| 00:01 | not just memories positive. Three virus cycle. Very likely. Like I |
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| 00:51 | . Oh boy. Absolutely four Pro . Right. What differentiates you from |
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| 01:11 | future? Okay, that's not Okay. 15. Ok folks testing |
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| 01:50 | testing Not good. Okay. Hello. Hello. I just like |
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| 02:04 | internet or what? All right. testing. Testing. Testing. |
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| 02:25 | Testing. All right. Go to . Oh yeah, that's good. |
|
| 02:48 | , that works. Alright. Um my wireless microphone is not working so |
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| 02:57 | be a fixed at this point right . I can't walk around so |
|
| 03:05 | Um Alright, today, so we're finish up this week. Unit |
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| 03:15 | Alright. Three chapters 6 13 Okay, exam to next week. |
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| 03:23 | that means of course we'll start into three Next week. So next Tuesday |
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| 03:29 | is the starting unit three um that had to summarize I'd probably call that |
|
| 03:38 | of bacterial genetics. Okay, so you've had the what is it? |
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| 03:46 | lactose opera on. Here we go . Okay. Um Tryptophan opteron. |
|
| 03:53 | had that already. I know it with number of courses bio courses but |
|
| 04:00 | , if you've had it then this be a this will be easy. |
|
| 04:03 | ? So anyway, so kind of aspects of bacterial genetics in unit |
|
| 04:09 | Although we kick it off with kind extension really of kind of chapter |
|
| 04:15 | Kind of ecology. Type microbial ecology least a little tiny aspect of |
|
| 04:19 | So um Anyway, so I'll finish 14 this week. Uh see |
|
| 04:26 | quit the unit quiz quiz. A more comprehensive. So a little |
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| 04:31 | So twentysomething questions 45 minutes or Okay. Um So that will be |
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| 04:40 | through Monday. Of course. Smart . Chapter 14 is due. And |
|
| 04:47 | , I think that's everything I had . Right? So if you haven't |
|
| 04:50 | done, so sign up for exam . Um So yeah, so we |
|
| 04:58 | literally almost and there will be a at some point following exam too. |
|
| 05:10 | , I will post a midterm Okay, so that will come this |
|
| 05:17 | , 27 will be like the week the 24th, so sometimes probably likely |
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| 05:23 | the latter part of that week. , I'll post a midterm break and |
|
| 05:27 | I know The drop date comes before three. So I think um |
|
| 05:35 | so you don't have that kind of . Although remember you can figure out |
|
| 05:40 | great at any time. There's this by step process in the syllabus. |
|
| 05:45 | just remember that you can always, the smart work, the clickers, |
|
| 05:55 | is leopard quizzes. Those are all 32% of the grade and you can |
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| 05:59 | use that 32% for that cumulative part those four things. The exam exam |
|
| 06:07 | . What is what differs? So it'll be at this point, |
|
| 06:11 | exam is worth 17%. Okay, only saying this because when you look |
|
| 06:16 | your, when you try to figure your grade at some point, It's |
|
| 06:21 | 100%. Right? It's a percentage that because you haven't taken all the |
|
| 06:26 | yet. Right? So 32% for four other things, right, |
|
| 06:32 | then you factor in one exam. if you figure out your great now |
|
| 06:35 | total is 49%. For divide whatever sum is by .49. Okay. |
|
| 06:44 | I'll give you your estimated grade. ? So after two exams it's 32% |
|
| 06:50 | , 34% is 68. Alright, then it's .68 divided by. So |
|
| 06:57 | that? So that's another point there if you're sitting okay right now on |
|
| 07:02 | exam one score wasn't super fantastic. ? So you have 32% for this |
|
| 07:07 | stuff, 17% for exam. So the other stuff is taking more |
|
| 07:11 | very quickly. The weight is going even out and then exam average will |
|
| 07:17 | , so at some point that exam has to come up if it needs |
|
| 07:22 | . Okay, so because although the and quizzes and stuff can hold water |
|
| 07:28 | some of that eventually, you those exam scores will exam three and |
|
| 07:34 | we're you know, example holding more , so just keep that in |
|
| 07:38 | Okay? Uh anyway, so let's on with it. Okay, so |
|
| 07:44 | gonna start with a little bit of recap this is a question from the |
|
| 07:47 | quiz. Okay, so uh that had um just past four days. |
|
| 07:55 | , So just kind of um recapping know with the redox reaction. So |
|
| 08:02 | kind of put this back into Okay. In fact, let me |
|
| 08:07 | this is a clicker question but I'll back to it. Okay, so |
|
| 08:13 | potential and then the electron transport So we're focused really in this, |
|
| 08:18 | this as well as we went into focused on respiration. Right? We |
|
| 08:27 | really on what's going on in electron system. Okay. And so the |
|
| 08:36 | so when we first started this whole , Right, I went on this |
|
| 08:42 | rant but explanation. Right description of , you know, the membrane and |
|
| 08:48 | chain and all the parts that are around it. Throughout that whole |
|
| 08:51 | you'll see it here in a second . Um uh that's all about feeding |
|
| 08:57 | system with electrons electrons source. And then um uh those electron carriers |
|
| 09:06 | formed in different reactions. Right? th primarily but also some F A |
|
| 09:12 | H two. And then those are guys that the that are carrying electrons |
|
| 09:17 | the source to the electron transport Right? So then in that in |
|
| 09:22 | chain is kind of where all the is happening. Right? So you |
|
| 09:26 | um these components of the chain, side of chrome's and this little shuttle |
|
| 09:31 | , the queen in right, um are kind of mediating this uh succession |
|
| 09:38 | electron Acceptance and electron donation. Finally terminating at an end molecule. |
|
| 09:46 | , so for aerobic aerobically perspiring at . Right? If there's something |
|
| 09:51 | it's something other than 02 nitrate. common. Right? We'll talk more |
|
| 09:55 | that today. So, you And in the middle of all |
|
| 09:59 | right, we've got so this diagram here, upper left, upper right |
|
| 10:06 | . Excuse me. Um So the of the change, this is what |
|
| 10:10 | looking at here is the electron transport , of course. Right in this |
|
| 10:16 | here. Okay, well. More in this box. And so um |
|
| 10:23 | flow. Right? So maintaining this flow is all about what these are |
|
| 10:27 | reduction potentials. Right? So putting components in our system that is strong |
|
| 10:38 | in the beginning and successively stronger Okay. That's what keeps flow |
|
| 10:46 | And that's essential as we saw, that's what these. And this diagram |
|
| 10:50 | kind of just kind of show you the an example. This is E |
|
| 10:54 | , right. And the molecules components cytochrome genomes. This initial molecule which |
|
| 11:02 | and A D H. R. get the electrons. So but then |
|
| 11:08 | in this, right, this proton force, Right? That's what that's |
|
| 11:13 | going on here. Alright. That's going on. That's what's going on |
|
| 11:20 | . Right. Is to maintain that gradient right? Through energy release from |
|
| 11:26 | transfers. That energy is used to protons out because we're generating a |
|
| 11:31 | we're moving uphill stacking them on one . Right? And then harnessing that |
|
| 11:40 | because we're building up potential energy. let's use it and we use it |
|
| 11:45 | they the protons come down the right? Um charge attraction coupled with |
|
| 11:54 | difference. Right? So both those the proton motive force. And so |
|
| 11:58 | again back to the same thing we three lectures ago. Right coupling energy |
|
| 12:04 | process with energy requiring, Right, we make a Tps requires energy and |
|
| 12:09 | comes from as protons slow down the . Okay, Oxidative fossil relation. |
|
| 12:15 | , so, reduction reduction potentials, so those are strong donors tend to |
|
| 12:22 | a more uh negative potential. more positive potential I think about it |
|
| 12:30 | , uh more negative potential are weaker ear's better donors. Ok, more |
|
| 12:38 | to give up electrons. More positive potential are better grabbers. Right of |
|
| 12:43 | . Right auction highest. Okay, put those in order and that helps |
|
| 12:47 | flow, that helps maintain proton That helps maintain a teepee production going |
|
| 12:54 | , so it all fits together. , and it's all about energy releasing |
|
| 12:59 | , energy requiring process putting those things . Okay, to make it |
|
| 13:03 | So um so and so in the the verb e ege the language of |
|
| 13:12 | and Redox potentials, the terms weak donor, strong week, except |
|
| 13:19 | so that's a look back at this . So um I'll open it up |
|
| 13:27 | I mean, you've seen this, probably know the answer is already look |
|
| 13:30 | the answer key and then you definitely what it is. If you have |
|
| 13:33 | answer key, open up on your right now, you definitely know what |
|
| 13:35 | answer is. Okay, um But go through these one x one in |
|
| 13:42 | there's any confusion. Okay, I there's no confusion in height. That's |
|
| 13:57 | for. Bless you. Yes. are supposed to answer this if you |
|
| 14:33 | . It's optional. Only if you credit. Yeah. All right. |
|
| 14:47 | just count down from 10 9 eight six five four 32 one. |
|
| 15:05 | looks like 2 98-99. Do I 300 once 12. There you |
|
| 15:12 | Bang. Bang. Alright. Going up. Okay, here we |
|
| 15:19 | . Oh, there you go. confusion at all, correct. |
|
| 15:23 | but let's go through. So, when you have one of these kind |
|
| 15:27 | problems, Right? So a read table. Okay, look at the |
|
| 15:32 | . Um and these tables are always on this side, right there over |
|
| 15:43 | . Right? So accepted. um and then you look over |
|
| 15:50 | right, there's a reduction potential E G. Remember those things are |
|
| 15:54 | reduction potential and delta G. So at those values right? With the |
|
| 16:01 | . Okay, So, Alright, then hopefully you know what science |
|
| 16:08 | Right? And then look at each . Right? So it requires energy |
|
| 16:14 | reduce sulfate. Okay. And um written as is, let me erase |
|
| 16:23 | here real quick. Okay, so obviously that's what that equation is |
|
| 16:28 | Right? Sulfate reduced to hydrogen So yeah, it takes energy because |
|
| 16:34 | a plus delta G. Right, , so true, hydrogen sulfide would |
|
| 16:40 | considered a strong electron donor. So generally, if it's if it's |
|
| 16:47 | as one form is going to be in the other form so bad a |
|
| 16:51 | except it's likely going to be a donor. Right? So H two |
|
| 16:55 | would be that because remember we we flop the signs. Right? So |
|
| 17:01 | positive delta G. Negative reduction potential sulfate as accepted, but hydrogen sulfide |
|
| 17:08 | a donor. Right? We're gonna back this way now. Okay, |
|
| 17:13 | that is a negative delta G positive . So it would be a better |
|
| 17:19 | donor. Okay, um nitrite. ? That's nitrite. So it basically |
|
| 17:25 | written here, nitrite is a stronger except er and sulfate. So comparing |
|
| 17:33 | to that directly. Right. And can see that as well. |
|
| 17:37 | stronger term except er better value for reduction potential. Right. Than |
|
| 17:45 | So, it all fits right. , they're all true. Okay, |
|
| 17:50 | it is d of course. um any questions about that? Any |
|
| 17:57 | about that? So, I have stay a fixed here because my wireless |
|
| 18:00 | is not working. So that's why see me like here, like a |
|
| 18:04 | . Okay, um Alright, any good. There you go. |
|
| 18:09 | Um Alright, so we went through . I do want to spend just |
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| 18:15 | sec here for a minute. Just sec for a minute. Doesn't sound |
|
| 18:19 | ? Okay. Um So um Alright things to remember, so we're not |
|
| 18:29 | have to do any calculations here, I'm just showing you kind of just |
|
| 18:32 | example of the values I have inserted , like for e coli that's you |
|
| 18:38 | , happily growing is the kind of ranges you'd see? Okay, so |
|
| 18:44 | two things really hear the two forces play here, right? Is charged |
|
| 18:50 | concentration difference. Right? And so is the charge. The size value |
|
| 18:55 | the charge. Okay. And we delta P. H. Because obviously |
|
| 19:00 | talking about proton pumping P. Is a function of hydrogen ion |
|
| 19:05 | So hence we use the ph term . Right. So these things aren't |
|
| 19:10 | know, miller bolts in china, like a if you recall the function |
|
| 19:17 | a neuron. Right? Then the that was the so you mean potassium |
|
| 19:24 | , right? That was I used teach that a long time ago. |
|
| 19:30 | forgot it. But anyway, there's a a the actual potential is based |
|
| 19:33 | this charge difference, right? In of ions and so forth. Um |
|
| 19:39 | so you know, every every biological has has this kind of a charge |
|
| 19:45 | . Okay, and so you have concentration of force, you're pumping protons |
|
| 19:50 | , concentrating on one side. Then have so you have that, |
|
| 19:54 | That's the ph difference here and then have the charge attraction. So the |
|
| 20:00 | charge inside the cell is is um do the proteins in the cell. |
|
| 20:07 | , proteins are pretty much yeah, can exit but you know those that |
|
| 20:11 | in the cytoplasm pretty much stay there they're going to contribute um most of |
|
| 20:15 | negative charge at the ph at which cells operate internally. And then um |
|
| 20:24 | uh yeah, you do have other ions and ions that flow back and |
|
| 20:31 | . But in terms of kind of constant negative charges itself, that's really |
|
| 20:35 | proteins that contribute that regardless. those are two forces, right, |
|
| 20:39 | electrical attraction and the concentration difference. . And that's what drives the the |
|
| 20:47 | protons to come in. If you them a condo, right? Some |
|
| 20:51 | protons like other charged molecules can't just through a membrane, right? Because |
|
| 20:57 | gonna be restricted by the hydrophobic nature the membrane. So, but you |
|
| 21:03 | them a specific channel will flow through of course flowing down the gradient producing |
|
| 21:08 | right to produce a t piece. so again, typical range. And |
|
| 21:12 | think these are values are from an coli membrane. Um So as a |
|
| 21:16 | of one, as you see ph 65 in this example outside the |
|
| 21:22 | , ph 7.5 internally. So that of course a one ph difference in |
|
| 21:28 | ridge lions. Okay. And a 50 minus 50 to minus 2050 is |
|
| 21:35 | for a healthy cell. Okay, cell um and just plugging in the |
|
| 21:41 | . Right? So the range of delta P. Tau delta P is |
|
| 21:47 | proton motor force between minus 2 10 1, 10. Does that mean |
|
| 21:52 | to you or me? You if I was in this field and |
|
| 21:56 | at these values then yeah, I say that's a value I would expect |
|
| 22:00 | a healthy cell. Okay. In phase or something. Right. If |
|
| 22:06 | was in in the stationary phase, sure it'd be a little different than |
|
| 22:11 | . Okay, It's engage. And um the main thing here though, |
|
| 22:17 | what's the what's what's required to maintain this. Right. It's of |
|
| 22:23 | back to electron transport system feed right? Talking protons. Uh so |
|
| 22:30 | that other stuff we've been talking you can kind of just superimpose on |
|
| 22:35 | , right? A donor right here it and accept her back here. |
|
| 22:43 | right. And so kind of how all fits in And of course, |
|
| 22:47 | the middle, there are the components electron transport chain side of chrome's |
|
| 22:51 | et cetera. Okay. Um any about that? Okay, And this |
|
| 23:00 | this is why you're sitting there and a being what you are okay because |
|
| 23:09 | alive, Right, Because you're maintaining proton gradients in yourselves. Making a |
|
| 23:13 | P. S okay. And your are like alright firing. Okay, |
|
| 23:19 | more than others but nonetheless alive. . And again, if you ever |
|
| 23:25 | any of this, you think I'm full of it? What's the test |
|
| 23:28 | do bag over your head test if ever doubt this? Alright, just |
|
| 23:35 | over the head, tie it off um no, don't do it or |
|
| 23:45 | , wait till the exam is Okay, Okay, That was a |
|
| 23:58 | one. All right, okay, . Get it together. All |
|
| 24:04 | here we go. Um Alright, look briefly at the how kind of |
|
| 24:14 | works from a mechanistic point of I'm not gonna ask you to construct |
|
| 24:21 | , this nano motor. Okay. you know, it can kind of |
|
| 24:25 | maybe see how this all works. this is a it is a molecular |
|
| 24:32 | basically it's I think they actually do it in nano engineering purposes as a |
|
| 24:38 | to move uh these these microscopic but kind of things they do at nano |
|
| 24:46 | type stuff. Okay. Um kind out of my realm and probably over |
|
| 24:52 | head as well, but the but is a moving thing. Okay. |
|
| 24:59 | um it's fueled by protons flowing so this is the center because you |
|
| 25:06 | figure it out. A T. . A. S. Is that |
|
| 25:09 | both used interchangeably. So 80% https kind of a short name for, |
|
| 25:14 | but it is a basically a moves on protons flowing through that you can |
|
| 25:21 | here coming in here. Okay. so there's a rotor which turns there's |
|
| 25:30 | portions a portion that's stuck inside the . Right? That's the F |
|
| 25:35 | Sub zero. Okay. And this the one. Okay, that's kind |
|
| 25:42 | the part where the action occurs. where the A. T. |
|
| 25:45 | S. Are synthesized. Okay. so this uh rotor, okay. |
|
| 25:52 | you see here, first of it's it's a multi protein complex which |
|
| 25:57 | sure you can quite obviously see a of parts here, complex structure, |
|
| 26:04 | lee and more kind of how it is very similar to what you what |
|
| 26:07 | gonna see in photosynthesis because the same happens there. Okay. proton gradient |
|
| 26:14 | a teepee synth bass and production, just that light is the driving force |
|
| 26:18 | photosynthesis. Okay, so again, is a universal kind of thing uh |
|
| 26:24 | in all life most all life. So I think the best thing is |
|
| 26:31 | just let's just view this, you access to it on smart work. |
|
| 26:38 | animation. Okay. So here is obviously gonna see the concentration difference, |
|
| 26:44 | ? Protons high outside, low So that proton motive force is what's |
|
| 26:49 | drive them in. And and so gonna speed this up a little |
|
| 26:57 | 12. Okay, so now we the various subnets here and I think |
|
| 27:03 | gonna see the protons coming in. , there's showing a cross section. |
|
| 27:08 | that's actually one thing to note and give you a close up. Is |
|
| 27:14 | ? This is not a cylinder? actually not a cylinder. It's a |
|
| 27:20 | of a teardrop shape. It's kind pointed on one end. Alright. |
|
| 27:24 | turns out to be a very important terms of how this thing works. |
|
| 27:28 | ? Because as it as it well, we'll get to the picture |
|
| 27:31 | it shows you that better this But for now just know that it's |
|
| 27:34 | a perfect cylinder. It's actually a shape pointed on one end. |
|
| 27:41 | And so uh so now we think gonna go, okay, So it's |
|
| 27:46 | to show you the movement protons moving kind of creates the motion of the |
|
| 27:52 | . And then you see a tps phosphate coming in. A teepee is |
|
| 27:57 | out. You see there as this rotates. Okay, So here comes |
|
| 28:03 | and phosphate here. Okay, maybe liar never comes up. So we're |
|
| 28:11 | look at the cross section of So you can see here is that |
|
| 28:15 | pointed shape on one end. And so you see when that the |
|
| 28:19 | is that is what exposes the active . Right? And that's where ADP |
|
| 28:24 | phosphate can come in and then once closes as the rotor turns, that |
|
| 28:29 | of energy is imparted to facilitate the of a teepee. Okay, so |
|
| 28:35 | , so as that thing rotates the , the pointy part um uh will |
|
| 28:43 | will expose open up those, open the active side of the proteins ADP |
|
| 28:48 | prospect come in then it moves closes then then the A. T. |
|
| 28:52 | . Forms. And so it happens in succession that way. And so |
|
| 28:57 | can see back up a sec We can see, nope over here |
|
| 29:13 | , bring it son of A Hold on there he is. |
|
| 29:19 | Alright, that's why I wanted to . Um Right so actually there's 33 |
|
| 29:26 | sites. So you get uh someone , you get 123 80 piece for |
|
| 29:31 | . Okay so so of course I'm you can imagine that the amount of |
|
| 29:37 | TP production um is of course based protons. Right? So it's gonna |
|
| 29:43 | a quantity of protons coming in that leads to a generation of X. |
|
| 29:48 | of 80 P. Okay and so we will look at here in this |
|
| 29:57 | calculation right here. Okay so again are kind of average values that again |
|
| 30:02 | think this is 40 coli so for protons pumped out. Okay so for |
|
| 30:09 | and A B. H. That in and gets oxidized a mole of |
|
| 30:13 | oxidized you form 88 protons are pumped . Okay and it takes three Coming |
|
| 30:21 | into form 1 80 p. Okay uh so when you do the math |
|
| 30:28 | , you get almost three technically Right? 2.678 E. P. |
|
| 30:35 | . For any D. H. 1.5 A tps for F. |
|
| 30:38 | D. H. Right? That's with the th the entry point into |
|
| 30:43 | transport changes like a little bit past A. D. H. Comes |
|
| 30:47 | . So you don't get the benefit a little more protons being pumped with |
|
| 30:51 | . So that equates a little bit energy. Okay? Um so anyway |
|
| 30:56 | are the values and that's how we those. Um And we're gonna use |
|
| 31:00 | to tally up everything here in a . We're gonna add some everything up |
|
| 31:03 | terms of energy output. Okay so thing to note is that um some |
|
| 31:12 | rely on sodium pump more solid and pump. Okay uh it's probably obvious |
|
| 31:17 | the halo file would probably do that they live in salt high salt um |
|
| 31:25 | . So human pathogens can your body tend to be somewhat salty. Okay |
|
| 31:33 | chloride concentrations more so than hydrogen ion . And so pathogens have evolved also |
|
| 31:42 | pumps to kind of fuel their T. P. A. Says |
|
| 31:46 | so a little bit of variation there what we typically see. Okay so |
|
| 31:52 | so let's look at the sum sum here. Okay so again mr you |
|
| 31:59 | as he goes look go through this studying it. You know it's the |
|
| 32:04 | right? What comes in and out each stage energy output? Um That |
|
| 32:09 | of stuff. Okay, So here kind of the tally. So remember |
|
| 32:13 | substrate level foster relations. Right? the one that's the most basic. |
|
| 32:17 | . You have a uh substrate a that's phosphor related. And it simply |
|
| 32:25 | up its phosphate to ADP right? to make a teepee. So we |
|
| 32:29 | four total made that way. And of course we have a lot more |
|
| 32:33 | these other reduced electron carriers form. , totaling up to 10 and a |
|
| 32:39 | two th two. Right, So highest output comes from the Krebs cycle |
|
| 32:46 | terms of these. Okay. But a th is basically made at each |
|
| 32:49 | the stages. Okay. And so Alright, so we go back to |
|
| 32:56 | previous um equation uh with our total 10 that's produced. That equates to |
|
| 33:06 | 27 80 PS and three https for A T H 20 K. Not |
|
| 33:12 | . So um this totals up to ? 30. Okay. And again |
|
| 33:18 | is and I think again the E and so a couple of things to |
|
| 33:23 | out. Okay, is this represents phosphor relation. Okay, that output |
|
| 33:34 | what we're doing here represents what you from oxidative phosphor relation. Okay? |
|
| 33:42 | because these guys are going to electron chain and respiration. Right? And |
|
| 33:48 | that's um what oxidative relation is. , you get four here. |
|
| 33:55 | that substrate level. Right. So different things. So you can see |
|
| 33:59 | much more energy you get from a from the respiratory process. Okay. |
|
| 34:07 | I think this is with, this with aerobic respiration and it doesn't specify |
|
| 34:11 | with anaerobic respiration wouldn't be 30 but could be it's not gonna be that |
|
| 34:16 | lower. Okay. With fermentation of it is that much lower. |
|
| 34:21 | Because fermentation only relies on substrate level relation now. Um um That was |
|
| 34:30 | other point I wanted to make. Oh okay, so not all this |
|
| 34:38 | a theoretical yield. Okay. And rarely the bacteria archaea approach that. |
|
| 34:46 | . Um It's generally in the high to low twenties, typically 17, |
|
| 34:56 | 22, 23. Somewhere in Okay. And why is that Why |
|
| 35:00 | they get why don't why don't they the max? Yeah. Uh Yeah |
|
| 35:09 | could be sure if it's if you're auctions, there's something like nitrate that'll |
|
| 35:13 | it a little less. But even even if it's with nitrate anaerobic |
|
| 35:19 | you'll still never get the theoretical You always get a little bit |
|
| 35:23 | Yeah, there's some of that but also something else. So I think |
|
| 35:30 | terms of we're assuming that all the , the proton pump that we're assuming |
|
| 35:37 | the proton pump is solely being used a T. P. Production. |
|
| 35:42 | be used for something else. proton can be used for other stuff. |
|
| 35:48 | ? So those protons can go to move a flagellum or something. |
|
| 35:52 | They can they can go to other , other functions helping helping other molecules |
|
| 35:58 | into itself. For example. Look sim port way back when we use |
|
| 36:03 | proton gradient to help other molecules commit energy released and couple that with energy |
|
| 36:08 | . Right? So so that's why typically never get to theoretically because the |
|
| 36:13 | trump is used for a lot of used for use that energy potential energy |
|
| 36:17 | used in different ways, not just to go through an A. |
|
| 36:21 | P. S. Okay. But um um The yield of course in |
|
| 36:29 | , whether aerobic or anaerobic is much so than a fermentation. Okay um |
|
| 36:35 | questions at this point? Okay. . Um Alright so here's a |
|
| 36:43 | Well there was There we go and dang it. Okay, now. |
|
| 36:57 | . Which process represents anaerobic respiration? know you haven't seen it's diagrams, |
|
| 37:02 | mean your book. Okay. Doesn't . Okay, so focus on this |
|
| 37:08 | actually a sulfur cycle. So focus the different species you see here. |
|
| 37:21 | , time. So uh so you're for which is the one that represents |
|
| 37:29 | respiration. Okay so you got A . Or C. Mhm. |
|
| 37:47 | Um And look at the arrows. ? The arrow is pointing that way |
|
| 37:55 | that way. Hey. Right. if you're gonna do anaerobic respiration and |
|
| 38:24 | going to use a sulfur molecule in case, there's something you gotta ask |
|
| 38:31 | . Okay so go back to my diagram here. That electron transport |
|
| 38:41 | Right here is the membrane, And we have a source, |
|
| 38:51 | We haven't except her. Hey. the source becomes oxidized. Write these |
|
| 39:00 | electrons except er becomes reduced. Um That helps. Okay, So |
|
| 39:12 | anaerobic respiration, where would you look or here? In terms of anaerobic |
|
| 39:21 | ? In terms of respiration? accepted. Alright, you're looking |
|
| 39:29 | See if that helps. So whoever Except there is in respiration is gonna |
|
| 39:36 | reduced. Okay. All right, count down. So except there is |
|
| 39:52 | an oxidized form becomes reduced. I can't give you any more |
|
| 40:01 | Alright, count down from 876 Okay, hurry up. Okay, |
|
| 40:18 | who picked who picked? Hey, on. No, no, you're |
|
| 40:30 | . You're right. You're right. . I should have stuck with |
|
| 40:36 | I wanted to hear your challenge. . So why did you pick a |
|
| 40:42 | post con? Right. So, basically means you're getting hired when you're |
|
| 40:53 | gaining. Also more importantly, begins E. There you go. |
|
| 41:00 | Right, so sulfate reduced to Okay, so that's the respiration. |
|
| 41:08 | the anaerobic respiration. Okay, so two S is a more reduced |
|
| 41:13 | Right? It's got those electron Think of it that way like glucose |
|
| 41:19 | is electron bridge. Alright glucose goes seO to write C. 02 is |
|
| 41:24 | very electron poor. Right? So dioxide sio two here sulfate. |
|
| 41:32 | Uh sulfate um would be something that wouldn't want to give electrons to. |
|
| 41:38 | got room for you to think of that way. Right. Sulfates electron |
|
| 41:43 | going with that example analogy. So would be a more oxidized form that |
|
| 41:49 | reduced. So sulfate except er is is a form of anaerobic respiration. |
|
| 41:56 | see a lot of marine environments. ? Um and so you can take |
|
| 42:02 | to oxidize it to elemental sulfur as and that can further be oxidized to |
|
| 42:09 | . Okay so H. Two S. O. Or S. |
|
| 42:13 | I guess is the proper term. Those are sources for sulfate oxidizing bacteria |
|
| 42:20 | sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Sulfate reducing Okay um and we're gonna go through |
|
| 42:28 | . You still kind of shaking That's fine. We're gonna go through |
|
| 42:31 | . So a couple things to Okay is uh not quite so well |
|
| 42:40 | let me mention it now I'll say again later so we're gonna we're |
|
| 42:46 | So we're talking about anaerobic respiration. um the um yeah so we're going |
|
| 42:56 | look at something other than auction at end. The turmoil accepted. Right |
|
| 43:02 | we have that shown here. Right this is e coli e coli is |
|
| 43:06 | versatile alec and aerobically risp ire using and of course if you have different |
|
| 43:14 | that can be a terminal except for gonna have different oxidase is right so |
|
| 43:18 | oxidase is what's at the end that with the terminal except er to reduce |
|
| 43:23 | ? Okay, giving electronics to it become reduced. Okay, so of |
|
| 43:27 | you're gonna have different of these depending what it's interacting with a few |
|
| 43:32 | It is it's sulfate, nitrate, . So e coli is capable of |
|
| 43:39 | both. Nitrite nitrate, anaerobic A sulfur compounds, nitrogen sulfur compounds |
|
| 43:47 | different types are very common as sources anaerobic respiration. Okay, and in |
|
| 43:54 | e coli can use both nitrogen forms a sulfur form sulfate as well as |
|
| 44:01 | . Okay, so it's very Okay, so again we as we |
|
| 44:08 | from anaerobic respiration we're focused on. ? And we do my little corny |
|
| 44:13 | well, it's actually showing you right , right here is electron transport |
|
| 44:17 | Right? So we have a source it and we have an except er |
|
| 44:26 | . And um so we're focused in section. Right. Respiration on what's |
|
| 44:33 | here? What's what's there? because as we flip very shortly to |
|
| 44:37 | a trophy. Okay, we're going to what's here. Okay, so |
|
| 44:44 | can get to use between this trophy a type of respiration. No, |
|
| 44:48 | have to kind of keep in your . What part, what side electronic |
|
| 44:54 | chain are we focused on the source the accepted? Right, and the |
|
| 45:00 | er then we're evaluating, oh is aerobic restoration? Is anaerobic restoration? |
|
| 45:05 | , and the source tells us. , is this a little trophy I'm |
|
| 45:09 | with. Is this a is this head or a trophy and Organa trophy |
|
| 45:13 | dealing with And and and both both those can be a source and both |
|
| 45:20 | be aerobic or anaerobic. So you mix and match you know, those |
|
| 45:25 | . So again, for the time we're focused on accepted and we're looking |
|
| 45:30 | an aerobic respiration. Different molecules at end other than oxygen. Okay, |
|
| 45:37 | uh so let's look at so you have this. I don't think you |
|
| 45:41 | this in your slides. It's I'm only showing here for different oxidation |
|
| 45:48 | . And you don't need to you need to memorize these either. |
|
| 45:51 | but you know, you don't need know these absolute numbers, but you |
|
| 45:58 | be able to look at something like for example. And and ammonia. |
|
| 46:05 | ? Or ammonia mayan. And see and see this relationship here. |
|
| 46:10 | Oxidized form to a reduced form more oxidized forms to more more and more |
|
| 46:16 | forms. Okay, you can look that and go, okay, that |
|
| 46:21 | like less reduced than this. um, and so in this uh |
|
| 46:29 | so these these molecules can be used bacteria archaea for different purposes. |
|
| 46:36 | so these up here are those that to be components that service terminal except |
|
| 46:46 | that become reduced. Okay, uh typically serve as sources that can be |
|
| 46:57 | . Okay. Wouldn't use ammonium at end as an accepted. Right? |
|
| 47:03 | a very poor accepted uh you served a source of electrons oxidizing get those |
|
| 47:10 | . Okay, so similarly with sulfur . Okay, so sulfate most oxidized |
|
| 47:19 | . Right, so these are things . They likely serve the purpose of |
|
| 47:26 | a donut, I mean, except exception. Right. Anaerobic respiration. |
|
| 47:32 | e coli can use sulfate for anaerobic . Okay. And so these are |
|
| 47:37 | better served as up front a Oxidize it, let it feed electrons |
|
| 47:43 | the system. Okay, so so just want to put that in |
|
| 47:49 | Just kind of to militarize yourself with . Okay, when we talk about |
|
| 47:53 | oxidized forms for reduced forms, each those types have a role in the |
|
| 47:59 | and typically will be serve as a or as an accept er Okay, |
|
| 48:06 | um and so again, nitrogen sulfur are very common among different types that |
|
| 48:12 | inspire and aerobically. Okay, terrestrial . Um nitrogen compounds very common. |
|
| 48:19 | , um way. Okay, so we see um uh different couples. |
|
| 48:30 | typically no one bacterium that can do will have the whole complement of of |
|
| 48:36 | able to use all these different Okay, um typically a pair. |
|
| 48:41 | nitrate or nitrite. Okay. Are common to have a couple of these |
|
| 48:45 | not the whole thing. Okay. and this is this is not and |
|
| 48:50 | is nothing. This is something that's of obscure. It's a very common |
|
| 48:56 | out there in the environment, aerobic respiration. It's not something that's like |
|
| 49:01 | by any means at all. All the whole groups of urine lab, |
|
| 49:05 | working with the enteric ecologia sal manila's factor. Trying to think of the |
|
| 49:12 | factor um gela. But they all inspire an aerobically. Okay, in |
|
| 49:19 | to be able to ferment. So so it's not not something that's obscured |
|
| 49:25 | any means at all. Okay, these two terms here the similar story |
|
| 49:29 | a similar story. You're gonna hear ? Um Very simple. So a |
|
| 49:35 | story process is one where the organism basically holding on holding on to the |
|
| 49:43 | . Okay, it's a similar Reduction of nitrogen it holds on to |
|
| 49:49 | component doesn't let it go this similar . It lets it go right, |
|
| 49:53 | available to others in the environment. . And a similar story. It's |
|
| 49:57 | it. It's taking it it's holding to it. Okay? Um So |
|
| 50:04 | not gonna spend that much because we're talk about this actually in more detail |
|
| 50:08 | the next unit, started the next . So for now really the |
|
| 50:14 | that's because that's what this is is traffic ation. Okay. As we |
|
| 50:20 | that route. It basically it's how is lost from an ecosystem. |
|
| 50:27 | Let's do this process. Of fortunately other side of the triangle allow |
|
| 50:31 | it to be assimilated. Right? imagine fixation to ammonium, ammonium to |
|
| 50:38 | and nitrite nitrite and nitrate. So little trophy notification. Again, we'll |
|
| 50:43 | about more of this in the start the next unit. But but we're |
|
| 50:48 | talk about little trophy very shortly. . But the point here is that |
|
| 50:54 | we're talking about is this side of triangle in terms of what's going on |
|
| 50:59 | here. Okay. And so this medication again and respiration using these as |
|
| 51:09 | term except er nitrate, tried dioxide oxide. These are all except there |
|
| 51:18 | that a bacterium species could use or archaea. Okay. Um Okay, |
|
| 51:25 | again this this point about Okay here except er okay, except at the |
|
| 51:33 | right here, that's the source because also see nitrogen compounds that can serve |
|
| 51:41 | role of a source. Right? money mine nitrite. Okay, so |
|
| 51:47 | , just trying to get your, sure you can differentiate those things. |
|
| 51:52 | with sulfur compounds more uh that's more to see in marine environments because uh |
|
| 52:02 | , marine water has higher sulfur concentration those freshwater environments. Okay, so |
|
| 52:10 | so sulfate again this diagram at the that list of sulfur compounds is using |
|
| 52:18 | as terminal except ear's anaerobic respiration. . And so very common to see |
|
| 52:25 | kind of activity, especially in around are called thermal vents. You may |
|
| 52:30 | heard of that. I think that underwater volcanoes deep in the ocean. |
|
| 52:35 | spewing out um uh gas is very and hydrogen to iron. It's the |
|
| 52:47 | and reduction of that, that kind causes the black color around these |
|
| 52:51 | There's black smoke coming out because of iron that's in the gasses coming |
|
| 52:58 | So these are all of course components can be used by bacteria to |
|
| 53:03 | And you will see a gradient of types along this vent. Um and |
|
| 53:13 | course thermal, it's gonna be hot near the mouth. And so you're |
|
| 53:16 | have a gradient of different thermal file . So you don't have like hypothermia |
|
| 53:20 | close to the mouth of the vent it's very hot. Then less uh |
|
| 53:25 | files which can't handle the super high but certainly can handle hot temperatures and |
|
| 53:30 | files which are more moderate like And then of course you have this |
|
| 53:35 | activity going on. But metabolism going . So make sure they can use |
|
| 53:40 | oxidize H two S produce sulfate those can use the hydrogen those that can |
|
| 53:46 | with iron oxide. Iron rather so forms of Little Trophy. Okay, |
|
| 53:51 | then these supply raw materials for other that can um reduce. Right? |
|
| 53:58 | so for oxidizer supplies. So faith so for oxide reducers can use. |
|
| 54:04 | ? And so we have this kind cross feeding going on. That's that |
|
| 54:07 | Sin Trophy. So everybody's kind of together. Right? So some of |
|
| 54:12 | metabolism supply reactant or that others can right. Whether it's little trophy or |
|
| 54:19 | respiration. So they're all kind of big happy family down there. |
|
| 54:24 | and then you add on top of having different tolerances for levels of |
|
| 54:29 | So it's all kind of one big very productive system going on. And |
|
| 54:38 | not only is just microbial but you others these things they're called giant tube |
|
| 54:45 | . Okay, they're situated there. not necessarily very heat tolerant, but |
|
| 54:51 | do for a lot of biomass in vicinity of these of these vents and |
|
| 54:58 | basically represents a symbiotic relationship between these . I just mentioned that are inside |
|
| 55:04 | tube worms. And so the tube are getting their energy really from the |
|
| 55:08 | of these little intros and little tricks course to get a house to live |
|
| 55:13 | . And so the tube worms can , look at some of the photographs |
|
| 55:18 | the ocean floors where these things are , it would be like a football |
|
| 55:21 | full of these tube worms. Just a you know, run crazy and |
|
| 55:26 | know, because of all the nutrients given to them by the these events |
|
| 55:31 | are supplying the bacteria inside them and cause them to proliferate. So it's |
|
| 55:35 | quite a thing to see you see red stock things just like going back |
|
| 55:41 | forth, like a whole big field these things around these events. So |
|
| 55:45 | a scene. So a lot of down there. Right. Um certainly |
|
| 55:50 | life that supports all these other kind life. Okay, so um |
|
| 55:56 | um any questions sulfur. So really the main thing is just to |
|
| 56:02 | of make sure you can differentiate, know, the the the we're looking |
|
| 56:07 | different terms except ear's sulfur National compounds can play those roles for anaerobic |
|
| 56:14 | Okay, because we're very quickly going turn it around and look at nitrogen |
|
| 56:19 | sulfur compounds in the context of sources forms that become oxidized. Right? |
|
| 56:26 | the forms that serve as accepted are forms that become reduced, those that |
|
| 56:33 | as sources to supply electrons are reduced that become oxidized. Okay, that's |
|
| 56:39 | of what to get in your Okay. And so the cemetery metal |
|
| 56:45 | . So very common in in uh it says here um um here uh |
|
| 56:56 | and lake sediments also in landfills. common. What you see is on |
|
| 57:02 | upper layers. Okay, aerobic, , lots of higher level of oxygen |
|
| 57:08 | . Right, so you're gonna have aerobic metabolism respiration. Right? Going |
|
| 57:13 | here. Okay. And then successive underneath that are more and more |
|
| 57:22 | Okay, and um these uh provide forms of metal irons in particular like |
|
| 57:33 | iron, Right? Forms that are soluble and more easily assimilated by |
|
| 57:41 | So in dissimilar Torey metal reduction. , these activities particularly manganese iron. |
|
| 57:51 | . Though the the metal itself is let go. It's dissimilar story. |
|
| 57:57 | don't hang on to it. It's go. And that's what supplies a |
|
| 58:01 | that can be more easily assimilated by in the environment. So it's important |
|
| 58:05 | that way to provide the forms of metals for that. Make it easier |
|
| 58:11 | be taken up by others. And because iron is very important, nutrient |
|
| 58:16 | as manganese. And so um so that and then again this all represents |
|
| 58:23 | respiration. We're looking at different terminal ear's here, right, oxygen, |
|
| 58:29 | , manganese oxide, Varick, hydroxide . These are all forms of terminal |
|
| 58:37 | . And so even with tangents. at the very bottom methodologies that you |
|
| 58:41 | o to um uh takes a lot energy input to reduce that. Okay |
|
| 58:46 | a very anaerobic process. Okay. it's at the very bottom there. |
|
| 58:52 | um it's easily poisoned by auction. you see reduction potential here goes from |
|
| 58:59 | positive, very negative. And you um there you can use what's called |
|
| 59:08 | redox probe and that can be used measure in the environment the level of |
|
| 59:13 | anaerobic a system is. And if very negative value that's a hint that |
|
| 59:18 | is an environment very anaerobic. Okay somewhere in between that kind of give |
|
| 59:23 | an idea of of um kind of that may be going on in that |
|
| 59:28 | . Okay um so uh remember the story, a similar story right? |
|
| 59:35 | on to it or being let Okay, a similar story process, |
|
| 59:40 | element, that component will be a of its biomass, it's a similar |
|
| 59:44 | process, not for it, lets of it, but somebody else can |
|
| 59:49 | it up. Okay, so um , any questions? So we'll flip |
|
| 59:59 | um and we've yet uh it's like not up against because we have a |
|
| 60:05 | other period and we don't have that more to go. So um uh |
|
| 60:11 | a good thing. So let's um flip over to Little Trophy. |
|
| 60:19 | we'll save photo trophy for next Let's look at Little Trophy. And |
|
| 60:25 | , okay, so we're looking at inorganic sources here. Right? So |
|
| 60:33 | again, here's that diagram, you've a bazillion times right now. |
|
| 60:37 | and so we're looking here, so previously we've been looking here in |
|
| 60:46 | , right, what's the terminal? er right, there isn't oxygen, |
|
| 60:51 | respiration. Something else? Anaerobic Now, we're focused back over to |
|
| 60:55 | . Okay, so again, remember point, we look at respiration. |
|
| 61:03 | have a source, you're going to an except er right, so reducing |
|
| 61:07 | terminal except er oxidizing a source. , and so we'll look at this |
|
| 61:16 | again in the context of nitrogen and compounds again, Okay, so we |
|
| 61:22 | talking about that back on day right? So using inorganic molecules. |
|
| 61:28 | , and so again, the nitrogen , which we'll talk about next week |
|
| 61:36 | that can have certainly environmentally important uh oxidation of ammonium. Okay, Which |
|
| 61:44 | aerobic conform my trojan forms that plants assimilate really readily, like nitrates for |
|
| 61:53 | . Okay, but you can be . Okay, you can overdo it |
|
| 61:59 | certainly these are acidic as well. in areas that are over fertilizing |
|
| 62:09 | commercial agricultural areas where there annually once year, at least fertilizer out um |
|
| 62:18 | is of course food for nitro right? That can oxidize that to |
|
| 62:26 | nitrite, which is sitting. And , if you overdo it then you |
|
| 62:30 | produce large amounts of these acids that the soil and that can be a |
|
| 62:38 | thing altering soil ph not everything is too acidic ph And so it's um |
|
| 62:44 | too much. Then you're going to certainly plant growth and other types. |
|
| 62:49 | , um sulfur oxidation. So sulfur . So not uncommon here. Again |
|
| 62:57 | their environments where you produce very strong as an end product that um those |
|
| 63:04 | are sulfur oxidizer, it's not uncommon them to be a cdo files as |
|
| 63:10 | . Okay, because these guys can down to ph two or lower. |
|
| 63:17 | , so it would make sense that would have this property of also being |
|
| 63:21 | the city file. Okay, so , using a reduced form H two |
|
| 63:28 | or elemental sulfur and oxidizing it. , Same up here using a more |
|
| 63:34 | form ammonium and oxidizing. Okay, feature of sulfur oxidation is especially when |
|
| 63:45 | with iron. Right? So there's lot of structurally across the United |
|
| 63:50 | There's a lot of old bridges and that are going through over waterways and |
|
| 63:57 | . And the iron becomes corroded bridge . A lot of it can be |
|
| 64:02 | to microbial activity involving um sulfur So sulfur oxidation combined with the reduction |
|
| 64:08 | iron can lead to deterioration, deterioration the iron in these structures. And |
|
| 64:16 | it's been the cause of some of things we've seen in terms of uh |
|
| 64:22 | of these structures. So not Okay. And so uh of course |
|
| 64:28 | a lot of acidity and that contributes the corrosion as well. Sorry. |
|
| 64:33 | Now I kind of put this all in a continuum to hopefully help make |
|
| 64:39 | of it and kind of how these all fit together. Okay, so |
|
| 64:45 | look first at nitrogen components that we've seen. Right? So with the |
|
| 64:50 | assimilation which can be a similar Um ammonium ammonium oxidized to nitrite nitrite |
|
| 64:59 | nitrate. Right, So that's a trophy the source. Right? He's |
|
| 65:04 | oxidized. Okay, uh then more forms, I'm sorry, more oxidized |
|
| 65:12 | become reduced. So nitrate. Most oxidized form progressively to more and |
|
| 65:18 | reduced forms. These represent different types anaerobic respiration that can occur. |
|
| 65:23 | So we're separating two processes here. accepted. Right? So, similarly |
|
| 65:30 | we can close the loop, If we um consider the nitrogen |
|
| 65:36 | Right? So nitrogen can be fixed form ammonia. Right? Will elaborate |
|
| 65:41 | that next week. But that kind is the whole continuum of these nitrogen |
|
| 65:47 | in the various forms, right? reduced And how they're used similarly with |
|
| 65:52 | . Right? So the little trophy , hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur can |
|
| 65:59 | oxidized down the sulfate, the most form. And then we can go |
|
| 66:06 | other way and reduce different intermediates. , anaerobic respiration normal. Except er |
|
| 66:14 | . And then I closed the loop . What kind of the end product |
|
| 66:18 | it here? H two s then uh then as a source for to |
|
| 66:25 | electrons for another system. Okay. so that kind of the whole continuum |
|
| 66:31 | . Um Okay, so hydrogen hydrogen , trophy is kind of it's unique |
|
| 66:43 | because we can see that property. think, Okay, it's H2. |
|
| 66:54 | inorganic, right? It's used it's . Being used as an energy |
|
| 66:59 | Okay. We see that property not just in little trolls, but |
|
| 67:03 | also see it in Metros E coli do this. Okay, so it's |
|
| 67:09 | a it's a It's a very good of energy. Right? Because that |
|
| 67:18 | 4:20 production potential equates to a very good negative delta G. A |
|
| 67:26 | of energy production comes for that. not surprisingly variety, different microbes have |
|
| 67:32 | do this? Okay. Um It of makes the question, how did |
|
| 67:39 | did these very vast different types of metabolisms acquire this, Right, you |
|
| 67:44 | a pet a trophy that is able do this and you're able to this |
|
| 67:49 | kind of can get into the realm of these genes may have been passed |
|
| 67:53 | one of these mechanisms of horizontal gene , which we'll talk about the next |
|
| 67:59 | . But that's kind of how you see seemingly a metabolism in a lot |
|
| 68:04 | different variety of bacteria because of these of being able to pass genes along |
|
| 68:11 | cell types. Okay, anyway, a subject for another day. But |
|
| 68:16 | any case, so the thing with trophy, they can be a little |
|
| 68:19 | for sure, but they can also in heaven. Right? And they |
|
| 68:23 | represent a combination of different types of organic and inorganic molecules or just strictly |
|
| 68:28 | organic. Right? So the one coli does is this one here at |
|
| 68:34 | top, which is a very common um basically oxidizing um hydrogen and reducing |
|
| 68:42 | . So aerobically oxidizing hydrogen gas. and H two can be a relatively |
|
| 68:52 | you know, a raw material you find rather readily um as a byproduct |
|
| 69:00 | other metabolism. So fermentation generates H other types of metabolism, generate H |
|
| 69:06 | . So it's not uncommon to find rather quickly as well. So that |
|
| 69:09 | may lend to why it's it's found many different types. Um So you |
|
| 69:15 | uh hydrogen oxidation with oxidation of organic of organic materials. So again the |
|
| 69:22 | of these things can occur here is combination of mineral and organic here. |
|
| 69:27 | hydrogen being oxidized uh and then we reducing CO two. Okay so um |
|
| 69:35 | a combination of different metabolisms. Okay again both toes can do it. |
|
| 69:39 | little girls can do it. Um And but not all header troves |
|
| 69:46 | troves it just depends on the Okay. And so Montana genesis um |
|
| 69:54 | they kind of also put that in own category But then in genesis is |
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| 69:58 | a metabolism of specific archaea. Um You don't see it as far |
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| 70:07 | I know in the domain bacteria it's a group of domain archaea, right |
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| 70:15 | group. And um C. Ch four. Methane is a prominent |
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| 70:23 | gas worse worse than SEO term to terms of its effects. Um I |
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| 70:30 | I mentioned before that was a question . The cows are kind of the |
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| 70:34 | source of this right? The bacteria the cows producing the methane. And |
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| 70:40 | there's significant production of this um on . And uh but there are types |
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| 70:47 | can actually counteract it by eating the . So Mathon oh troughs eat the |
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| 70:55 | so they can somewhat balance it out assume. Um But anyway so it's |
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| 71:01 | form of hydrogen of trophy because it's H. Two and using that to |
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| 71:07 | carbon dioxide. Okay so um any . Okay so again with with with |
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| 71:17 | we've been talking about here at the , we're looking at different reduced forms |
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| 71:22 | become oxidized. Okay, so looking them as sources of electrons. |
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| 71:27 | So, um, I think That closes. So what we got |
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| 71:33 | is a photo trophy and we'll start next time, folks. So see |
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| 71:39 | on |
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