| 00:03 | Okay. So um I guess I'll the patty the podium icon just in |
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| 00:10 | . Um wow. That's like crazy too there, That's probably little bit |
|
| 00:18 | . All right. So you guys the email or in theory you got |
|
| 00:22 | email about the extra extra credit, ? Some of you are looking at |
|
| 00:26 | like I hate football. Don't make go. Yeah, I don't |
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| 00:29 | I'm not making you go. All , but there's a reason for |
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| 00:32 | Alright. For first off it's been crappy two years. Would you agree |
|
| 00:37 | me, Crappy two years? You guys need to get out and |
|
| 00:41 | people. You guys need to get and celebrate stuff. Alright So that's |
|
| 00:45 | was kind of my thinking here. I was like, you know, |
|
| 00:47 | bet you these guys have been a game. You're like well I don't |
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| 00:51 | about football. See it's not just , it's her too. Right? |
|
| 00:55 | don't care about football. Guess You don't have to go to a |
|
| 00:57 | game to watch football game. You there to hang out with people. |
|
| 01:00 | that's really the idea. Okay, the idea is is look we are |
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| 01:04 | top 25 team now where I mean the C. F. P. |
|
| 01:08 | nine and 1 really Memphis is the team that stands between us and um |
|
| 01:16 | I mean between us in Cincinnati, is undefeated and so we're gonna be |
|
| 01:22 | in the championship for the division. one, is that all right? |
|
| 01:27 | need to start recognizing what sports teams for university? You guys heard of |
|
| 01:32 | University? What do you know about ? That's that's it. Right. |
|
| 01:39 | a lot of people go, oh , they do. I don't |
|
| 01:42 | What do they do? It's a university in north Carolina. It's over |
|
| 01:44 | in the research triangle, if you looking at graduate programs, fantastic graduate |
|
| 01:50 | . But it's a little rinky, , itsy bitsy teeny tiny school no |
|
| 01:53 | knows anything about. But we do that they are consistently good at |
|
| 01:58 | Right? Coach K has been there , I don't know since the dawn |
|
| 02:01 | time, he's retiring this year. . Right. The only reason anyone |
|
| 02:06 | anything about Duke outside of north Carolina because of that. Right. And |
|
| 02:10 | that's part of the reason why we these sports programs. And the thing |
|
| 02:15 | fun about sports programs as well. , it kind of reflects who you |
|
| 02:20 | , right. People know who the are, Why do they? People |
|
| 02:23 | the Cougars are Well back in the . They know who we are because |
|
| 02:27 | had Heisman trophy winner. All They know who we were back in |
|
| 02:32 | 80s because we went to the final twice. Once, I think twice |
|
| 02:37 | national championship game, Maybe once the we lost though. It sucked. |
|
| 02:42 | now keep in mind I had nothing do with any of these teams, |
|
| 02:45 | I knew who you have. H right before I came here and I |
|
| 02:49 | to Houston with no intention of coming work at U. Of age. |
|
| 02:52 | ? But part of it is like it's cool. I've got students who |
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| 02:56 | national champions. That's kind of cool they represent who you are to other |
|
| 03:03 | . And so one that's why we cheer that mom because they're representing who |
|
| 03:07 | are. All right. No Like I said, you gotta get |
|
| 03:10 | of the house. You didn't have tomorrow night. It's not an |
|
| 03:17 | Hey, if I can get if get emails from students saying I can't |
|
| 03:21 | to class today because I feel You probably do the same thing. |
|
| 03:24 | works okay. A couple of work they could I feel sick. All |
|
| 03:28 | , miss out on that. That's . All right. I might do |
|
| 03:31 | for basketball a little bit later because be a couple of games between now |
|
| 03:34 | the end of the semester. So may do it again. I don't |
|
| 03:36 | . We'll see. I don't know , you know, but we're doing |
|
| 03:40 | good in basketball too and I don't how swimming is doing. But the |
|
| 03:43 | four years they won they won the and were nationally ranked. No one |
|
| 03:50 | knows about that. You know you you didn't know that you gotta |
|
| 03:54 | You go watch this one team. , they're awesome aren't they? Have |
|
| 03:58 | ever watched diving? You should go watch and then you're like these people |
|
| 04:04 | crazy, right? You know, every diver, every swimmer I've talked |
|
| 04:08 | . I said, how did you into diving? And all the divers |
|
| 04:11 | always like, well, I was gymnastics and one day someone dared me |
|
| 04:14 | get up on the high dive. so I did whatever. And there's |
|
| 04:18 | one girl that I met because we have women women divers. We don't |
|
| 04:21 | men's swimming or diving, right? . Just for the team. So |
|
| 04:26 | recruit nationally were well known for But what was interesting, the one |
|
| 04:30 | does the 30 m All right. know, 30 minutes. That's when |
|
| 04:33 | go all the way up to the , Right? And then they like |
|
| 04:37 | down and it's just like there's clouds . All right. And then they |
|
| 04:44 | , I'm just gonna jump off this . And not only am I gonna |
|
| 04:46 | jump off this? Because, you , let's face it, if you |
|
| 04:48 | I did this, This is what do we like Yes. Right. |
|
| 04:52 | we do it the right clothes, please please don't let no. They |
|
| 04:55 | and do like ridiculous stuff. And said, how did you ever do |
|
| 04:58 | ? She says if I look I'm terrified. But if I walked |
|
| 05:00 | the board, close my eyes and do my thing, it works just |
|
| 05:04 | . You got to go cheer these off volleyball. They're not that |
|
| 05:08 | I'm sorry. I love my volleyball , but they have not been good |
|
| 05:10 | a long time but it's fun to if you've never watched women's volleyball. |
|
| 05:15 | . There's they have a they have position and I'm not gonna remember what |
|
| 05:19 | neighborhood is. The lobero means right? Free player. So they |
|
| 05:26 | be anywhere on the court and then usually find the smallest girl who has |
|
| 05:30 | tendencies. Right? And so she's running everywhere, diving into the |
|
| 05:35 | So I get this ball that no else can get. It's fun to |
|
| 05:39 | . All right. So part of is if you don't like sports is |
|
| 05:42 | go and be around people who like so you can scream and yell and |
|
| 05:45 | stupid stuff then take a picture that there. That's all it is. |
|
| 05:49 | your free point what? And then go we can talk about the tailgating |
|
| 05:54 | all the other fun stuff. Like said it's going to be a |
|
| 05:57 | we're on ESPN. And so part this is also to fill up the |
|
| 06:00 | section in my opinion because I'm tired looking at the games on tv and |
|
| 06:04 | empty. I want it read from to wall. So even if you |
|
| 06:09 | like the sport even if you're not , grab a bunch of your friends |
|
| 06:13 | free for you guys. Well it's for you already paid for it. |
|
| 06:17 | paid for season tickets whether you like or not. Right. All you |
|
| 06:20 | do is go up to the student thing. Show your I. |
|
| 06:24 | They'll get you in and I'll tell a secret. I mean it's not |
|
| 06:28 | secret, but The the 80 the director has said we will never turn |
|
| 06:35 | a student, even when we're sold , we'll put them as well, |
|
| 06:38 | them in standing room, but we never turn down a story. So |
|
| 06:44 | and you get a point on your grade. Now you're looking that's not |
|
| 06:49 | big of a deal. But if consider the world to the other extra |
|
| 06:53 | , that's actually pretty huge. so if you've got nothing better to |
|
| 06:59 | , okay, I'm not going to you for working. You know when |
|
| 07:05 | football normally, what day, what is reserved for college football saturday? |
|
| 07:13 | don't know why it's friday. I it was, I thought it was |
|
| 07:16 | be saturday. I saw them setting all the chairs and what the |
|
| 07:18 | And I saw and then I looked know when I made the announcement for |
|
| 07:21 | other class, it's like it's I better make sure. So it's |
|
| 07:24 | night. All right where you read and yell, Watch us beat the |
|
| 07:32 | move up in the rankings. People who you are. Well they're gonna |
|
| 07:38 | who you are anyway because you're all to be awesome. All right now |
|
| 07:42 | can spend that much time talking about because we're going to endocrinology now. |
|
| 07:46 | here taking the indo class yet? , dr Yeah. Oh, dr |
|
| 07:54 | . Okay, Good. Okay, . No, no, there. |
|
| 08:01 | . Okay. Just saying all what we're gonna do is we're going |
|
| 08:05 | look at a couple of hormones. already understand how hormones work. |
|
| 08:11 | That's what we did way back in first was first unit first year. |
|
| 08:14 | , we're gonna we're gonna look at very specific hormones and we're going to |
|
| 08:17 | some questions about how they manage growth metabolism. Because really, that's what |
|
| 08:21 | these things are, that we're looking . Growth metabolism and the other fun |
|
| 08:24 | is reproduction. So, we're going kind of dip our toe in the |
|
| 08:27 | pool, but we'll come back to for I'm so sorry. Three lectures |
|
| 08:33 | used to teach a class, reproductive . Have taught two semesters long time |
|
| 08:37 | . They won't let me teach it . I don't know why. |
|
| 08:40 | it's not that they won't let It's just that We have other |
|
| 08:44 | But if I teach reproductive it's 27 of reproduction. Can you imagine 27 |
|
| 08:51 | are reproduced. You're like how if mean, I could do 50 |
|
| 08:58 | there's there's a lot of mechanisms It's not just drinking a Boone's farm |
|
| 09:04 | getting in the back of a chevy think it would be. But it's |
|
| 09:11 | there's complexity to this stuff and it's lot of fun. And my job |
|
| 09:16 | those three classes is to make you . So just get ready. |
|
| 09:21 | All of y'all alright anyway, it's actually true. It's not it's not |
|
| 09:26 | bad. All right. What we're do is we're gonna start here in |
|
| 09:29 | pancreas. And what we're gonna do we're looking at the X A. |
|
| 09:32 | . Sorry, the endocrine pancreas, the extreme pink. This is what |
|
| 09:35 | looking for here. It's always funny I forget the one thing that I |
|
| 09:39 | . It took 10 minutes talking about extra credit. Yeah. All |
|
| 09:46 | So, our starting point here is , the endocrine pancreas are located within |
|
| 09:52 | structures called the islets of Langerhans. of the pictures up here ever show |
|
| 09:56 | what those look like. So, can just imagine the whole pancreas and |
|
| 09:59 | kind of looking all the same. you have these little tiny uh |
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| 10:04 | little tiny spots that are the Alright. And they kind of stand |
|
| 10:10 | because they're not part of this duct in the asana that we have looked |
|
| 10:14 | when we're looking at the X So, while this picture absolutely does |
|
| 10:18 | . No good. What it's saying like inside the pancreas, we have |
|
| 10:21 | little structures that are kind of like little islands containing these different types of |
|
| 10:26 | . And so the big cells that really interested in going to the |
|
| 10:29 | the beta cells. But I wanted point out to you that they're not |
|
| 10:32 | those cells that there's actually delta There's f cells there's even other cells |
|
| 10:36 | there that have different roles. But going to focus in on the alpha |
|
| 10:41 | . All right. So, when hear the alpha sell, what you |
|
| 10:44 | to think about is a cell that responsible for producing Luca. God, |
|
| 10:48 | beta cell, on the other is responsible for producing insulin. And |
|
| 10:52 | they're located within here and the beta are the more numerous ones. All |
|
| 10:57 | . So, when you look at , you can see all the brown |
|
| 10:59 | basically the beta cell here. And can see here the alpha cells are |
|
| 11:02 | to represent ratio wise, these are green cells delta cells that produce some |
|
| 11:08 | the statin. But that's not the place where some of the statin is |
|
| 11:10 | . So, we don't really pay much attention. Remember where else |
|
| 11:13 | Statin is made that in the the intestine and the name of the cell |
|
| 11:22 | self. So delta and DS. it kind of makes life and there's |
|
| 11:26 | even in other places as well. this is the first um f cells |
|
| 11:30 | another thing. Pancreatic peptide. I even know what it does. So |
|
| 11:34 | don't have to know if I don't to know. All right. |
|
| 11:38 | when we say we have these we have we say they're richly |
|
| 11:42 | That means that there's a hi vascular to this. And so, what |
|
| 11:47 | dealing with is we're putting blood vessels the locations because we need the Sydney |
|
| 11:52 | outward into the blood as quickly as . And there's also innovation that's going |
|
| 11:56 | be vagal innovation to ensure that we're the materials that we need to |
|
| 12:02 | There's also some gap junctions um that these cells to communicate with each |
|
| 12:08 | All right, so, let's see these cells do. And it's very |
|
| 12:12 | to get lost in all this stuff here. Please don't. All |
|
| 12:15 | I'm not look, I'm not interested the signaling cascades here. Alright. |
|
| 12:19 | if you're in molecular biology, they actually make you memorize these things. |
|
| 12:22 | not interested in that today. What interested in is understanding what's going |
|
| 12:26 | How do we regulate insulin secretion? happening insulin leaves. So, what |
|
| 12:32 | those things? Well, first off metabolism. So, basically, when |
|
| 12:37 | looking at glucose, galactose or these are things that stimulate beta |
|
| 12:43 | Now, the one that's going to on your brain is gonna be |
|
| 12:45 | Okay, that makes sense. When put sugar in my body, I'm |
|
| 12:48 | produce insulin. That's really the first . Second thing, a bunch of |
|
| 12:52 | acids in particular, Argentina losing. . So, basically, when I |
|
| 12:57 | amino acids in circulation, that's a to produce insulin. All right. |
|
| 13:02 | else? Well, fructose does that's sugar but it's not as strong as |
|
| 13:07 | others. All right. I point out because think about one of the |
|
| 13:11 | horrible sugars we can put in our . Hi fructose corn syrup. |
|
| 13:18 | it's not that fructose is particularly bad you, right? It's that it |
|
| 13:22 | signal to our bodies to start putting away. So what happens is we |
|
| 13:28 | up with these high levels of fructose our bodies that need to be to |
|
| 13:33 | stored away. But they remain in and our body feels starved of |
|
| 13:38 | And so it's actually producing sugars to released. And now you have extra |
|
| 13:43 | in your blood that needs to be . And then eventually the body catches |
|
| 13:46 | and says, oh, I got for today. I'm going to convert |
|
| 13:49 | into glucose and then I'm gonna store up. And then the next |
|
| 13:51 | you know, as you're walking around your whole body jiggles, Right, |
|
| 13:56 | , I'm just presuming, right, is why high fructose corn syrup is |
|
| 14:01 | . It's not because fructose is bad you. It's because it doesn't trigger |
|
| 14:04 | right mechanisms to put the sugar to a story. If you put a |
|
| 14:08 | of sugar in your body, have noticed that you get full pretty |
|
| 14:11 | Right? And that's part of this is that insulin is going to tell |
|
| 14:14 | you have food in your body stop high glucose, or sorry, high |
|
| 14:19 | corn syrup doesn't send that signal. so you keep eating and then now |
|
| 14:24 | have too much food in your Your body has to put more food |
|
| 14:26 | to storage. All right. So that in terms of neural stimulation. |
|
| 14:32 | in other words we're breaking things We get these things available with regard |
|
| 14:36 | neural stimulation. First off, sympathetic occurs primarily through the a genetic receptors |
|
| 14:42 | it can stimulate both beta and as norepinephrine stimulates agin ergic more than it |
|
| 14:48 | beta. So the net effect. if we're stimulating through the beta we're |
|
| 14:53 | and stimulating through the alpha. We . So since we uh primarily stimulate |
|
| 14:58 | the alpha sympathetic is an inhibitor of release. All right now why do |
|
| 15:06 | go through all that one? And just say uh sympathetic is an |
|
| 15:10 | Well, it's because there is an of it that is not an inhibitor |
|
| 15:16 | terms of parasympathetic, this is gonna a set of calling through the vagus |
|
| 15:19 | that promotes insulin relief release. Now should make sense to you right off |
|
| 15:23 | top. Right. It's like okay and digest is parasympathetic. So if |
|
| 15:29 | put food in my body I go the rest mode. Yeah. And |
|
| 15:34 | started digesting. Right, So that sense. And sympathetic does the |
|
| 15:40 | But I wanted to point out that is a little bit of play in |
|
| 15:45 | . Okay, we talked about Kohli came in. We mentioned GLP one |
|
| 15:54 | did not mention gyp all three of are hormones which are referred to collectively |
|
| 16:01 | in cretins. And what the impressions is they all stimulate the production of |
|
| 16:08 | . Basically what they're doing is they're the body before the sugar gets in |
|
| 16:13 | or not just sugar but before these sub units get in is that they're |
|
| 16:18 | their way. And so we want kind of get in front of the |
|
| 16:23 | of these absorbable sub units for So let's go ahead and start producing |
|
| 16:27 | insulin first. So you're not solely upon glucose in the blood. You're |
|
| 16:33 | solely dependent upon amino acids. You're communicating beforehand to start the process of |
|
| 16:42 | production so that we can play a in putting things away All right, |
|
| 16:48 | in the digestive tract through these mechanisms play a role. Right. And |
|
| 16:56 | what they're doing is they're basically priming beta cells. Getting them ready for |
|
| 17:02 | process. But you can also amplify response when I mean they're basically amplifying |
|
| 17:07 | response when glucose is available. Now basically all everything we just said in |
|
| 17:12 | nutshell and it basically simplifies it. you can think like this I'm acting |
|
| 17:16 | the beta cells to produce insulin. how can I do that? Well |
|
| 17:19 | can increase parasympathetic stimulation. I can the availability of the encryptions. I |
|
| 17:25 | increase blood glucose levels. I can blood amino acid levels And then sympathetic |
|
| 17:30 | gets in the way and slows this down. And what is the job |
|
| 17:34 | insulin? Well, insulin basically takes of these things and does the |
|
| 17:39 | In essence, I'm dropping blood glucose in response to uh insulin, I'm |
|
| 17:44 | fatty acid levels in the blood in to insulin staying with amino acids. |
|
| 17:49 | what I'm gonna do is I'm going store things up and I'm gonna make |
|
| 17:54 | . So the job of insulin then to take all those metabolic materials, |
|
| 18:01 | absorbable sub units and put them away later use or to start using to |
|
| 18:06 | proteins. Okay, that's easy. , here's here's the gist or here's |
|
| 18:11 | trick if I asked you or explain you what what a gas pedal in |
|
| 18:16 | car does. Could you tell me a break does, what does the |
|
| 18:21 | do, stops the car. What the gas pedal do then it starts |
|
| 18:26 | makes the car go insulin glucose Or one of those hormone pairs where |
|
| 18:31 | is the gas and one is the and you can pick whichever one you |
|
| 18:35 | . But in this case, let's say insulin is the gas pedal. |
|
| 18:38 | , if insulin causes all these things glue gun is going to be doing |
|
| 18:42 | opposite. All right. So, an easy way to remember this. |
|
| 18:48 | we have a couple of these hormone where it's like if I know one |
|
| 18:52 | I know the opposite. So I have to do is remember the first |
|
| 18:55 | and then just remember the other one all the opposite. Okay, So |
|
| 18:59 | makes glucose got a lot easier. , what is insulin actually doing |
|
| 19:04 | it's doing everything I told you right , but we're going to spell it |
|
| 19:06 | for you. All right. So regard to glucose, with regard to |
|
| 19:10 | carbohydrates, we're going to move glucose cells. Notice that we're not saying |
|
| 19:15 | a specific type of cell, there's of different cells that are going to |
|
| 19:18 | glucose. So, what we're doing removing glucose out of the blood into |
|
| 19:22 | cells and we're going to stimulate Icis you guys like a genesis is |
|
| 19:28 | by looking at the words, you be able to say, genesis is |
|
| 19:31 | like, oh, refers to Well, not glucose. It refers |
|
| 19:35 | glycogen. Right? So, I'm glycogen from scratch and what's my |
|
| 19:41 | It's glucose. All right now, is gonna be primarily in the skeletal |
|
| 19:45 | as well as the liver. And gonna block like a general ISIS. |
|
| 19:50 | you guys look like a general Right? Just if you don't you |
|
| 19:54 | your head. No, it's I recognize that you guys have been |
|
| 19:57 | of school for a year and a and now you're basically being required to |
|
| 20:00 | things out that you may or may have learned. All right. So |
|
| 20:03 | allies as we all know what that . Breaking down glycogen. Now the |
|
| 20:07 | I point this out is because you blue konia genesis. Glycogen allies is |
|
| 20:11 | genesis. They all start with the G. And on a test if |
|
| 20:14 | see all of them all of a your brain goes into fart mode and |
|
| 20:17 | like I don't know what any of things are. So you need to |
|
| 20:20 | able to find them for yourselves. right. So, glad to genesis |
|
| 20:24 | a breakdown of glycol are of So, I'm making glycogen up |
|
| 20:29 | Breaking glycogen there. I'm stimulating this I'm not allowing that to happen. |
|
| 20:33 | then inhibits another process. Glucose neo . Which makes it even worse because |
|
| 20:37 | another G word glucose neo new glucose that's where the word comes from. |
|
| 20:45 | . So whenever you see these G just slow down for a second. |
|
| 20:48 | going through a school zone. Get off your cell phone slow down |
|
| 20:53 | pay attention. All right. So doing we're going to be not making |
|
| 21:00 | glucose. Were inhibiting that process. right. Are the lipids. All |
|
| 21:06 | , well we've got free fatty acids all these things that have come in |
|
| 21:09 | then we've repackaged them into kyla And what we're gonna do is we're |
|
| 21:13 | to enhance the entry of those fatty that we're now in those V. |
|
| 21:18 | . D. S. And kyla . We're gonna move them to adipose |
|
| 21:22 | . All right. So we're storing up. We're taking that glucose increasing |
|
| 21:25 | transport to adipose tissue. Why? we don't have enough fat in our |
|
| 21:30 | . No, it's because we have much glucose. We even stored away |
|
| 21:32 | better or for future uses. We're to make triglycerides. In other |
|
| 21:39 | let's figure out how to turn this form of energy into a well stored |
|
| 21:45 | of energy. And then we're going break or not break but block the |
|
| 21:49 | of like policies which is breaking down with regard to the amino acids. |
|
| 21:56 | we're going to move those amino acids the blood into the muscles and into |
|
| 22:00 | tissues. That makes sense. And what I'm gonna do is I'm |
|
| 22:02 | to promote protein synthesis. I now the building blocks. Let's make the |
|
| 22:07 | that we need. And so what gonna do is we're going to promote |
|
| 22:10 | making of proteins. And we're going stop the process of protein degradation. |
|
| 22:15 | , I'm going to pause here for second. I'll tell you what glucose |
|
| 22:17 | uh Luca gone. Does it does opposite of every one of these things |
|
| 22:22 | you see on this list. Except one thing. All right. It |
|
| 22:26 | not startup protein degradation. Okay, that would be really, really bad |
|
| 22:34 | you think about it. Right. in those periods of time where I'm |
|
| 22:37 | kind of shifting between insulin production and . Egan production, which is your |
|
| 22:41 | daily habits at least in theory, mean, granted we overeat or primarily |
|
| 22:45 | the pumping out tons and tons of all the time. But presuming a |
|
| 22:50 | cycle to switch between, I'm going build up the body and I'm gonna |
|
| 22:54 | it down over and over again. not a good strategy for an |
|
| 22:58 | Alright, We only go to protein when we hit starvation mode, if |
|
| 23:03 | makes sense. All right. So else you hear, basically even luke |
|
| 23:10 | would be inhibiting cell protein synthesis, ? Because you don't want you want |
|
| 23:15 | instead promote glucose neo genesis to make available. Right. But this last |
|
| 23:22 | that's a no go the stimulation of . All right. So, let's |
|
| 23:28 | kind of look at the different tissues then you'll start seeing, oh, |
|
| 23:31 | a pattern. So, this actually a lot easier by recognizing the |
|
| 23:35 | Alright, promoting glycogen synthesis in the . Why? Because that's where we |
|
| 23:39 | a lot of glycogen. That's where store up glycogen. Where's the other |
|
| 23:43 | we start glycogen muscles? Yeah. gotta say it like Popeye. That's |
|
| 23:49 | you remember its muscles. All Nothing promote glycol icis. Alright, |
|
| 23:59 | are we doing promote census? I that's supposed to be inhibited. I'm |
|
| 24:04 | . So, inhibit inhibit inhibit not to change if I point out, |
|
| 24:10 | promotes the synthesis and storage of So, notice what each of these |
|
| 24:14 | are. Let me put things away later use. And then lastly promoting |
|
| 24:20 | synthesis and stopping degradation. All With regard to the muscle. |
|
| 24:26 | promote glucose. Uptake, promote glycogen . I guess I am right on |
|
| 24:32 | . If I'm doing it twice. the idea here is basically I'm I'm |
|
| 24:37 | to break this stuff down to make available. And so that's why I |
|
| 24:41 | what's going on here is I'm trying make energy available, but I hate |
|
| 24:48 | things are contradicted to what my brain telling me to do. All |
|
| 24:52 | Anyway, um here in the muscle synthesis and inhibit protein degradation. I'm |
|
| 25:07 | all right. Mm. I'm gonna with what my instinct tells me and |
|
| 25:11 | that's supposed to be inhibits. That be inhibit based on everything I said |
|
| 25:15 | here. That should be inhibit. should be an inhibit. Sorry, |
|
| 25:20 | one right there. This should be . All right. It should be |
|
| 25:26 | right. And what we're trying to is trying to store stuff up insulin's |
|
| 25:31 | is to store things. All We're putting things away. What is |
|
| 25:38 | doing Well, it does all the . First off waters are not like |
|
| 25:42 | is glue gun. It starts off a pro hormone. All right, |
|
| 25:48 | alpha cells produce a proteus that basically the stuff down. So you can |
|
| 25:53 | what breaking it down into. this is what it primarily produces in |
|
| 25:56 | pancreas when you go into the intestinal . That's where you get that GLP |
|
| 26:00 | . Alright, we don't know what two does, but it actually does |
|
| 26:05 | . We just don't know what. right. So, what you're doing |
|
| 26:07 | you start with this pre hormone, break it down. You get the |
|
| 26:10 | gun. Glue gun does stuff it's up and it's gonna be secreted in |
|
| 26:15 | to drops in glucose levels. if you have glucose around, that's |
|
| 26:20 | inhibit glucose. Egan. And then you have lots of amino acids and |
|
| 26:24 | little bit of sugar because you're basically the insulin production. That's when you're |
|
| 26:28 | to get this out. All So, what is it doing? |
|
| 26:33 | antagonizing the effect what insulin is doing the liver. All right. |
|
| 26:37 | everything we just said, it promotes breakdown. It promotes glucose neurogenesis. |
|
| 26:43 | glucose available. So, that's what is making glucose available. Making glucose |
|
| 26:48 | . Oh, and by the let's make fats available. Release the |
|
| 26:52 | from the fats. So, the way to look at this is kind |
|
| 26:56 | like this just put them together when blood glucose level goes up. Alpha |
|
| 27:01 | cells are inhibited. Beta cells are to bring down the blood glucose levels |
|
| 27:06 | my blood glucose levels get too Right, So, here's normal gets |
|
| 27:10 | low my alpha cells are now functionally . All right. My beta cells |
|
| 27:15 | now inhibited. So insulin is not and God is And so, I'm |
|
| 27:19 | making glucose available nutshell. Right. pretty simple. All right, pausing |
|
| 27:28 | for effects. No, actually Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. |
|
| 27:38 | It does promote God causes great. , now I've just screwed you all |
|
| 27:43 | . All right. Let's think why can look it up and find out |
|
| 27:47 | does it promote the like osmosis? . Mhm. It could be the |
|
| 27:57 | , but generally speaking, the muscle fats to glucose. So, it |
|
| 28:03 | be that it's promoting the activity within individual cell as opposed to a |
|
| 28:09 | Um um Well, you said luke sis Yes. Uh huh. |
|
| 28:24 | All right. I want to see said the book. So, you |
|
| 28:28 | trust assad to have read everything. so go ahead. What is What |
|
| 28:31 | the book? Tell you what you would be a Do you ready to |
|
| 28:36 | glucose? Alright, so, the so the free sitting glucose to glucose |
|
| 28:41 | comes in. It's going to allow used for that cell to use |
|
| 28:46 | So, you're not calling on other to release the glucose so that I |
|
| 28:50 | do my glycol assist is really what saying here. Okay, So that |
|
| 28:55 | that's what it is. This is it's helpful to actually read and not |
|
| 29:00 | trust me up here. All So, do we need to go |
|
| 29:03 | and take a look at the slides make sure we understand it? You |
|
| 29:06 | nod your head. I saw a bit of that. All right. |
|
| 29:09 | you need me to go back? right. See, it's good. |
|
| 29:14 | good to It's always good to go a second. Making sense. Why |
|
| 29:18 | that up there? All right. go up. I'm going the right |
|
| 29:22 | . All right. So, we look at this picture here, I |
|
| 29:30 | . Alright, So, basically what saying is, look, I'm going |
|
| 29:32 | take uh like, I'm gonna take and I'm gonna move it to make |
|
| 29:39 | not going to do this, but am going to allow glycogen synthesis. |
|
| 29:43 | , So, that's the first thing saying. So, I'm preventing |
|
| 29:46 | but I'm allowing this. But the thing that it's allowing is the movement |
|
| 29:52 | glucose and glucose six phosphate. So I can then release energy from |
|
| 29:56 | So, that's what it's saying, that the free glucose is available for |
|
| 30:02 | cell. But what I'm not doing I'm not releasing glucose to be released |
|
| 30:08 | into the environment for other cells to this. Does that kind of makes |
|
| 30:13 | ? So, that's what's going on the liver. Now, the reason |
|
| 30:15 | gonna be looking at the individual cells because each cell works slightly differently. |
|
| 30:20 | right. Okay. So, the primary uh form of fuel for |
|
| 30:27 | muscle cell is going to be fats right. And why is because it's |
|
| 30:32 | very fish that. You can get energy out of fats. All |
|
| 30:35 | So, what we're saying here is inside a muscle cell when insulin is |
|
| 30:40 | . What we're gonna do is we're to promote its uptake and we're going |
|
| 30:44 | drive the reaction I guess is what saying here and drive the front end |
|
| 30:50 | glycol assists. All right. what we're doing is removing things into |
|
| 30:55 | the latter stages of the oxidative foster . So you can get more ATP |
|
| 31:00 | right. So, that's the idea this free fatty acids. Everything is |
|
| 31:05 | uptake. That's what all the green says. All right. And then |
|
| 31:10 | acids, as we said, they protein synthesis, inhibits protein degradation, |
|
| 31:18 | . Yeah. Oh, so notice . I'm just looking at the picture |
|
| 31:22 | . What it's saying. Free fatty are promoted to be stored not to |
|
| 31:27 | used as fuel. Okay. in essence it's better for the muscle |
|
| 31:34 | glucose is available to use the glucose than the simple and easy energy that |
|
| 31:40 | been taught. All right. Third in adipose tissue. What are we |
|
| 31:44 | ? Glucose goes in promotes glycol What are we doing? Well, |
|
| 31:50 | are not um, we are not free fatty acids. We're not releasing |
|
| 31:57 | instead. What we're doing is we're the production of triglycerides, which is |
|
| 32:01 | everything else does. So, basically we're saying is that the the energy |
|
| 32:05 | the cell is dependent upon glycol and that's what this is, what |
|
| 32:11 | is promoting on the cells. Is in storing everything else up to |
|
| 32:17 | Or did I just make it even ? That's okay. Okay. |
|
| 32:22 | Okay. Yeah. Okay. People carl mm You can the answer. |
|
| 32:31 | don't know why people carb load I don't know it at all. |
|
| 32:41 | . Okay. All right, Very . Yes. All right. |
|
| 33:02 | what I will point out what she's and really what my thinking is behind |
|
| 33:06 | because you asked me a question. don't know the answer, but I |
|
| 33:09 | kind of guess my way to All right. It has to do |
|
| 33:11 | glycogen and how glucose is stored versus being converted into um basically going through |
|
| 33:18 | oxidation so that you're making fatty right? So the idea here is |
|
| 33:22 | takes longer to make a fat than distort glycogen. Glycogen is basically free |
|
| 33:29 | in the form of releasing glucose. yes, I can mobilize fats but |
|
| 33:33 | going to take longer to mobilize the once the fat arrives. I'm basically |
|
| 33:38 | more energy out when I'm breaking off beta. That's not bad oxidation. |
|
| 33:43 | rock station. I'm blanking now I'm it. I'm coming into the classroom |
|
| 33:49 | I'm screwing this up. But so the idea is when I break |
|
| 33:52 | the amino acids I'm releasing acetyl coa or the acetyl group and so the |
|
| 33:57 | of energy that I'm releasing while it's It takes more work to get |
|
| 34:01 | I mean in terms of time as . Yeah. Right. Time efficient |
|
| 34:06 | really what we're thinking of. Right? So just to kind of |
|
| 34:12 | this in perspective cause we're not going talk about this and I don't think |
|
| 34:15 | talked about this in digestion. in terms of making a teepee freely |
|
| 34:20 | . Right? There are a couple mechanisms. There's like very very quick |
|
| 34:24 | , right? There's intermediate mechanisms and there's long term mechanisms and this is |
|
| 34:28 | talking about glucose. Alright, so the first mechanism the short term |
|
| 34:33 | to do with creatine phosphate uh and phosphate between 80 or 80 P. |
|
| 34:40 | a T. P. So, idea is that cells can store a |
|
| 34:44 | amount of a teepee. Right, gonna make up a 100 molecules of |
|
| 34:48 | teepee. That's not gonna last me long. It's like I think the |
|
| 34:52 | is something like five seconds or 10 of energy for the cell. All |
|
| 34:57 | , so, how do I increase amount of energy available to the |
|
| 35:00 | If I can't start more A P. Well, we have this |
|
| 35:03 | called creatinine. And what you can is you can transfer a phosphate from |
|
| 35:07 | teepee over the creatinine. So now have creatine phosphate, let's say 100 |
|
| 35:11 | of that. So I can load my creating with phosphate. Now I |
|
| 35:14 | 100 molecules of energy over here and can make my 80 P. Now |
|
| 35:18 | have 100 molecules here. I've doubled effective amount of energy. So I |
|
| 35:22 | go through my 80 P. And then what I do is I |
|
| 35:24 | transferring phosphates back to 80 P. I have 180 ps readily available and |
|
| 35:29 | available. So that increases the But another place I can go for |
|
| 35:35 | http becomes ADP Can I transfer a from ADP to another ADP. |
|
| 35:42 | So that's not a very good But I can I can create a |
|
| 35:46 | that lasts about three seconds. And okay, well then what about |
|
| 35:50 | Well, I go through dialysis. give me 480 p. So, |
|
| 35:57 | , But that's not a lot of that lasts me another 10 or 15 |
|
| 36:00 | . So, where do I get of my energy is through oxidative phosphor |
|
| 36:04 | , which is a slow process. , being able to have that energy |
|
| 36:07 | available you know? So, glycogen glucose quicker. And I don't have |
|
| 36:13 | reverse engineer a fat. All right talking about kim yet. Now some |
|
| 36:22 | you are going yes. And you're to recognize this metabolic pathway. |
|
| 36:26 | Best thing ever is metabolic pathways. , ma'am. Like what? |
|
| 36:35 | Looking at Not glycogen. They're looking glucose that's in circulation. So, |
|
| 36:42 | literally asking the question how much glucose in circulation because your body is trying |
|
| 36:46 | maintain a range of blood glucose in and that's really what the role and |
|
| 36:51 | this is a great question because I of just skip over it. The |
|
| 36:55 | of insulin glucose Egan is to ensure that range remains constant, Right? |
|
| 36:59 | , what you're doing is you're flexing these values and when you get too |
|
| 37:04 | in terms of blood glucose, that's glucose levels kick up. So it |
|
| 37:08 | the blood glucose levels back up and if they start rising too high, |
|
| 37:12 | gonna be what kicks in insulin to it back down again. So, |
|
| 37:15 | 22 hormones are basically trying to maintain range of blood glucose. So they're |
|
| 37:21 | of like you driving in traffic, ? If you're like me, you're |
|
| 37:24 | behind somebody at 80 miles an hour you got to make sure All |
|
| 37:28 | I got to apply the gas to sure I maintain a certain distance so |
|
| 37:31 | no one could get in front of but I can't go too fast or |
|
| 37:34 | going to rerun the guy. So have to press my break. So |
|
| 37:36 | kind of playing between those two. was a really horrible example about |
|
| 37:40 | But but But But it's But it is accurate, but it's But |
|
| 37:46 | kind of gives you a real sense what you're trying to do is you're |
|
| 37:48 | this balance to make sure that you're this range. And remember It's not |
|
| 37:52 | hard number. It's a range that that your body has enough sugar available |
|
| 37:58 | the activities that you're going to Like people were there. Right. |
|
| 38:05 | , right. So, the idea behind diabetes and this is this is |
|
| 38:09 | good question. And I'm going to falling out of my realm of understanding |
|
| 38:13 | type one and type two diabetes are in terms of how they work. |
|
| 38:18 | mean, how their their their their . But the end results are saying |
|
| 38:22 | happening is that insulin is being down ? All right. So, if |
|
| 38:27 | insulin is being down regulated, whether lost the ability to produce it or |
|
| 38:31 | you're shifting down and saying, I'm going to turn on my insulin, |
|
| 38:35 | is type two. What's happening is blood sugars are rising higher and higher |
|
| 38:38 | higher. And then So, what's can do is that leads to all |
|
| 38:42 | of damage to the body in different . All right. Again, |
|
| 38:47 | you're dealing with pathology, which I'm great at all. Right. |
|
| 38:51 | the goal here is to ensure blood levels and that's what insulin. |
|
| 38:56 | Blue Dragon are doing. One is raise it. That's glue keegan wants |
|
| 39:00 | bring it down. That's insulin and it in a nutshell. Alright, |
|
| 39:09 | that's like the kindergarten version and the is all the details why. |
|
| 39:14 | let's move on to a different Adrenal glands, The adrenal glands are |
|
| 39:19 | really, really important hormone uh endocrine . If you don't know where your |
|
| 39:25 | glands are, Think of your your kidneys are and then take a |
|
| 39:29 | of whipped cream and put it on of your kidney. And that is |
|
| 39:32 | an adrenal gland. It just sits up there like a dollop of whipped |
|
| 39:36 | . There's actually you can see it there. It actually has, there's |
|
| 39:39 | shape and you can see there's different to it. We have the |
|
| 39:42 | which is where we're focusing. And we have that medulla. The medulla |
|
| 39:45 | where that sympathetic neuron would go in that's where you're going to start releasing |
|
| 39:51 | and norepinephrine out into the blood and no longer a neurotransmitter now to acting |
|
| 39:56 | a hormone. Alright, so we're to norma doula, we're just going |
|
| 40:00 | focus on the cortex. And so you take a slice through the |
|
| 40:04 | you're going to see there's actual layers this structure. All right, |
|
| 40:08 | we've got these different zones, the close to the physical body and the |
|
| 40:12 | particular virus, and what they do they produce different types of steroidal |
|
| 40:17 | So in the outer regions the uh Amarillo. So that's where you |
|
| 40:21 | mineral corticosteroids. Now, there's a of different ones, but the one |
|
| 40:25 | already learned about valdosta road. And say there's more of them. They're |
|
| 40:29 | just uh adjustments or modifications to the when we're looking at in the middle |
|
| 40:36 | the physical body. We have the , the primary one being cortisol, |
|
| 40:39 | is what we're gonna look at All right. And then down in |
|
| 40:43 | zone in particular is this is where gonna find the sex hormones primarily the |
|
| 40:48 | . The one that we're gonna look is D. H. E. |
|
| 40:51 | . I'm going to go off on side track here real quickly when you |
|
| 40:54 | about puberty and you think about you when this puberty begin and stuff like |
|
| 40:58 | , You hear it? It's beginning and earlier and earlier because of all |
|
| 41:03 | of environmental hormones and stuff. And probably not true. All right. |
|
| 41:07 | not beginning early and early. It's we're now understanding it better and better |
|
| 41:11 | better. And really what's happening and this is again this is a |
|
| 41:15 | thing is that there are cells in hypothalamus that start the process of puberty |
|
| 41:23 | the first place they act as on adrenal glands. And that happens around |
|
| 41:26 | women between the ages of six and . So that's why people go there |
|
| 41:31 | and earlier and earlier and what it is pulse style surges of of gonadotropin |
|
| 41:36 | gonadotropin releasing hormone that acts on the on the on the in the pituitary |
|
| 41:42 | then act there which then begins the of puberty and it's called a drone |
|
| 41:49 | , beginning at adrenal. That's what . And then it takes about two |
|
| 41:54 | three years before it actually starts kicking into the gun ads. All |
|
| 41:59 | But it all starts there right here this particularities. All right. And |
|
| 42:06 | what I wanna do is I want focus first on cortisol because it's that |
|
| 42:09 | of year when our cortisol levels begin rise. All right. And then |
|
| 42:13 | going to deal with the H. . Because I think it's just kind |
|
| 42:15 | fun. Alright, so again, there in the middle. Um is |
|
| 42:20 | in response to stress. Now when talk about stress, we're not talking |
|
| 42:25 | , oh, I've got an exam and I'm stressed out. All |
|
| 42:28 | What we're talking about is I have job. I have to drive two |
|
| 42:32 | a day. I go to I have to do all my |
|
| 42:35 | I have a wife and kid at . I've got to provide for them |
|
| 42:39 | I'm not making enough money and I get any sleep because I'm always working |
|
| 42:43 | always studying and and and and and the way, the gas prices are |
|
| 42:48 | up double. So, so basically you're seeing here is you're seeing a |
|
| 42:53 | assault from the environment on your Now when we do this in the |
|
| 42:59 | . What we do is we'll take a rat and we'll drop them into |
|
| 43:01 | swimming tank. All right. And basically they're not allowed to touch bottom |
|
| 43:06 | there's no way to get out. their entire life now is swimming All |
|
| 43:09 | there swimming rats. And they you , so you can imagine affects their |
|
| 43:13 | affects their wake cycle. That's the thing we do is you can turn |
|
| 43:16 | lights and keep them on 24 hours day. That affects that's another stressful |
|
| 43:20 | . You can put them in a 4°C. Alright, so temperature is another |
|
| 43:25 | . So you can see we we torture animals a lot. Um |
|
| 43:30 | I mean it's to understand these things and again, you can think about |
|
| 43:34 | . So why do we say this the time of year where we have |
|
| 43:39 | know we call it the stressful Well you do have holidays and being |
|
| 43:41 | family is just generally stressful, But also it's that time of year |
|
| 43:46 | all your finals and everything is starting accumulate. And that's when you start |
|
| 43:50 | your sleep cycles and you're eating cycles stuff like that where your body becomes |
|
| 43:55 | as a result of behavioral stuff. ? And so then this is when |
|
| 44:00 | cortisol is going to kick in cortisol rise in response to increases in |
|
| 44:05 | All right. So they act through is called the sea arch a c |
|
| 44:10 | access so that's uh psychotropic releasing And adrenal. Cortical tropic hormone. |
|
| 44:18 | if you can't remember that you can look it up. But it's basically |
|
| 44:21 | you here hypothalamus, the crH acts the pituitary gland to produce a c |
|
| 44:26 | which causes the production of cortisol. right. And so there's a negative |
|
| 44:31 | loop Gary Ariana. And what this does, what cortisol does It binds |
|
| 44:35 | a receptor that is a nuclear receptor glucocorticoids receptor. Alright. And that's |
|
| 44:42 | it acts. So it serves as transcription factor on the cells and it |
|
| 44:46 | on And so what it does is acts in different tissues. And so |
|
| 44:50 | can see in the liver it promotes neo genesis. So, what am |
|
| 44:52 | doing? I'm making glucose putting glucose making it readily available muscles. What |
|
| 44:58 | I doing? Breaking down proteins. why would I need to break down |
|
| 45:02 | ? Well, that makes amino acids . So then I can go through |
|
| 45:05 | Laconia genesis in adipose tissue. What doing? I'm promoting like policies. |
|
| 45:11 | . So, think about people who under undue stress. I mean, |
|
| 45:15 | just constant stress. Are they fat wobbly and sleep a lot. |
|
| 45:20 | they tend to lose weight tremendously. . It's not just the fact that |
|
| 45:25 | lost they've lost muscle mass, there's sorts of aspects to that weight loss |
|
| 45:30 | you see. Right. And really it is that the body is releasing |
|
| 45:35 | to cope with the stress. All . And what you're doing is you're |
|
| 45:41 | blocking glucose uptake. And you're sending where to the cns interesting. So |
|
| 45:46 | your body is using all these fuels power everything else in your body. |
|
| 45:50 | it's sending Lucas up to the which is what you kind of |
|
| 45:53 | Does some other stuff. And it interferes with osteogenesis. What's osteogenesis |
|
| 46:00 | bones there you go. So basically weakens the bones. The G. |
|
| 46:04 | . Tract interferes with calcium absorption, also has a negative effect on bone |
|
| 46:10 | structures and Lucas sites it's anti you know? And what is the |
|
| 46:15 | response generally? What is it your response to infection? Right. And |
|
| 46:23 | what it does basically says I'm not to respond to infection. When do |
|
| 46:27 | mostly get sick? You notice It's primarily in the wintertime. So |
|
| 46:32 | of that is because we're all indoors we're around each other and we pass |
|
| 46:36 | diseases to each other because we're all . Right here, I've got a |
|
| 46:40 | for you have the flu. But the other part of that is |
|
| 46:44 | if I am under stress, I have a natural or a strong natural |
|
| 46:50 | to respond to that. And so infections become worse. And that's why |
|
| 46:58 | rear their ugly heads around this time year. All right. Lastly it |
|
| 47:03 | affects your modify behavior. So affects you learn and behave. Now, |
|
| 47:08 | can't recall. And I thought this before class. But I had a |
|
| 47:12 | like literally up to the moment that had to walk out of my office |
|
| 47:15 | so is this a positive or negative ? Well, some stress deals? |
|
| 47:20 | mean leads to greater learning. So behavioral modification. Right. But |
|
| 47:25 | also can interfere as well. So if you don't get a lot |
|
| 47:28 | sleep, do you remember anything? . So, you can kind of |
|
| 47:32 | there's a there's kind of a mix there. All right. So cortisol |
|
| 47:40 | fuel to deal with stress response. , sir. Students. It's so |
|
| 47:48 | we've always said it's the primary It's not the primary fuel. What |
|
| 47:52 | is glucose gets picked up by the sites, it cleaves it and produces |
|
| 47:56 | three sugar molecule lactate and lactate is primary fuel of ask I mean, |
|
| 48:02 | the nervous system. So really glucose really kind of serving as that first |
|
| 48:07 | of fuel to power the neurons. it really has to be modified |
|
| 48:14 | Mm. No, it really Glucose is really there to say this |
|
| 48:19 | the fuel that So, we'll just it this way neurons don't really do |
|
| 48:23 | good job processing facts. They don't that machinery and they don't have a |
|
| 48:29 | to really process proteins. So, that's being delivered to them. You |
|
| 48:33 | I mean the exception of that world think is ketone bodies. But |
|
| 48:37 | So the primary fuel is going to lactate? Yeah. And when did |
|
| 48:44 | guys learn and build you one? learn glucose. All right. It's |
|
| 48:48 | worst thing. Why don't we just you the first thing the first time |
|
| 48:51 | like teaching you owe. The pilgrims the first americans, Hannah, first |
|
| 48:56 | were the pilgrims. No, they . All right. Sex hormones of |
|
| 49:02 | german lands. They primarily produced these androgens. And so one of the |
|
| 49:07 | I hope you remember from that first , when we talked about steroids is |
|
| 49:11 | steroids move through a pathway from the down to the androgens and from the |
|
| 49:17 | they move over to the estrogen's as as they move up to the glucocorticoids |
|
| 49:21 | the mineral court records. They start cholesterol. They kind of move through |
|
| 49:24 | particular pathways. And so what I to point out here is that there |
|
| 49:28 | not a sex hormone that's unique to or female. Males have have |
|
| 49:33 | you know, they do produce but they have other enzymes that kind |
|
| 49:37 | say, well, we're going to beyond this stage. All right. |
|
| 49:41 | is one exception is rules those hormones are produced by the placenta. |
|
| 49:46 | you know, that are considered sex . Um you know, those are |
|
| 49:50 | of unique to the placenta. The thing about the adrenal sex hormones |
|
| 49:55 | not particularly abundant relative to the hormones are produced by the gun ads. |
|
| 49:59 | they're not particularly powerful. All And so, so, like very |
|
| 50:04 | on in puberty, Their their role important because it gets everything jump |
|
| 50:08 | But once the gonads start taking over hormones of the gonads are really the |
|
| 50:14 | steroids. And just to give you sense we're gonna be looking at |
|
| 50:18 | H. E. A. All . So, Dhe a is a |
|
| 50:21 | fun word. Di hydro epitestosterone. just one of the fun long names |
|
| 50:27 | you get to learn over time. ? So D. H. |
|
| 50:30 | Is just easier to say. All . And so what I'm gonna do |
|
| 50:33 | I'm gonna put them on a scale test option because it is an |
|
| 50:36 | So it's related to testosterone. if testosterone had a value of |
|
| 50:41 | you'd say that D. H. . is like a value of |
|
| 50:44 | So it's way down here, testosterone , isn't it? The most powerful |
|
| 50:50 | ? The primary powerful energy in in male body is five x 5. |
|
| 50:57 | hydro testosterone th T. All And it's about 100 fold more powerful |
|
| 51:03 | testosterone is. So, you can if you're producing dhe A. In |
|
| 51:08 | male body which you are relatively it's like putting a feather on top |
|
| 51:13 | an elephant and asking to see did change the weight of the elephant |
|
| 51:17 | it's because there's so much testosterone in male body and so much DHT that |
|
| 51:22 | not going to be able to do all right, You can't see it |
|
| 51:25 | in a female who doesn't have high of testosterone DHT can have an |
|
| 51:31 | right? If you raise the levels data. But so so the most |
|
| 51:35 | with the H. A. A. Does is that it's responsible |
|
| 51:39 | the androgen dependent processes and females this actually a pubic hair. It starts |
|
| 51:44 | the prenatal growth spurt and and there's that it plays a role in developing |
|
| 51:49 | ultimately maintaining the female sex drive. right now, is that the only |
|
| 51:54 | ? No, I mean, there's ample amount of evidence that estrogen plays |
|
| 51:58 | major role in the female sex right? But there you go. |
|
| 52:03 | an Andrew then you take that away it seems to have an effect on |
|
| 52:07 | . All right. Now, the I want to point out here that's |
|
| 52:10 | about it because you can just say , sex steroid it does. Its |
|
| 52:13 | is how it's regulated and the way it's regulated is mhm. That it's |
|
| 52:20 | through the C. R. A. C. Th pathway rather |
|
| 52:24 | the gonadotropin releasing hormone gonadotropin pathway. just to kind of give you a |
|
| 52:30 | , you have G. N. . H. Up here in the |
|
| 52:33 | that acts on the pituitary produced FSH LH All right, LH is responsible |
|
| 52:40 | the production of testosterone FSH does other and then what you do is you |
|
| 52:45 | a negative feedback loop that works like All right now what we have |
|
| 52:51 | this is just not a good If you look at the other |
|
| 53:03 | you'd say. All right, I got crh. Alright. That |
|
| 53:06 | down on the pituitary. You get C. T. H. |
|
| 53:08 | C. Th makes all sorts of stuff like cortisol and stuff. But |
|
| 53:12 | we're looking at is D. E. A. But D. |
|
| 53:15 | . A. Is a steroid, , it doesn't go back this |
|
| 53:18 | What it does is it acts like . Okay, So it's regulating a |
|
| 53:26 | pathway. So, if you have adrenal tumor that results in the production |
|
| 53:31 | too much dhe a what you're going start seeing is the down regulation of |
|
| 53:37 | Rh LH and FSH in its downstream . Now in a female, what |
|
| 53:42 | is is you use this androgen, not gonna be testosterone androstenedione. And |
|
| 53:49 | it does, it produces estrogen. right. And so if I'm blocking |
|
| 53:54 | which blocks this, which blocks which doesn't make me make this, |
|
| 53:58 | this stuff goes down, right? then what would happen is, is |
|
| 54:03 | my dominant hormone becomes an androgen. so now I start seeing some nationalizing |
|
| 54:12 | . All right, what are those of masculine easing effects? Well, |
|
| 54:16 | start losing the female body form. the female body form in humans? |
|
| 54:24 | glass. What's the male body for ? The carrot. Okay. All |
|
| 54:31 | . It is. I mean, carrot then we get older and then |
|
| 54:33 | get the apple with the carrot. right. But what happens is and |
|
| 54:40 | not making fun of your grandmother's, I want you to think of your |
|
| 54:44 | . Okay. All right. You a grandmother that started off like |
|
| 54:51 | All right. I know you don't to think about grandma like that. |
|
| 54:54 | I tell you, I know how it is. My parents gave me |
|
| 54:58 | Christmas last year. All these home from my grandparents and my great |
|
| 55:03 | like my grand, you know, 19, my pa it would be |
|
| 55:08 | 1940. So these are old. so one of them was a picture |
|
| 55:12 | my grandparents on their honeymoon. They to California. And so they're at |
|
| 55:15 | beach. And so you can see battleships and stuff out in the |
|
| 55:19 | You can see the oil wells because beaches was a major hospital and there's |
|
| 55:25 | cheapskate grandmother walking around in a I'm like, no, no, |
|
| 55:30 | , no, no, no, , no, no, no, |
|
| 55:31 | . This is bad in so many ways, right? But she's doing |
|
| 55:35 | sultry walk. And I'm just okay, so yeah, she had |
|
| 55:38 | figure and you someday will be a and you will have to look back |
|
| 55:45 | how you behaved and you will never your grandchildren about this. All right |
|
| 55:51 | has gone through menopause and now, is your figure like more like |
|
| 55:58 | isn't it? No, not all are gonna look like this, but |
|
| 56:05 | grandma's do, right, what they've is they've lost this figure right after |
|
| 56:12 | . Because what they've done is they've this. And so the dominant hormone |
|
| 56:18 | that so what you end up with more of a boy of shape? |
|
| 56:22 | necessarily a masculine shape. For the shape was another feature that grandma's |
|
| 56:29 | Yeah, that chin hair. The whiskers. Again, we're not |
|
| 56:34 | fun of grandma. Right, But happening here is now you get hair |
|
| 56:39 | . Alright, and that's basically the of hairs Now, guys, I |
|
| 56:44 | , I'm looking at this side, looking a couple of we got that |
|
| 56:46 | going on in our face, you don't know, you're like, |
|
| 56:50 | , you know, maybe I And I kind of plug and you |
|
| 56:52 | know about this, I'm not talking that rare one here. I |
|
| 56:56 | we're now talking beer ding, that actually occur. Not again, not |
|
| 57:01 | grandma's do this, but it kind gives you a sense of what's going |
|
| 57:05 | is because of these types of hormones are adrenaline nature, because they're |
|
| 57:09 | And so they start treating the body if it is a male body and |
|
| 57:14 | you get those male features. Yes. Mhm. No, we're |
|
| 57:22 | boring. Yeah. No, I , so it's it's interesting, you |
|
| 57:27 | ? So if you think about genetically speaking, we have S. |
|
| 57:30 | . Y. S. R. . Is a gene on the Y |
|
| 57:34 | that if it's not turned on, the male or the female um genotype |
|
| 57:40 | sorry, the female phenotype occurs, ? So you can be a male |
|
| 57:45 | with a female genotype, Right? that's what S Ry is responsible |
|
| 57:49 | Um and it's turned on very early and so that's going to drive you |
|
| 57:53 | the male peanut type. But what's is once you've you've aged and basically |
|
| 57:59 | starts off looking like little boys, ? Got the box body. And |
|
| 58:03 | can't tell the difference between a little and a little girl. They're basically |
|
| 58:08 | androgynous and notice the term we use genesis. Right? So male looking |
|
| 58:13 | then puberty comes and then girls become and then boys become awesome, |
|
| 58:20 | Depends on who you are, And then we age and then we |
|
| 58:25 | poorly. Uh huh. Not Just some of us, right? |
|
| 58:30 | then you get back to the androgynous . Again, so yeah, |
|
| 58:36 | we're talking about a curve. You , there's gonna be people that have |
|
| 58:40 | bodies. There's been people have masculine and then we can have that question |
|
| 58:44 | gender and stuff like that later, you want to deal with that, |
|
| 58:47 | talk about that in a little Next lecture thyroid gland. We spend |
|
| 58:54 | lot of time talking about the thyroid and how we make thyroid hormone, |
|
| 58:58 | you know why I don't think anyone . I think the only reason we |
|
| 59:03 | is because somehow it was like one the first processes we discovered. And |
|
| 59:07 | we put it in the first textbook so it's just stuck there. I'm |
|
| 59:13 | serious. I mean, so, gonna do a little bit basically. |
|
| 59:16 | is the thyroid gland is two It kind of looks like a butterfly |
|
| 59:19 | a tie sitting over your larynx or below the larynx. Alright, within |
|
| 59:25 | , you have these round structures called . Within the follicles. You have |
|
| 59:29 | goo called ka Lloyd and that's where actually producing thyroid hormone. All |
|
| 59:35 | The following the follicular cells are the that produce the ka Lloyd. It's |
|
| 59:38 | the college where you have this molecule thyroid globulin binds up um um |
|
| 59:48 | Excuse me, I'm just blanking on today. And what you can do |
|
| 59:51 | you start making thyroid hormone out of tyrosine. Now, you'll also see |
|
| 59:56 | here you have these cells called para cells or c cells they produce and |
|
| 60:02 | this molecule called calcitonin that we're going deal with in just a moment. |
|
| 60:06 | this is where easy to remember. cell calcitonin. All right. I'm |
|
| 60:12 | to point out. So, how make thyroid, basically we're going to |
|
| 60:16 | to tyrosine. So you take one scene you jam on another tire scene |
|
| 60:20 | top of it. So you get kind of weird structure. Right? |
|
| 60:24 | it's there's not there's your your nitrogenous . So, it's basically off the |
|
| 60:29 | ? The side chain. All And what you're gonna do is you're |
|
| 60:32 | add iodine to them. All And so, really thyroid hormone are |
|
| 60:36 | different forms. You have T. and T four, which is try |
|
| 60:39 | . Oto 39 or thigh rock As you can see 1231234 thyroid are |
|
| 60:46 | . All right. The most common is the T four form, but |
|
| 60:50 | not as potent as the T three . And so once that's released out |
|
| 60:54 | circulation delivering the kidney are responsible for the T. Four back to the |
|
| 60:59 | . Three so that you have the potent form. I'm gonna show you |
|
| 61:02 | it's made here in just a All right now, because this is |
|
| 61:06 | molecule that is not water soluble. it does is it gets bound up |
|
| 61:10 | a carrier. So, that's B. G. Uh thyroid thyroid |
|
| 61:17 | or thigh roxy and binding globulin is that is. And then you have |
|
| 61:21 | . And then there's another ones that can see trans 13 basically says, |
|
| 61:24 | carry this in the blood. All . And so because this is not |
|
| 61:29 | soluble, it basically can either pass the plasma membrane of cell or there's |
|
| 61:34 | carrier that binds up to it. then the receptor is going to be |
|
| 61:38 | nuclear receptor? So, there's a here to unpack and says all |
|
| 61:44 | So how do I make this So really the idea here is you're |
|
| 61:48 | to thyroid thyroid stimulating hormone. And you have is you take up the |
|
| 61:54 | tyra scenes and you move it into um into the colloids. And what |
|
| 61:59 | already have in place here is you the thyroid globulin and so you pick |
|
| 62:04 | iodine that would be the trapping. right. And then what you're gonna |
|
| 62:08 | you can start adding iodine to these . And the first molecule you're gonna |
|
| 62:12 | is a tire scene with one iodine tire scene with two iodine. And |
|
| 62:17 | the short term for those is mitt mono I Oto three tyrosine and die |
|
| 62:23 | O tyrosine. So you can either a mitt or you can make a |
|
| 62:28 | . All right now what you can is you can take a mitten attitude |
|
| 62:32 | dit or you can take a didn't it to another dip but you can |
|
| 62:35 | admit to emit please. I was trying to see if anyone was paying |
|
| 62:43 | . Right? Yeah. You can a mitt to a ditch or a |
|
| 62:46 | to a dip but never admit to . All right. So you can |
|
| 62:50 | tea three or you can make tea but you can't make tea too. |
|
| 62:53 | right because there is no T. . All right. And so what |
|
| 62:56 | gonna do is you take c here got a minute. Here's a |
|
| 62:59 | And what you're gonna do is you're take the mit and you're going to |
|
| 63:02 | it to the ditch. And so you now have is you have |
|
| 63:04 | Three. Right? Or here you a dit in the dit. And |
|
| 63:07 | the two dicks together gets you a . Four. So what you're doing |
|
| 63:10 | you're taking half and you're adding on of the other. Now am I |
|
| 63:14 | to be real brutal with this? just know mitt mitt Plus a dit |
|
| 63:19 | T. Three D. Plus A T. Four. There's no such |
|
| 63:22 | as admit plus um it right. basically you sit on the uh you |
|
| 63:27 | on the thyroid globulin until you're And then what happens is you go |
|
| 63:31 | there and you grab in some of colloids. So that's what this is |
|
| 63:35 | to show you. And then anything is T three or T four gets |
|
| 63:39 | off into the blood and anything that's gets recycled and you do it all |
|
| 63:43 | again. All right. And that's the process. All right. So |
|
| 63:49 | is basically the effect the growth factor on the thyroid gland. All |
|
| 63:53 | So you can make the thyroid gland bigger. All right. And that's |
|
| 63:58 | the um whole bunch of different All right. So what is the |
|
| 64:02 | of all thyroid hormone, Why do care about this. I want you |
|
| 64:05 | think of your friend that you can't secretly because they can eat whatever they |
|
| 64:09 | and they never gain a pound. know who I'm talking about. You |
|
| 64:13 | him. Yeah. You know, got somebody she's like, yeah, |
|
| 64:18 | know who that is. I had friend who like that. I |
|
| 64:20 | he literally could just consume food and think he would lose weight in the |
|
| 64:24 | of of the energy he had used actually break down the food. And |
|
| 64:28 | what you're doing here is you're regulating rates. All right. It basically |
|
| 64:33 | your idling speed. So, the th you have most thyroid hormone you |
|
| 64:37 | , the more you increase your basal rate. So that's the rate at |
|
| 64:42 | you consume oxygen. The rate that burn energy. All right. |
|
| 64:47 | the byproduct of that increased metabolic activity obviously increase heat production Because we're not |
|
| 64:53 | efficient organisms. And so that's really th is doing. And it doesn't |
|
| 64:58 | if you're talking T3 or T4 That's it's the same thing. All |
|
| 65:02 | . So, I'm increasing metabolic rates idling speed. So, you |
|
| 65:07 | you know, high metabolic rate if want to stay nice and slim. |
|
| 65:11 | don't want to gain this. All . Other things that it does. |
|
| 65:15 | increases a cell's response to the cattle means. So, it's what we |
|
| 65:19 | to being sent pathum a medic. the other thing that does stimulate growth |
|
| 65:24 | production and basically promotes growth hormone So, I want you to look |
|
| 65:28 | far and think about what we've learned learned about insulin and glucose. |
|
| 65:32 | What is it doing in a very sense, regulating what sort of activities |
|
| 65:38 | . Right. Where's fuel coming and ? We looked at cortisol. What |
|
| 65:42 | it really doing regulating metabolic activity under conditions of stress? Then we've mentioned |
|
| 65:49 | H. E. A. Which deals with reproductive repercussions. And then |
|
| 65:54 | started talking here about thyroid hormone. it doing regulating metabolic activity? |
|
| 66:00 | at the basil level. Right. , when someone tells you they have |
|
| 66:03 | high metabolism, you can go ahead hate them internally. Just smile at |
|
| 66:07 | . But basically what they're telling you that they consume fuel and produce a |
|
| 66:11 | of heat very easily. So, do we regulate this? This is |
|
| 66:18 | anything new, thyroid thyroid tropic releasing from the hypothalamus acts on the pituitary |
|
| 66:23 | thyroid stimulating hormone because production of Three and T. Four negative feedback |
|
| 66:29 | . All right. I don't even I talk about dopamine at all. |
|
| 66:33 | , I'm just gonna ignore that. exists. All right, then we |
|
| 66:38 | growth. Alright, growth is basically through growth factor for growth hormone. |
|
| 66:45 | . But it's not when you think growth. Don't think in terms of |
|
| 66:49 | uh magnitude. All right. There's lot of things that determine growth. |
|
| 66:55 | tall are you? Six? Do you have a tough father? |
|
| 67:03 | , six ft. All right. 58 Average height for female is about |
|
| 67:11 | I think average height for an adult is about my height about 5, |
|
| 67:16 | . Right? So you have over hided parents. So, the probability |
|
| 67:22 | you being tall. Pretty good. ? You have genetic determination. All |
|
| 67:29 | . Now, the opposite is true well. If you have overly short |
|
| 67:35 | , odds are you're going to be short again, there's nothing wrong with |
|
| 67:39 | terms. I'm not trying to short are bad people or tall people are |
|
| 67:43 | showing you there's a genetic component to if I have a short mom and |
|
| 67:46 | tall dad? Well, that's roll dice and see what you get |
|
| 67:50 | You don't know. You know, know one of my closest friends, |
|
| 67:55 | like five ft. Her son is 6 2 already. You know, |
|
| 68:00 | dad closer to six ft you Now, second thing it's important, |
|
| 68:06 | diet. You know, if you your salad, Yeah, If you |
|
| 68:13 | salad, you know, eat right provide all the nutrients you need. |
|
| 68:16 | great. If you don't guess You ain't getting big. Alright. |
|
| 68:20 | chronic diseases, stressful conditions, you cortisol is gonna move fuel and move |
|
| 68:25 | away from growth and keep it meet . Yes. All right. |
|
| 68:29 | what I want is I want a or an environment where that isn't going |
|
| 68:34 | be in the first world, we've much got rid of chronic disease and |
|
| 68:38 | pretty much got rid of stressful conditions the third world. You don't have |
|
| 68:41 | . If you want to go look average heights across the different sexes, |
|
| 68:46 | going to see that there are on less in third world countries than they |
|
| 68:51 | in first world countries. All And then of course, you have |
|
| 68:56 | have these normal levels of growth. hormones includes thyroid hormone, insulin, |
|
| 69:01 | the sex hormones kind of see why kind of throwing all this stuff |
|
| 69:06 | So, groat groat is not continuous is it uh basically you're going to |
|
| 69:14 | different factors are involved in different periods your life. So, you kind |
|
| 69:17 | have this is kind of what our curves kind of look like. All |
|
| 69:21 | , we have fetal growth fetal growth ridiculously fast. Remember you start off |
|
| 69:25 | a single cell. You're born at 18 to 22" in length. That |
|
| 69:30 | over nine months. That's crazy All right. So then you're born |
|
| 69:39 | what is doing here? Well, basically genetics, environmental factors as well |
|
| 69:42 | other hormones that are there. Then are born And now you have your |
|
| 69:46 | natal growth birth. This is where hormone is going to play a role |
|
| 69:49 | well as nutritional genetic factors. And finally you're going to just kind of |
|
| 69:54 | off for a little while, barely and then uh you're gonna hit |
|
| 69:57 | You guys remember puberty you know it like my best friend growing up |
|
| 70:03 | the butter ball fat kid, you , just shortened butter bali. I |
|
| 70:07 | when I say but I mean he was around like if you remember the |
|
| 70:11 | charlie chocolate factory when they rolled what's your face? That's what you |
|
| 70:16 | like. He went off to summer , came back. Puberty hit sometime |
|
| 70:20 | between there. I mean and now had that carrot shape, He was |
|
| 70:24 | and you know muscular and it was like what happened to you que |
|
| 70:31 | Uh Yeah. So that's where you're get the androgens as well as nutrition |
|
| 70:36 | genetics. Alright, so there you . So what is growth hormone? |
|
| 70:42 | always just here growth hormone. Well one that's uh that's produced in the |
|
| 70:46 | gland, that's what we're focusing But there's a lot of others. |
|
| 70:49 | right. There's a placental variant. are the placental active regions as well |
|
| 70:53 | the chorionic. So madam ma'am. trope ins. That's a tough |
|
| 70:59 | All right. It's just another type growth hormone. We have the prolactin |
|
| 71:04 | are also related to growth hormones but played a different role in the body |
|
| 71:08 | no production. And what we do we produces large precursor. All |
|
| 71:13 | where is our precursor? So there's pro hormone and then we're going to |
|
| 71:17 | it when we need it. All . So regulated through the hypothalamic hypotheses |
|
| 71:25 | the positive regulators. G. R. H. Growth hormone releasing |
|
| 71:29 | . The in activators. Growth hormone hormone. So that's kind of one |
|
| 71:33 | the easy ones. Um And then molecule that plays a role in regulating |
|
| 71:37 | grilling. All right, This is in the stomach as well as the |
|
| 71:41 | of the gi track. It basically the production of G. H. |
|
| 71:45 | meals. It's also what promotes You notice how if you eat more |
|
| 71:50 | become hungry or more for more Have you ever noticed that? All |
|
| 71:55 | . Just give you uh an indication guys, it makes more sense, |
|
| 71:59 | , you're you're a lot better than are. But like when I was |
|
| 72:01 | college or actually high school I would and eat like six Mcdonald cheeseburgers on |
|
| 72:06 | way to go eat dinner, you're at me like, no, that |
|
| 72:11 | happened. No. Yeah. I , it was all the time. |
|
| 72:15 | like well it's like a 20 minute . So let's stop at McDonald's you |
|
| 72:21 | to your like, I'm still Right? And then this is not |
|
| 72:26 | you haven't experienced yet is when you my age, you still think you |
|
| 72:29 | eat like an 18 year old. , that's primarily the result of |
|
| 72:34 | All right, It helps maintain that and so what you have to do |
|
| 72:38 | if you want to lose weight, have to start adjusting your meal sizes |
|
| 72:43 | that you can adjust how your grill actually works now growth hormone we said |
|
| 72:49 | released from the interior pituitary regulated up by G. H. R. |
|
| 72:52 | . So there's a downstream target and target is I. G. |
|
| 72:55 | One insulin like growth factor one. what it does, it has an |
|
| 73:01 | insulin effect. All right, What doing is IG. F. one |
|
| 73:06 | basically acting on those tissues and basically , hey, instead of storing up |
|
| 73:12 | that insulin, why don't you start not insulin Instead of storing up all |
|
| 73:16 | things like glucose and fats and um know acids? Why don't you go |
|
| 73:21 | and start mobilizing that so we can it so we can make ourselves |
|
| 73:24 | more powerful and more stronger. So what we're saying is basically we're not |
|
| 73:28 | take it up. We're basically going start releasing this stuff so that we |
|
| 73:32 | get this activity going on. So we're doing is we're going to stimulate |
|
| 73:36 | tissue and bone growth. And there's processes hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Typically you |
|
| 73:41 | these terms associated with cancers right? when we're using them in in with |
|
| 73:47 | to cancers were basically saying, cells acting hyper plastic and they're basically |
|
| 73:54 | what does it really mean hyperplasia is increasing the rate of cell division and |
|
| 73:59 | of puberty, you are tiny one the next day you are bigger. |
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| 74:03 | increase the number of cells in your and then hypertrophy my muscles for example |
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| 74:08 | bigger. That's basically the cell itself getting larger. That's hypertrophy. So |
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| 74:13 | what growth hormone is promoting. Supple others hormones involved in growth, |
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| 74:19 | hormone, you need it. It's permissive hormones. So allows um other |
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| 74:25 | to do their job. The glucocorticoids inhibit growth at the epa official |
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| 74:31 | That's where uh at the tips of bones. So as the bones are |
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| 74:35 | when the that's where the cartilage So, when that become bone you |
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| 74:39 | growing vertically. Sex steroids play a . Androgen play an important role in |
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| 74:44 | pupil. Grossberg estrogen's play a role causing the official plate too close. |
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| 74:50 | think we already talked about this With regard to males and females and |
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| 74:54 | they're on average, males are taller females. Do we do this earlier |
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| 74:57 | the semester? No, kind of of maybe I'll just put it in |
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| 75:03 | nutshell. So, I have to it. All. All right, |
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| 75:06 | you have estrogen's ladies first off, enter into puberty earlier. Alright, |
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| 75:11 | your growth spurt starts earlier in women it does in men. All |
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| 75:17 | because you have estrogen causing a potential to stop or to close. So |
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| 75:22 | stop your pupil growth at an earlier also. So whereas men enter in |
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| 75:27 | little bit later. They start off little bit taller when the internet puberty |
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| 75:31 | then they go through and there's nothing prevent them from stopping from growing and |
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| 75:35 | why they end up taller. They taller and then they finished taller. |
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| 75:40 | right. No estrogen to slow things . And then insulin basically may act |
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| 75:46 | I. G. F. One it may promote growth through igF |
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| 75:52 | How much time do I have? five minutes? Yeah. five |
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| 75:56 | All right. I don't know if gonna be able to get through all |
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| 76:01 | but we'll just kind of see calcium important in your body. You all |
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| 76:05 | of know that there's a lot of why it's important. There's all the |
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| 76:08 | we've we've we've mentioned some of Right. I mean we've talked about |
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| 76:12 | muscular excitability. Talked about the cardiac smooth muscle. Talked about, well |
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| 76:18 | really about stimulus secretion coupling but we at some places where we were having |
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| 76:23 | acting on cal module in that cause . And then think about the neuro |
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| 76:28 | junction where you're releasing or any sort neurotransmitter is basically being regulated through calcium |
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| 76:33 | to those vesicles to cause them to up right tight junctions. We never |
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| 76:38 | about the clotting of the blood requires . So has lots of roles. |
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| 76:43 | if you look at all the calcium the body, most of the calcium |
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| 76:45 | your body is actually sequestered away in bones and your teeth. And then |
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| 76:50 | when we're talking about these type of , we're basically talking about the intracellular |
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| 76:56 | . So really what we're mostly interested is this small little bit that's in |
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| 77:01 | . Some of that's in circulation is to be bound up. So there's |
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| 77:05 | carrier that's holding it says so you use it. So that's not free |
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| 77:10 | calcium. We're only interested in what's . And so that's what our bodies |
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| 77:14 | monitoring, regulating how much free unbound . So there's a little tiny portion |
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| 77:20 | than half of a half of a Less than .05% of the calcium in |
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| 77:26 | body is actually playing a role in regulated. But that's important to regulate |
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| 77:35 | . Alright, So, we have way to regulate this. Alright. |
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| 77:38 | basically if your calcium levels drop we to go get the calcium. There's |
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| 77:44 | couple ways we can do it. eat food that has calcium in |
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| 77:47 | Or we can go to our bones there is calcium. Right? We |
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| 77:51 | borrow. Have you ever to borrow ? Short term loan? All |
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| 77:56 | That's in essence what this is. a short term loan from the |
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| 78:01 | Um Can I borrow some calcium for little bit because I need to make |
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| 78:04 | that the calcium sets the first place going to go. All right. |
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| 78:09 | we can either absorb it. We borrow it from the bone and the |
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| 78:14 | places. Well let's not pee it ? That's the other thing that we |
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| 78:17 | do. So that's why we say basically there are three ways or three |
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| 78:21 | to do this. And so the that are going to play a role |
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| 78:24 | determining whether or not calcium goes in stays in or goes out and out |
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| 78:29 | goes into the bone or leaves the depends on one of two hormones. |
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| 78:34 | right. And what we're talking about long term, not short term |
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| 78:38 | So, the first hormones, parathyroid , Alright, there's a structure on |
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| 78:42 | back of those thyroid gland. If turn around and be too little or |
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| 78:46 | little dots, one for each little of the butterfly. And that's the |
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| 78:50 | hormone or the parathyroid gland. And what happens is we release a hormone |
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| 78:55 | those little tiny dots that was responsible bringing calcium levels up. All |
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| 79:00 | So, where do we get our front? Well, we can go |
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| 79:03 | the bone and say bone. I to break you down and release the |
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| 79:05 | . So, it increases osteoclasts activity break down bone. That doesn't do |
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| 79:10 | lot. It's not like going to you into jelling. So you're just |
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| 79:12 | a thing. It's just let me a little bit of calcium from the |
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| 79:16 | . And so that's one thing I and go to the kidneys and says |
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| 79:19 | know what? You're about to pee all this calcium. But rather than |
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| 79:22 | it out, Why don't we go and reabsorb it back into the body |
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| 79:25 | we can then use it for whatever that we have. So that's how |
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| 79:29 | acting on the kidney. It also going to increase the production of calcite |
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| 79:33 | , which is a fancy word for D. With regard to the small |
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| 79:37 | . What you're going to do is that calcium trial that we're producing is |
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| 79:42 | to act on the walls of the to cause an increase in the absorption |
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| 79:46 | calcium from our diet. You guys where you get your calcium from? |
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| 79:53 | huh. Huh. You said salad . Right? So there is calcium |
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| 80:00 | milk. And so we put vitamin . In milk to increase the rate |
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| 80:03 | which we absorb calcium. But let's , you know, you take your |
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| 80:07 | , that's another place. Or you some vitamins that is your calcium |
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| 80:11 | right. Yeah. Mhm. How will it affect you? I don't |
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| 80:20 | how much it will actually affect. can tell you how it affects. |
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| 80:24 | right. We'll see that in just second. So where do you get |
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| 80:27 | calcium from? You get those calcium ? Right, And they get the |
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| 80:32 | supplement from going out to the gulf up sea shells, washing them |
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| 80:37 | grinding them down into a powder, them into your little vitamins mm calcium |
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| 80:46 | calcium is calcium. That's the easiest to get it. Unless you feel |
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| 80:49 | eating bones. Which is what your do. Right? Anyone here feel |
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| 80:56 | nothing on the femur. Yeah. up for that. Okay. |
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| 81:00 | that's where it comes from. All . So, what we're doing is |
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| 81:03 | all three of these cases. So, we're doing removing calcium into |
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| 81:06 | blood. All right. The other is calcitonin, which is those c |
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| 81:12 | . All right. That's what's the cells produce them. Not sea |
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| 81:14 | Sea sells. All right. what they do is they act on |
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| 81:18 | tissues? Not on three. Just . They act on the bone. |
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| 81:21 | what they do is they block osteoclasts . Notice it's the opposite. All |
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| 81:25 | . And the other thing that does it acts on the kidney and |
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| 81:28 | you know what? Instead of bringing stuff back. And don't you just |
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| 81:31 | ahead and just let it filter And so that's how he peed the |
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| 81:34 | out. All right. And the job here is to decrease calcium |
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| 81:38 | . All right. Here's a big out. We're not 100% sure that |
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| 81:42 | actually does anything in the human We've taught this from I don't |
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| 81:46 | 50, 60 years and there's more more evidence that says it's really in |
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| 81:51 | organisms. But humans don't really use . But you have to know |
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| 81:56 | So, um, the last This is the feedback loop. Just |
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| 82:00 | . I'm maintaining a range. if I want calcium into the |
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| 82:05 | I use parathyroid hormone. If want out of the blood, I'm gonna |
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| 82:09 | calcitonin. Alright, last well, calc trial, vitamin D. |
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| 82:15 | All right. What does what does do? Well, first off, |
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| 82:19 | do we get it? Go outside spend some time outside. That's what |
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| 82:22 | skin's job is. Alright, absorb light. It takes cholesterol modifies |
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| 82:28 | So you get these inactive forms like D. Three. All right. |
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| 82:34 | then what happens is that gets moved the kidneys as well as the |
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| 82:38 | And you modify until you get the trial. In fact, if you're |
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| 82:41 | vitamin D. Supplements, look and what it says is vitamin D. |
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| 82:44 | goes in your body and if you're you're vitamin D deficient, it's going |
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| 82:48 | convert it into the Castle trial that going to use. All right. |
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| 82:52 | what does it do? It increases reabsorption of calcium. So its job |
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| 82:57 | bring calcium in more calcium. Strong , right? It helps to absorb |
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| 83:04 | . It acts on the kid and , hey, we absorb that |
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| 83:07 | Lastly, it promotes the mobilization from bone. So those three structures we |
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| 83:12 | about vitamin D. Three in the of I'm sorry, calc trial job |
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| 83:18 | to reinforce the role of what parathyroid is doing. In other words, |
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| 83:22 | the agent through which parathyroid hormone is working and that's it for today. |
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| 83:31 | does a body good. So what you gonna do tomorrow night football? |
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| 83:36 | color you gonna wear Do not wear red is the color you want. |
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| 83:41 | if you have to wear some other as long as it's not blue, |
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| 83:45 | fine. Yeah. Mhm. Went little long. They're sorry but this |
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| 83:51 | the fun part of the semester New job. No. Yeah. |
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| 84:00 | what I didn't get to is if body has too much calcium in |
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| 84:02 | remember so your plasma levels get too then what it's gonna do is going |
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| 84:06 | down regulate all those things. So if you're taking in a lot of |
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| 84:08 | D. Basically your body says no don't want this. And that it |
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| 84:12 | yeah. Yeah mm no no no |
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