VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
GEOL6350 Advanced Structural Geology - Van-8
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
01:36 Okay. Looks like most people are . Okay, E think we got
01:44 here, which I'm sure we did week. But I just want to
01:50 start here. And, you one of things I was trying to
01:53 across for the little bit that we here was that it's very important to
02:03 to correlate using the shale sections. of course, you can see the
02:08 sections here. But I think, , you know, when you have
02:14 total log sweet, it makes a bit, or at least the standard
02:18 log suite, which would be some Tiv ity and Gamma log, RSP
02:23 or both camera and SP. It's little bit easier to get the
02:31 and we'll be looking at some some and and be able to see why
02:38 important. Another thing is the anyone second they get too much noise.
02:51 the, uh when whenever we you know it helps Thio have some
03:01 . In the here we have. example, we have a cold
03:04 and sometimes coal beds were tied up you may be in an area where
03:09 one thing coalbed strata graphically prominent across big region, and you pretty much
03:16 that it happened at one point in when there was some barrel exposure.
03:21 the extent that you would have a shallow water swamp and the opportunity for
03:28 to build up, I'm not necessarily fluctuating sea level. Now these When
03:35 use market beds like this, you're always absolutely certain. But on a
03:39 scale, if you have an you can use them because regionally,
03:43 know that it's say, For one bed instead of 3 to 10
03:48 that you're trying to correlate is And that's why it's used in this
03:54 publication. And, uh, once have something to hang your logs on
04:01 has some sort of timing events. sometimes works, but it's not as
04:08 as, say, biased fatigue. . Okay, and here's another instance
04:19 , uh, you're near the coastline they know they're near the coastline and
04:23 seeing these. These limestone markers, kind of helped, um, figure
04:30 a little bit of the correlation, , again, you could have lots
04:34 limestone stringers that don't go across the , but when people start using a
04:42 bed is almost a time marker. on Lee because they already have some
04:48 that it's widespread in the area You see here. In contrast to
04:57 you can see the sands are very . But when you have something that
05:03 fairly certain is continuous, you can things on it. But again,
05:08 this case, in the case before , if we had bio strata graphic
05:12 , it wouldn't matter that much. , in the correlation exercise that you're
05:16 have, it's not, It's about week of a data set is you
05:22 get, but it's it's really data areas that were drilled in the fifties
05:28 and seventies. They're drilling there but trying to do it with the
05:33 amount of money. Eso In a of cases, they don't have new
05:39 developed by a strata graphic data Okay, so that well log And
05:52 had a question on this because we about motives and and I had some
06:00 on electric logs, like which In which column. And here you
06:10 something, uh, one of the with people having lots of options these
06:15 they can get a piece of software they could just start plotting their gamma
06:20 log over here if they want to their bulk density over here if they
06:24 to. You have the option. all sorts of things. But when
06:27 go and present it, by and , the rock tools are in
06:35 The rock mythology cools tools in this . In other words, you're gonna
06:39 gamma ray and SP in the first . The resistive ity or fluid tools
06:47 gonna be, and they're called the in your book. By the
06:51 there was a very tricky question in . Ah, in that test.
06:57 the fluid to tools were usually in second channel, and usually the well
07:03 is indicated between those two channels. sometimes it will have perforations on
07:09 uh, casing shoes where the base a casing string is, and and
07:17 maybe where sidewall cores and cores were , and and then to the right
07:24 this, normally there's going to be sonic, and then there's going to
07:26 a bulk density look, and when we're doing correlation, we look
07:33 this suite of logs and you can um, you know one thing about
07:39 resistive it could be all over the , but in Shales, it has
07:44 to do. Um, with the of the shells and, uh,
07:53 the lack of tightness of the In other words, the higher
07:57 It is going to be tighter because , including salt water and the lower
08:02 it ease are going to be, , a little bit mawr showing that
08:10 have water or bound water included in . But you get a nice kind
08:15 pattern off here to the side. so when we correlate, we are
08:20 to be looking at the gamma logs or SPS. You're, I think
08:26 exercises most think it may be SPS . I can't remember because there,
08:34 either SPS or very bad gamma are how should I say low response
08:40 logs. But normally when we we start correlating with shales, and
08:49 you need to get away from these thicker sand units. And actually,
08:54 is kind of a sand unit to don't really get a good shale in
08:58 . There's a shell, right? in there. Let me dio.
09:02 here And this is looking at a sandwich section two so it doesn't really
09:09 . But here I'm showing how flooding from high gamma spikes. And of
09:14 , the high gamma spike is to right show. These organic rich breaks
09:20 often called maximum flooding surfaces. And the North Sea and the Jurassic,
09:25 actually have names for them. And the bounding units for they're Jurassic
09:32 Uh, and here, uncharacteristic of industry type work, they start at
09:40 bottom and work their way up. j 62 is older than J
09:45 A lot of times in the oil , we count things down from the
09:48 because that's the way we drill Okay, so the purpose of correlation
09:58 me see if I can reduce this I can see it is really thio
10:13 similar de positional episodes from one to other. That's really on a big
10:19 scale. What we're trying to we're not trying. Thio, look
10:25 Sands. One of things that when throw out my logging exercise, a
10:30 of students, especially petroleum engineers. thing they do is start correlating 9500
10:38 with 9500 ft in the other And that only works if there's no
10:44 . If you got nothing but flat beds and, uh, the logs
10:49 you have are coming from three different around a salt dome so they
10:58 by the nature of how the deposits are and which ones air structurally up
11:03 or down the well depths with the sands and shale should be,
11:11 not the same depth from one well the next. So don't do
11:15 because what you're trying to do is figure out what the deposition all episodes
11:22 and which ones correlate with which other . Now, if I have a
11:27 and, well, one and a and well to, could someone tell
11:31 why that's not correlating those two together not the same thing Is correlating a
11:38 All episode Any ideas? Mhm. , let me, um can you
11:56 the question? Yeah, if I to log side by side and they
12:02 a Siris of sand stones in Uh, if I'm just correlating one
12:09 from one well toe one sand to next. Well, how is that
12:15 ? Or possibly different from connecting or deposition episodes? And why does it
12:27 ? Because the photography can repeat that's right. Strategic. If he can
12:33 , and so you could have sands very similar that were not deposited during
12:40 same deposition, Aleppo sewed. And know we're going to skip sequence photography
12:46 because I figured Johnny gave you enough that already. But and so you
12:53 sequences. And what what occurs between ? What is the bounding,
13:04 surface between a sequence in origin? have an original surface, right?
13:21 . Okay, so if, for , I have Sands in one sequence
13:27 I try to correlate them to Sands another sequence, why is there really
13:35 unlikely probability that there they're connected to other? Why is that unlikely?
13:48 erosion isn't uniforms. That's correct. But one thing that is is that
13:57 conformity is a gap in time, ? And like you said, it's
14:04 even so, the gap, the in time or the hiatus in time
14:12 be a small amount of time, it can be millions of years of
14:18 . But on either side of that conformity. What is the relationship?
14:23 relative age relationship between the units above units below Younger Bob? They're all
14:34 above, so they're younger, above keep. They can't be continuous sands
14:39 the units below that. And that's really simple example of why you have
14:44 be careful. But what about another between a transgressive and a regressive
14:55 What's the boundary between a transgressive and regressive event? Okay, that your
15:04 flooding surface? It could be It be a maximum flooding surface, or
15:08 could just be a flooding surface. it's a flooding surface. And what
15:13 terms of petroleum elements? What what most flooding surfaces tend to be.
15:24 , Excuse me, trash. All are seals. Seals. Exactly.
15:31 they could be part of a but not likely the whole trap.
15:37 but the seals, their seals and again, what is the relative age
15:46 between the things below one and The one above is younger,
15:54 And because of that de positional if you're going to try to correlate
16:00 , they're really more than just correlating and Shales. It's really trying to
16:05 similar de positional episodes or Sin de episodes with other Sin de positional
16:13 In other words, they occurred at the same time. And then you
16:18 a probability, at least of them interconnected and single flow units, which
16:25 don't get if you're just correlating haphazardly that look alike from the log
16:31 Because, uh, I could correlate channel sand with another channel sand.
16:37 they could be completely different channels that deposited on either side of these boundaries
16:43 we just talked about, whether it a flooding surface or in conformity and
16:47 they wouldn't be continuous, even though a channel Sandora Point Bar. It's
16:54 pretty hit or miss, because because the deposition, I'll system that it
16:57 from which we'll talk more about that we get in the final detail
17:01 But right now we're talking about And again, uh, one thing
17:09 we know is that when we're looking things on de positional strike, there
17:17 a good chance we'll see layer cake configuration when we're correlating across strike But
17:23 we and that's deposition, I'll But when we're correlating across deposition,
17:28 dip. We're going to see strata architectures with bounding surface surfaces in the
17:36 of climate forms separating these sands that like at the same depth there,
17:42 same units. But in fact they're separated by numerous things that can actually
17:49 one from the other. And there . There is absolutely no continuity between
17:54 sands and I bring this up because rial ato end of the day,
17:58 rial reason for trying to correlate Wells to figure out with logs is to
18:04 out what's going on between two wells , when we have a lot of
18:09 and we think that we can see between the logs, we don't need
18:14 . But in fact, sometimes we have the best seismic data that we
18:18 in particular areas because of energy absorption of the quality of the data that
18:23 can get our hands on. And you're working with poor quality data,
18:27 have to know how to work with and, uh, and sort out
18:31 good interpretation. In spite of the of the geophysics. And of
18:37 that's what geologists are supposed to be at. Okay, here is just
18:44 diagram. Kind of talked about But of course, if you're able
18:49 tie a well at point A and , you can tie in the reflectors
18:54 there's good continuity that works well in . For example, these beds,
18:59 example, if I drill a well here, you might have some luck
19:04 to Ah, by tying it to sonic Andi sort of a synthetic
19:14 You can get those as well from s. You could, uh you
19:20 , you might be able to tie really well, but then in
19:23 in some of these sections, you see there's there's more strata, graphic
19:27 going on. They're actually looks like could be channels in here channels in
19:34 . And you see this here and some some ways this could also be
19:39 relic of the channel up there that's the surface and more significant. So
19:44 have to be really careful, even seismic. If you have a well
19:49 here and trying to tell it, it to another well, it really
19:52 if you can get in idea what shale intervals look like because this shale
19:59 bull that I have my pointer on be different than one that's down here
20:04 down. Unfortunately, these upfront examples , uh, probably gonna have to
20:10 this, But they're not the good off lots of shale sections with sands
20:18 between. Here's one where it has lot of shale section in between the
20:27 . And unfortunately, the curves are a scale that you really can't see
20:33 . And this is kind of the that you get on a workstation.
20:37 if you're trying to correlate two wells to each other, you can't do
20:41 at this scale. You gotta pull out and look really close. And
20:45 I'm looking in here, I might trouble knowing that that correlates with this
20:50 than that part. So sometimes doing correlation is a little tough. Unless
20:58 you get a well data sentence, already picked him. I find students
21:02 have worked with me have a hard . It's almost a mental challenge beyond
21:08 to correlate logs that haven't already, , been given tops the real problem
21:15 is, uh, depending on where got your data from the tops could
21:19 called different things and some data You know, even if it's a
21:27 company with really well man managed they can still have misinterpreted tops.
21:35 can cause you all sorts of trouble you don't know how thio correlate around
21:40 problems. But here you can see obvious shale sections and you can also
21:46 here. What can I see in shale unit right here? What's going
21:52 ? And I'm not sure what that , but, you know, we
21:54 a little sand programming out, but seems to be something that looks like
21:58 might be trying to strata graphically significant and here and what's going on in
22:10 . This area here. Okay, , this is north east because it
22:26 so right up here. And it's because it says so right over
22:30 So as I go from northeast to , it may not be a perfectly
22:36 line, which is why this might be on strike. Deposition of
22:42 Then we're on de positional dip. we're on deposition strike or what else
22:46 be happening here from? Come Be brave, folks. It's a
23:07 . Yeah, it could. It be something like pro gradation, but
23:12 ? What, you're definitely seeing is from here? Two over here.
23:18 happening to the strata? Graphic They think they're thinning. Okay.
23:29 so we probably have a depot center here, and you mentioned procreation.
23:34 it looks like that Depot Center is forward through time. You can see
23:40 units here and then it's getting Sandy Sandy are there. If this source
23:44 sediment continued, we probably see it out farther, but something Cut it
23:49 . And if it's still take maybe the Delta moved to another another
23:55 of the basin for a while. you don't see it on this particular
24:00 . You'd have to go somewhere else see a new distribute. Terry Math
24:05 building out something like that. But have the the under form, which
24:09 the top set beds, the Fonda , which for the flat under bottom
24:14 beds and the climate forms. Of , for those, uh, architecturally
24:23 , ah slanted climbing beds which are of the indication that there's Program Nation
24:29 in this direction. But in spite all the sand you can see
24:33 there's a lot of sand here. not as much sand there, and
24:36 almost no sand here and trying to one of the other might be
24:41 But if you had better shale character , you could correlate thes shale intervals
24:47 see that they actually are thinning. not only is there some thinning and
24:53 of the sand, but there's also shale section thins in this direction.
25:00 I'm I'm coming from an area of accommodation space since you know that word
25:06 an area with less account with excessive , accommodation, space, but no
25:13 eyes being dumped in it or limited of sediments being dumped in it.
25:17 I'm moving away from the depot center here. Thio here, Okay.
25:24 , um, this is kind of we call strata Graphic thinning.
25:29 um, a lot of times when correlate wells, we expect to see
25:34 happening from one well to the But what if we see?
25:42 the sequence says it is but one those sands disappears back here, or
25:48 of the are are this shale unit up here. For example, if
25:54 drilled a well not too far away this and that shale section was missing
26:00 that shale section and part of that were missing, would you think that
26:05 strata graphic thinning or something else? I know this seems kind of
26:16 but I'm hoping that you'll catch the . It's like a structural.
26:29 the word structural fault. Exactly. kind of fault would it be if
26:37 is missing? What type of fault be normal? Very good.
26:42 so that's how you tell a fault from thinning or thickening. Here we
26:48 thinning going in this direction. But spite of the thinning, we kind
26:52 have an idea on the rate of . And if we see something that's
26:56 anomalous and all of a sudden a , in other words, we see
26:59 top of this sand. But the is missing and this shale is
27:03 And the top of this Sandis sitting that the only way that section could
27:09 be missing is if there's a fault some major erosion will surface. But
27:15 major major erosion, all surfaces. have a regional impression and you see
27:20 in the other wells. Okay. what about say, up here?
27:25 I had any part of this thick of sands Ah, one Well,
27:33 little to the north or a little to the south of the line,
27:37 this this is diagonal northeast and So maybe a well off that line
27:42 might have a fault running through it you would see section missing. You
27:46 everything going along and all of a this well might be short and that
27:50 right there sitting on top of that and you clearly be able to identify
27:55 fault. So any time you have wells like these, if you have
28:02 nice pattern of strata graphic, sort of normality here, a little
28:09 of thinning there here, it's kind equally filling in here. It's filling
28:15 a little bit better, but if in there all of a sudden you've
28:19 something that changes the slope on this , whether you're in a tilted bad
28:26 line Fonda form or a flat lying form. If you see a change
28:31 the thickness that doesn't go along with pattern of strata graphic thickening or
28:37 depending on which way you're looking at , then that missing section is probably
28:42 to be a normal fault. of course, a lot of the
28:45 where we find oil and gas have faults. So I think it's important
28:49 that you know how toe pick one two logs. And the main reason
28:54 that is there's a lot of faults can separate reservoirs that are lower resolution
29:01 in scale, then what seismic can reveal. Now, sometimes if it's
29:07 of guests or something, it's got booming reflections and strong refraction going on
29:14 might give you some ideas that something's . But you might not be able
29:18 tell why some of that reservoir in spot does not seem to be draining
29:24 part of that reservoir in another And being able to look at the
29:29 and tell that you have a normal is a good way to figure out
29:32 they're separated compartments. Okay, here we're looking at correlation on de
29:42 strike When you look at on strike is everybody now a deposition? I'll
29:48 versus deposition. All depends if somebody know. Ah, give me a
29:57 out so I can explain it. . Everybody knows Just in case you're
30:11 . How about if I ask it way? If I had a line
30:13 here Thio here. Is that on positional dipper strike? Excuse me,
30:26 would be de positional dip. Okay. And if I had a
30:30 gone across like this, I almost to go like this. That would
30:37 deposition will strike in a sense. . And de positional dip is parallel
30:48 the direction of flow, and strike perpendicular to it Can. Chris,
30:56 gets complicated when you have, you know, fingers coming out in
31:00 directions. And this is on de strike two, and it just shows
31:06 how some of these bodies, are kind of a road into the
31:13 mass. But if if, for , we did this on dip in
31:20 of these distributor Eri mouth bars, other words like this say we looked
31:26 one of the mouth bars like that , Let's say, five wells.
31:32 would my Sands look like? Would look continuous or discontinuous? It's a
31:46 obvious answer, but e can't quite you, Daniel, but have a
31:55 of question, please. Okay, you had a if I had five
32:00 in a cross section here when my look discontinuous like this or continuous,
32:10 . Exactly. So, um, some situations, when we're looking at
32:16 positional strike like this, we actually layer cake beds because you might
32:22 uh, units that are widespread in strike direction. But in a dip
32:29 , they have client of forms and break off. It's like and the
32:33 I'm going into this because three dimensions difficult for people Thio think about.
32:38 here you can see that if I straight across these sands disappear because of
32:43 client of forms. But with something a distributor Eri Mouth bar. Instead
32:52 having continuity across de positional strike, actually have continuity across deposition. I'll
33:00 now. These would probably have climate in them, but they would be
33:04 be able to correlate the sands and just be dropping a little bit in
33:10 . Okay, here is just another of showing you how complicated is to
33:19 out channels and that sort of But here we have big sand and
33:26 finds upwards and you gotta shale and come across like this and that sand
33:37 and you have a clay plug sitting top of it. Maybe. Why
33:43 that not look like a fault? you got sand here. You got
33:52 there and it's missing there. What this diagram is telling me that that
34:01 got to be a deposition all thing not a not a fault because the
34:07 air still on either side. They're of on either side. But
34:12 if you look above and below, there's not a force dip relative.
34:19 how there's kind of a consistent thickness . You're not missing section. There's
34:25 missing section. It's just been what . Sand has just turned into
34:30 That's the faces change, okay? in fact, I don't see anything
34:41 that could really look like a especially when you look at what they're
34:44 is kind of their primary correlation and they must. Something happened to
34:50 , uh, in shale units. , so, um, so in
34:59 , what we normally use, these the the gamut sp on the
35:07 channel. And then we use sometimes sonic, but often times,
35:13 a resist, if any, it could be the amplified short
35:17 Or it could be even a conductivity , which is thean verse of it
35:25 what you're going to see and your set, I think, is an
35:29 resistive ity log and two of them a in a conductivity log in another
35:34 the other way around. And it's to, uh, you know,
35:44 out what this is with just the without some kind of context. But
35:50 also difficult to sort it out without the logs. So the logs are
35:54 important, and you can have seismic here. And seismic doesn't always react
36:02 face these changes, much as it to these, uh, intervals of
36:07 , where there may have been a in a deposition event and you have
36:12 in here. That's longer than compaction here, which is longer than compaction
36:16 here. In other words, there's compaction time below this line consistently in
36:22 compaction time in this line. And you tend to get a density,
36:29 , a depth of burial and time burial density difference between these surfaces,
36:34 you get a reflection. And that's times why reflectors can mimic timelines.
36:41 don't always, but they can't. , um, so this is what
36:47 use for these correlations, and and helps course determined reservoir thickness over an
36:55 . And but it also helps you a diagram like this. You can
37:00 a nice idea, uh, that space and infill starts over here,
37:05 it's pro grading in that direction. then at some point in time,
37:08 get a flooding surface that comes in top of it, and later
37:12 there would be procreation out here unless was severely exposed forever. Like,
37:17 , the coastal plain of Texas is . Although it may be gone underwear
37:23 , sooner than we hope. Uh, so, on a regional
37:32 , uh, you're looking at these thicknesses of deposition of packages to help
37:37 a depot center. And everybody in knows what a depot center is.
37:40 think it's like the thickest parts of basin. And if I was to
37:45 back to this, the depot center this basin is probably happening right here
37:51 it's pro grading, and particularly if talk about sand, your gross sand
37:55 gonna be much greater in here than is anywhere else. And so that's
38:01 thing on a on a regional Um, but on local scale,
38:07 can look for unconfirmed is and false continuity of sands continuity of seals and
38:15 and actually work on the reservoir limits you might have structurally, uh,
38:23 to the bed and its structure and oil water contact you might have.
38:28 can limit the down the bottom of with a seal on top in a
38:33 also helping to close it. So of this can be done doing good
38:39 correlation. And of course, I'm not sure everybody did.
38:46 It give you any kind of information this? No, e. You
38:58 , most people will know this from . Uh, these things are very
39:04 because that's how we measure it. always important to know what you're looking
39:10 . on. When you're plotting data on maps, you wanna make sure
39:15 you're using the same data set, , on your vertical scale to make
39:22 that everything is OK? Ah, one of the things that I think
39:28 sometimes be confusing with people is the between all of these different terms.
39:36 here is your actual Isaac or and this is your actual ice APAC
39:48 . So we oftentimes have deviated and normally it's tilt. The well
39:54 tilt this way into the dip. could be the other way. And
39:59 get slightly different numbers, uh, the opposite reason. But usually when
40:06 talk about a nice a pack, talking about the total strata graphic
40:10 So, um, barring the fact I put these arrows on here or
40:16 , I didn't. I think somebody did, but it looks like something
40:20 would have done. But this isn't . This should be normal. It's
40:25 supposed to be tilted, but should normal to the top of the sand
40:29 the base of the sand. So is the true thickness, um,
40:35 or less at at this point. , But because this beds at an
40:42 , Uh, and this is at angle, you're going to read it
40:45 these points, and that's the apparent thickness. Now it's different from the
40:54 vertical thickness, because here's the true thickness. But if we have deviated
41:02 the dead straight holes. You don't to worry about a B T.
41:07 of course, this is measured So I often give you a test
41:12 on this particular diagram to make sure know the difference. And ah,
41:18 of times we worked with ice core on we produce a map, and
41:22 used to call it a nice APAC because we don't We don't like getting
41:28 tongues tied and worry about this. in some cases, you might be
41:33 a situation where, ah, the between the TV T and the tst
41:39 significant enough that your boss is gonna to make sure on your management is
41:43 want to make sure they know the between this thickness and that thickness.
41:48 lot of times it doesn't make much . Three Key, though, is
41:55 at least this the TV T And, of course, the T
42:01 D is the true vertical depth. , uh, which is here's T
42:08 D one. And here's TV, . It's not the same t thing
42:15 the TV T and it's not the thing as the a B t.
42:22 is it the same thing is Ah, when you don't have computers
42:26 everything for you, you have to Ah, the coast sine theta
42:34 And, uh, you get a here and you can calculate based on
42:39 deviation at that. Between those two you can figure out, though,
42:44 is a a normal triangle regular Here, you can figure out the
42:51 t that way with coastline theta which I'm not gonna ask you to
42:57 . But I used to do it the time. Let's see. So
43:01 just something showing you another reason why have deviated Wells. Uh, if
43:10 if these were all straight holes, know, you might see something like
43:20 with a thickening of section, But well here is deviated. This well
43:25 is less deviated. This well is deviated at all. And so the
43:31 seems to be getting thicker just because greater deviation. Greater angularity here on
43:39 could be, um, a structural or it could be deviation in the
43:44 and the way they're showing it It has to do with just increasing
43:52 . But you see the same kind response if you have flat beds in
43:56 wells and flatbeds and dipping wells in same direction, uh can create even
44:04 apparent thickness that isn't actually there. in this case, it's just showing
44:11 the beds tilted more so you intersect , and it looks like that
44:18 if this was, it was a flatbed, and it looked like
44:25 uh, but you had a greater in this direction. It would look
44:28 same. And I think I probably a solid like that or I don't
44:31 I figured I'd explain it in this . But, um, so a
44:36 of it is pattern recognition with geological . So it's not true auto correlation
44:43 we work. When I worked in , uh, chalks with lots of
44:47 people, uh, the only tool they really had to correlate was the
44:51 log resistive ity, uh, was no response at all in the chalks
45:01 you have gas. So you if you use the reasons activity
45:07 you'd be correlating a gas chalk with gas chalk. We're hydrocarbon in rich
45:14 , and you might not know you one next to the other in the
45:19 in the same area between two wells are no more than 1000 ft
45:23 Are they really in the same reservoir not? And a lot of mistakes
45:27 made because of that, until we some advanced stuff in in some of
45:31 hot and tour fields and other people doing it to Besides Amoco have done
45:38 in the past. People are still that now, but But the thing
45:46 , is that with auto correlation, , of course, the computers are
45:50 at what we found was they will a very nondescript. In other
45:58 there's not a lot of highs and and a gamma logged through a
46:03 They would correlate those from one well the next without ever recognizing. Saying
46:10 wells without ever recognizing a normal fault missing section or on conformity is with
46:17 sections and out of about 60 uh, you could have counted on
46:23 least 60 faults. Uh, at 60 erosion, all surfaces because of
46:30 nature of chalk deposition in the North it in the in the upper Cretaceous
46:37 early in late Excuse me, Lower . Okay, so whenever we go
46:44 fields, we like to develop a of composite law. And,
46:51 another thing that people do will uh, shall resisted the markets.
47:01 then if you have biased photography and , you should use that if you're
47:05 . If it's available now, in exercise that we're going to get
47:09 you're gonna have shell resisted any markers I want you to focus on.
47:15 you'll start actually with the bios photography they are. There's only a few
47:20 them. There's only three wells, there's only there's only a few bio
47:24 markers that actually are in all three . But you use those first.
47:31 then there's ones that Aaron only two and then you use those next
47:35 You can get some sort of starter lines when you do it that
47:41 then in between that you'll start using shale. Resist Tiffany markers. Once
47:48 developed some lines of correlation with serums in the bios photography, then and
47:56 then do you want to really start the sand stones, no matter how
48:01 they look alike and you're just dying correlate them. Of course, some
48:06 them were so unimpressive you might not think they're sands. So it's just
48:12 heads up on that. Okay, here's something that I find the oil
48:19 is very bad about nomenclature. They're different for kinds of logs that we
48:29 use for ah, reference of a section. One is called a type
48:35 , and the other one is called composite long. In most of
48:40 when people in industry have a composite , they call it the type
48:46 The type log really refers to identifying sandstone or shale unit individually in a
48:56 and saying this is the type response that formation. And of course you
49:03 have a log that is the type for multiple formations. But a composite
49:11 is different in that a composite log really a composite of different sections of
49:19 logs paste it together to help represent entire section that you see. In
49:25 words, if there's 10 pay you'll take the best, the best
49:30 of pay San one, and then best log of Payson, too,
49:35 the best log of Payson three. it together and kind of come up
49:39 a common depth in the area or field that you're working it. And
49:44 may not be, uh, the depth scale, but it's a composite
49:49 multiple pieces of log. And that's it's called the Composite, because it's
49:53 logs. Its not a type It's a composite. Okay, now
49:59 is something from the Good Hope and this is out of an industry
50:04 publication, and they call it a log. And, uh, this
50:11 fact, is a composite long, it's bits and pieces you can even
50:17 here. Here's Here's a Here's a identified here. Here's a piece of
50:22 identified here by a well name. one here, and you put it
50:27 together, and this gives you whole section, and even though they
50:34 it a type log here, they that it was a composite.
50:38 so this really is a composite It's only a type log. If
50:45 just look at this well, and me that this sand it's type for
50:52 over the field, uh, should reflect this character that I see here
50:58 terms of the base of the the finding upwards sequence you see
51:02 And that would be the peace sand the Q Sands right down here.
51:07 so, uh, I don't Are you guys catching the distinction?
51:13 trying to say a type log is type is, uh is in a
51:20 where you're trying to explain the type that unit that strata graphic formation or
51:25 . In these cases, uh, might have a type log for
51:31 This and this. But this log taking a really good section somewhere in
51:36 field that represents these pay sands. then But in that same well,
51:43 well here thes sands aren't well so they cut it in and put
51:47 in there. In other words, may be faulted out in that particular
51:51 , and they composite together a log has all of the Reservoir Sands sort
51:59 in strata graphic order, as you expect to find them. Of
52:03 if you drill down, some of might be shelled out. Some of
52:07 might be faulted out, and some them might be eroded out, which
52:11 have a hiatus high. It'll And so that's the distinction. So
52:17 composite log is bits and pieces of log to give you a total strata
52:22 section of your reservoir targets. The log is actually trying to define the
52:32 of a formation in a log that represents the character of that formation.
52:38 there's a two different types of even though here is published, it's
52:44 it a type log, composite and . In reality, this is a
52:50 log and not a type of Just as an example, the Norwegians
52:56 really good about following the scientific method strata graphic nomenclature, and they also
53:03 sequence photography and other technology as well anybody else in the world.
53:10 you know, it's ah, it's country that sees value and technology.
53:18 so, um, and then all under lying foundational sciences that relate to
53:27 strata. Graphic interpretations. But this just showing you particular logs, and
53:33 won't read this out. But this , this particular log, it's in
53:38 UK it penetrates the Jurassic. It . It's the block 21 11 major
53:45 21 11 to 11. So that's you a hint as to where it
53:49 and then within. Within that large , it's a little block.
53:55 Dash three and three is the 29 is the little block, and
54:02 tells you up here which one of formations is best characterized by this
54:08 It will tell you some of them types, and that means that is
54:12 best example we have of that formation reference logs now have a reference
54:17 which is a type log. that sometimes sandstone in an area changes
54:25 or shale changes character, and you have a reference log. That kind
54:29 shows you how the character changes from type log from one part of the
54:33 to another. So that's why you have true and type reference logs.
54:42 , so I hope everybody knows the between a composite log and a reference
54:48 a type log slash reference log. also be aware that most of time
54:57 you're looking at a composite log in oil industry publication like an A
55:01 G, they will call a composite a type log almost all the
55:06 which is incorrect. Okay, so an example of trying to correlate
55:20 Cem Sands. And here here you made a correlation here and another correlation
55:27 , looking at Sands and ah, you see anything over here that would
55:37 it easier to correlate knowing that Sands come and go? There's a few
55:49 Stringer's Yeah, you can see some zones. But for example, here's
55:58 a good shale section and see this market right here. It ties perfectly
56:08 right there. And this is an short, normal. And so when
56:17 talk about shale markers, when you at your logs, you look for
56:22 like this in one. Well, looked very close to the same thing
56:28 another. Well, so we come across here, where do I have
56:32 that looks kind of like like that it would be right there.
56:36 what do I notice is different between ? Well, in that well,
56:47 other words, I think I see same things in here. And I
56:51 I see all the same things in . Like all these markers over here
56:57 up with all these markers, thickness . Okay, So what are the
57:06 are the three things that could be here? There's thickness changes, so
57:12 could be a deviated. Well, you're drilling at an angle on the
57:17 on the right. There is one the left. You're more straight
57:22 Okay. And what was the first you said about thickness? Oh,
57:28 that the one on the right is bigger than the one on the
57:32 Okay, so there's three reasons for . Okay, who's speaking, by
57:38 way? Uh, so Okay, , thank you for volunteering. So
57:47 , since this one is thicker, three reasons why it could be
57:53 Eso won would be That's more of deviated section. So you're just seeing
57:57 for a longer period of time? , another could be There is actual
58:03 variations. I mean, it actually looks like it's suspended Law of the
58:07 on the left. But if it real life, it could just be
58:10 section actually did have a thicker section it. Okay, Yeah, I
58:16 what you're trying to say in in terms is from here to here we're
58:21 from, say, the edge of of a depot center to the center
58:28 a deficit. In other words, is strata graphic thickening and this strata
58:36 thickening. And this happens a lot you when you move away from the
58:40 of sediment and towards the source of Ah, you know, this is
58:46 away from the source. This is to the source of sediment. You're
58:49 almost exactly the same shale sequences. seeing almost exactly the same sand
58:56 and you're and you're also seeing the are almost identical. And and this
59:03 the problem with textbooks. Uh, , all they've done is taken the
59:08 log and stretched it. So there's obvious to you in real life it's
59:15 this obvious. But in real life are intervals that become obvious. And
59:21 , like I said, we find toe. Hang on first, which
59:24 not be the top of a sand could come or go, but it
59:27 be bio strata, graphic markers and shale markers that you see down
59:33 And that's what we're trying to get when we start doing our exercise.
59:38 as so to carry on with what were saying, this could be de
59:45 thickening over here. In other when I go farther in this
59:50 I'm gonna be thinning out more and and more. This could be
59:53 Dip into the basin or this could cutting across from a delivery channel or
60:02 . Uh, you're on the edge the delivery system here in the
60:05 the epicenter of the delivery center Right there. In other words,
60:10 Delta's here and this is off to flank of the delta. Okay,
60:15 else could it be true? It to do with what we talked about
60:21 . By the way, they also a good form. There's no fault
60:29 here. What? This is another that this could be is this stretch
60:36 be due to the fact that I'm gonna go through it. I'm
60:39 do the first two that Sarah brought . But then the third one first
60:44 is strata graphic thickening like this. , it could be. This is
60:52 deviated well, or it could be a bed this equal thickness. But
61:00 dip changes on the bed. You've a greater dip here, and it's
61:06 it out because you're cutting through a section like here. This is thicker
61:14 it's a higher dip. This is because it's lowered. If it's the
61:18 same section look scrunched down. But got this bed like this, and
61:24 I cut through it, I cut a bigger section and the just like
61:30 accordion. The well is is cutting it like this, but actually,
61:37 know, it's straight down like So it's cutting through it sideways.
61:41 this, you know, this gets more exaggerated when you're doing a
61:45 Well, by the way, it it really hard to see.
61:49 because you might you might feel in whole gap with just a small section
61:53 here and not have a whole lot character. But anyway, the so
61:58 we go back here. This thickening be a result of strata graphic
62:06 It could be a result of, , deviation. Or it could be
62:11 result of increased dip on the bed here to here. This is flat
62:18 , but here it's it's bent over a roll over on the edge of
62:22 , of assault them. Okay. at the same time, it could
62:28 be exactly the same thickness. But no missing section in here. You
62:33 You can follow this. Tick over that This tick over to that and
62:38 . Tick over to that, and can see that it stretches out.
62:42 , when you have really high resolution strategic fee, sometimes we can
62:47 you know, uh, say 25.36 years here and 36 million years
62:58 Same here and here. And we stretch the log out to make it
63:04 . That the timing. And we see this same kind of accordion effect
63:09 we stretched sections between age points in log versus versus one another. And
63:18 this what I just said was These would this would be the same
63:23 is that this would be the same . Is that and you're seeing the
63:27 deposition? I'll cycle in here, it would stretch out the feet.
63:31 much feet you would see a You move towards the deposition, I'll
63:38 . Okay. So, um so you when you do it right
63:47 I want you to start looking um here's like a shell resisted beauty
63:52 right here. This thing right he already showed you that that thing
63:57 working pretty good. Okay? And do we see that? Over
64:06 In this way. So it's gonna that little shale in there, so
64:12 gonna be this shale right here. thicker over here, so it's stretched
64:17 . But that shell marker right he's put it right on the base
64:21 it. That shell marker is right . Well, actually, the
64:27 So that little one there people's that little in there. Okay. And
64:34 this kind of looks like this. then this bump right here, peoples
64:39 bump. So each one of those ones is the reasons Tilly marker.
64:44 you can also look at a pattern might see a pattern like this that
64:49 similar to a pattern like that. other words, you're looking at these
64:53 going up and down, and the way to do it is is to
64:56 this the other way. In other , rotate this around like this so
65:02 this curve is flat across here and curve is flat across there, above
65:08 or below it. And you can of move your logs and match them
65:13 so you can look for actual markers you think are consistent from one well
65:19 that. Or you can look for that you think are consistent. And
65:23 what you're gonna be doing is you're be first tying the bio Strat.
65:31 you'll do the shell resistive ity markers or resistive ity patterns. And then
65:36 going to be correlating this instance that in between them. In other
65:41 once you do the bios photography and show the SRM and resistive ity
65:47 once you've done those, the sands fall in between. And here you'll
65:55 , um, something like this, it's this will end up showing you
66:01 the strata graphic thickening in one direction other. In other words, it's
66:05 this way or that way. But between this interval. It's in that
66:11 in that interval. In that there seems to be consistent rates of
66:17 . Does everybody see that? Almost an accordion? You know, it's
66:26 thin, bad it expands. It's little bit thicker, so it expands
66:31 . It's a whole lot thicker. it expands a lot more. These
66:33 all Shales, you've got lots of ity pattern in here in the
66:41 Okay, so what happens if you're over here? You're correlations. And
66:45 of a sudden something disappears in your ity, particularly in the shale
66:53 You've lost a shale market fact, lost this much section Normal fault.
67:03 a normal fault. And you're gonna you're gonna have straight wells. The
67:10 are gonna be slightly tilted. um, not dramatically so but you're
67:17 have mostly strata graphic thickening here. , and thinning in the wells that
67:24 correlate. But you'll be following along this and you'll follow along like
67:29 Then you come up from here on follow along, and all of a
67:31 there's something missing and that's when you pick a fault. And this is
67:39 better than seeing it on Seismic. no other way to explain. All
67:44 a sudden I've got this section is . This section is there, but
67:48 section is missing, and your sands look a little different over here from
67:54 there. Your shell could look a bit different over here, then over
67:59 because again, these air just stretched . You know, it's perfect.
68:04 eso what you want to try to , uh, is work on coming
68:09 with much much of these resistive any and or patterns like curious kind of
68:15 This is a pattern because it's ah , you see this hatchet looking thing
68:20 here with a little spike on So it looks like the backside of
68:24 fire ax. Um, this, , you'll see some. You'll see
68:34 couple of these in your in your , just like that. And again
68:39 be in the shale section, not the sand section up here. You're
68:43 at this part right here. So I can follow along here.
68:53 along. Here comes all the way to there, and then it comes
68:56 to here up to here and then , because I'm coming down here.
69:02 stops there. The wells you have have lots of faults in, Um
69:10 reason I know is because I correlated 30 wells in the area, you
69:17 have three wells to correlate. you can find more false in your
69:24 when you have more wells and eso you have three faults the only way
69:31 you can spot ah faltas. If see something like this between two
69:36 you can't pick a fault if you in an area for a long
69:41 you see a truncation in the sands that you're looking at and of all
69:44 wells looked exactly the same. You pick it on the sands, but
69:48 usually don't always look at the And a lot of legacy data the
69:53 air not this good either, but in spite of that, you can
70:01 pick these faults on. You'll be to pick some of them. You
70:04 to have two logs to pick You can't normally pick it in one
70:10 and, uh, unless you've looked thousands of logs and you're not going
70:16 . So, for your example, , for you to pick a
70:20 you need to know. Okay, this, in this case, I
70:26 a fault in this. Well, respect to that. Well, so
70:33 here he he writes in 130 missing at 89. 57 which is
70:41 here in well, number one, top of the top of the section
70:48 . And when you do your I'm gonna want you to put how
70:51 feet it is with respect to Well, and, uh, and
70:55 can put approximately where the top of missing section isn't that Well, you
71:00 it just like this will be really . Uh, and I'll be able
71:05 look and see if it's reasonable. again, You can see, I
71:11 there's a little thickening in here, not much. Not much. These
71:15 tilted, but pretty much no thickening on in here. There's a dramatic
71:23 . Okay? And this is the why it happens when you have a
71:27 fault. Um, and you cut well like this you're gonna be missing
71:39 of this strata graphic section right here you're gonna be picking up that section
71:48 . So you're gonna miss Section on top and the bottom. Let's see
71:51 I have it and then then you go here, and this is more
71:55 . You completely miss that sand, you're gonna be losing part of the
72:01 section above and below the sand as , because it's cutting into the Shales
72:07 completely missing the scenes. In other , this would have to tie right
72:14 that right there. But you're gonna missing some section there. You're gonna
72:18 missing all that section up there, and that one. You'll have
72:25 but you're missing some of some of shale because it's jails missing right
72:29 too, because this section does not to that section. You've lost all
72:35 section with. Now, if you a reverse fault which we're not gonna
72:41 any exercise, what happens to your and reversible? You repeat, it
72:50 repeat. And in this block you've that. You've missed the top to
72:58 top, doesn't repeat, but this of the section here repeats down here
73:07 you've moved it up is coming And here, when you go completely
73:14 that, then you'll repeat the total above and below. And since
73:21 if we have instead of a reverse , we have the thrust Thrusts are
73:26 , uh, long offsets. So going to see a lot of sands
73:30 repeat themselves, okay? And this just quickly showing you the expansion of
73:37 deviation. Well, which I think already explained well enough, This is
73:42 you a deviated Well, with a . Um, you can see here
73:48 expanded, its expanded appear. It's , but here it's actually shrunk.
73:53 this is really obvious. This is very obvious fault. If you had
73:57 deviated well in a straight well, it was missing, section in the
74:02 deviated Well, it would stand out a sore thumb because you see a
74:10 amount of you know, instead of thickening in this direction, you're seeing
74:14 from here to here. In other , top of this marker, because
74:19 the way up to there up in and the upper part of that marker
74:28 terminated over here it's not. It be thicker, but it's. But
74:32 not only is it not thicker, thinner. So it's obvious that there's
74:36 missing and all of everything between A B is missing in here. And
74:45 you see, um, thickening in direction, thickening in this direction.
74:52 here, thinning. And you can the same kinds of thickening and thinning
75:01 with straight, straight and deviated. uh, sort of conceptual e.
75:11 because you're seeing this and then you're that this is missing. But but
75:15 the well that's sitting right on top it. These gaps don't show up
75:20 your lungs. You have to find by looking at it like this.
75:30 , then, in this lecture, two other things that are important to
75:34 about. There's two different types of sections. The first type is a
75:41 section. It's hung on a current , sir. Official datum like sea
75:50 . So most of our structural maps hung on sea level. Is that
76:03 ? When How many of you have constructed a subsurface math? Nobody,
76:15 ? I have e have to I so. Okay. When you make
76:20 subsurface map. What are the depths you use subsea? You subsea.
76:29 sea levels, your datum If sea is your date. Um, the
76:34 is that you are mapping Are what of what type of maps you call
76:43 structure maps. Right. And that's they're hung on it. There,
76:48 on a flat datum. That shows what? Which structure? The past
76:54 or the present structure. President Very good. Okay. And,
77:05 , that's basically what we're doing and but this is showing. This
77:12 a structural cross section. So what it showing you here? What is
77:19 in this structural cross section? What your question? What did you
77:41 I didn't hear the question. I'm sorry. What was the
77:48 Okay, uh, So what are seeing in this? This thing that's
77:52 a structural cross section. What? is this dip? It's, you
77:59 , a Yeah, this is probably structural dip. Right? And you
78:10 see uh, spending. You don't Klein, a form that kind of
78:14 like this and then curves down and thinner. You're you're seeing the modern
78:19 dip and that and That's because it's hung on a on a point modern
78:27 datum. So it's showing you that you move in this direction, the
78:34 are going to get deeper and So just imagine your on the coastal
78:38 of Texas. And this is a dip line, which is also pretty
78:46 to a deposition. I'll dip line the coastal plain in Texas, but
78:53 you go from, say, or let's pick another place some place
78:59 , uh, well, I don't Brenham and we go to the
79:04 Uh, if this formation is to , Yayla, we're going to see
79:09 Aiwa deeper and deeper as we go the coastline, and that's not necessarily
79:16 deposition of Dip, but it's It's the deposition of Dip. But there's
79:20 a structural dip, too, because beds air all dipping into the coast
79:24 the ocean. Okay, they're all . There's uplift back here, and
79:29 subsidence in this direction That's structural dipped the other type of strata graphic
79:36 and I'll let you read this on own free time. The strata graphic
79:43 picks Ah, marker ! That's a in time in the rock record.
79:49 because you do that, the structure you see is what the structure was
79:57 at this point in time. Whatever point in time happens to be,
80:01 not based on a modern day surface data. It's based on a time
80:08 in the past and in the search petroleum systems. How can this help
80:41 ? No guesses, huh? um, if we know what the
80:50 waas at this point in time and know that migration started after this point
80:58 time, we might have to do structure that's hung on a earlier date
81:05 see if the structures that could be structures here would be there at that
81:09 or if maturation was before this point time, we see these structures and
81:16 structures looked like they were present, of trapping oil accumulations at that point
81:23 time when migration started. And, , sometimes it doesn't change very
81:30 But if you were to go say to this period of time,
81:34 of this might be flat. There be no chance of having any structures
81:38 could trap something there. But as you come up in time,
81:42 might see that this develops traps here it develops traps there, and it
81:47 traps down there that could start collecting , uh, deposited after. Excuse
81:54 , Um, that's my mature, and migrates after that point in
82:04 Okay, so it Zschau ing you depot centers like, there's one
82:08 there's one there, and there's one the structure and them changes through
82:13 If you were to come all the up this section or go all the
82:15 down that section and keep hanging at points of time, for example,
82:20 I was gonna hang it on a here, this surface would flatten
82:25 and that would impact the structure underneath . And it would give you a
82:33 on how how significant the structure And then if you bring it up
82:37 , you could find out that ah, a lot of the traps
82:41 through time and that without proper traps seals, uh, set up prior
82:49 a new structural situation, you might lose some of the traps that you
82:56 . Here's something I did in the Sea. Um, with a strata
83:03 section helped reveal the paleo structure. showed that Sands were thickening from this
83:13 in this direction. Been thickening from high in that direction, and the
83:19 that was important is because this was Hess's acreage. This was Amoco's
83:26 and Amerada Hess said there was a block that uplifted over here. And
83:32 the sands would thicken in this direction than thin in this direction. But
83:37 fact, they're thicker Over here in sands tend to thin out into a
83:41 in this direction. In other the depot center is here. But
83:46 was faulted, which is why it to disappear. And I was able
83:53 come up with something like this. was a fault in here almost right
84:00 there. I was able to show these this was thicker in time and
84:04 thinned in time is it went on structural high to the east. This
84:09 West and this was east. This Amerada has certainly had the better
84:15 But prior to this study Ah, Hess. That's further on it.
84:21 Amerada has projected that this whole unit uplifted on this end and all this
84:29 in here was not present. They wiping out all this sand to help
84:35 why this well hit nothing over here and the well down the oil water
84:45 had nothing. But there was a fault through here that removed that section
84:51 in in, uh, in the on this well, in this
84:56 I was able to figure out what strata graphic thickening waas to figure out
85:00 the section was missing in this number . Well, to be able to
85:04 the entire section across here and show there was a lot of sand here
85:08 hear, but its end in that , but also it this is past
85:14 , but president structure, it's down and and it would be of into
85:24 oil water contact with reginal. And that's that for that. So
85:29 take a break before we start looking the exercise. So what I want
85:36 to do, though, is Thio give you another 15 minute break so
85:40 you can gather your bits and pieces I'll be referring to them and and
85:46 maybe, uh, on some part your computer. You can You can
85:51 at some of those files while you're into the lecture. Um, and
85:59 be showing showing you some of the on mine. Just so you can
86:03 if you printed any about you could at it as hard copies to at
86:07 same time. So we'll come back , uh, right around, say
86:18 55. Yeah. Okay. Now we're gonna look at the correlation
86:49 , but before we actually look at , I wanna pull up the elements
87:00 it. Okay, so you're gonna some instructions in the lecture, but
87:23 just want to go through. You're have three wells, and you have
87:38 don't really need the headers, But know some students go crazy if you
87:43 have a header. And it It does make it easier to understand
87:48 better, of course, but it's really necessary. But here, you
87:53 see uh, this is gonna be work. Davis number two. This
88:01 the swelling number one in the infamous number one. And you can look
88:14 for the on the this one has . It's got resistive ity and conductivity
88:29 conductivity has always done at a more scale. So what you're gonna be
88:34 with when you're doing the shale resistive for this? Well, you'll be
88:39 conductivity, but for the other you'll be using an expanded scale.
88:45 ity. I believe it's gonna be far right curve, and here you
88:51 see yes, resistive it e Here's ah more expanded scale on the
89:00 ity. So the Holland has which is the inverse, and it's
89:06 in such a way it looks the as the expanded resistive ity curve.
89:12 all there. What? They're all motivation. I still didn't hear
89:20 Are they vertical vertical wells? These are all vertical wells.
89:25 Okay, there's no deviation. You have to worry about deviations for
89:29 Thank you. And you can you assume the beds. When you look
89:34 it, you'll get a hint that bed's kind of look like they're They're
89:38 expanding because of dips. But you see between these wells you'll be seeing
89:45 , and you'll be seeing, expansion. And but you will see
89:55 see missing false. But like I telling you before, you won't see
89:59 many as I would be able to because I had more data to compare
90:04 , to find all the false. , so that's the headers. Here's
90:17 three wells themselves. And yes, is the work. Davis number two
90:30 you're going to see Ah, this the top of this is Page one
90:36 it, But you're not gonna get two. I've cut off part of
90:40 section for this group just because since not in person and we don't have
90:45 to sit and look at it, trying to make it a smaller project
90:49 you to work on. But like was saying before, this is gonna
90:56 a resistive ity curve over here, one, and you could see it's
91:01 same Aziz other curves. But it it hasn't expanded scale, so you
91:06 see the character in it better, you'll be correlating when you're doing your
91:11 resistive ity. Then you'll be using curve out here, the one on
91:19 side, in other words, and you if you rotate it around like
91:24 , it looks like you have mountains valleys. And when you correlate it
91:28 one of the other wells, you to turn it on its side,
91:31 , so you can correlate the mountains the valleys, and you can really
91:36 a lot of patterns when you have flipped on its side. And but
91:42 couldn't fit these as much as I you to look at on one
91:46 So and the scales air also hard read. So I marked like,
91:52 example, in this 1 84 100 . So that's 8400 ft, and
91:56 is gonna be what, then? is a This is a one inch
92:00 they call a one inch slog 100 to an inch. It's called the
92:04 inch log instead of a five inch . Um, but this is a
92:11 inch log, which is often used correlations. If you're in some serious
92:17 , you wanted a five inch but, um, here is 8400
92:23 , so that's 85 86. You count on your own and,
92:28 near the bottom. I'll put a couple of markers here so that when
92:32 actually get these logs you can see one. All you have to do
92:38 fold this over here or you can it and then tape it right there
92:45 8900 ft and you'll see this sand exactly the same. Is that
92:51 And then you'll have a whole section work on for the correlation. Hollande
92:56 the same thing here. You these these depths air close to the
93:01 strata graphic position, but it's instead 8 8000 something. It's 9500 ft
93:09 , and, uh, there's another . And again you have two pages
93:14 you can overlap the 10,000 or, know, any. Sometimes when I
93:19 it, I find a place where not worried about the correlations, and
93:21 just tape it together there because he you enough tail and head on these
93:28 to be ableto lap him over Anyway wanted you can see some interpretations that
93:34 was working on. I couldn't erase . Identify and pen for some
93:38 You can see here is a regressive sequence, and there's a few
93:48 those in there. And then here the final, while this wily
93:56 Number two, It's starting up Ah, the important section is going
94:02 be here, coming all the way and you can see there's overlap points
94:08 I gave you just to make it . Easy for you to do
94:11 But you can see 10 fives right the bottom of 10. 50
94:15 10,050 feats right there. You can pull it up to here where you
94:19 something that's reliable. But again, you look at this on its
94:24 flip it over like this. So is flat on it. Facing
94:32 This will look like mountains and And that's what you wanna look at
94:37 curve over here? Uh, doesn't what the header says. The one
94:41 the far right is the one that . Okay, So once the first
94:46 you're going to do then though you're lucky tohave this exercise, by the
95:02 . Okay, I don't want to it, but I could, but
95:06 just have it here in a But this is gonna list.
95:10 when you print it out, you read it here. Here's some
95:15 And as happens in real data. they don't spot atop. It doesn't
95:19 it's missing. It could be, it doesn't mean it could be missing
95:23 , but doesn't absolutely mean it's Could be missing here, but it
95:26 mean it's missing at the same it doesn't mean that it isn't
95:30 It just means when they were collecting , I didn't see it. So
95:34 have these fossil tops that air really . The top of the section is
95:39 defined by disc Orbis, Yayla and you can see that it got
95:44 in one Well, but right underneath is a sand that's defined. The
95:52 is defined by EPA night easy and it's in all three wells.
95:59 this would be the first one to try to hang it on the EPA
96:06 . Yeah, why Insys? In words, D you start from the
96:10 up. So this is zone Hang it first on that kind of
96:16 get an idea, then when you hang it on this one, so
96:21 it like a strata graphic section uh, 95 10 and 80 to
96:29 are hanging side by side in this , you can do it just like
96:35 if you want. If you wanna this one on the left,
96:38 this one to the right, Not the right. But let me just
96:41 , I've got a no section That looks like it would be easy
96:53 me to grade. Yeah, And I see is on the far left
97:10 gonna be the work. Davis number , the well in the middle is
97:14 to be the Holland one. And wily one eye's gonna be on the
97:21 , right. So you're gonna uh, in order from left to
97:27 . It'll be the work, Davis the Holland one. And then this
97:31 when you hang these so it It won't be in this order is
97:36 be this well on the left. well in the center that well on
97:41 right. And also see from this that a student did when it was
97:48 two step process, he's strata graphically it on this on this date.
97:54 , since it is all the way the go ahead and do that normally
97:58 like toe hang it on the highest , but because This is the one
98:03 we see it in all three. think the student that did that particular
98:08 did a good job and hung it the one that was available for all
98:16 . Okay. Does that make In other words, and pretty much
98:22 these depths on the three logs in order of Davis left Holland Middle.
98:28 Wiley, right? Any questions? . Reina. Okay, So once
98:40 done that, then you want to doing, um Let's see, what
98:46 do I have to show you I just had a fruit fly land
99:06 my nose. Okay. I showed the well headers, the logs.
99:26 , this is really important here. , I always leave the good stuff
99:32 . Okay, This this is, , the composite log that you're going
99:40 use. And this composite log came a lot of wells, and they
99:49 of line them up approximately where they , but they're not gonna occur.
99:53 these depths, We're going to be shallower than what you're seeing where you're
100:00 . But here's the disk. Yeah. Alliances. Cockfield number
100:04 The EPA night easier. While answers actually happens to be a gamma
100:08 which you don't have eso you're gonna SPS over here and your logs.
100:16 because the SP has a thin bed and and it's not as responsive as
100:24 gamma log you're gonna see Sands that looked like this up here. I
100:30 , even even less than that. I think that you'll see it in
100:33 exercise. But this is the total , and this is what it was
100:42 100 years. When I correlated this , we'll act was 100 years.
100:47 you know, since since the eighties been a lot like this. When
100:50 correlated, I actually found individual sand in addition to the ones that they
100:57 between here. But basically, here's Cockfield number one sand. There's not
101:03 room for another sand between it. indictees alliances. But once you get
101:07 the top of EPA nineties eight. , why insist this is the EPA
101:11 ? Yea, we'll answer zone and is the number one sand in that
101:16 . This is the number two sand that zone. Number three, number
101:21 B three A four and you know they have a three being a three
101:27 . That means at one point in they had number three and they skip
101:30 four. But then they found three and A in between it and you
101:35 fool them. After a few few of work and and again, here's
101:41 four. And so later on, found you can see these were spliced
101:46 they came in with before a and isn't a repeat here. This is
101:56 you need Thio. Cut this and it to that so that you end
102:02 coming down here. So you got foray which we saw in the first
102:05 . And then here this will be five a five b five c and
102:11 of your lives, some of these , their flu ville, so you're
102:15 going to see them at all, you're going to see shale sections with
102:20 markers. This isn't the expanded once don't want to use the one that's
102:24 here. When you're correlating, you to correlate with the scale the expanded
102:31 idiots over here on the right side the conductivity that's over on the right
102:37 . And so when you go all way down to the Cook Mountain.
102:39 may or may not identify the Cook when you do this, but that
102:47 all the way down to the EPA , Jay y insists. And then
102:51 some other fossil tops that actually come the middle of this and there's one
102:56 supposed to sit couple, Actually, it right in here. So when
103:04 correlating your logs, remember, this gamma when you get to your
103:16 Yeah, see if I have the wells in here. Hey,
103:30 do you have these slides on Because I didn't see them at
103:33 Like I saw the exercise, but these specific slides you're on now.
103:40 right now? Yeah. Yeah. may not have put the I may
103:45 have put the instructions online at but I think they're on line
103:50 Um, let me make a note double check on that, Okay?
103:55 you. I know I didn't do right away, but I think I
104:01 it a day or two ago. maybe out of order if it did
104:17 . And I may have told myself do it and didn't get to
104:22 Okay, so here are shell resistive patterns. She'll resistive ity markers.
104:27 like I said, it doesn't matter it's conductivity or not. Conductivity is
104:31 inverse of resisted it, and they to scale different. So that you
104:36 it looks the same anyway. So you can correlate with these after you
104:42 up the bio Strat correlate with the resistive ity markers and then start worrying
104:47 the sands. And once you start the sands number to draw lines of
104:56 , some students will just, put there notes on the log and
105:06 won't even take them together. And have to figure out how they
105:08 So you're gonna have to take them eventually. I wouldn't do it right
105:13 and use, uh, lightly used . And you can use colored pencils
105:18 here, numbers or stars, but that you can erase. I
105:24 When I did it for hundreds of at a time, I used to
105:29 color men with colors and and it seems, um, antiquated.
105:37 it really works well in terms of to get a good correlation and once
105:42 you get your head wrapped around 30 60 wells in the field, you're
105:46 really gonna have really outrageous correlations and lots of faults nobody else can
105:55 Okay, so I'm gonna go start here the top. So you're going
105:59 start out with this composite log, I just showed you? You've got
106:02 three logs, and here it uh, SP and, uh and
106:10 don't think when there isn't a sonic there, it's gonna be,
106:17 well, normal resistive ity. And gonna map from left to right.
106:24 work, Davis, The Holland one the number one smiley and I had
106:28 written down already. Okay, so what I graded on. You're going
106:40 correlate the logs and I want to the reason Sitiveni, so that I
106:44 that you you actually use shale resistive , marker patterns inside the bios photography
106:50 going to do. You're going to the biased photography first. And I
106:57 list it on here. Um, this used to be a two part
107:03 where I had him do everything without bias trap and then do the bio
107:06 to see how important it waas, to save a lot of frustration and
107:13 on your part. In my in terms of grading e thought it
107:17 be a good idea since you're all to learn how to do this,
107:21 make it as easy as possible with I call the logs from hell for
107:28 . And I think it's good for to work on real logs and legacy
107:34 logs because it's it's something you're likely to do. And but beyond
107:41 from an educational standpoint, if it's challenge, you know you. Actually
107:47 get that. It's not a simple and you will get that even though
107:53 not simple, you can do it I think that's critically important. It's
107:58 important that when you get through this , you feel confident that you could
108:03 two wells together and figure out whether was a fault between them or
108:06 When they're, you know, in close proximity, they have to be
108:09 top of each other. But you , within the same field or the
108:13 region, uh, cluster of fields will be a better way to put
108:19 . And, uh and you're gonna the false. Um, I give
108:29 credit for this. If you if only find one fault, you're going
108:32 get credit for it. But that has to look like it makes
108:36 depending on your correlations. Remember, going to be looking for the missing
108:41 that you think you see so and should be able to see missing
108:47 Some students have no trouble doing this all. But most students have a
108:53 of trouble with this and some some that it's totally impossible. But I'm
108:59 that since you've got the bio Strat and you're kind of get your course's
109:06 line up of your logs with then use the shale resistive ity markers
109:12 get it refined a little bit mawr and down the log and then then
109:17 worrying about the sands that fit in those resistive ity, shale markers or
109:24 ity shale patterns. Okay, and so you have three parts to the
109:33 . One is correlation. How well it correlated with these patterns in the
109:39 trap? Um, how? um do you actually find a fault
109:46 not. If you find two faults one of them just looks like you
109:51 it up, you might lose a bit of that credit. I don't
109:57 this very difficult in a very difficult or strict manner, but if you
110:02 two falls in one one looks like was made up. I'll have to
110:06 a few points off, but basically is 33% 33% 33%. And,
110:15 , and so that's in the other is is, once you get it
110:20 lined up, then you'll go back look at the composite log and try
110:25 and label the sands. And when label the sands, it's going to
110:34 I don't know if you can see or not, but see how that's
110:37 the top of the sand and that's the top of the sand. And
110:40 what these air really small looking And with, um, in some
110:46 with SP, it's gonna look even impressive. But I know there's a
110:51 for two reasons. Here there's there there is a response here, and
110:55 is reason Sitiveni, over here And I've got I've got it marked
111:05 And what you'll do is put the of the sand. They're like,
111:09 was the actual exercise. This would the Cockfield number one. Okay.
111:17 this would be, uh, the I e c A. Y insists
111:22 one here. And you just put labels on there, see? And
111:31 when you when you actually spot a , you're going to see something that
111:37 like this and you'll see you're coming to your resisted the marker there and
111:43 to a resistive ity marker here. you see that all this section in
111:47 middle is gone, and and so fault would have to be right in
111:53 between between what's here and what's there so on this Well, that has
112:01 fault. You'll say, fault out number one. And that means
112:08 for example, if this was the number one, Uh, so you're
112:13 the fault out with respect to that . Put that you think the throw
112:18 120 ft on it and see, see this section. I see that
112:23 . See it there, See it but everything in between is missing.
112:27 , uh, and like in the , the exercise of the lecture that
112:33 was showing you. It's also helpful you tell me where in this.
112:40 , here's the top of the section missing, so the top of the
112:44 is 9500 ft. So you could W which will mean with respect to
112:50 one at 9500 ft, for And that's where the missing section
112:58 And you have to find one that you can define this well.
113:02 me. One fault between the three that you can find that's this well
113:10 and you're going to see you're going see thinning and and stretching in section
113:16 thes. And it reverses a little because you're near salt. So there's
113:20 lot of, uh, tectonics changing time, so to speak, as
113:28 salt uplifting salt withdrawal going on so might see some reversals in strata graphic
113:36 and thinning. But keep an eye what's going on in between those sections
113:42 . In this example, you can I've got a section that's pretty much
113:46 same from one of the other. you can, even though these air
113:48 sections you can see there's expansion from . Thio here from here to
113:54 And yet when I come across I've lost all that section.
113:57 sometimes you can see, um, going on. And the rate of
114:07 is so dramatic that you tell that a missing section two. So it
114:11 doesn't just happen in the well that's the most. It can happen a
114:16 fault, the thickest part of this and where there is expansion going on
114:21 , uh, and vice versa. don't don't just pick, pick the
114:29 that's expanding to find your fault. could be it could be occurring in
114:33 well that might have the thinning Section . But with your correlation lines,
114:38 be able to see the difference in . And of course, you know
114:42 may not have right here. It like there's good shale indicators here,
114:47 you may not have good shell but you'll be able to see something
114:51 , I've got a good solid correlation here with this over here. But
114:56 of a sudden, um, I've all this section in here and it's
115:00 coming up from another direction. I it coming from here. So sometimes
115:04 does help to start from the top the well and the bottom of the
115:07 . It kind of worked back and a Z you're seeing what kinds of
115:12 air happening. But again, you a good start. If you start
115:16 the bio strap, do the shale ity markers and the shale resistive ity
115:24 . And then once you have those lined up, then you can pick
115:27 sands the correlate. Like if I a shale resistive, ity marker and
115:34 and one down here, for You know, I have a good
115:39 that this sand in here is between one and that one, and all
115:42 a sudden it's missing over here. I'd be able to figure out again
115:47 might have a bio Strat pick on . So I know it was the
115:50 number one. This is the upper number one, and this is probably
115:53 two. And over here, the nighties number one is missing that kind
115:57 thing. Does everybody understand? Have questions. Do you happen to have
116:05 logs in an L. A s ? Absolutely not. Well,
116:10 I do. But But if you it that way, you're gonna wanna
116:16 it on a computer. And e think it's, um it's ah,
116:25 Lee valuable thio to do this by . Uh, it's not busy
116:34 It's just it's just to get you that you can actually see.
116:39 you could look at the whole log that we have to look at at
116:44 time and then focus in on smaller at the same time without having to
116:50 back and forth and scales. And I think that's a useful thing to
116:54 able to dio I could be but I don't think so. So
117:01 kind of went through all of this Yeah, see, you would label
117:12 label your tops composite log, and not number one, but But
117:18 would come from the composite log, , if this was our thing,
117:22 first one, of course, would the Cockfield number one. Okay.
117:27 then the next one, it would the affinities. Yeah, well,
117:31 number and then After that, you do like the number two number three
117:38 you get to say the Cook Mountain something, you could just label them
117:42 the numbers. Because if you have number one here and the next one
117:45 that you think you've got his number , uh, you might want to
117:49 this one is number two on that is number three three A. You
117:53 , it depends on what you see the logs. This thesis, I
118:00 think this thing is one of your wells, but it's it's close to
118:04 you're going to be seen. And was an example of what one of
118:11 logs looks like. And so you're whatever those sands are that are identified
118:17 your composite log, if you can with me Sure, this is
118:44 I think the opposite log is a log. Okay? Yeah.
118:53 once you've once you've done your you know you'll draw a line across
118:59 top of this sand and you draw line across the top of this sand
119:05 you'll call it Cockfield number one. you can just call this. You
119:09 call this epi A If you You know, y e g
119:17 number one. And then under that could just do number two number three
119:20 you label them. If you think have a significant sand, for
119:25 in between these two, uh, can name it to a if you
119:31 , Uh, just and likewise, you see if you see something in
119:35 here, you can see they have three a. B. You found
119:38 in here, You could label it c. So just labeling those tops
119:43 worth 33 points. And because you're have correlation lines on it?
119:55 Can you kind of see this at ? Yeah. Yeah, but
120:04 well, you can see it's three with three logs with a line across
120:14 . Can you see that at Yeah. Okay, somebody, somebody
120:20 going to know what to do. least two people will know what.
120:24 , anyway, this is the EP ideas. Yea, while answers picked
120:29 across here. But what you're going do is get them all lined up
120:33 the bio Strat, then the shell . Any markers? This one was
120:38 getting the bio Strat at the so they didn't have their by their
120:42 the shale markers on it. I this was a good example to show
120:46 given where we're going to start with and and then But then,
120:52 all you have to do is label of them. But if you have
120:55 lines of correlation, I can see the rest of them are labeled,
121:00 , based on the lines of In other words, uh, if
121:05 have lines of correlation, let's see I had it in, um,
121:11 exercise. So if you have lines correlation like this, if you were
121:28 label it in here, I would this is the one I would
121:32 This was the, uh, the number one, the alliance's number one
121:39 the A license number two. But number And then you have this
121:43 so I know that's gonna be number . So these lines of correlation are
121:47 on there and here I have a because there's actually bigger distances between
121:52 But quite often, you know, kind of take this one over top
121:57 that one. Eso that we don't up the SP log or or
122:04 uh, resistive ity log over here you can see it. And then
122:08 kind of draw the lines like that the top of this to that from
122:12 base of it to the base of . And of course, this section
122:16 be out of the way, and the angle would be a little bit
122:19 . But when you draw it like , you can see the thickening and
122:21 thinning, too. So when you you first start doing it before you
122:25 your faults and you start putting some these lines and you'll be able to
122:29 the thickening and the thinning and you'll able to tell what strata graphic thickening
122:33 Graphic thinning versus faulting, you lots of strata graphic thinning.
122:39 pinch out, Pinch out. Like a pinch out happening here and not
122:44 fault, this would all be filled with shale. You'd have shale in
122:48 that was different than what you see here. And that's why, um
122:55 know, for example, this this like a channel, and this is
123:01 point in a well, coming down one dimension in two dimensions.
123:08 to the east in the West. , and this pinches out this way
123:13 that way on either side of the body, there's gonna be shale.
123:18 equal thickness because because the because while depositing over here in a channel shell
123:25 going to be getting deposited over here flood periods in the floodplain so you
123:31 just because of sand pinches out, don't lose section because of a sand
123:36 pinch of you only lose section when erosion or a fault. So when
123:45 you have a pinch out, this unit would just turn into shale over
123:50 , and it wouldn't pinch out like . Okay, this kind of looks
123:55 a strata graphic pinch out, but not a strata graphic. Pinch out
124:00 that shale markers gone and sand is deposited in mid air. It's it's
124:08 by shale. Uh, that's here here. And if that sand pinches
124:13 laterally, it's replaced with a section fixed section of shale. And so
124:21 pinch out would show a shell shale coming down at the base of
124:26 and then in there instead of a , you just have more shale and
124:30 that would be evidence of a pinch . Does everybody see that? Can
124:35 conceptualize that? Well, no responses everybody gets it or nobody gets
124:44 E showed diagrams of that before where had, like a ah channel in
124:53 middle of a floodplain. But the is, there's a volume of sediment
124:59 here like this. It's the floodplain being contemporaneously. There might be a
125:06 that's sitting in the middle of and if the sand pinches out on
125:10 side, you have floodplain there. , if you have a floodplain and
125:14 , uh, say, um, stand and there's a a,
125:24 can't think of the term, but get a in size valley or an
125:28 channel. You might have some incision this, but you're not gonna have
125:31 incision over here unless it's a big stand, which is a big incised
125:37 you're not. You're not going to incised valleys here. You're going to
125:41 a channel that's incised into a flood , and it won't be continuous deposition
125:48 this where it cuts into it, it's gonna be Pini contemporaneously almost the
125:53 . In other words, if I a floodplain like this and there's a
125:58 meandering around in it, it's going cut into the shell will look like
126:01 erosion of surface. It's not gonna a huge gap in time. It's
126:06 gonna be part of that current de system. If I had a low
126:13 and it dropped way down like I might get an incised Valley is
126:16 cut through Ah, lot of Sands a lot of Shales. And so
126:20 a completely different character that I would in these correlations, and you will
126:24 see one of those in this particular is that clear And again, we
126:33 know that faces change. We know we can have erosion all that in
126:37 area 99.9% of the time. When see missing section, it is definitely
126:43 normal fault, and that's after looking 30 wells instead of three. Very
126:51 they're all very close to each And I've done that in areas where
126:55 had 120 wells and was not only to find false that created boundaries to
127:04 . But I was also able to strata graphic pinch outs that created strata
127:10 traps that would work that I recognized 1979 the geophysics recognized in 2000 and
127:17 or 2000 and two. I forget exact year as reported in a PG
127:25 . So anyway, um, that be pretty good. Let me see
127:30 going on here. What else do need to show you? Yeah,
127:37 I said, you may not see Mountain, but you're gonna label them
127:41 . You can do this. I ep y epi epi number one through
127:45 seats. And like I said, gave you an idea of how to
127:50 it if you found some sands that don't think fall into that composite
127:55 And there are sands that aren't on composite log, but it's pretty hard
128:01 pick him out if you don't have wells. Okay, so this So
128:10 only thing that you're gonna add onto list is you're gonna have the bias
128:14 on here, too. So the is going toe kind of depend on
128:20 being able to see that you've correlated paleo you. Then later and then
128:27 means you're shell resistive ity Markers have fall. They can't cross the paleo
128:31 . They have to be inside the lines. And then the sands have
128:37 be inside the paleo lines that resistive ity, markers or pattern
128:43 Uh, in other words, if have a shale resistive ity paleo like
128:49 , none of my shale resistive, markers could go across it like
128:54 If you do that, you've missed something. You you've correlated a resistive
128:59 , uh, event up here that be correlated with that one. So
129:03 is kind of force. The bios first forced your correlations, then the
129:08 activity markers or intervals will further constrain much you can move these things.
129:18 then, after that, inside of resisted the markers, you will attach
129:25 to the to the sands. And you get done with that, you're
129:29 be really happy, I hope. it doesn't take a lot of
129:38 I mean, if t do it quickly, uh, plot out the
129:43 pages, uh, cut him, them, or do whatever you can
129:49 tape him and make three separate Then start shifting the Holland one shifting
129:55 Holland one to this wily or the Davis. And then by subversive,
130:00 the Holland to the other one. it may be useful to try to
130:07 this wily with with the work, , Sometimes that helps. Um,
130:13 thing you can't do is correlate with well, and you can't pick a
130:18 with one will. The only way can recognize a fault in a section
130:22 the well is if you have a to compare it to. That hasn't
130:26 that section, so there won't be if if they all looked identical,
130:31 wouldn't be any false. But if see a place where it looks like
130:36 definitely not strata graphic thinning, but a missing section. Pick that
130:41 and if it's really hard to all you have to do is pick
130:45 and you get the full 33 But it has to look right based
130:49 your correlations and s O. So you have something that looks like thinning
130:56 you just you know, I've seen where they're just the reverse. They
131:00 their section thicker than it needs to by putting a fault in. And
131:04 you don't want to do that. , uh, but if you have
131:09 from one well to another well, the faults in the thinnest well,
131:14 well of the thinnest section, you're have to show some dramatic thinning Thio
131:19 make that fault or to convince based on your correlation lines that that
131:25 is a valid fault. Can I have a question. Can we do
131:32 the computer instead on paper, just a power point? Oh,
131:39 When you get done, you can it on power point. But I
131:42 I think when you're yeah, I I really think when your first doing
131:48 , it's It's really helpful to be to slip the logs. And the
131:54 is is because you can look, can look. You can look at
131:58 whole log while you're trying to figure all these things going on on the
132:04 , where you have your mountains and . You could be looking at the
132:08 log, and you might see that a resistive ity pattern here the summer
132:13 this one here. But if you're focused in on that, you might
132:16 that to that same pattern over here the other will. So when you
132:21 you put it online, I when you put it on the
132:24 yes, you have a really, know, a computer with, you
132:27 , you have When that can stretch whole thing out, maybe put it
132:31 your side. If it works you can do it. But I
132:34 you to be able to. It helps to be able to slip the
132:38 so that you can see that. know, I've got a pattern here
132:41 looks similar to a pattern here. those two patterns up here, I
132:45 want to accidentally correlate this one to one or this one to that one
132:48 the other will. If you Can you see my hands? And
132:54 did. I did, Yeah. sense. Yeah, that's that's the
132:59 with with computer scaling is that if look at the whole log, you
133:06 see anything. Ah, but you of need to see the whole log
133:11 see with the little bits and pieces they go relative to each other.
133:16 And I think if you slip, will be really quick and and you
133:22 you can make copies of it and it, Put it on your computer
133:27 that if you, you know, a mistake. You can print out
133:29 ones or something like that if you to. But But, um,
133:35 I when I when I did it , I literally colored in,
133:40 those shell resistive ity markers and or . And and sometimes I realized I
133:47 going in the wrong direction, and had to throw it away and redo
133:50 . And then, to save you can instead of doing a color
133:54 could do like a pencil star and pencil Asterix and a pencil square or
134:01 a W shape. If it's something w shaped, you know, do
134:05 squiggle like this, uh, here you look at it on side and
134:09 like a like a sigma or something , uh, so there's there's all
134:15 of, you know, you could a straight line double line so that
134:20 tell the straight line one from a line one. And, uh,
134:24 know, there's lots of ways you do it with pencils without taking the
134:28 to color it and s so you try that too. But And if
134:34 had to do this, of course seen it before. I could do
134:37 really quick, but even, even when, uh, when I
134:42 it for the first time, it take me that long to do
134:45 uh, with three wells. But I went to the fourth Well,
134:49 the fifth, Well in sixth. , then I had to make
134:52 And then I did the 7th and and 9th, and I had to
134:54 revisions. And But that's the only to get a field really sorted out
134:59 well. And, uh, you , I was really helping a graduate
135:05 correlate these things because he was doing water flow project. And then one
135:10 the the most appreciated parts of that was the correlations that we did because
135:16 else had ever gone to the trouble correlate it properly in a in an
135:22 that's, um, been highly productive the past. And, um and
135:29 just haven't used some of these old sets that the geologist? No.
135:35 even some of the older geologist haven't done it that way. Like a
135:40 typical exploration geologist might not be looking things in that kind of, You
135:46 , you have to look at the scale of that log first, because
135:50 honest with you. If you had whole log, it might take you
135:55 days or four days just to figure that the pieces that I gave you
135:59 together and, uh and you definitely do it on the computer, you'd
136:04 to slip these whole logs to figure . You know, this piece would
136:10 a good section to match with that and that Well, which would be
136:13 good section to match with that piece that Will and s O. That's
136:18 learning these techniques, I think are useful. And if and again that
136:24 thing that this would help you do if you're working in an area with
136:28 lot of legacy data and everybody else your office was just picking tops as
136:34 pick by somebody 50 years ago, years ago, 10 years ago,
136:40 years ago. And they're wrong. not gonna be able to find with
136:44 person that can do what you're gonna how to do here, Uh,
136:48 starting out with hand and then put on the computer once. Once you
136:51 a good idea what's going on by , it makes it makes it really
136:56 . Thio update and improve what you've on the computer. And then that
137:01 be a good time. Thio you know, either make raster files
137:06 L. A s files. And been trying to get students that work
137:10 capstone projects just to build databases with have lots of paper logs on.
137:17 also have a tool where you can a paper log into an L.
137:21 s file. But nobody wants to that extra step in the work of
137:25 Thio to justify the logs and get as raster logs. So because I
137:32 it would be a really, really exercise of if if you could start
137:38 correlating with three or four wells with and then knowing the intricacies of the
137:46 and where the figure out where the resisted the markers air. Very consistent
137:52 easy to work with on. Then , push it and do 10 wells
137:57 20 wells. You could correlate them than you could those three just because
138:02 already knew something about that section in of the patterns that you'd be looking
138:07 on the computer screen. And you that there's repeats of this here,
138:12 there's no repeats of that here, kind of thing. And,
138:17 the I just I don't think there's other way to learn it. If
138:21 don't actually try to slip the logs kind of see for yourself how it
138:27 . It's not the fastest way to it when you have 150 logs.
138:31 if you had 150 logs, I it would be incredibly invaluable for one
138:36 of the field to start with. over here and another part of the
138:40 three over there and another part of field three over there so that in
138:43 mind you'd be kind of conditioned looking what is a really good um,
138:51 and solid correlation. And that's the objective is, uh, and toe
138:56 better correlations than the next company, the next person in your office is
139:02 you definitely wanna dio. Uh, know, if you're competing against another
139:06 or if you're competing against the the employees, rather than sitting in
139:10 office next to you, this is of the ways you could do a
139:13 job. And that's why I try teach it this way. Okay,
139:19 another question. Sure. I think think you mentioned previous channel in in
139:24 Composite Will and also you mentioned sold elsewhere. Um, I just wanted
139:32 check with you. What is the of environment for? For this for
139:36 three loves. I mean, is like shelf margin is offshore? Deep
139:41 , it's ZMA justly shelf margin Okay, You're not gonna find turban
139:47 . You're not gonna find turbo And a lot of what you
139:52 it's probably gonna be meandering streams and distribute Terry channels. What?
140:00 Here? They You want to hear again? What county are they
140:07 I'm not gonna tell you. Come , Bob. Cutters. You could
140:13 it on the headers. Yeah, getting headers. Yeah, yeah,
140:21 but But they're not right next to other. And And this is an
140:28 . And, um Ah, like said to do it, really it
140:35 is what I want you to learn . This also is given three parts
140:41 a puzzle. What is the best you can come up with? And
140:45 have, Ah, a number of . You've got the composite log,
140:52 is definitely going to help you. got the bio Strat data, which
140:56 definitely going to help you. And have the log characters from which you
141:01 see shell resistive ity, markers and shell resistive ity patterns that are definitely
141:08 to help you. And then you . Then it should be really easy
141:11 correlate the sands. And you may that some of the pants sands pinch
141:16 from one or went to the other the thing that I showed to you
141:23 quickly looked like to me, it a pinch out in it, which
141:26 thought was really, really insightful. some students, you know, I
141:35 say out of 200 students shoots more that, probably out of about 600
141:44 . Three have really caught on to , and we're able to spot a
141:49 number of faults even with only three . And you couldn't argue with the
141:58 that they were false anyway or I mean, they had it
142:03 There would be about five out of of 500 students who could do
142:07 and it wasn't because they've done it . It's because they were really good
142:12 just taking a look at it, those logs and trying to understand the
142:19 of your levels of correlation that you to do to get these sands tied
142:24 . And, of course, when do that, you may not be
142:27 units, but you're getting closer to units than anybody else could by doing
142:32 by just trying to correlate the sands many of which looked exactly the same
142:37 one well to the next and within . What do you think about the
142:43 ? That geologist shouldn't try to pick that are less than 20 ft on
142:48 inch logs that you should use five logs for less than 20 ft.
142:53 , probably. You're gonna find faults than 20 ft. And, uh
142:59 it just like in general. I mean, well, here's what
143:05 would do. You would do what just told you to do with the
143:07 inch logs and then where you had missing yank out the the five inch
143:16 . You know, in other don't start out with a big
143:20 Start out with with a system to the problem, you know, get
143:26 . The puzzle is close, Closely as you possibly can with those one
143:30 logs. And then when you get kind of tied down in that you
143:34 you're gonna have compartments. You you like I said, just getting
143:39 sections that I gave you and knowing they fit closely together is step one
143:45 of that, you're gonna be looking the things that I've told you to
143:48 looking for. And then, if actually find a fault, you might
143:53 to nail it down with a five log and really get it down to
143:56 inches even. And you wouldn't get down the inches. But you could
143:59 Smalling's, um, even in chalks Bio Strat data, I've been able
144:04 pick 30 ft faults and and that in a section where they couldn't They
144:10 see anything with size because I had at the time they didn't have
144:14 B s ocean bottom surveys, and they per seismic, so they they
144:23 even see 100 ft faults. And lot of times they can't see anything
144:27 a 50 ft fall. But you could. What you said is
144:34 good rule of thumb, but you to do the one inches to get
144:37 that point where you're looking for something , say, less than 50.
144:41 that's less than 50 ft. You want to try to use a five
144:44 log, but you might be able spot might say, Oh, there's
144:49 be a 15 inch fault 50 ft here and then pull out the detail
144:55 convince your boss with a five inch is what I would suggest. And
144:59 course, in this exercise, I there's, uh, there's easily 120
145:05 faults, if not bigger and Some of these areas are in places
145:13 it would be hard to get really . Three d seismic. And it's
145:17 too far away from an area as I mentioned before, somebody was
145:22 for the Cretaceous tertiary boundary, which something normally you confined with a log
145:28 or bio Strat data. It's almost falling off a log. But with
145:33 d seismic, they missed it by ft. And and so,
145:41 you know, that's kind of the it is. It's the world isn't
145:44 . But if you if you um, you're correlations, looking at
145:51 in a certain level of detail and your way in from that level of
145:55 , finer and finer. Then you constrain your ties, and you can
146:00 between the form between the shells and constrain your ties between sands. And
146:07 , um, and then from that , you can possibly tell. And
146:12 I said, I've had students that see where some of the sands of
146:16 section and some of the shells underneath are above them, are missed,
146:21 missed, have disappeared and are missing come up with a really, really
146:26 interpretations. Okay, and I think getting close to five. So So
146:33 you guys don't mind, we'll meet at 88 45 tomorrow morning.
146:39 Uh, we're not We're not gonna if I get to a point where
146:47 need the the sequence photography, primer . I'll pull it up, but
146:52 don't think e Think you guys got good lesson from Johnny Bhattacharya?
147:00 uh, I probably won't give you grades to the exam until Monday,
147:06 I'm right now, I'm also working your exercises, and, uh,
147:12 it won't take long to do the , But on Monday, I'll try
147:15 get as much to you as possible terms of grades by Monday. And
147:20 course, I'm going to spend some tonight, uh, copying what you
147:26 on your emails so that I don't it in terms of your answers.
147:35 . And if you have any questions this exercise, let me know.
147:40 think I already told you when it gonna be do, didn't I e
147:43 Friday in the 18th? Okay. then we'll have one other exercise which
147:53 talk about probably tomorrow. It's a exercise, which is the bigger 15
148:00 exercise. Okay, I'm really Just say Friday 18. I'm
148:09 Wednesday 18. Well, that I it's the 18th Wednesday. Yeah.
148:22 . Friday, we're gonna have Right? Which is 20th. We
148:28 one more class after tomorrow, and will be the 20th. So let's
148:32 Wednesday, uh, is assigned ministry . Yeah. Okay. All
148:40 Got it. Yeah. And uh, I have I have it
148:48 down somewhere. I'll double check and you know if I see anything
148:53 but it says November 3rd 18th. got it right here. And the
148:58 exercise will be November 27th. It be after the final on that will
149:06 actually after exam. But if you to do it before, then you
149:10 . I'm gonna let you decide whether is more important than doing the
149:14 Or if you've studied enough and think do well on the on the exam
149:17 you can work the exercise, you , whatever. However, you want
149:20 manage your time. Are you gonna another exam that's similar to the midterm
149:26 format? And I know you mentioned Yeah, it's gonna be the 24th
149:30 decided on Tuesday. The 24th was be the example. The format.
149:35 it gonna be same as the Yeah, I'll be similar to the
149:40 , but I might rather than just choice, I might might ask for
149:44 short answers. I'll have to be , um, e have to be
149:51 few short answers because, you I think it really worked out well
149:54 we all got done in about an , which is what I like to
149:58 happen with my test. I don't it when people take longer than an
150:02 . When you say short answers, you mean, like, a sentence
150:06 two or using like, a fill the blank type? Short answer.
150:13 , like maybe a sentence or Or there might be a diagram.
150:17 you have have to answer questions about diagram. Alright, before, But
150:24 , trouble. People don't write a these days, so getting people to
150:29 is can really slow him down. , uh, on a normal student
150:35 can get through the multiple choices we'll come back and do the fill
150:40 the blanks. And and the short . If you have, like,
150:45 paragraphs for an answer, for I mean, that would be That
150:49 be brutal in an online situation. didn't have a single English class in
150:54 entire undergraduate studies. We really don't much more. Well, e,
151:01 pretty good. If you had a good high school English class E,
151:06 God, to be honest, personally, Personally, I had
151:12 I had some English classes and uh, language, German language classes
151:19 my teachers in high school were better the ones in in college. So
151:22 was kind of glad I had the school stuff, and I got I
151:26 in a lot of trouble in I was correcting my teachers too
151:30 Uh and, uh so I thought were going. Yeah, but
151:37 when you guys, uh, you guys criticized me. I'm just
151:40 paid back. Is, um is writing part of the undergraduate ology at
151:47 of H? Uh, no. know, there is not a separate
151:52 , but a lot of the ah of the classes will have you do
151:57 and stuff like that and the You have a I like everybody,
152:05 know, if you want to know you're supposed to do for a
152:07 just go to the Web page where has all the courses listed. Click
152:11 Capstone Project in the geology track for Geology one and the Geophysics Track for
152:17 GF Physics one and, uh, you'll get like a five or six
152:22 seven page description on how to uh, the proposal and how to
152:29 the actual final capstone report. So well set up outline A number of
152:36 have have taken that modified it for master students because they didn't have anything
152:41 that. Eso itt's pretty good. what I like to see is students
152:45 a lot of effort into their proposal , especially if you haven't had any
152:50 experience, because when you when you're on something that's a few pages
152:56 it's a whole lot easier for someone teach you how to write.
153:00 then, if you start out with 25 page report to try to learn
153:05 to write, technically, so so one part of the proposal is is
153:12 train those that need help in In terms of technical writing. Start
153:19 a little the little problem and help with that. Then when they when
153:22 get to the the Capstone Project, already learned a lot of the things
153:27 you were doing wrong or didn't know to do. And you'll get him
153:30 the first time for the Capstone Project itself. Hey, when you when
153:37 go to just one more question about when you goto publish something in a
153:41 reviewed journal who does the editing? that something that obviously you would edited
153:46 good as you can as well as can yourself, and then you shop
153:50 out to somebody else like a third ? Uh, no. What normally
153:56 ? Well, nowadays, what normally is people have a program that will
154:01 them wordsmith it so they have less grammatical problems. But one of things
154:08 I always tell students to do, sometimes they don't do it. I
154:13 one student ended up having to drop regular master's thesis student had to drop
154:16 he wouldn't read the papers. But can read papers. Technical papers kind
154:22 give you an idea, especially if get one on something similar to your
154:26 , whether it's in the area, it's the topic, you know,
154:30 doesn't have to be an exact match what you want to do, but
154:34 give you an idea of how how kinds of papers air written in terms
154:39 you know what to put in the , what to put in the
154:43 Of course, some of them could totally bonkers. But certain things belong
154:48 each one of those different steps. a section on data discussion, stuff
154:53 that, and and then conclusions and come in. And that's kind of
154:58 out not strictly, but it's listed so you can use it as a
155:02 by, uh, in the capstone right up. And, uh,
155:08 anyway, once when she kind of all that, uh, if a
155:13 of times people co author papers, the co authors will help them with
155:17 . Or if you have someone that , I think is an expert in
155:21 field, that will take the time edit it, for you can do
155:24 , but normally you'll send it into journal and the journal will find peers
155:30 review it. Um, to get party to look at it on your
155:35 is maybe a step you would do that you would have it more polished
155:39 . And, uh, a lot our international students, just because of
155:43 language issues, will well, they'll a paper and they'll pass it off
155:47 someone they know. That has pretty writing skills in English to help
155:53 you know, because a lot of lot of international students will have trouble
155:58 technical writing in the sense of the we do in the United States,
156:01 we kind of, uh, you , there's the terminology is a lot
156:07 . Uh, sometimes our Senate structures different. Sometimes whether or not we
156:13 an article in front of a noun different and and all sorts of things
156:17 that and it, uh so an can always get extra help on the
156:23 . But when you send it up peer review, the journal is gonna
156:27 a list of a list of people are experts that couldn't go over lightly
156:33 they could just rip the crap out it. And, uh, the
156:36 to take any of that kind of that you get is don't take it
156:40 criticisms. Take it as someone in all these positions Air volunteer,
156:47 So if someone actually correct something that done, just think Thank goodness that
156:53 helping me learn how to write better and just go with the flow like
156:57 . And it'll be a lot easier you to, right? If you
157:02 , you know, don't take it when when someone says how you did
157:05 wrong, you did that wrong. Ah and they tell you why.
157:09 it's like if you read it, attention to it. You won't make
157:12 same mistake the next time. And could write a whole bunch of things
157:16 making mistakes after that. So every time someone edits and corrects Uh
157:22 someone's done you a favor is the to look at same? Yeah,
157:29 same with same with these wordsmithing except the thing that keeps correcting my
157:36 that I tried to send you is driving me nuts. because it only
157:40 you to be absolutely certain of anything can't say. Perhaps maybe,
157:47 depending upon, you know, they you to be just straightforward and And
157:52 do that, you'd have to lie , I think, Yeah, E
157:57 man, it's horrible. E could gone back and looked at this faster
158:05 the amount of time is going to me. Thio put up with what
158:07 doing to me while I'm writing. almost have a special outlook. Mind
158:12 give me any kind of guidance on . You can turn it off some
158:16 these things I turn off and it popping back up, and it's just
158:19 me crazy. But if you have words and click on it, that's
158:23 correction. Yeah, and yeah, you know, you can either take
158:29 or not. Take it. But know, if you're typing really
158:32 it slows you down to have stuff up in the middle of your
158:36 You know you can't You can't do words a minute with things popping up
158:40 third word, and it's easy enough go back and fix those things and
158:46 , You know, while I'm I'm realizing I made a mistake with
158:48 fingers. I'm going to go back fix it, but it stopped
158:52 So now I have tow. You , the next 35 words, I
158:56 have type two, not type and, uh, it's it's
159:00 Anyway, I'm gonna let you guys , and it's been nice talking to
159:03 . And, uh, what I about the pandemic is Please take care
159:07 yourself. Please take it seriously. for other reasons, you know,
159:13 an old person, I have to get checkups all the time. And
159:16 could tell from the clinics that I into that, that people are
159:21 really nervous and worried because they're getting down to two enough because there just
159:26 enough people. I think it gets worse. People are just gonna be
159:31 to go home and die because we have any way to help you.
159:35 and that's when it gets pretty So please take care of yourself,
159:39 I'll see you tomorrow at 8. . Thank you. Thank you.
159:45 you. He don't Yeah, s this is, uh, any time
159:54 . Remember Austin Coma E pronounce his name. So he graduated in
160:00 Oh, yeah. He was a guy. I was just,
160:05 yesterday because we're working with him right on he said to say hello.
160:11 . Tell him I said hi Don't Don't tell him I said he
160:14 a good guy, though. Yeah. I mean, if he
160:17 a terrible student, I'm only just with him because I have Thio.
160:21 he was a great student, I to work with him. He's a
160:26 student. He and he's a really writer, too. Yeah,
160:31 uh he wrote a really good capstone . Alright, how about how you
160:36 help me out? Because writing is not one of my strong points.
160:40 really Essen. Yeah. Okay. take care and see you tomorrow.
160:49 . Okay.
-
+