| 00:01 | Mhm. You know. OK. . OK, folks. Uh |
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| 00:32 | Let's see. We've got um so starting uh per your request. We |
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| 00:39 | starting unit uh three today. So , I'm sure this is obvious to |
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| 00:45 | if not know that none of this is on exam two tomorrow. |
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| 00:50 | So um so we're uh now starting three which will take us to exam |
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| 00:58 | , which, you know, we're ready to talk about that yet. |
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| 01:01 | not, haven't taken exam two So, but uh still, that's |
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| 01:06 | more than three weeks away. So let's see. Uh there's no other |
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| 01:12 | no other assignments due uh Monday coming . So no mastering no uh blackboard |
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| 01:19 | . So um just the uh exam or Saturday, whichever day you sign |
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| 01:24 | for. And uh let's see. what else? Yeah. So |
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| 01:33 | uh let's just kind of set this . Um So as I said, |
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| 01:38 | time, so starting really today to end of the semester, it's all |
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| 01:42 | of geared toward uh disease is really focus of infectious disease. And so |
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| 01:49 | is kind of um intro to that looking at it in different, different |
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| 01:55 | of infectious disease. Um And so then kind of go from there. |
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| 02:01 | kind of, I don't go in of 15, 16, 17, |
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| 02:07 | do 16 and 17. And then 15 is the microbial uh pathogenesis. |
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| 02:13 | , bacteria and others that cause how do they cause disease? So |
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| 02:17 | set it up first by looking at your immune system works first. And |
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| 02:23 | we look at kind of what they to manipulate the immune system. So |
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| 02:27 | makes more sense to do it that . Really? So um so that's |
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| 02:31 | reason for kind of the uh not in the exact number order of your |
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| 02:35 | . Um Then uh so yeah, the last part uh that's unit |
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| 02:41 | So then unit four focuses on focuses specific diseases and things and vaccines and |
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| 02:48 | we talk about vaccines and a couple other things. But anyway, so |
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| 02:51 | much all kind of geared toward medical of things. So, uh so |
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| 02:57 | , in 14, we kind of it down in two parts as you |
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| 02:59 | here. So uh and this is be heavy uh as you see |
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| 03:04 | kind of the learning objectives have, a lot of define this categorize that |
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| 03:09 | this right? There's gonna be a of terms. So I actually just |
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| 03:13 | all the terms here. OK? know it looks like a lot but |
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| 03:17 | mean, it's just the nature of beast here with uh with, with |
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| 03:21 | in talking about this subject. um, uh, certainly things you're |
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| 03:25 | see over the last time you see in this course, of course, |
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| 03:29 | you go on to nursing school. , um, and this will give |
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| 03:33 | a bit of a, I don't into in depth in all all these |
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| 03:39 | . Obviously, I kind of OK. Here is, you know |
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| 03:42 | we describe disease in this way, are some terms blah blah blah, |
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| 03:46 | of it will go into more detail others, but you know, don't |
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| 03:50 | it, it's again, the, the terms here are just kind of |
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| 03:53 | to help you out and, and familiar with these things. OK. |
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| 03:59 | um so we're gonna start with the . So if this is, we're |
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| 04:02 | see this question at the end All right, we're gonna see this |
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| 04:05 | again at the end. So I kind of if you're not sure it's |
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| 04:10 | . Uh But, but again, nature of this, this particular chapter |
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| 04:14 | a lot of terminology more so than what we're used to. But this |
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| 04:19 | kind of uh meant to kind of some of that in there at you |
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| 04:22 | see uh if you can recognize any these. So uh so the terms |
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| 04:28 | would be communicable disease, subclinical commensurate is another term, herd |
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| 04:37 | septicemic. OK. So those are the terms and seeing if we can |
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| 04:44 | the right definitions or definition. But again, we're not, |
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| 04:51 | I'm just gonna, once you we're gonna go and then, because |
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| 04:55 | gonna see the question again and hopefully , the percentages aren't 100% correct this |
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| 04:59 | , maybe they will be the second around. Ok. Right. |
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| 05:41 | Let's count down five or to be . Ok. Here we go. |
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| 05:56 | right. So what do we G is the consensus? Ok. |
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| 06:01 | me just mark that 1. 63 . Ok. Well, let's see |
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| 06:07 | you're right. Um Looks like wasn't confident that's definite majority. So, |
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| 06:16 | OK. So pathology, so kind uh um setting this up talking about |
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| 06:21 | . So the study of disease and effects and things we call pathology. |
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| 06:27 | Of course, in that, under in the umbrella, let's say we |
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| 06:31 | ideology, pathogenesis and bodily changes. , uh for any disease, |
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| 06:37 | our context here is infectious disease, ? We're not talking about all |
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| 06:42 | right? Because not all diseases are by infectious agents. So we're talking |
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| 06:45 | infectious agents. And so obviously, gonna be some sort of a cause |
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| 06:49 | a disease. What's the agent causing ? Viral bacterial? What have |
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| 06:53 | Um, there'd be some kind of process that occurs. Ok. Um |
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| 06:59 | certainly some side type of uh symptoms changes to the body, of |
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| 07:05 | uh and of course, these could mild to severe so uh a number |
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| 07:10 | different things. OK. And so couple of things to mention here. |
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| 07:16 | infection versus disease, OK. So is basically the acquisition of infectious |
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| 07:23 | OK, then it becomes OK. the person actually in a disease |
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| 07:28 | Right? Are they exhibiting some type pathogenesis and body changes? Ok. |
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| 07:33 | of course, um if you are , are you automatically guaranteed you're gonna |
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| 07:41 | have disease. Is that a given ? No, because you have, |
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| 07:50 | we know anything from this past three , we know the notorious um not |
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| 07:55 | but asymptomatic carriers, right? Of and many other diseases. So, |
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| 07:59 | just because you're infected, uh you not know it, you know, |
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| 08:04 | typically don't. Uh and you may know it because you might or may |
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| 08:07 | just gotten rid of the disease OK. So uh so infection doesn't |
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| 08:12 | equate to manifesting itself and you being , you know, I think we |
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| 08:16 | know that and then virulence versus So this, this, this is |
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| 08:21 | the focus on, on the OK. So, and this |
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| 08:29 | of course, to some people will about a lot in this section. |
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| 08:36 | factors. OK. So that's what to pathogenicity, pathogenicity. It's about |
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| 08:45 | does the infectious agent cause disease, ? How does it, how does |
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| 08:49 | , how is it transmitted? How it once it is in a |
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| 08:53 | Um What does it do to overcome host defenses and uh cause disease. |
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| 08:59 | it produce toxins? Does it, it um uh doesn't otherwise affect your |
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| 09:05 | ? Does it get inside your Right. There's even types that aren't |
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| 09:09 | that are bacterial that can get inside cells. That's kind of how they |
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| 09:13 | out from immune system. So, they can do, do they have |
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| 09:16 | capsule? Right. So all different of things can be virus factors but |
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| 09:20 | know, any one infectious agent will a collection of those and that enables |
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| 09:25 | to cause disease. OK. So really what we pretty much explore in |
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| 09:30 | chapter. Uh 15, which is pathogenicity. How how do, how |
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| 09:34 | these things cause disease? So, so you'll hear burns factors a lot |
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| 09:39 | for the rest of the semester in context. OK. So um so |
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| 09:45 | kind of just expanding on this same framework here. OK. So as |
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| 09:51 | goes through uh chapter 14 today and week, um so we look at |
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| 09:57 | in terms of, OK, communicable non communicable disease, right? That's |
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| 10:01 | type of thing. Uh the occurrence disease. This fits into the category |
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| 10:07 | uh epidemiology. OK. So looking um data relating to a particular |
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| 10:14 | infectious disease, uh how many cases occurring at the moment? Uh how |
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| 10:20 | is the disease? OK. Um then what's the frequency is they, |
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| 10:25 | there, is there an outbreak, ? Is there a rapid rise in |
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| 10:27 | number of cases. Uh Is there a basically a low kind of steady |
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| 10:32 | of cases? So these all tell something in terms of epidemiology. |
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| 10:37 | And so that's why um several uh diseases uh by law have to be |
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| 10:47 | . Ok. Certainly things like your S uh uh influenza COVID, there's |
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| 10:53 | number of diseases that you must be once identified by the physician. |
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| 10:59 | And that's where the data comes That's where data comes from that we |
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| 11:03 | uh on all manner of infectious diseases the year. Ok. And get |
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| 11:08 | feel for, it's just a disease not particularly relevant that much anymore. |
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| 11:12 | don't see many cases. It's something all of a sudden we haven't seen |
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| 11:16 | in the data before. Now. of a sudden boom, lots of |
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| 11:18 | . So we use that data in ways, right? And, |
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| 11:22 | and it's collected on a, on daily basis basically. Ok. Um |
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| 11:27 | mean, as a nurse, you , if you come across somebody with |
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| 11:30 | of these diseases you have, it to be reported. Ok? And |
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| 11:34 | talk a little bit more about that , next time about the types of |
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| 11:37 | , um signs and symptoms. So changes, of course, right, |
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| 11:41 | and symptoms, fever, I got headache, my, my, my |
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| 11:45 | hurts or uh I feel tired, ? And there's always within this |
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| 11:51 | there's things that are um measurable, ? You can measure a fever, |
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| 11:55 | ? Put an exact number on There's other things that are more |
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| 12:00 | Ok. Like I feel malaise, probably all heard that term. |
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| 12:04 | feel tired. All right. That's really something you can measure. It's |
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| 12:08 | subjective type, but you both, of those are typically associated with uh |
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| 12:13 | kind of bodily changes. Ok. severity of disease extent. Uh So |
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| 12:19 | relates to uh is it, is chronic, is it something that's ongoing |
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| 12:23 | weeks and months or is it something what we call acute last for maybe |
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| 12:28 | , 14 days and you're through with and there's things in between as |
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| 12:32 | Uh The um extent of infection uh to is it just localized in a |
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| 12:39 | part of the body? Has it ? Is it systemic? Ok. |
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| 12:43 | certainly uh that your, your own system, right? Which is basically |
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| 12:49 | we're referring to here. Can of , go a long way in determining |
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| 12:54 | , right? Do you have a immune system? Can you just squash |
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| 12:56 | infection right there or, or are otherwise compromised and not, not your |
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| 13:03 | system isn't functioning as well? So certainly gonna play a role. Um |
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| 13:08 | you have certain factors that it could related to um gender. Uh maybe |
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| 13:15 | part of the world you're living in geography, maybe your occupation in some |
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| 13:19 | . So several of these things can into you acquiring a particular infection? |
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| 13:27 | . And so transmissibility of disease. . Um, what, what might |
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| 13:34 | fit in, in terms of these here? These colored blocks? Where |
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| 13:38 | you put trans, trans transmissibility of ? What's your best guess here? |
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| 13:46 | , exactly. It'd be, it'd in this group. Right. So |
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| 13:49 | really relates to, um, transmission disease. Absolutely. Right. |
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| 13:56 | there are some diseases that can be person to person. OK, fairly |
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| 14:01 | and others that don't fit the category all. Ok. So we'll talk |
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| 14:04 | that uh in a little bit. . So, uh if we're talking |
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| 14:10 | infectious disease and this is something we in microbial pathogenicity, but it's worth |
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| 14:17 | of looking at the cycle of how happens. Right. So it's gonna |
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| 14:21 | uh whatever the pathogen is, there's kind of a natural source. So |
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| 14:28 | if there's no disease outbreak occurring or , and you just have the interest |
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| 14:32 | , I wanna know, um where I find um uh where did I |
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| 14:38 | the meningitis organism? The one that the, the number one cause of |
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| 14:44 | in young adults or Children and Where would I find it? |
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| 14:48 | And so there's gonna be a source they naturally reside, even if there's |
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| 14:51 | an outbreak going on, that's where , that's where they live. |
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| 14:54 | And that's what we call the OK. And so uh so from |
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| 14:59 | reservoir, which can be many Ok. An, an animal, |
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| 15:03 | , it can be, are the ? Oops, I think I know |
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| 15:07 | that is. I got mad at back up. Yep. So, |
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| 15:13 | on a sec. Let me turn one on briefly. Uh, |
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| 15:18 | So, um, like I animals can be, uh, a |
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| 15:24 | . Um, rabies, certainly various or reservoirs. Um, the, |
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| 15:32 | , uh, many diseases are humans the reservoir. Other humans are the |
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| 15:36 | that are the source. So your carriers are the ones that are the |
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| 15:40 | . So, and that's true for meningitis organism when meningitis outbreak occurs, |
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| 15:46 | has occurred in dorms and whatnot. is due to just another uh an |
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| 15:52 | carrier that's nearby. And so, that's um uh and about somewhere in |
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| 15:58 | 40 to 50% of the population just that meningitis organism in their throat and |
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| 16:05 | no signs or symptoms. So, so as mentioned, yeah, so |
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| 16:11 | number of those, the reservoirs are , but it can be, it |
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| 16:14 | be soil can be a reservoir of of water. What have you? |
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| 16:18 | . Depends on the agent. in terms of uh so the transmission |
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| 16:21 | course is how is it getting from host? I'm sorry, from that |
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| 16:26 | to you. OK. So that be also a number of different |
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| 16:31 | It can be an insect that the or something maybe takes it to |
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| 16:34 | It can be a ingesting a contaminated source. Uh So a number of |
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| 16:40 | things can uh you can get it get to you airborne, right to |
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| 16:45 | , what have you. So once the house, so the transmission part |
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| 16:51 | is compared to the rest of the , the transmission part is probably |
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| 16:56 | the least problematic where it becomes an for the pathogen is once it's in |
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| 17:00 | host. Now, it's got a bunch of, of barriers. If |
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| 17:05 | will, it's got to get around under and over and what have |
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| 17:09 | right? Your innate, your innate adaptive immune system, it's gotta get |
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| 17:13 | all that, right? So, so entering the hosts, uh overcoming |
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| 17:19 | barriers, invading multiplying, maybe causing , right? These are typically a |
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| 17:24 | of the process and again, you , the the damage may be minimal |
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| 17:30 | could be severe, right? Are infected with Ebola that could be severe |
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| 17:34 | or are you infected with cold virus going to be fairly minimal? |
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| 17:39 | So it all depends and of this all relates to the V |
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| 17:44 | Ok. And so there's real factors part, every part of the |
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| 17:48 | you know, sometimes for, for in uh establishing itself in the body |
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| 17:54 | then to causing damage. So maybe doing this part of the process |
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| 17:59 | and maybe a, a FMRI allows to attach, right? That's |
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| 18:03 | that's an earlier part of the right? Of the infection. |
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| 18:06 | you know, it kind of depends so some pathogen types will have a |
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| 18:10 | severe in factors, some very Ok. But it does relate to |
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| 18:16 | sever, right? So the the bear organism is very, uh |
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| 18:22 | lots of these fearless factors and, it can be very dangerous. |
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| 18:26 | So, of course, this all to, can sum up all these |
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| 18:30 | will bleach some sort of pathology in body. OK. Disease state. |
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| 18:36 | um so again, we'll focus we'll focus on this in chapter |
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| 18:40 | but just kind of want to give a brief kind of this is how |
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| 18:44 | , this, this starts and is . OK. And so uh |
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| 18:50 | So this is actually we'll see this because this is really in the context |
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| 18:55 | your innate immune system. So your is part of your innate immune |
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| 19:01 | like your skin is a physical your, your mucous membranes, lining |
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| 19:07 | body cavity, your throat, and um intestine and so forth. These |
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| 19:12 | all innate immune system defenses. Um so too, are the microbes uh |
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| 19:19 | own microbes that are occupying these OK. And so of course, |
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| 19:25 | call this a normal microbiota. And so where does this initially come |
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| 19:31 | ? Because you, where, where you acquire this from way back when |
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| 19:38 | for me than for you? But would I have acquired my microbiome |
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| 19:46 | That's part of it. But really it would have been um during |
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| 19:52 | And so as you travel through the canal, you pick up a large |
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| 19:56 | of your microbiota during that process. . So a thank your mother for |
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| 20:01 | microbiota. Ok. Um But of course, it's probably like changed |
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| 20:07 | time as you've gotten older. Um the uh so once you come out |
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| 20:13 | the birth canal, now you're, course, you're exposed to the air |
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| 20:17 | here come microbes, you begin to and breathe, right? And so |
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| 20:21 | those are gonna contribute to adding more to your system. Uh But they |
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| 20:26 | um you know, they've done studies um what are called. Uh You |
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| 20:31 | need to know this term. I'm gonna write it for your own do |
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| 20:35 | it. What you will, what's nodo biotic animal. That's an |
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| 20:41 | completely raised, birth or death, devoid, never had any microbes on |
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| 20:49 | . Basically. Think of it as sterile animal that's not sterile in terms |
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| 20:54 | there's no microbes on it or in at all. That's how they grew |
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| 20:57 | . Thank it. And uh cultivated . And the animal frankly is very |
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| 21:02 | compared to its counterparts that, you , we were grown quote normally right |
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| 21:08 | in microbiome and all this. So in itself tells you the microbiome must |
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| 21:14 | doing something. And of course, have 20 plus years of seemingly information |
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| 21:19 | out every day on the benefits of microbiome. Ok. Many of which |
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| 21:26 | to be more in the area of digestion because of the vast amounts of |
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| 21:31 | in our gut, right? Aiding uh providing us different types of amino |
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| 21:35 | and vitamins and things and a uh to consume different types of foods and |
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| 21:41 | calories for us where we otherwise Uh but of course, immune effect |
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| 21:46 | the immune system is also uh definitely a thing. And so um |
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| 21:51 | terms of their, you know, their mere presence, right? Um |
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| 21:58 | other things out, right? if your, if your skin, |
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| 22:02 | area of your skin is occupied with own microbiome. Well, that's space |
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| 22:05 | can't be occupied by a potential right? So just occupying space in |
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| 22:09 | body and on your body, that's big help. OK? Because |
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| 22:14 | your microbiome is tuned to you in way. OK. And so, |
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| 22:21 | certainly they, they, there's micro that are created throughout your body um |
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| 22:26 | , by their activity. OK. They'll inhabit certain types, inhabit certain |
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| 22:32 | of the body because uh they're adapted it. So the skin tends to |
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| 22:37 | kind of salty and um acidic to degree. And so bacterial types like |
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| 22:44 | staphylococcus like that kind of environment. they, that's why they tend to |
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| 22:47 | more present there. Um Other types and habited gut that are like |
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| 22:53 | And again, that's, that's because their thing. OK. So, |
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| 22:56 | know, you'll have these different micro around your body that are favored by |
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| 23:01 | types. OK. Uh Now, said that they're everywhere in on your |
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| 23:06 | . I mean, they're not every single space, right? |
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| 23:09 | if there's something is wrong, if see microbes in your brain, |
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| 23:15 | They, they shouldn't be there. . Uh You shouldn't see them in |
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| 23:19 | heart, right? Or your other organs. But you know, aside |
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| 23:22 | that, they typically are in most places. OK? Um The uh |
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| 23:29 | so of course, it can vary you know, your, your health |
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| 23:33 | throughout your life. Um Your geography change so geography can change the microbiome |
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| 23:40 | you're living here or versus living across world somewhere else that can influence your |
|
| 23:46 | . Uh your, your diet, your diet changes over time that can |
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| 23:50 | your microbiome. Um uh your right? If you're older, maybe |
|
| 23:54 | system doesn't work as well or you , those kind of changes. |
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| 23:57 | you know, you'll have, you'll kind of a core, core members |
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| 24:03 | your microbiome that pretty much are but you will have types that may |
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| 24:08 | and go, you know, here there. OK. Uh But |
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| 24:12 | obviously, they, they are an thing. OK. Um And so |
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| 24:17 | look at this, obviously, these on your body and in your |
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| 24:22 | Um So remember like we've humans are been evolving for 6 million years or |
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| 24:30 | , we've had microbes the whole right? So they, they're, |
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| 24:34 | along with the ride along for the with us. Ok. So they've |
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| 24:38 | have evolved with us as well. . And there's obviously means there's a |
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| 24:43 | between us and them. Ok. for most of it, it's um |
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| 24:48 | what we call comsal. So these , we can explain relationships in this |
|
| 24:54 | . So we typically use the, is, this is from ecology really |
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| 24:59 | this, this concept but the plus zero is kind of the is a |
|
| 25:04 | , bad or no harm, no , right? Not, not beneficial |
|
| 25:08 | harmful zero. OK. And so commences comsal and mutualistic types are, |
|
| 25:15 | , are what your microbiome pretty much OK? One of those two |
|
| 25:20 | And so uh they're benefiting, of , whether they're one or the |
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| 25:24 | uh it's you, whether you benefit you just have no effect. |
|
| 25:28 | So that's, but that's where they fit in. Now, of |
|
| 25:33 | pathogen, pathogen can come in and course, that will be a negative |
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| 25:36 | you. Uh a positive for Um The para uh a true parasite |
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| 25:43 | be something probably like a, a infection. Um You can have, |
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| 25:47 | saw previously different types of uh uh and protozoans can, can have these |
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| 25:53 | with you as well. So obviously benefiting while while harming you. |
|
| 25:58 | So um the um and of if you're on antibiotics that can upset |
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| 26:05 | microbiome and that can lead in some to certain diseases developing that wouldn't otherwise |
|
| 26:12 | . So, um it's always good uh I, I sustain my microbiome |
|
| 26:19 | uh lots of uh I eat yogurt stuff like that, but others eat |
|
| 26:25 | , you know. So I think that's uh if you do buy |
|
| 26:29 | I, my suggestion is get the with the most number of bacteria in |
|
| 26:34 | . Ok. Um, because a are gonna die along the way as |
|
| 26:37 | ads adjusted. So, um, Zimmer tape products benefit, do you |
|
| 26:47 | ? Ok. Yeah. Iii I , other than do yogurt and things |
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| 26:52 | that, but my wife does, says thumbs up anybody else thumbs |
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| 26:57 | No difference. You, you find helps, uh, already. |
|
| 27:10 | I mean, it would have to like a, a bacillus that would |
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| 27:13 | that form. I don't, from a probiotic. The ones |
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| 27:17 | I don't, I never see, could be wrong. I don't ever |
|
| 27:21 | a bacillus. That's part of the . It's typically something like, |
|
| 27:25 | was it befit bacterium and lacto? , lack of bacila but they're not |
|
| 27:29 | those forming. Uh, so, , uh, it's possible but I'm |
|
| 27:33 | sure if bacillus is one that's considered , one of those types that are |
|
| 27:37 | . I mean, they're, they're , they're harmless. But, I |
|
| 27:40 | , um, I, I wouldn't a, uh, uh, |
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| 27:43 | one that's full of anthrax forces to that one. But uh but uh |
|
| 27:49 | I'm not sure I know there's typically core, core set that fit that |
|
| 27:53 | . And those are, are uh intestinal ones that are there that they |
|
| 27:57 | , grow and then produce these pills . But um so opportunistic pathogens and |
|
| 28:03 | think we talked about those before. those arise uh from members of your |
|
| 28:09 | microbiome, right? So, um uh your, your, your microbes |
|
| 28:16 | cause any harm unless they're allowed to of leave the area they live |
|
| 28:22 | so to speak. So if you like a puncture wound where they can |
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| 28:25 | entry into your body, that, might cause problems, then, then |
|
| 28:30 | didn't, they turn into an opportunistic . Um So, yeah, typically |
|
| 28:34 | something is not right, they some certain types may then begin to |
|
| 28:40 | disease. Uh But if, I , if you're healthy, everything is |
|
| 28:43 | and normally you don't see these OK. Um Now, of |
|
| 28:51 | asymptomatic carriers, right? We talked those before. So you, |
|
| 28:54 | you're carrying the uh a pattern for , but you're not, you're not |
|
| 28:59 | by it. You, you have yeah, I, I, I'm |
|
| 29:02 | sure what all goes into that. mean, we're all different, |
|
| 29:06 | Uh genetically uh as our immune So there must be a balance of |
|
| 29:11 | , that kind of just they they don't cause us any issues |
|
| 29:14 | So, um anyway, the um Cokes po before we go on any |
|
| 29:21 | questions about anything? OK. So mentioned this in, in chapter |
|
| 29:26 | but we didn't spend a lot of on it because I knew we're |
|
| 29:29 | we're gonna uh delve into this in 14. So, so recall, |
|
| 29:34 | this is his method for linking a agent to a disease, right? |
|
| 29:42 | chain of infection he called it. And so it's a step by step |
|
| 29:50 | um to do that to identify a infectious agent and it has some kind |
|
| 29:56 | basic um he calls them postulates basic of, of the process. |
|
| 30:02 | Uh That, that follow. But course, um we know that there's |
|
| 30:07 | exceptions to this nowadays. But the, the core, the core |
|
| 30:14 | is still used. It is the used by CDC. OK, Center |
|
| 30:19 | Disease Control. And, but we that there are, there can be |
|
| 30:26 | adjustments to it because we have of , 100 plus years of knowledge now |
|
| 30:31 | we gained since this time. But , the the the basic framework is |
|
| 30:37 | but we can adjust as needed. the basic framework is number one that |
|
| 30:43 | microbe infectious agent is only found in animals. OK. And you're able |
|
| 30:50 | isolate. So that's a key part this is to be able to isolate |
|
| 30:53 | and to actually do it twice which even even better. The more times |
|
| 30:57 | can reproduce stuff in science, the confidence you have that you're correct. |
|
| 31:03 | . And so uh so the, isolation from samples of the animal, |
|
| 31:10 | it be blood or some sort of fluid, what have you and you're |
|
| 31:14 | to like uh isolate and identify uh organism, determine its morphology, gram |
|
| 31:20 | of applicable et cetera. OK. then you're able to take that pure |
|
| 31:26 | . And of course, this is the pure culture, when he was |
|
| 31:29 | this, where the pure culture techniques into play and aseptic technique and all |
|
| 31:34 | . So uh injecting a healthy So the healthy animal, according to |
|
| 31:39 | , according to the poss, the only disease animals have the |
|
| 31:44 | healthy animals do not. OK. take a healthy animal, inject it |
|
| 31:48 | pure culture pathogen and the animal should the same disease process, right? |
|
| 31:56 | And then a second time, be to recover that very same infectious |
|
| 32:04 | So, of course, these are be identical, right? And that |
|
| 32:10 | gives you confidence that, yeah, is, this is the right thing |
|
| 32:13 | . OK. And so um so think you're gonna get, I think |
|
| 32:19 | gonna be a slam dunk. So , that's the basic framework, |
|
| 32:23 | But I just said there may be changes that have occurred since this |
|
| 32:27 | OK. So look at this let me open that and see if |
|
| 32:31 | something that um is false here. . X All right. Cutting down |
|
| 33:50 | six. What? And it will ? Yeah, if that, I |
|
| 34:02 | I already said it about three times this question. All right. |
|
| 34:05 | person, so certainly a is Ok. Um, that's your asymptomatic |
|
| 34:13 | are what? Make that false A so, um, not all |
|
| 34:18 | types are coachable. That is The syphilis organism still can't be cultured |
|
| 34:23 | the lab, uh, among Um The c are those uh like |
|
| 34:31 | latent disease, right? We're talking latent and persistent uh which is basically |
|
| 34:36 | disease. Uh But certainly, um HIV I is one of those that |
|
| 34:41 | linger in the body and don't know effects for several months or years. |
|
| 34:46 | Multiple pathogens can cause the same That's true too. OK. So |
|
| 34:50 | kind of just go through some of exceptions. Uh Maybe exceptions is not |
|
| 34:55 | right word. I'd say maybe uh to the poss if you will. |
|
| 35:02 | . So as I mentioned, we're aware of carriers. OK. So |
|
| 35:06 | individuals can carry the pathogen and, show no disease. Um So that's |
|
| 35:12 | to that first populate uh culture building microbe. So the fact that um |
|
| 35:18 | able to culture that we can't do for everything. OK. Uh Especially |
|
| 35:23 | didn't have to deal with viruses. a whole other level of culturing because |
|
| 35:27 | involves having to culture uh uh animal for the virus. To grow |
|
| 35:32 | So he would not have been aware that, certainly. Uh but you |
|
| 35:37 | , bacterial types are still not able be grown in the lab. |
|
| 35:40 | Uh V Jella trp anma, that's syphilis organism. The uh so he |
|
| 35:47 | had the idea, quote did that infectious disease was caused by only one |
|
| 35:55 | , one agent. Ok. And thought that only one infectious type becomes |
|
| 36:00 | one type of disease if not Ok. So kind of a one |
|
| 36:04 | one in these areas. And so of course, isn't true. |
|
| 36:08 | uh pneumonia is a perfect example of having a collection of, of |
|
| 36:14 | symptoms. Ok. That can be by multiple infectious agents, uh not |
|
| 36:21 | symptoms but disease. So, pneumonia be caused by um my gosh, |
|
| 36:27 | microbes uh from both um bacterial viral fungal. And I think there's an |
|
| 36:36 | of a couple protozoal types that can uh pneumonia. So, again, |
|
| 36:40 | is kind of a more of a of, of symptoms that produce this |
|
| 36:46 | illness but has a number of different that can cause it. Um meningitis |
|
| 36:54 | be caused by really just viral There's four or five bacterial types that |
|
| 37:00 | cause meningitis. So, you it's, it doesn't always apply that |
|
| 37:03 | a one for one thing. And so streptococcus pyogenes uh is a |
|
| 37:09 | one in terms of uh a single that can cause multiple diseases. And |
|
| 37:14 | strep throat and actually, for, a number of these uh strep throat |
|
| 37:19 | be the initial infection that in the person with strep throat, it can |
|
| 37:24 | to sometimes scarlet fever or to uh called flesh eating disease, which is |
|
| 37:31 | of a catch all for a number skin infections, severe skin infections that |
|
| 37:37 | to really peeling of skin layers. so it can be, it can |
|
| 37:41 | different layers of skin. Um when gets down to near the bone, |
|
| 37:45 | when he gets, that's when that's what they typically refer to the |
|
| 37:49 | eating disease. Um But they can more superficial and maybe more a little |
|
| 37:53 | underneath that. Uh But it's not for those skin infections to have been |
|
| 38:00 | by strep throat. Ok. the point is that one thing can |
|
| 38:04 | multiple diseases. Ok. Uh And already mentioned viral agents, right? |
|
| 38:10 | , uh he would, he would been scratching his head, cope with |
|
| 38:13 | he was dealing with a viral A, they didn't know about viruses |
|
| 38:17 | his time. Uh and b if had, they would have to come |
|
| 38:22 | with a way to culture it. , um of course, nowadays, |
|
| 38:26 | , it's not an issue for We know all about viruses and how |
|
| 38:28 | culture them and so forth. Uh uh model animal model. So all |
|
| 38:33 | these are typically studied in terms of processes and what's the pathogenesis using |
|
| 38:40 | typically mice or rats. Uh but are some infectious diseases that there is |
|
| 38:46 | uh suitable animal model for and that be po pose some problems. |
|
| 38:52 | So, but nevertheless, it doesn't there are these adjustments, if you |
|
| 38:57 | to coax parts, it doesn't mean , we throw what he did |
|
| 39:00 | Obviously not, it still forms a for establishing disease and agent. But |
|
| 39:07 | know, we know with knowledge we now we we won't fall into a |
|
| 39:14 | where we don't know what's going We, we have, we can |
|
| 39:16 | a pretty good idea because we know these, all these different variations. |
|
| 39:20 | . So, so uh we can aware of that as we as, |
|
| 39:23 | you proceed forward with these kind of . OK. Um So classifying infectious |
|
| 39:32 | . So we know that um I this earlier, the uh any kind |
|
| 39:39 | uh disease state will create some sort will manifest itself in you in uh |
|
| 39:47 | symptoms, right? A fever, , uh a sore neck, a |
|
| 39:52 | have you watery eyes, whatever? . And so subject subjective versus um |
|
| 39:59 | measurable fever is measurable. For um you can see a rash up |
|
| 40:05 | , you can see swelling, You can feel a swelled area is |
|
| 40:09 | , to be warm to the So these are measurable things, |
|
| 40:13 | But there are certainly gonna be types aren't. Um now a syndrome calling |
|
| 40:19 | disease A syndrome. And I'm gonna that there, these generally are not |
|
| 40:27 | to infectious diseases. The the term , these are typically non infectious diseases |
|
| 40:34 | that you see the Down Syndrome. . And so any kind of a |
|
| 40:38 | is a collection of signs and No one individual may necessarily have all |
|
| 40:46 | them, but they typically are a set of, of, of parameters |
|
| 40:52 | identifies it as a disease, but have variation. OK? In terms |
|
| 40:58 | the other types of uh uh features with that disease. OK. For |
|
| 41:02 | , we pretty much know if someone Down's syndrome, we can tell that |
|
| 41:06 | asperger's a form of autism. Uh there, there's, and that's what |
|
| 41:11 | are. OK? But you you don't really see that associated with |
|
| 41:16 | infectious disease, but you know, certainly gonna hear the term syndrome. |
|
| 41:21 | ? Um So communicable, so, and non communicable diseases. So, |
|
| 41:28 | so transportation of uh via person to through airborne means or direct contact, |
|
| 41:36 | sexual contact, right? So you all your STD S your airborne transmitted |
|
| 41:42 | illnesses are typically communicable, uh IE pneumonia, um uh mumps and measles |
|
| 41:50 | sure. Uh So these are ones can um uh you can um uh |
|
| 42:01 | can rely on uh I'm trying to here uh compared to, in contrast |
|
| 42:07 | non communicable, that's what I'm trying say. So, non communicable diseases |
|
| 42:11 | tetanus is a typical example. So you can uh acquire tetanus, |
|
| 42:17 | ? You always hear step on a nail, OK? Get a tetanus |
|
| 42:20 | , right? So, uh presumably tetanus organism is in soil um and |
|
| 42:27 | becomes contaminated with soil particles. Puncture occurs, gets into you causes |
|
| 42:33 | Uh but you're not gonna pass it to somebody else, right? Unless |
|
| 42:38 | weird coincidence occurs where somebody goes into puncture wound and takes some of that |
|
| 42:45 | and puts it into their own, their own skin or something totally |
|
| 42:50 | OK. So Tetanus is not gonna a person to person transmission. |
|
| 42:56 | But certainly these other ones will and the ease of spread, right? |
|
| 43:00 | terms of something being very contagious, ? Uh like um plague, common |
|
| 43:08 | , the airborne, it's very common those that are very contagious to be |
|
| 43:12 | ages because it travels very quickly through air. OK? Um Ebola is |
|
| 43:18 | one that's actually that contagious on this because you actually have to touch the |
|
| 43:23 | fluids of someone or in contact with bedding of such an infected individual. |
|
| 43:30 | not as, not as easily spread something like through the air. |
|
| 43:34 | So that, that can kind of indicate contagiousness if you will. |
|
| 43:40 | Um OK. Any questions? So epidemiological data, OK. So here |
|
| 43:52 | an example and this is just to you what, what you can do |
|
| 43:57 | this data. OK. And uh here is a um incidence of |
|
| 44:06 | OK. And that is a protozoal and it is often required through contaminated |
|
| 44:16 | sources. Um And so in this uh state, it measures at 7.5 |
|
| 44:24 | per 100,000. That's typically how to it is per 100,000 individuals. |
|
| 44:30 | And so, uh late December and see an increase, you've seen 65 |
|
| 44:35 | in your county of 430,000. So I'm calculating the, the |
|
| 44:42 | ok. Uh The cases that have up. Ok. So we have |
|
| 44:50 | in the county of 430,000. So the math times 100,000 cause you report |
|
| 44:55 | , this is just a standard way report per 100,000. OK? To |
|
| 45:00 | of normalize when you're comparing across the or counties or whatever. Um And |
|
| 45:06 | that comes out to be 15 cases 100,000, ok, particularly since the |
|
| 45:11 | rate you had before with 7.5 or . So when you compare it now |
|
| 45:18 | that, it's doubled, right? doubled. And so the other thing |
|
| 45:25 | remember is that not all cases are , any kind of number you see |
|
| 45:30 | from, uh a health authority figure going to be underestimated typically because a |
|
| 45:37 | everybody that is infected goes to the and then gets reported. Ok? |
|
| 45:44 | , people may not know even what have or say, well, I |
|
| 45:46 | don't or don't have health insurance. . So for that reason, a |
|
| 45:53 | value will typically underestimate. So you always be sure there's probably more than |
|
| 45:58 | . And this here it says if one in 10 are reported, |
|
| 46:01 | then that's basically 10 times more than actually out there. Ok. So |
|
| 46:07 | so that's, you know, that's to be aware of, right? |
|
| 46:09 | any kind of numbers coming out, probably the low end, not not |
|
| 46:14 | reality, right? So, but this data, you know, the |
|
| 46:19 | they have to report diseases, infectious , there are a list that you |
|
| 46:24 | to report by law and that allows to get this data. OK? |
|
| 46:29 | then you can track and see what's on at any given time. |
|
| 46:35 | And so this allows you to uh it says form the basis for disease |
|
| 46:40 | and prevention, right? So is , are these cases that are |
|
| 46:45 | Is there a certain demographic that it's within? Is it happening in a |
|
| 46:50 | geographic area? Is it in the areas or is it in rural |
|
| 46:55 | Is it um is it connected to uh this was first studied, you |
|
| 47:00 | , in the 18 fifties and in , there was always outbreaks of cholera |
|
| 47:07 | they did this kind of basic epidemiological and found it was related to most |
|
| 47:11 | came out of this area of London it was a broken water pump or |
|
| 47:17 | water pump. It was. And that, that's how you get water |
|
| 47:21 | then you through the local water pump your buckets full of water and |
|
| 47:25 | it home with you. But that apparently was contaminated and that's most of |
|
| 47:28 | cases of color in, in and the vicinity of that water pump. |
|
| 47:33 | they would have known that if they collected this kind of data. |
|
| 47:36 | So, very important. OK. And, and then getting all |
|
| 47:42 | all these different factors in they can you well, maybe if we do |
|
| 47:46 | is these, if we have XY Z, you're more predisposed to getting |
|
| 47:50 | particular one or what have you. this is the kind of information you |
|
| 47:54 | get. And so uh there is a school of uh at the medical |
|
| 48:01 | , there is a school of public , right? That's where you can |
|
| 48:06 | this stuff and get a degree in if you so desire um so occurrence |
|
| 48:13 | disease. OK. So here is using that epidemiological data. OK. |
|
| 48:22 | so um so the terms incidence and , OK. So prevalence is, |
|
| 48:29 | really a measure of how long it's lingering around, right? So it's |
|
| 48:33 | , it's a it represents basically cases have carried over right? Old cases |
|
| 48:39 | those that are new, right? the incidents though are within a given |
|
| 48:45 | . Ok. How many new cases there OK. So for example, |
|
| 48:50 | can see here and uh uh oops , there we go. So in |
|
| 49:01 | , so the prevalence of uh so 0 way over here, OK. |
|
| 49:06 | kind of uh more recent data, to speak. Uh So in the |
|
| 49:11 | at that point was at 1.1 So 1.1 million total cases in the |
|
| 49:16 | at that point in 2014. So the incidents within that particular period |
|
| 49:22 | time in 2014 was 37,000. And so, um you know, |
|
| 49:29 | that high or low? What do have to compare the data before historical |
|
| 49:33 | ? So here is like h uh A I DS cases. So, |
|
| 49:37 | the 12 years here, right, to the, the epidemic that occurred |
|
| 49:42 | in the States nine, from 91 78 or nine rather, um you |
|
| 49:49 | , relatively low, but then begins creep up, right? And so |
|
| 49:53 | in three years, right, you , you already equal the number of |
|
| 49:58 | 250,000 that you, that it took 12 years to get, right? |
|
| 50:02 | certainly that indicates, wow, there's a huge burst of of |
|
| 50:08 | uh high incidence rate and um of , equated to epidemic, right? |
|
| 50:15 | you can categorize based on what is numbers, are they rapidly occurring in |
|
| 50:20 | short time period or is it kind steady at a lower rate throughout? |
|
| 50:26 | ? So these can kind of tell or is it just popped up once |
|
| 50:29 | then goes away and it occasionally pops here and there. So these all |
|
| 50:33 | of tell you the frequency of this is where your pandemic epidemic uh |
|
| 50:39 | sporadic. That's, that's where these come in. OK. So, |
|
| 50:45 | and again, you can combine this with, you know, demographic |
|
| 50:50 | geographic data, et cetera to kind get a picture of what's going |
|
| 50:54 | OK. And so here is kind a value here of of data that |
|
| 51:01 | physician visits for flu like symptoms in particular six month period. And you |
|
| 51:07 | them going up as we get into winter months, fall to winter |
|
| 51:13 | And there's the red light represents kind the always steady rate that there is |
|
| 51:19 | would be what's called the endemic uh here. So, you know, |
|
| 51:24 | , common cold is endemic here in United States. There's always cases of |
|
| 51:28 | year round, right? But not high levels. OK. Whereas if |
|
| 51:33 | have a sudden sudden burst, then we can reach, you |
|
| 51:37 | epidemic levels such as that, That's kind of how these fit in |
|
| 51:42 | . OK. And so uh sporadic one of those that occurs very uh |
|
| 51:50 | . So you may have a few one month and see nothing for three |
|
| 51:53 | four months or maybe the next Uh That's what sporadic would be. |
|
| 51:58 | epidemic. I think we all know epidemic is and, and, but |
|
| 52:02 | is for sure. Right. We , we don't know anything we know |
|
| 52:05 | . Right. Worldwide epidemic. So of course, is developing a lot |
|
| 52:09 | cases occurring in a relatively short period time. OK. And then |
|
| 52:14 | right? So disease is always Uh Here, the common cold is |
|
| 52:18 | present. Other parts of the world is always present. It's endemic. |
|
| 52:24 | . Always a, you know, much constant number of cases, not |
|
| 52:30 | , doesn't have to be high, a AAA steady number of cases all |
|
| 52:35 | time of a particular disease. Um Now, um oh severity, |
|
| 52:44 | . So this is where we get kind of length of time if you |
|
| 52:47 | here in terms of disease. So versus chronic, uh we're probably most |
|
| 52:53 | with acute infectious diseases. These you overcome those in 10 days, two |
|
| 52:59 | , once you acquire the agent, chronic disease. So TB is certainly |
|
| 53:04 | example of that. Um where treatment takes uh several weeks or months, |
|
| 53:12 | disease manifests itself in your body. hard to get rid of. Um |
|
| 53:18 | you always have like lingering symptoms uh are prolonged for quite some time. |
|
| 53:24 | It's subacute uh that's, that's a one. There's not, there's very |
|
| 53:29 | examples of that, to be Um I think your book mentions a |
|
| 53:34 | of uh a infectious agent that causes heart disease. Uh that and |
|
| 53:40 | it's all temporal, it's time, ? So it's between acute and chronic |
|
| 53:45 | that's gonna be something that maybe last the order of a few months. |
|
| 53:49 | more than a year, maybe. . Uh For going beyond that, |
|
| 53:53 | you get into the chronic, more term acute is very short. So |
|
| 53:58 | kind of a time thing. Uh , of course, talk about that |
|
| 54:01 | the context of viruses, right? , latent um uh they, |
|
| 54:06 | you, you see those symptoms and are common for viruses that um integrate |
|
| 54:11 | the host chromosome. Uh which these shingles is one that kind of doesn't |
|
| 54:18 | but hides in your nerve cells and appears um years later. So these |
|
| 54:24 | latent diseases. Um OK. So look at this question here. |
|
| 54:31 | I'll look this one up today. I was curious, this will take |
|
| 54:34 | to the next topic uh which is immunity. OK. So what is |
|
| 54:41 | percent of people in the US? , fully vaccinated? OK. Against |
|
| 54:49 | . OK. There any, any ? OK. Right. So |
|
| 55:19 | fully vaccinated. So vaccinated and boosted of course, you got your phone |
|
| 55:37 | , you can Google it. Is what everybody is doing right now? |
|
| 55:46 | . Three cat nap with 32, . Yeah. Oh, interesting. |
|
| 55:56 | . Uh Between that was oops, on. So the wait, let |
|
| 56:03 | see that again. B with a . OK. Uh That's not |
|
| 56:10 | Ok. It's, uh, e . Um, I, uh, |
|
| 56:21 | many you said? Oh, I mean, um, um, |
|
| 56:29 | , 68%. 68%. Ok. , in Texas, is it less |
|
| 56:37 | 60 or more than 60? it's actually 61. Ok. Texas |
|
| 56:45 | . Ok. Um, but it's , uh, so we're not a |
|
| 56:52 | immunity by at all. We're not herd immunity. So, um, |
|
| 56:59 | , I think the highest levels were , I saw 85%. Uh 1 |
|
| 57:03 | was 85 1 was 78. Uh end, I think it was, |
|
| 57:07 | think even at a low end, was maybe 51%. I think I |
|
| 57:11 | , I think it was Louisiana. uh yes. So vaccination of |
|
| 57:17 | relates to uh uh herd immunity, ? And herd immunity relates to those |
|
| 57:26 | agents that can be passed that are , passed from person to person. |
|
| 57:30 | is where if your herd immunity can in and help. Ok. So |
|
| 57:38 | the uh the uh we can see with this um little graphic here. |
|
| 57:48 | So the key here. So blue healthy, non vaccinated people. |
|
| 57:57 | Uh And you know, any population gonna have unvaccinated people um for a |
|
| 58:04 | of reasons, the uh both rational irrational, uh you know, whether |
|
| 58:10 | cultural differences, religious differences uh or no health care, right? There's |
|
| 58:16 | gonna be unvaccinated people. So, so in this example, there are |
|
| 58:20 | blue ones, right? The and healthy, right? So the red |
|
| 58:24 | unvaccinated, um, sick, contagious . Ok? And yellows are the |
|
| 58:31 | vaccinated people. Ok. So if have uh you know, a low |
|
| 58:37 | of the population is vaccinated, then have a scenario like this, |
|
| 58:42 | So the red person there is trans uh transmitting a infectious agent. Uh |
|
| 58:49 | have very few unvaccinated people. So me just highlight them. So these |
|
| 58:56 | , here and here, right are . So you don't, so the |
|
| 59:02 | people act act as sinks, think it act as sinks to absorb the |
|
| 59:07 | agent and take care of it. ? Well, you don't have enough |
|
| 59:11 | , you don't have enough protection between person and the unvaccinated types to absorb |
|
| 59:16 | agent and help out the unvaccinated Ok? Because then what happens is |
|
| 59:23 | , it easily spreads throughout the So you see all the people in |
|
| 59:27 | are now sick as well. So you want to get to a |
|
| 59:32 | , that's something like this. The is 75% typically are higher. And |
|
| 59:38 | now you have a bunch of vaccinated surrounding this acting like a buffer uh |
|
| 59:45 | the sick person and these unvaccinated healthy . Ok. So um as a |
|
| 59:51 | , they have less likelihood of getting , right? So you help them |
|
| 59:55 | that way, but it only helps you get to a certain threshold. |
|
| 60:00 | ? And so you don't need to our old value, but I figured |
|
| 60:03 | just put it in just to uh that you look at that. |
|
| 60:07 | it's how you kind of, it's of it as a measure of, |
|
| 60:12 | reproduction of the infectious agents, What it represents is um if one |
|
| 60:19 | really about a measure of contagiousness to degree, OK. So uh it |
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| 60:25 | the number of people uh who can the disease from one that's sick. |
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| 60:30 | for COVID, and this is kind this, I need to update |
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| 60:34 | I think it's actually lower than But uh for example, let's say |
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| 60:38 | , rounding up to six a person COVID, it can infect six other |
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| 60:43 | . OK? And so if you at the scope of this with other |
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| 60:48 | , so measles, all right, on the upper end, right? |
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| 60:52 | . That's uh whooping cough. So there the ro value is 10 |
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| 60:57 | 17 to 10, 12 to So that means one individual can infect |
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| 61:01 | many other people. OK? Which you which is most contagious measles or |
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| 61:10 | , measles. Of course, It's more contagious uh uh possibility of |
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| 61:16 | many more people per each infected OK? And so of course, |
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| 61:20 | a result, OK, of being contagious means the threshold value to reach |
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| 61:25 | immunity also goes up. OK? with COVID, it's actually somewhere around |
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| 61:31 | here, low end, you 75% at a minimum threshold. We're |
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| 61:37 | there. We're like, at Ok. Um, 61 here in |
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| 61:43 | . So, anyway, that's kind how you read that. Right. |
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| 61:47 | , um, so if you look classes of infection, so again, |
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| 61:53 | know you're getting inundated with more terms . Um, but this refers |
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| 61:59 | uh, this is in a single that's infected. Ok. What can |
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| 62:04 | the nature of the infection? Well, local infection, think of |
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| 62:09 | uh oh I don't know, a or something that's infected, your finger |
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| 62:15 | infected and the infection basically stays right . Your body has ways of kind |
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| 62:19 | containing it that we'll talk about But that's a local infection but the |
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| 62:23 | infection can spread to a uh can . So a systematic infection to the |
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| 62:31 | . Uh very not uncommon for um any kind of dental procedure where you |
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| 62:36 | the wisdom tooth pulled, things like root canal. That's opportunity for bacteria |
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| 62:42 | your mouth to potentially gain entrance into rest of your body. And so |
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| 62:46 | can become a systemic infection. Uh is really an inflammatory condition uh due |
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| 62:54 | spread of toxin typically or bacteria in blood. Ok. Re recall the |
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| 63:01 | the endotoxin effect. OK. With gram negative talk about that way |
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| 63:05 | Uh that can be a type of . Um septicemia is of course that |
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| 63:11 | well the um focal infection uh that's kind of the example of, of |
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| 63:19 | the uh uh tooth uh infected and goes to other part of the |
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| 63:24 | Systemic is more um widespread. And focal kind of goes from one area |
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| 63:31 | another specific area. Systemic is basically the entire body. OK, circulated |
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| 63:37 | typically through your blood, but it be through your lymphatic fluid. We'll |
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| 63:40 | about what that is later. Um so uh state of host resistance, |
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| 63:48 | ? So, primary infection, Um and secondary infection, so not |
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| 63:54 | say for something like uh you get flu. Ok, which is your |
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| 64:00 | infection. And then as a result the flu, your body is um |
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| 64:09 | , is not 100% yet. Your system has fought out the flu |
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| 64:13 | but now it's kind of depressed a bit and, and then that can |
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| 64:19 | the stage for a secondary infection, can oftentimes be the more serious |
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| 64:24 | So, for example, not uncommon flu to be followed by pneumonia. |
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| 64:30 | . And so pneumonia being a secondary . Ok. But only occurring really |
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| 64:37 | the initial primary infection kind of wore down a bit that you weren't able |
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| 64:43 | effectively fight off the secondary infection. . Um And of course, then |
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| 64:48 | , you're um what do you call carriers, right. Asymptomatic carriers are |
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| 64:54 | fit in that last category, sub or in apparent that's your, your |
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| 65:01 | asymptomatic carriers are in that group. . No, no signs or symptoms |
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| 65:05 | disease. They have the pathogen but signs or symptoms. Ok. Um |
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| 65:12 | . So predisposing factors and development of . Um So I mentioned earlier things |
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| 65:22 | gender, um age, um even uh many other factors can determine |
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| 65:31 | susceptibility to disease, right? Um are more predisposed to urinary tract |
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| 65:39 | Males more predisposed to really respiratory type of, of different types. Um |
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| 65:48 | uh uh climate and weather, you to have more respiratory illnesses occurring in |
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| 65:54 | months, people tend to huddle together often uh spread those type of |
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| 65:59 | Um age, so age and fatigue to depressed immune systems typically. And |
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| 66:07 | can make you more susceptible. Um , your che chemotherapy, obviously, |
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| 66:12 | on chemotherapy, that's certainly uh affecting immune system, your ability to fight |
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| 66:17 | disease. Um occupation. Um If is a taxidermist, right? Uh |
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| 66:24 | animals, right? Well, then handling animal hives and animal animal |
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| 66:28 | uh those can have particular types of that cause infectious disease and uh they |
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| 66:34 | more predisposed to those types. Um So in any case, uh |
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| 66:41 | disease will follow uh a particular So keep that question in mind. |
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| 66:47 | we have uh these uh five right? So you acquire the infectious |
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| 66:55 | , there'd be a period of time you don't know anything if you don't |
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| 66:59 | any symptoms, nothing. Ok? of course, that's when the agent |
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| 67:04 | , um, it's at that you know, maybe your immune system |
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| 67:08 | it and it's gone and nothing further . But if not, then it's |
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| 67:12 | of the period where it may be . Um, and then, |
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| 67:16 | enough, enough, um, infectious are present now that you begin to |
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| 67:23 | fetal symptoms. Ok. So the period is kind of the mild |
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| 67:29 | So maybe tired, feeling a, , not necessarily a fever yet, |
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| 67:36 | you may feel kind of meh. . That's kind of classified as |
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| 67:41 | But then of course, the worst of disease are of course, during |
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| 67:47 | period of illness. Ok. So it's fever, uh what have |
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| 67:53 | Ok. And then, um then course, you hopefully your immune system |
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| 68:00 | the uh illness and you're in a of decline. Ok. So uh |
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| 68:06 | the numbers of infectious agents are dropping the immune, your immune system is |
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| 68:12 | over and your body is recovering. . And so the period of convalescence |
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| 68:18 | really just that uh repairing itself um , and getting back to normal, |
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| 68:24 | to speak. Ok. So you , the in each of these |
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| 68:29 | right? Can, can vary in of length, of course and severity |
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| 68:33 | on the disease. Ok. So question asked during which period this would |
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| 68:42 | person spread the disease? Right? de FF is all the above? |
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| 68:52 | . During which periods could the person the disease to someone else? Is |
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| 68:58 | just one of these periods or Oh, I gotta turn this thing |
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| 69:04 | , hold on. Ok. Counting from six. Sure. Oops, |
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| 69:59 | happened here. Ok. Didn't see results we got, there we |
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| 70:05 | Uh KF is correct. So you , you can, you can, |
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| 70:14 | , if you're around the person, can know it's likelihood of the greater |
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| 70:19 | C or D. Uh, but the person is, uh, is |
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| 70:26 | infectious agent. So it's possible to catch it whether it's ABC D or |
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| 70:31 | . Ok. So, but the likelihood is more so cod, |
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| 70:38 | it is possible. Ok. So revisit this 11 last time. |
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| 70:53 | And I'm gonna go ahead and put clock on it. Oops. |
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| 71:03 | Mhm. All right. Count down two. All right. 210. |
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| 71:51 | is G OK. So it's, , what are the two that are |
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| 72:01 | ? C and D, correct? , C C and D. |
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| 72:09 | Folks, that's it. So part next |
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