38:31 | discussion uh involving politics and pharma pharma etcetera. So um anyway the point |
|
| 38:43 | it is it can be not curable definitely treatable and uh just to be |
|
| 38:49 | to have uh Access to health So that's a whole other conversation I'm |
|
| 38:55 | with my 93 year old 93 year mother and seeing all the offensive healthcare |
|
| 39:00 | it's frankly pathetic. So and she's . She's not like um in terms |
|
| 39:07 | insurance care, so plus veterans so you know that it's still I'm |
|
| 39:15 | just like oh my God, so probably may be dealing with some of |
|
| 39:19 | yourself. So it's uh something's gotta faced for sure. Uh Any questions |
|
| 39:26 | not gonna tangent there. Okay, off my soap box. Okay. |
|
| 39:32 | right, so let's look at some offenses. Right, so again, |
|
| 39:36 | is common what we saw before. , so that's any life form, |
|
| 39:42 | virus potentially. Right? Just kind having to take from that affects the |
|
| 39:48 | or whatever the molecule is that allows virus to get in right bank it |
|
| 39:52 | . Okay, um RNA interference, talk a little bit more about this |
|
| 39:59 | you know, three but it is way very widespread is using RNA molecules |
|
| 40:06 | control expression. Okay, we can it in this way right to counteract |
|
| 40:14 | infection by interfering with viral expression. RNA is right in a very brief |
|
| 40:21 | . Alright, this is an R. N. A. Let's |
|
| 40:25 | there can be interfering RNA is in complementary right? So we call it |
|
| 40:31 | R. N. A. Okay, let's say and it short |
|
| 40:38 | typically and they'll buy into a complementary . And in doing so remember arriba |
|
| 40:45 | have to be on here to Right? And if you have any |
|
| 40:50 | right there, you have a ribbon trying to translate. Okay, there |
|
| 40:57 | just be a physical block but we get around that sequence. Right? |
|
| 41:03 | you don't get any expression in some , this binding of an RNA I |
|
| 41:10 | another protein to come in and just of chop it up. So that |
|
| 41:15 | of two ways it can happen to the expression destroy it or just kind |
|
| 41:20 | physically blocking translating. Okay. And very we're talking about this in three |
|
| 41:28 | that is certainly a mechanism. And lastly, this is all not last |
|
| 41:34 | second to last. We have the system. Okay, so the immune |
|
| 41:39 | , adaptive immunity antibodies. Right. these are why shaped things here that |
|
| 41:46 | can buy into a virus vaccinations about we can introduce an antibody response by |
|
| 41:54 | a vaccine to create the same Uh And then lastly again, this |
|
| 41:59 | something we'll talk about in the last as well as this one here to |
|
| 42:05 | on so interfere on uh this. what it does and don't worry so |
|
| 42:15 | about the show you here, cause gonna revisit this at the end. |
|
| 42:18 | more more more so now it's just interfering with the defense that can produce |
|
| 42:24 | um molecules that will counteract it viral . But just for now, just |
|
| 42:30 | show you that what it does, it works is it um will it |
|
| 42:38 | infected with the virus is the one produces the interference. Okay, so |
|
| 42:44 | see that there's an environment affection induces then that diffuses into outside the cell |
|
| 42:56 | and then kind of diffuses outside the and whatever other cells in the area |
|
| 43:03 | have a receptor for it. All . Find it. Okay. And |
|
| 43:09 | it in and it acts like a as a transcription activator for activates transcription |
|
| 43:17 | specific antiviral proteins. But then interfere with it gets affected and then |
|
| 43:24 | can interfere with the virus life blocking it from damaging it. And |
|
| 43:30 | it's a protective mechanism protects those cells the area in the vicinity that aren't |
|
| 43:36 | infected. So it's likely that this will this cell will go away be |
|
| 43:44 | but any themselves. So, um . Is those that have a for |
|
| 43:53 | that hospitalized you give you can't give interference. That's an option as an |
|
| 44:00 | . Okay. And it does have does have efficacy in that in that |
|
| 44:07 | . Um Okay, so just another defense that we have. We have |
|
| 44:11 | of course. Right. Um All . Any questions that wraps up Chapter |
|
| 44:18 | , I'm always gonna do a 1 year. Chapter 13. Remember my |
|
| 44:23 | . Right, okay, So, so a couple of things to get |
|
| 44:29 | the tablet, which is basically the of this game. So two is |
|
| 44:35 | . Okay, so 13 to 14 metabolism. Okay. Again, I'm |
|
| 44:43 | gonna expect you to memorize the 80 reactions that occur nor the enzymes of |
|
| 44:49 | . There's a couple. Uh but from that, don't bother memorizing |
|
| 44:56 | Okay, the way I approach this in stages and four stages. |
|
| 45:02 | And it's no wonder what goes in out of those stages before then. |
|
| 45:09 | kind of one diagram you'll see a . Is this? So, I |
|
| 45:14 | a little box. I put T. C. Alright. Or |
|
| 45:21 | . T. S electron transport chain try and transport system. Okay. |
|
| 45:26 | don't have uh something like this exposed y here and uh a to be |
|
| 45:34 | . Okay, So, we see a lot in this section simplified way |
|
| 45:41 | doing something, right? You may what it is, maybe that's |
|
| 45:44 | but it's um it involves this, , involves these. Not not sure |
|
| 45:51 | bars, but there's a constituent's Uh Okay. If you don't, |
|
| 45:58 | will. Okay. So what I'm to say is I'm trying to I'm |
|
| 46:02 | I'm not going to be down in weeds on this stuff. Hopefully keep |
|
| 46:07 | more. Here's the basics, Because you should know the basics. |
|
| 46:11 | is one of those things, like should know what D. N. |
|
| 46:14 | . Is, right. Everybody should where the gene is. One of |
|
| 46:16 | things when you graduate from college. go, somebody puts a microphone in |
|
| 46:20 | face like and goes, what's uh the D. N. A. |
|
| 46:24 | don't know if you probably remember jay used to have, you know, |
|
| 46:28 | Fallon hosted tonight show. Right. hope some of you know that jimmy |
|
| 46:33 | is uh So jay Leno used to this man on the street interviews or |
|
| 46:40 | on the street person on the street . Right. Random people. And |
|
| 46:45 | go, what is the capital of ? And people would just nobody would |
|
| 46:50 | anything. It's so ignorant. don't be one of those people. |
|
| 46:54 | , so you put a microphone in face and say, what's respiration? |
|
| 46:58 | ? Know what it is. They're Harvard graduates. And you go, |
|
| 47:02 | my God, they know everything, ? They ask him what's photosynthesis? |
|
| 47:05 | could answer the question, insane. , so, don't be one of |
|
| 47:10 | . All right, I'm gonna make not one of those. So, |
|
| 47:14 | the first question. Alright, this kind of just gauging. What do |
|
| 47:19 | remember about metabolism? Because I know had some of it in intro |
|
| 47:23 | Okay. Remember anything. Alright, , there's only certain words, |
|
| 47:29 | Like oxidation may produce the timer oxidation . We mentioned that before. Um |
|
| 47:38 | teepee. Right? Um what else you have oxidation you also have |
|
| 47:46 | These are the terms we're gonna be . Let's see, I look at |
|
| 47:51 | question a while. Let's see if can answer it. I hope |
|
| 47:56 | We're in trouble. Sure. I think I remember? Mm |
|
| 48:38 | Okay, gave you the I gave one of these already. Right, |
|
| 48:42 | this up. What's this for? . Actually these are the answer to |
|
| 48:49 | . Okay, let's proceed 15 14 . Okay, great. The answer |
|
| 49:18 | is okay, so yes auction is to water. Okay, so uh |
|
| 49:26 | , that's yeah, that's this uh little diagram right, electron transport chain |
|
| 49:35 | we have why going to Z The back part here is oxygen for |
|
| 49:46 | treatment electronic sector. I am reduced water. So, um yeah, |
|
| 49:55 | the donut, this is the equivalent the donut, right? Source of |
|
| 49:58 | . Okay, we're gonna oxidize it and get energy from it. Um |
|
| 50:04 | , so 13 focuses on energetic Right? So I'm not gonna get |
|
| 50:12 | on energetic switches, thermodynamics, that alone. And so, um, |
|
| 50:24 | more kind of just the basics of . Okay, Some things we |
|
| 50:28 | we have to know. All And then uh, so, so |
|
| 50:33 | we're focusing on header approach us how eat, right? And so I'm |
|
| 50:42 | you had some part of policies so . So, um, we'll focus |
|
| 50:51 | that in 13 and then in 14 of expand beyond that. So hopefully |
|
| 50:57 | 14 there's some things you don't know right? Like anaerobic respiration. Uh |
|
| 51:03 | covered fermentation I'm sure, but we'll through that again. And then um |
|
| 51:07 | little trophy. Okay. And photo , but photo trophy of the |
|
| 51:13 | You may not be aware of We all we all know plant pants |
|
| 51:16 | allergy photos inside. So it's different that. Okay. But anyway, |
|
| 51:20 | start here. So this is kind meant to illustrate, I guess a |
|
| 51:25 | of things. But one of them um, the number of things that |
|
| 51:30 | energy may not be obvious because your don't really show um whether it's DNA |
|
| 51:39 | or protein synthesis, uh, culture right? Takes lots of energy. |
|
| 51:48 | . And uh, energy obviously comes somewhere. Right? And so, |
|
| 51:55 | in order to do this. All . To get lots and lots and |
|
| 51:58 | of cells that of course, number , right. We know this from |
|
| 52:03 | four. Right? C H O P S. Right? We gotta |
|
| 52:06 | these components, particularly your carbon. , so, um so remember that |
|
| 52:14 | us. We get a two for deal with with our carbon service. |
|
| 52:20 | ? We get we get carbon we can put together to make molecules |
|
| 52:26 | we also get energy. That's not case for everything. Okay, |
|
| 52:32 | but it is for us. Uh so I can get I get two |
|
| 52:36 | from this, right? We'll get things. I get fat from |
|
| 52:38 | Okay, that's what I can get electrons from this. Right? Um |
|
| 52:44 | my energy ultimately will be my energy I can get my carbon from |
|
| 52:49 | Okay. Which I then converted to . And then you get this. |
|
| 52:53 | . Anyway, so, um so other thing is this is kind of |
|
| 53:01 | why there's somebody metabolism just remember obviously multiple things can be the carbon and |
|
| 53:14 | source. Okay, That's program. , but typically always the example. |
|
| 53:22 | ? Because um that that's the ancient with that back. Right. And |
|
| 53:31 | still have have held onto that. . It's one of the one of |
|
| 53:36 | many things that are similar to bacteria black policies. We both do it |
|
| 53:40 | much the same way. And so the point here is that, |
|
| 53:44 | know, chemical energy, Right? of course you can you can carry |
|
| 53:49 | by fire fire or light a bomb . Right. And but it's very |
|
| 53:58 | to capture all the energy in a . Okay. So that's why metabolism |
|
| 54:05 | has so many reactions, right? break down profits molecule. And then |
|
| 54:12 | certain stages we capture energy. It's that's more efficient than taking that |
|
| 54:19 | multi one. You can't just gonna a lot of heat. Right? |
|
| 54:27 | so life works at moderate traditions If you have the birth of energy |
|
| 54:36 | all this heat, the selling So, you have to do it |
|
| 54:39 | a way that in the current ambient . Right? And that's of |
|
| 54:44 | we don't talk about this here because learned it earlier. That's the beauty |
|
| 54:48 | enzymes, right? They operate at temperatures, right? They can carry |
|
| 54:55 | these right having to evolve. And which wouldn't work. And so and |
|
| 55:06 | yeah, all these reactions are catalyzed different insects. Right? But you |
|
| 55:10 | to you need to memorize what they . Okay, so, um so |
|
| 55:17 | we're focusing on 13 is how does happen? So we have capitalism of |
|
| 55:25 | complex food source, carbon sources Excuse me, go through different |
|
| 55:33 | Gonna capture some energy and ultimately makes of a T. P. |
|
| 55:40 | Okay. Uh not the soul. a certain energy molecules form but there's |
|
| 55:48 | types as well that we'll talk Okay. And when we form those |
|
| 55:51 | we can do stuff with. And so ultimately it's about, you |
|
| 55:57 | , really about making a DPS but are other molecules that are used. |
|
| 56:02 | in large part is those that dr protein synthesis, DNA replication. It's |
|
| 56:09 | . So, um okay, just the basics of metabolism. |
|
| 56:15 | So hetero tropes, right. That's we are. And so, um |
|
| 56:21 | does the energy come from in the ? Where the where? What's |
|
| 56:37 | Okay, so we're talking about a . So, say something like |
|
| 56:44 | Where the energy comes from in It's a good question, mark. |
|
| 56:48 | are you getting here? Mhm electrons how are you getting the electrons |
|
| 56:56 | I heard oxidation over there. Oxidizing after that oxidation is loss of electrons |
|
| 57:03 | you're gonna capture electrons. So where those electrons at in the molecule bonds |
|
| 57:11 | bonds. That's where it's coming So you break bonds. You have |
|
| 57:15 | like captures electrons carry electrons carry energy you can go somewhere with that to |
|
| 57:22 | you lots of a T. P . Okay, so it comes from |
|
| 57:27 | molecular bonds. Okay, so redox . Of course electrons redox reactions are |
|
| 57:33 | be what it's about. Whether it's it's metabolism, whether it's photo |
|
| 57:39 | Okay. Little trophy. It's all redox reactions. Right. Because if |
|
| 57:44 | capture energy through capture electrons, you're oxidizing molecules before oxidizing something. You're |
|
| 57:53 | at the same time reducing something. something you have Michael using electronic they |
|
| 57:58 | to be going somewhere and the one captures those molecules becomes reduced. So |
|
| 58:03 | going on all the time. so both are going to be a |
|
| 58:07 | of the process obviously. Okay, we differentiate respiration fermentation because both use |
|
| 58:14 | know, sugars for example. And and other things. But certainly |
|
| 58:19 | as we saw previously with passage or right we use he look at sugar |
|
| 58:24 | . Right. And so both of have that in common the source but |
|
| 58:29 | differ in terms of what you get terms of energy versus um the end |
|
| 58:37 | you get. Okay, So since fermentation by comparison is pretty simple. |
|
| 58:43 | , because you when you ferment the in this case glucose you do. |
|
| 58:49 | fermentation occurs in the act. so um but produce Michael's like this |
|
| 58:59 | um ethanol acetate things like formic acid ? Like C one C two, |
|
| 59:07 | three, C four alcohol passes. um so look at by comparison. |
|
| 59:16 | at respiration. Okay we go down take glucose for example and go all |
|
| 59:23 | way down and see the water. . So if we look at these |
|
| 59:27 | fuels compared to this, which has energy. One bigger one. |
|
| 59:38 | there's still a lot of energy left these molecules. There are bacteria that |
|
| 59:42 | take ethanol and eat it. Optimizes from bacteria that can use acid |
|
| 59:47 | Okay, so there's lots of energy in these molecules. Okay, that's |
|
| 59:52 | nature of fermentation. Okay. You go all the way down as far |
|
| 59:57 | you can go. Okay in terms product. So um the that's why |
|
| 60:04 | call fermentation and incomplete oxidation because reproducing that still can be further oxidized. |
|
| 60:11 | yeah, that's the improv a Respiration is a complete oxidation because you |
|
| 60:18 | do you can't break down ceo to further. Very stable. Okay? |
|
| 60:26 | and biologically you just don't do You can't do it. Okay. |
|
| 60:31 | you can do is sio two is build it up and used as a |
|
| 60:35 | block to make things like this Blue . You know that's what photosynthesis is |
|
| 60:42 | co two fixation. So that's a energy required process. Right? So |
|
| 60:48 | we're talking about metabolism releasing energy, ? And so um so uh in |
|
| 60:56 | gonna form these types of energy You do form energy over here. |
|
| 61:00 | course uniform 80 P only. Okay the quantity is much less. It's |
|
| 61:07 | like 10, 10 to 1 You form 10 times more a tps |
|
| 61:12 | respiration than you do in fermentation. . Um and then of course the |
|
| 61:18 | involves electric. There's a lot more and components to respiration and fermentation. |
|
| 61:23 | , so you have electron transport That's where you have molecules like oxygen |
|
| 61:32 | it can also create aerobically. I . Okay, so just because it's |
|
| 61:41 | , so we hear the term 02 probably fermentation but there's also respiration that |
|
| 61:50 | occur anatomically. Okay. And remember won't get you as much energy as |
|
| 61:57 | but it gets can get pretty darn . So anaerobic respiration is nothing to |
|
| 62:01 | at. It can be very effective terms of energy production. Okay. |
|
| 62:07 | in fact most most living things on are are microbes and most of those |
|
| 62:13 | either anaerobic or faculty demand of Okay, so they do quite well |
|
| 62:19 | without oxygen especially they can inspire. um and so great because I know |
|
| 62:26 | you're not just mostly gonna be about respiration. That's what you learn I |
|
| 62:31 | beginning in high school and then and on. So but anyway um so |
|
| 62:37 | molecules in the respiration that these are the end of the process. |
|
| 62:43 | These are molecule types that are super electron rabbit molecule's electron grabbers. They |
|
| 62:55 | we love becoming what we call oxidizing , powerful Oxidizing agents and oxidizing agents |
|
| 63:02 | grab electrons and then become the Okay, so that's why we have |
|
| 63:09 | at the very end is because a important part of this is called electron |
|
| 63:16 | . Best to say that until we to the right diagram. So just |
|
| 63:20 | of put that back your head. . So um now what we won't |
|
| 63:25 | about in this chapter? Although we're about this part of it. I'm |
|
| 63:34 | talking about photo the photo part So anything with a photo trophy. |
|
| 63:41 | hair trophy. Uh and little That's all gonna be chapter 14. |
|
| 63:47 | we're not gonna talk about it in context. I'm just bringing it up |
|
| 63:50 | it kind of fits fits here. . And then um as I said |
|
| 63:55 | , right, we know that sugars uh aromatic compounds can be used by |
|
| 64:02 | and archaea. So that's a unique . Right? So we look at |
|
| 64:06 | as well. Okay, um Okay, so again, we're talking |
|
| 64:12 | this in the next chapter. But your autotrophs. Right? So the |
|
| 64:19 | right, where this comes from either ? All right. If you're a |
|
| 64:28 | a photo type. Okay, if a little low well, I should |
|
| 64:35 | it this way. But the dash there with a type then you use |
|
| 64:47 | . Right? You oxidize inorganic iron, ammonia etcetera. Right? |
|
| 64:55 | light. Okay. That's the energy . Um so we'll focus on |
|
| 65:02 | And uh, oh, another week so. So now our focus is |
|
| 65:09 | really just uh, capitalism. So here's the first question or |
|
| 65:17 | The first one. Here's a question respiration. Okay. Okay. So |
|
| 65:23 | a shot at this one. So does have some specific requirements. |
|
| 65:34 | how's that? So respiration does not . Let's see. Mm hmm. |
|
| 66:13 | predict 95 success. That I was say failure. Have more faith in |
|
| 66:23 | than that. Okay. Let's count from three 21. Yeah, I |
|
| 66:34 | right. I was required. Okay. Um, yeah. |
|
| 66:40 | it may not be obvious. But it's obvious to you because pretty much |
|
| 66:44 | answer correctly is the membrane that they required. They're all hard, but |
|
| 66:51 | of them maybe not so obvious ones that. And this may be |
|
| 66:57 | Um, let's look at this All right. So, it's kind |
|
| 67:04 | again, one of these surprise. , oh, electron flow that was |
|
| 67:12 | earlier. So electron flow. this is very basic terms kind of |
|
| 67:20 | respiration is. This is what goes in you in your okay. And |
|
| 67:26 | of it outside the money Carney. nonetheless, um, you have a |
|
| 67:31 | where you are generating a proton Okay. That's really the crux of |
|
| 67:38 | whole thing. Okay. It's why are alive. Okay. Well, |
|
| 67:46 | kind of dramatic. It's, it's how you're alive. Okay. |
|
| 67:51 | you are sustaining a proton gradient because that is what generates your energy. |
|
| 67:58 | exclusively but pretty good. Part the chunk of it. Okay because remember |
|
| 68:04 | is a thing if we talk about three right? The old uh couple |
|
| 68:10 | energy releasing process with the energy required . And that's what essentially is going |
|
| 68:15 | here. Energy released as protons go . So there's a gradient right? |
|
| 68:23 | . Okay. And as they go the greatest and release energy, the |
|
| 68:28 | released to form A. T. . S. Right? So that |
|
| 68:34 | right is what we're trying to That's what's keeping you alive to be |
|
| 68:40 | . Okay. Um So um that's this is so important maintaining electron flow |
|
| 68:49 | in this case is going this Okay so we gotta keep keep that |
|
| 68:56 | , keep going. Keep so proton going and you keep producing A. |
|
| 69:01 | . P. S. Okay, keep that going. So um what |
|
| 69:07 | we need? How readouts reactions? . That's what fuels this whole |
|
| 69:13 | Okay so this this concept again. know I'm I'm laboring the point but |
|
| 69:21 | for a reason. See this time again in different ways, energy requiring |
|
| 69:26 | . Put those together. Okay so leaving out part of the explanation here |
|
| 69:35 | you don't know what A. And . Is. Alright so I'm gonna |
|
| 69:38 | that as part of the question coming in this one. Okay so um |
|
| 69:47 | me pause that. So we're inside E. Coli that can actually do |
|
| 69:59 | . So this e coli or an aspiring right location For 5:10 minutes. |
|
| 70:15 | you look at this circled area go that's that's telling me it's anaerobic |
|
| 70:21 | Okay. You're not sure thing about you're doing. You're aerobically inspiring. |
|
| 70:38 | would you where would you look to that out? Okay, counting down |
|
| 71:00 | 10. Okay. 321. Yeah if you answered C. |
|
| 71:21 | Okay so Um let's answer the next real quick. Okay. Same |
|
| 71:30 | Same responses. Different questions were inside bacteria. This bacterium or little |
|
| 71:37 | Okay. Little trophy. Which location you look at to determine this? |
|
| 71:45 | . Okay. Same diagram. Um Location one. Yeah. Location |
|
| 72:07 | and 3. Right. So basically we're doing, that's how we maintain |
|
| 72:13 | right to have a source of electrons we need to have molecule that will |
|
| 72:25 | them terminal accept her. Okay. so if your aerobic anaerobic b. |
|
| 72:35 | . 2 could be N. And among other things there's other things |
|
| 72:39 | can be it's anaerobic. Right? eternal? Except er Right. That's |
|
| 72:44 | I mentioned that molecule is the one a super electron grabber. Right? |
|
| 72:50 | what we call has the highest reduction . We'll talk about that next |
|
| 72:54 | But oxygen has the highest reduction It draws electrons toward it. |
|
| 73:01 | And so you have that source though well. Okay. To be |
|
| 73:06 | If your like you coach this. , um uh, a little |
|
| 73:16 | Something irrigating iron or these two s happened? Right? So it's the |
|
| 73:21 | becomes oxidized those electrons. They're the of electrons are going to feed that |
|
| 73:27 | . Okay. But that's not enough now. I have to feed |
|
| 73:32 | You have to keep the flow right? Because that's what generates the |
|
| 73:36 | from those electron transfers here or what the energy to pump protons. |
|
| 73:44 | And so you need to have oxygen at the end. If you're a |
|
| 73:47 | or something like nitrate or similar. , trust me, you know, |
|
| 73:54 | , this is correct because if it's a robe, let's say I take |
|
| 73:59 | I have that truck here. Put plastic bag over your head, tie |
|
| 74:03 | off. All right, You do . You're eliminating your terminal except |
|
| 74:08 | see what happens then. Okay, all stops. All stops. No |
|
| 74:15 | protons get about eight minutes, eight . But then it's all right. |
|
| 74:20 | done. No more proton gradient. more. No amount of time flow |
|
| 74:24 | happening. No more proton gradient. . Okay, So trust me, |
|
| 74:29 | uh, that's what happens. So, it's about fueling fueling the |
|
| 74:34 | for electrons making sure you have flow a molecule at the end and that's |
|
| 74:39 | very powerful so called reducing agent and agent becomes uh reduced. Um, |
|
| 74:46 | keeps the flow going. So keep . That's the key. No matter |
|
| 74:50 | you're a real breathe, breathe what breathe and keep doing that. |
|
| 74:54 | then you'll make lots of this, ? So that is, I'm over |
|
| 75:00 | , so that's, that's a good to start. So have a good |
|
| 75:05 | and we'll see you on monday and |
|
