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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture02_0825
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00:00 uh The first couple of assignments all extensions that way. If you're just
00:05 the class you don't have to freak . You haven't missed anything yet.
00:08 starting to see what the assignments are look like. So that's kind of
00:13 big picture. Go. If you you start emailing me questions, go
00:17 learn yourself. I mean I've got students in this classroom. If 10
00:21 you email me, you know that's okay but when 40 and 60 and
00:28 and you can start seeing the numbers up. And this is just one
00:31 I teach. So I got about students this semester, so that's
00:37 Alright so what we're gonna do we are going to learn, well
00:41 like to say we're gonna learn some but we're really not. Um I'm
00:46 be real frank up here in the end. Uh So there we
00:52 Uh the first unit and a mp to get everybody on the same page
00:58 ? You notice how whenever you take course, just like the first couple
01:01 class you're just like I can't believe talking about this. I've learned this
01:05 times if you've ever taken biology classes Biology one, I think every single
01:09 class is exactly the same. And of you roll your eyes thinking going
01:13 can't I gotta learn Krebs cycle Uh Right so this is kind of
01:18 we are if you've taken an anatomy before, if you've taken a physiology
01:21 , You've taken a Biology class. of this stuff is gonna be
01:24 very familiar to you. That's Great. You're gonna do better.
01:28 don't fall asleep, right? Because might miss something that is new to
01:33 for the rest of you have never this stuff. This is all
01:36 And it's gonna get us all ready move for unit two when we start
01:40 in deep into the anatomy. And what I want to first point out
01:43 is that scientists in general like to that they're very organized. Well,
01:49 are organized. We like to drop into boxes. And so when we
01:53 tinkering and learning things, we want describe things and put them in some
01:58 of order so that it helps us better understand the things that we're
02:02 And so when we look at we don't just say, oh,
02:05 an organism. We want to ask question. How does the organism
02:08 What are the pieces parts of the ? And this little pyramid that you're
02:13 at kind of shows you the level organization, organization that we have in
02:18 organisms. So you can see I actually have flipped this back upside
02:23 Put the organism on the top and the molecules on the bottom. But
02:26 this is trying to demonstrate you is first understand where we are going to
02:32 starting in this class. Now, you're taking this class at other
02:36 You spend a lot of time talking the chemicals and part of that is
02:40 most of you have not taken a class and good for you because chemistry
02:45 not a lot of fun. Don't the chemists it's just baking.
02:51 They get really upset when you say like that. Um but really what
02:56 chemicals are are the things that we to make up the first structure in
03:02 we are going to actually be which is at the level of the
03:07 . Alright. Cells are the lowest thing that exists in our universe.
03:13 ? So, when we look at , we move down to the lowest
03:17 , primarily at the cellular level. we start asking questions, what are
03:22 cells doing? Cells are the basic blocks of everything that we are.
03:27 are basically a bunch of cells that unique things. Now, those cells
03:32 which we have billions upon billions are to be organized or grouped together by
03:39 . Certain cells organize themselves with themselves like them. And when they organized
03:43 that, they form what are called and therefore basic tissues. And these
03:48 are going to be what we use build the structures that actually do stuff
03:53 our body. All right, so does that look like? Oh,
03:58 out. I have That was given me on Tuesday. Somebody's charm bracelet
04:05 someplace over here. Okay, after People are looking out for you.
04:13 in. So tissues are used as building block? Can you believe?
04:17 actually do that pause my brain. , we're really kind of interesting the
04:21 you, the reason you came into class is because you want to know
04:23 you work, right? You want know what do these things in my
04:27 do? And that's what we And that's really not gonna start up
04:31 the next unit. So, I for that because that means for the
04:36 six lectures, you have to hear yammer on about the other levels over
04:40 . The good news is we're not spend a lot of time with the
04:44 . Yeah. Alright. But organs basically when you take two or more
04:47 those tissues and you can see the tissues up there. The four basic
04:50 of epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, tissue, nervous tissue. We're gonna
04:54 those multiple times today. And then little bit later we're gonna spend full
04:59 on really two of those. We're ignore two of them. All
05:03 Because the last two units are all nervous tissue, at the organs and
05:09 that they make. That's how big is. Right, literally. 12
05:14 on the nervous system. Alright. those organs are gonna be organized to
05:20 some sort of function. And I'm to just use the digestive system.
05:23 really easy. All right. In digestive system. We have a simple
05:26 that you all know, What do call it? What do you think
05:29 thinking of stomach. Right. Everyone think yeah, stomach digestive,
05:34 But that's not the only thing in digestive system. So we have system
05:38 . And what we're gonna do is gonna take a whole bunch of these
05:40 that do unique things to accomplish some . What do you think the role
05:44 the digestive system is to do? , digest. I'm never gonna ask
05:49 a question out loud that you guys answer pretty much off the top of
05:52 head. And if you can't look on the board because that's usually
05:55 it's at all. Right. So think of a big giant cheeseburger for
06:00 , but whatever thing you want in . But this is a cheeseburger,
06:03 what I like. And I'm gonna that cheeseburger. So the first thing
06:06 have to do is I have to it down. So the first organized
06:09 to deal with is my mouth with teeth and my tongue, right?
06:12 then I use an esophagus to move mashed up material down to the stomach
06:17 does the first level of mechanical processing the mouth and then it goes into
06:22 small intestine which is another organ. it goes into the large intestine which
06:25 another organ. And along the something unique and different is happening in
06:30 and every one of those areas. each of those organs has a very
06:34 job that then results in the larger becoming complete. And part of that
06:42 of digestion is not just breaking the down but absorbing those materials and putting
06:47 in your body so that you now the fuels and the building blocks which
06:51 going to be chemical to allow your to do the things that need to
06:55 done. Okay. Ultimately, if take a whole bunch of these different
07:01 and each of these systems define very task that your body has to
07:05 If you look at all those unique and you put them together, that's
07:08 you're gonna get an organism and that's you are. You're basically a bunch
07:12 systems that have been put together so you can actually live kind of
07:19 So that's how we're gonna break things . We're really never looking at the
07:22 because we already know what we This is a human physiology and human
07:27 class. So if you look around room, I hope we're all
07:31 I mean there might be an alien here or some sort of crazy monster
07:34 isn't telling us, but that's probably likely. Alright, so we're really
07:40 be stopping at the organ level and system level in the course this thing
07:45 gonna drive me nuts. There we . Now. All living things.
07:49 you ever taken a biology class, probably seen a slide like this.
07:51 living things have some specific characteristics that living. Alright, Rocks are not
07:58 . Right. Does anyone know why are not living? Those are good
08:04 . It's all those answers right Right. They don't have these
08:09 Here's a weird one, viruses are living. But wait a second.
08:14 Wayne. Don't you guys talk about in in biology, don't you talk
08:18 viruses, don't they infect living Yes, they can do everything on
08:22 list except for reproduce. They use , the things they infect to
08:31 In other words, they take the of something that's living and allow them
08:37 replicate themselves. So it's not the is doing the replication, It's the
08:41 that was infected that does the So what are these four things
08:46 I just I thought it's just died . Alright, so, energy production
08:50 basically what this is is the sum all chemical reactions in your body,
08:54 put materials in extract energy or use to make new things. And so
09:00 term we use for that is called . Alright, now metabolism is basically
09:06 sum of all the chemical reactions. if you've ever done any star biology
09:09 again, when they talk about they typically talk about glucose metabolism and
09:15 what they're doing is they're narrowly focusing on one chemical reaction. But if
09:20 can think about all the things that going on in your body at any
09:23 moment. All of that is using or releasing energy. Making new things
09:30 breaking things and that's metabolism. And have two terms that we use when
09:35 dealing with metabolism. We have things are anabolic or anabel is um and
09:40 we're doing that, what we're doing we're building larger molecules from smaller
09:46 Think about an anabolic steroid. You've that term, right? That adjective
09:51 refers to when I put a anabolic in my body and I start working
09:56 what does it make my muscles do bigger? Right, That's an easy
10:01 to remember anabolic, oh, I this chemical in my body and it's
10:06 it does is it influences anabel is that's why it's called anabolic. It's
10:10 actually doing the work itself, but anabel is um is making bigger things
10:15 smaller things, metabolism on the is opposite. Taking big things and breaking
10:21 to smaller things. Alright. And you can think about what is
10:25 I'm taking a cheeseburger and I'm breaking down into itsy bitsy teeny tiny molecules
10:31 then can be absorbed and used. right. That would be an example
10:35 complex Kuttab Eliza. Um But really can think of that glucose molecule that
10:40 put into your body and your cell at that and says there's energy in
10:44 bonds. And what I'm gonna do I'm gonna break that thing down?
10:48 every time I break a bond I energy. That's ca tabal ism.
10:54 so if you take the sum of anabel is um and some of the
10:57 in your body you get metabolism has word meta or that prefix meta in
11:03 mean over encompassing growth and repair. guys know how you started life?
11:12 . Mom and Dad looked at each twinkle in their eye. nine months
11:16 you existed except you started life as half cell and a half cell that
11:22 together. All right, that's what sperm and an egg are. There
11:25 half cells. They're not full Oh, I should let you all
11:29 because they'll come up a lot. a reproductive reproductive physiologist. So,
11:33 get really giddy when we start talking sex and reproduction. So,
11:38 But anyway, you get you get sperm and you get an egg that
11:42 together and they form a single That single cell divides Two becomes
11:49 4 becomes you think is eight. it actually doesn't start it starts dividing
11:54 at that point. So you have . And then after that there's more
11:58 . More division. And so you life when that's permanent, began as
12:02 single cell. And now you're billions billions of cells and when you are
12:07 you are about this big, And now you're about this big.
12:13 you see What did you do? grew alright. So, growth is
12:18 characteristic of life. Things are multiplying dividing and getting larger and splitting apart
12:25 doing the things that they need to also when things go wrong in
12:28 your body, your body has mechanisms say wait a second. This isn't
12:32 to be happening this way. I to fix it. And so they
12:35 mechanisms to repair. So growth and is a characteristic of life.
12:42 do we repair things perfectly? Alright, there is because of
12:48 They're straight off sometimes. And so not always gonna get perfect repair,
12:53 you have mechanisms to do so. . How many guys got a haircut
12:59 month? Really just there's three of . You're all liars or asleep,
13:07 ? Here's an example of growth. always growing. Can't stop it.
13:11 you die, it's gonna grow for two more. Crazy else. All
13:18 , adaptation. We all live in . What's it like? Normally outside
13:24 and humid. Yeah. Good. are the two things when you come
13:28 like this. One of the one the things of modern society, we
13:33 a conditioning doesn't always work, but now it doesn't feel like this room
13:40 cool because there's so many people in , but relative to outside, this
13:43 is cool when you're outside, your was responding to the heat humidity by
13:49 . And when you came in you stopped sweating. All right,
13:54 is adaptation. You're responsive to your when it's dark. Your pupils dilate
14:00 you're when it's bright. I say it's bright, your pupils constrict.
14:05 . That would be an example of . Now, we're gonna hopefully tell
14:10 today. I can't remember if my allows me to do so. But
14:13 homeostasis is something your body does to that you're capable of responding to your
14:19 . In other words, your body within it, trying to maintain a
14:24 environment. So all the chemical reactions your body can take place appropriately.
14:29 . Every chemical reaction occurs at a temperature at a specific ph with under
14:36 conditions and specific concentrations. And when things get out of whack, the
14:40 reactions don't work. And so your is to there to make sure that
14:43 happens, homeostasis is your body's ability ensure or try to ensure those constant
14:52 , despite the changes going on around . Easy one again, is think
14:57 is to think of uh you hot and cold, right? I
15:01 , so if your body gets too molecules start unwinding and so your body
15:04 to maintain a constant temperature inside your so that your chemical reactions can work
15:10 . And finally, we have reproduction can refer to the cells for
15:15 . So, if you think of skin, your skin is constantly replacing
15:19 . you know this when you got sunburn because you start peeling,
15:23 And that's just all the cells coming at the same time. But at
15:27 given moment you're shedding skin. And so that's an example where you
15:32 see there is actual replication taking Again, your hair is another one
15:39 It's a really easy one because it's replicating itself. Other systems don't do
15:43 quite so well or as often. we've also mentioned this new organisms,
15:49 reproduce themselves. Alright. Each of came from the merging of two gametes
15:56 to other organisms, organisms repeat or through either sexual reproduction, which is
16:02 humans do or they can do at other organisms have a sexual reproduction where
16:07 clone themselves and split and divide using mechanisms that we don't use anymore.
16:14 . We use it to grow. every organism does these things. And
16:20 when we look at us, the that we're going to look at are
16:24 to deal with these particular issues. so kind of keep your eyes open
16:30 those kind of things like Oh, see now. Okay, I see
16:34 the system is designed for. It's for this type of thing, metabolism
16:37 going to be everywhere, reproduction won't . Okay, so again, skipping
16:45 the chemicals right now, what I do is I want to just kind
16:49 give you kind of that brief overview we do the deep dive through the
16:53 of the through the rest of this on some of these different things.
16:59 . Any questions so far? Usually . Right. Usually like just get
17:04 this please. Alright. So, we're looking at in this picture are
17:10 two different types of cells you see here you carry and precarious humans are
17:16 organisms. Alright. What that means is that the way that our cells
17:20 designed are different than the way that cells are designed in pro carrots,
17:24 are like bacteria. All right. they have a lot of similarities.
17:30 I throw up here so that you that you have lots of commonality with
17:34 most basic type of cellular organism. may be multicellular with lots of cells
17:39 have like this, but there's a of similarities still with that pro
17:45 Alright, so all living things begin the cellular level, Right? It's
17:51 building block of all life. And our case it's the building block of
17:56 tissues which tissues form organs, organs systems. Alright, they have all
18:01 machinery to form home homeostasis to ensure the right chemical reactions are there.
18:08 all share the basic same components. , if you look here, while
18:12 have a specific membrane, you can here, that kind of maroon
18:18 all the way around that is the happens to be that pro carry outs
18:23 a special candy coating on the call it a cell wall.
18:28 Don't have cell walls but we still share the membrane. Alright. We
18:32 genetic material in a pro carry out material is just kind of scattered like
18:37 . It's a little bit more organized that. But you can see it's
18:40 contained, ours is contained in a called the nucleus. Alright. There's
18:46 more genetic material hiding around in We'll get to when we talk about
18:49 more depth and then you can see there's this fluid environment in which the
18:53 of the cell are contained. So , it doesn't matter which type of
18:58 you are. And even though we're carry, we're focusing on UK
19:02 There's these similarities now over here. you look at the UK and we've
19:07 these other large structures. So we these what are called membrane bound
19:12 And then we have unique things about . So we have about 33,000 genes
19:17 our body. And these 33,000 genes not all turned on at the same
19:22 . The 33,000 genes are turned on specific things. And what happens is
19:26 when certain cells turn on certain they become unique types of cells.
19:32 so we see as a kind of . So remember I said you began
19:37 as a single cell. Right? in you there are about 300 different
19:43 of cells of the several billions of that exist that make up your
19:49 Alright. And so this is what referred to as differentiation. It's a
19:53 of that unique specialization because of which are being expressed. Where And so
19:58 this is just kind of trying to you is like here's some examples of
20:00 very basic type of cells. And a muscle cell is very very different
20:05 say an intestinal cell in terms of functionality. Alright. It forms a
20:10 type of tissue and it does a type of job. What do muscle
20:13 do contract? But what are the the result of the contraction movement?
20:22 . Alright. So muscle cells resulting now intestinal cells can cause things to
20:28 but they are not. That's not job. Their job is to absorb
20:31 discrete. So different functions as a of their specialization. Now. Typically
20:38 we do is we say that we off these unique what are called pluripotent
20:44 toady potent. You probably never see words again. But if you want
20:47 write them down flurry and Tony they like they sound right? Toady potent
20:52 pluripotent cells are basically cells that can in a whole bunch of different types
20:57 once you differentiate you can't go back the original form. So just as
21:03 example muscle cells before they form muscles off life as a simple maya blast
21:11 And the same cell that gives rise fat cells arises from the same type
21:16 cell type. It just depends on gene is being expressed. But you
21:21 turn a muscle cell into a fat and you can't turn a fat cell
21:24 do a muscle cell. Once they down that pathway they're stuck. I
21:28 to have a thing where it's like once you choose your major you can't
21:32 and do something else. But that's true anymore. So you can change
21:35 major whenever you want to. Alright. So all life or all
21:42 in your body start off simple and they begin to differentiate and then they
21:47 themselves into likeness. So like that cell will become more of the same
21:52 that different. And once they start dividing and creating more of the
21:56 . That's where you're gonna get those and that's where you get that specialty
22:01 . So here are the four Remember I promise. We're gonna do
22:04 over and over again. Alright. of cells similar in structure and
22:09 these are just cartoons. Alright. perform a common or related function.
22:14 basic types. These are the four jobs. So epithelium where you epithelium
22:20 things, connective tissue connects things or things. Nervous tissue plays a role
22:24 control muscle plays a role in And so when you think of an
22:28 , what you're gonna do is you're take two or more of these.
22:32 you will see just two tissues most the time. You see all
22:36 And they're organized in unique ways. their specialization at the cellular level gives
22:43 to the unique function that's taking place the organ. So, we're gonna
22:49 a whole lecture on epithelium connective and little bit of the nervous and muscle
22:57 a little bit later. But this just kind of to dip our toe
23:00 the pool. All right. one of the key features of epithelial
23:05 and the cells that make up epithelial is as I said, they cover
23:09 . And so, what you're gonna is they're going to create this unique
23:13 that allows you to secrete things So, what that means is that
23:18 surface is facing a place where things be released to. Alright,
23:23 think of your skin for a It's exposed to the external environment.
23:27 , can you secrete things onto the of your skin? Yeah. I
23:31 , sweat would be an example of , right? But there's other things
23:34 you secrete that's probably completely unaware You secrete molecules like RNA and
23:41 To kill things that are living on body. You mean, my body
23:46 protected from things that are trying to me. Yeah. And these cells
23:51 responsible for creating it. All If I'm talking about a hollow
23:57 So, hollow organ would be like digestive system or your lungs or your
24:02 system, you have a tube that's hollow organ like that. So,
24:07 , right here is referred to as lumen of the hollow organ. And
24:12 secrete materials into that lumen. So would be the surface of the hollow
24:18 . Right? That's the surface. I can secrete that direction similarly.
24:23 can pull things into the into the . Alright, so again, using
24:27 hollow organ. If things are moving the tube, I can move through
24:32 epithelium into the body. So, cells are specialized to absorb material as
24:39 on the surface of the skin. so easy. There's you can't absorb
24:44 , really well. You can But molecules have to be specifically designed or
24:51 specifically designed, but a special type molecule that can be absorbed through
24:55 Not any molecules. So, for , if I put water on my
24:59 , is it gonna absorb in? , it just rolls off.
25:04 But if I put something that's fat think of a lotion. If I
25:08 it in, it goes in because fat based. All right.
25:15 what this means is I have a that is exposed to something. But
25:20 also means I have to be connected the other side. And so what
25:23 means is all epithelial tissues have unique to them. A side that can
25:29 and absorb the side that's always Which means they're different from each
25:34 which means they exhibit polarity. when we think about polarity, we
25:38 think about electricity. That's not what means. It just means different
25:42 different behaviors on those two sides. the A pickle side is the side
25:47 faces the sea, creating portion the of of of a structure. The
25:53 side. We just say, lateral means on the side. So
25:56 just kind of included together, we the basil lateral side is the side
26:01 attaches to stuff. So it has molecules and different materials that make it
26:07 from the secreted inside the a pickle muscles we said are responsible for
26:17 There are specialized cell for contraction. three basic types. We spend most
26:25 our time talking about this type right , which is skeletal muscle,
26:30 skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are very , kind of in structure. And
26:34 we have this third type which is muscle, which is very different.
26:37 all three of them are contract. of nature. And so when we
26:41 at them, we can kind of this compare contrast. But ultimately,
26:44 job is more or less the They sell itself just gets smaller and
26:48 expands out smaller than expands out. , how does it? That's the
26:53 that we're gonna learn skeletal muscle is that you can move by thinking about
26:59 , right, everyone, wife, people in the back high. There
27:04 go. I see the people who they're too cool for school.
27:09 That's that is local motion. Me up here walking around me moving my
27:14 , that's locomotion. Cardiac muscle and muscles are involuntary. You have no
27:20 to control that muscle's contraction or All right, just to prove the
27:26 . I want you all speed up heart down. You can't right
27:33 I can speed up your heart if want to. I can just say
27:35 what? We have a quiz at end of class and your entire grade
27:40 dependent upon it. Anyone's heart jump little bit. Yeah, maybe skip
27:46 beat right now. What's happening Is that your your heart muscle responds
27:52 signals from the nervous nervous system. you're really not controlling it directly.
27:58 an indirect control. Alright. But an involuntary control, right? You
28:04 tell your heart to slow down or up. You can't tell your digestive
28:09 to speed down or slow If you make your eyes dilate or constrict,
28:14 just respond to their environment. So what we have is we have
28:19 muscle voluntary. That's local motion. . It's involuntary the movement that it
28:25 is the movement of materials it serves a pump. So it moves materials
28:29 the body. Smooth muscle on the hand plays a role in movement as
28:34 . But it can also change or , you know, change the size
28:38 sphincters or you know, so like example, get in your eyes,
28:43 muscles that regulate how much light gets and out of your eyes is smooth
28:47 , so not locomotion, it plays role in moving muscles of the hollow
28:53 . We'll see how it does that I think two units nervous system,
29:02 gonna keep it simple today, there are two major types. There's
29:06 , neurons are the cool cells of nervous system. Everyone studies neurons because
29:11 like the quarterbacks, they're sexy. get things done, you know?
29:15 it's all about the neurons. They are the cells that receive process
29:20 transmit electrical signals so that your body communicate long distances and make you do
29:27 . All right. I want you think about your brain for a
29:30 Your brain is thinking about itself It's the neurons in your brains that
29:37 the idea of a brain inside your , thinking about itself. Kind of
29:45 neurons do that. Glial cells are cells that allow the neurons to do
29:52 they do there. The rest of football team. Quarterback is only uh
29:58 if he has a line that blocks for him. Quarterback is only good
30:02 he has receivers who can catch for . The glial cells do all that
30:08 support nourish and protect the neurons, create the environments in which the neurons
30:12 . They allow the neurons to connect each other. They ensure that they
30:16 their scaffolding on which the neurons can connect. They make sure that the
30:21 are working and if they fail fall , neurons can't do their job.
30:26 glial cells are very very important but don't actually transmit information. They don't
30:30 the sexy business. So you typically on the neurons. We'll have like
30:36 said two whole units talking about these of cells and what they do.
30:42 specifically. But last one is a tissue. You'll often see on the
30:48 that I put C. T. I'm lazy and that's easy. The
30:52 way to connect tissue. Just T. It is the tissue that
30:57 support for all the other tissues. kind of the glue that holds the
31:02 together is one way you can think it but not all connective tissue looks
31:06 same. There's lots of different They have lots of different cell
31:09 So this is one type of connective up here. This is what is
31:13 to as Areola. Don't worry about . We'll get to it when we
31:15 to it. But you can see you look at the little pictures you
31:17 see the little yellow cells or the cells here. We got some stem
31:22 . We got some fiberglass. We an immune cell in there so you
31:25 see lots of different types of cells you see all the little tiny stripes
31:29 everywhere that the cartoon is put in . Those are different types of
31:32 And they create these unique matrices and a really unique thing. And that's
31:37 one type of connective tissue. Because we're looking at here, when we
31:40 at this blood vessel and all the cells moving through it, that also
31:44 connective tissue. And the reason those things are connected tissue because they have
31:49 same. Embry a logical origin. if you were to look at them
31:53 they are right now, you'd be , how is this a connective
31:55 It's blood. It's liquid. There's matrix. The cells there don't exist
32:00 a function of keeping this environment the . In other words, all the
32:06 that you assigned to a connective it all has to do with
32:11 All right. It's the matrix of environment. The liquid that makes up
32:17 plasma of the blood is what allows to be the connective tissue. Same
32:24 the matrix that you're looking at in weird picture up there and we're going
32:28 spend our time learning the different matrices really the different types of connective
32:34 The good news is it's not too . I mean when you start looking
32:38 the pictures and seeing the names oh yeah, I usually do this
32:42 least once a lecture, biologists are simple. We're not like chemists and
32:47 do make fun of chemists at least a lecture as well. Alright,
32:51 are simple. We name things for they do for what they look
32:54 If you ever get lost in a class, stop. Take a look
32:58 the word. And even if it's this long look at all the different
33:02 of the word. Alright, It tell you everything you need to know
33:06 it. Chemists like to put numbers dashes and hyphens and commas. That's
33:13 confusing. You have to understand their language. But like for example,
33:18 have a cell called an astro What do you think? Astro site
33:25 astro? Alright, so we got in sight sight is the word for
33:30 . So, what is astro star It was discovered in Houston?
33:36 Guess what? It wasn't discovered in . So, it's a star
33:39 So, without even seeing it. does it look like? A
33:42 See how easy this is. I , that's just an example off the
33:46 of my head and this is over over and over again. Alright,
33:50 anatomy, you're gonna see things named where they go for where they're
33:54 like the renal artery? Where do think the renal artery is? If
33:57 know kidney, Yeah. For those don't know the real system. That's
34:01 . That's why you're taking the All right. Like I said,
34:03 is the leveling field, right? all of a sudden now it's not
34:06 , oh, there's all these confusing . No, it's stuff that you
34:09 know. It's just putting order to . So, this is an organ
34:16 that you can see here. Is this? I guess this is
34:20 an organ. So that is a , right? And so we're looking
34:23 we're looking at that little square right to take a little slice out of
34:26 so that you can see how these are actually kind of organized. And
34:30 , this is not a memorization This is just to show you.
34:33 , the pink stuff out here that's pulled out to show you there.
34:37 would be epithelium. Right? You see here this yellow stuff everywhere.
34:43 the yellow stuff do you think, tissue? Good. All right.
34:47 then down here, you can see a layer here's another layer that looks
34:50 of weird. Here's another layer looks . All those are layers of
34:53 And the only thing that they're showing in this picture are the nervous tissue
34:57 controls all that stuff because it would too small to be able to draw
35:01 that picture. But this is just example. Your stomach contains all four
35:06 types of tissue and each of those have specific roles in that organ.
35:14 that allows that stomach to grind food released chemicals to help you break down
35:20 and fats. Okay, the muscles the churning portion and then we have
35:27 layer out here connective tissue that plays role in protecting. So that's just
35:33 example. Alright, so there's a place to pause. Anyone got questions
35:43 so far, we're okay. Haven't very hard, very fast. Have
35:48 notice how the reading kind of helps ? Oh yeah, now I see
35:50 he's talking about. Yes, Yes. Right. So what you've
36:05 is you've taken So the question is alright if water is not actually being
36:10 , right? When you get your wet, you dry them out.
36:14 still a little bit of moistness. ? So what you haven't done is
36:17 haven't actually wiped off all the right? The water is still
36:20 It's just no longer in a larger . So what happens is that we're
36:24 do a little chemical? So just water is a unique molecule that's very
36:30 , which means that what it it arranges itself with other water molecules
36:34 it's attracted to itself. Right? water attracts more water, which attracts
36:39 water. And so that's why when see a drop of water, it's
36:41 of like a bead, right? what you've done is that's actually hundreds
36:46 thousands of millions of water molecules. then you wipe it off. What
36:49 done is you've taken on water and just make smaller beats. That's why
36:53 still feels wet. Thank you. answer the question Or did I did
36:58 completely avoid what you're asking? Uh you wouldn't absorb. Right, So
37:07 , the water the water is not to be absorbed through the skin.
37:11 the reason for that is one because polar nature of water and number two
37:15 because one of the things you secrete your surface is a whole bunch of
37:17 in the first place. Right? think about a bead of sweat.
37:21 sits, doesn't it? Right. that's basically because you've created a barrier
37:25 you and I can't go through water fat hate each other. All
37:32 They just water excludes fat. It's it's cruel. It's it's a
37:40 I mean that's the term we use excludes. And so water is excluding
37:43 fat. And so basically it hides substance is I'm not gonna play with
37:47 . And so it will not go what we're gonna find out here soon
37:51 is basically a bunch of layers of . Okay, any other questions?
37:57 okay if we go off the track little bit, I try not to
38:01 I do have lots to talk about I can talk like an auctioneer
38:06 Mhm. Oh, what do you to ask about? So she's asking
38:11 Tony potent. Pluripotent. What do words mean? Are they both when
38:18 stem cells can differentiate into anything or what's the so pluripotent and Tony potent
38:25 used in very specific cases. I'm so for example if you're pluripotent that
38:31 I'm gonna get these critical, I'm even thinking about it right now.
38:34 one is like at the very very where it can be anything and
38:38 I think it's pluripotent, it could anything Tony potent can be I've already
38:42 away from anything but now I can within this particular group of of cells
38:47 I might have those two flipped. can someone, someone's correcting me.
38:54 , it's okay if professors get in of you and tell you they know
38:59 . They're liars. Okay. Just that. And if I don't use
39:04 a lot sometimes forget it. All . Moving on. Organ systems
39:11 The inter two organ systems and I this up here because I want to
39:15 you already know stuff. Alright. come into this class with a level
39:19 knowledge already. We're just gonna start things to make us better understand what
39:24 slide. Actually shows you all the we're gonna learn in this semester.
39:28 right. So we have like the mint system integrity system. We kind
39:31 talked about on the first day a bit. It's basically skin,
39:34 nails and glands. And so this , if you think about that list
39:38 what makes living things is to help your body? It serves as a
39:42 area or a level of defense. plays a role in regulating body temperature
39:46 is metabolism. So the integer mint is a valuable component to ensure that
39:52 living. The nervous system plays a in coordinating all the physiological responses of
40:00 body. Its job is to monitor going on on the outside of your
40:03 as well as what's going on the . Take that data process what that
40:08 means and tell you how to respond it Alright. And not necessarily on
40:13 conscious level, but literally on a level. Right? You do not
40:18 when to dilate your eyes but your does right? You don't know when
40:23 increase your heart rate but your brain . Alright. So this includes the
40:29 , the spinal cord and the And that's what that second picture is
40:32 the blue line, that's supposed to your nerves and you can see the
40:35 up there. It looks kind of a little time. You have This
40:39 system can also be four systems. just depends on how you want to
40:43 at things. So the musculoskeletal Typically what we do is we break
40:47 two apart and look at the skeletal and the muscular system separately. So
40:52 includes your bones. That's the easy skeletal, right? But it also
40:58 to the cartilage and the tendons and muscles that are all associated for
41:05 Alright, so we're really talking about here, but that's not just what
41:09 does. The bones also play a in support and protection. You all
41:15 wearing a helmet right now. Write skull is protecting your brain, your
41:24 , right? The bones of the protect your gonads your breastplate right
41:33 Alright? Your sternum protects your heart your ribs kind of do the same
41:38 . Although albeit kind of like a fence protects your house, things can
41:42 get through it, right? They play an important role in producing the
41:49 of the blood which includes the cells the immune system which we're not even
41:53 cover. Which is why I don't it listed here, right? So
41:57 a lot of stuff going on in these three systems in this class that
42:02 gonna be covering. But here's some systems. If you're continuing on in
42:06 . And P. Two and you're well I'm not seeing any of the
42:09 business here. I say sexy because face, we don't come to this
42:13 . We learn about the bones and muscles. Some of us do.
42:15 just like, no, I want know how my body works. I
42:18 to know how my body works. we go. So I got a
42:23 system, the respiratory system for There we go. That's that's
42:27 right? So it's basically the nasal , The trachea, the lung and
42:32 allows for air to get in close that we can pass those gasses that
42:37 found in the air into our body remove those gasses that we've produced as
42:41 function of our metabolism, get them of our body. We've got the
42:45 system, there's the heart, the , the veins. So we will
42:49 to as the vasculature, the cells are circulating through it and the material
42:54 circulating throughout the plasma. That's all part of the cardiovascular system. And
43:00 what we're doing is we're moving materials our bodies, right? So that
43:05 nutrients and waste gasses that we gasses that we're trying to get rid
43:09 . That includes molecules moving from one of our body to the other to
43:13 cells what to do and to create . So it's just a mechanism of
43:19 materials through the body. Over here the immune system and the lymphatic
43:26 So all that yellow that you're looking that's really the lymphatic and if you're
43:30 with the lymphatic system and includes the , the thymus, the lymph
43:34 the immune system is what are the insights and the other cells that will
43:39 the structures and it plays a role defending your body against pathogens and returning
43:46 that have escaped from the blood back the bloodstream. And this is stuff
43:51 focus on an a. and two. In fact, I think
43:55 you guys, it's one of the important classes are important lectures for you
43:59 to attend to and pay attention Especially after a pandemic where everyone thought
44:04 a vaccine is supposed to protect you disease. It doesn't do that.
44:09 the purpose of a vaccine? Who tell me to build up immunity?
44:13 all it does. It alerts your system, says this ugly bad thing
44:16 circulating around. Why don't you go and build up your defenses now so
44:20 if it shows up, you can beat its. But that's what it
44:25 . It doesn't protect you from It alerts your immune system to
44:30 All right. Really, really valuable lecture out of fun endocrine system.
44:39 what we've done here is we've taken whole bunch of organs that are responsible
44:42 telling other parts of the body what do. Each of these organs are
44:46 connected to one another, but they the same function. So what it
44:49 like, well, let's just start the same box. So we call
44:52 an endocrine system. And so what structure is showing you is like,
44:55 , there's parts of the brain here the thyroid down here, the adrenal
44:59 . Oh, look, there's a . There's the actually the kidneys as
45:03 . So the adrenal glands are a too yellow dots on the top.
45:06 the female reproductive tract. So we're about the ovaries here, the testes
45:11 the gonads in the mail. All are parts of the endocrine system.
45:15 the reason is because they secrete signaling or hormones that are responsible for regulating
45:23 parts of your body. Okay, its primary function. Now. What
45:29 they do? Growth, metabolism, and homeostasis. You see how important
45:35 might be to help you live? you all those characteristics. Lastly,
45:43 have the urinary system, the uterus and the bladder. What do
45:47 do with the system? What's his filter? It's conditioning the blood is
45:53 the answer. I was hoping someone to p because yeah, that's what
45:57 doing is you're actually getting rid of that your body doesn't need if you
46:01 too much water in your blood. that's not waste. But it's basically
46:05 that excess water. So that would conditioning your blood so that you get
46:08 proper water salt or water salt balance that. Alright, so conditioning of
46:12 blood regulating plasma volume, excretion of material or materials that your body doesn't
46:19 digestive system. You can see it up here at the mouth. There's
46:23 glands, esophagus, stomach, small , large intestine accessory glands, like
46:27 liver right over there is the gallbladder is hidden around there. I
46:32 that's trying to be it right Anyway, This is just a series
46:35 structures that are coordinating the digestion of food basically large and turning them into
46:41 thing for absorption and lastly, the system. Humans are sexually diamorphine meaning
46:47 have two sexes, two sexes, being male, one being female.
46:52 key characteristics here are the structures that the gametes. Alright, so the
46:56 the reproductive system produce gametes produced sex which are part of this system right
47:01 , The endocrine system and ultimately in , the production or the development of
47:09 embryo as it comes and grows to term and then can live on its
47:14 . So the structures here in the include the testes, the epidemic,
47:19 vast difference, the penis, which a copy of the organ and a
47:23 of sex glands. We're not going bother with today in the female we've
47:26 the ovaries. We have the uterine , we have the uterus, we
47:29 the vagina which is the uh Coppola organ. And not showing the picture
47:35 up here is the mammary glands which kind of ignore. It really kind
47:38 falls into the integer moment. But just included in because they don't really
47:43 in males. But they do in . They play an important role in
47:48 and nourishment. And they played zero in males other than their their so
47:55 are the organ systems. And so got a lot to look forward to
47:58 A. And P. Two. you can imagine and P to go
48:01 little quicker because you got 123 when get six or seven systems seven
48:06 we're doing three here, it's wow. But there's a lot And
48:11 looking at me, it's like, , there's a lot of nervous
48:14 That's why we spend so much time that. Alright. We got about
48:20 minutes left in class. I know hard. I know it's hard.
48:30 let's orient ourselves orientate ourselves. Orient . All right. Put yourself back
48:39 the 1400s. It's illegal to dissect human because that's the desecration of a
48:46 . And that's very bad. And you are are doing the very
48:51 , awful things in the world and need to talk to somebody who's doing
48:54 very awful things in the world in country. Alright, so the first
48:59 we need to do is we need recognize that we want to desecrate our
49:03 . I'm sorry. We want to our human in such a way that
49:07 can describe something so that somebody else use our notes because we are
49:12 right? We're trying to discover how work. We want to be able
49:17 discuss with somebody what we're what we're here. So, we're gonna use
49:21 common language. So if we're talking europe where most of this was taking
49:26 where the first vestiges of anatomy as a discipline was taking place, you're
49:32 to use a common language, which latin, right? So if you're
49:35 german or if you're in german. you're in Germany or in ITaly you're
49:40 speaking a common tongue. Right? number one, we got to have
49:45 common tone. Number two is we to have our corpses in the same
49:49 . If I'm dissecting it this I want to be able to ensure
49:52 the people who are dissecting are also their corpses this way instead of like
49:58 or upside down with the butt in air or whatever. Right? So
50:03 needs to be orientation. So what looking at here is what is considered
50:07 correct orientation or what is called the orientation of a human notice. Imagine
50:14 cadaver on the table even though I'm up and they always show it standing
50:17 because we don't want you to think you're looking at a dead person.
50:20 , so I'm on a table, is my proper position. Look at
50:24 my hands are, hands palms Okay, not this way this
50:32 Alright, you can lower your tongue way you want. Okay, now
50:36 we can do is we can see we're in this position that there are
50:40 two major parts of the body. have what is referred to as the
50:45 . So what we refer to as actual portion. Alright, so the
50:49 region includes your head and your All right now, if you think
50:55 it, everything you need to live in your head in your trunk.
51:00 , So that's an easy way to it if I need it, it's
51:03 the actual region. If I don't it, it's going to be in
51:06 appendages which we refer to as the color regions. So that's your arms
51:11 your legs. So if I chop your arms and your legs, are
51:14 gonna live? Are you going to a great life? Maybe? I
51:18 know. That's up to you. can be all sad about it.
51:22 one cut off my legs and arms you can go, yeah,
51:26 but in essence, you do not your arms and you do not need
51:29 legs to live. But if I your head off, you're dead
51:35 you still got your arms and your , but you don't have your
51:39 All right. If I remove your , you're kind of screwed too.
51:45 , so that's the first two regions you need to be aware of.
51:49 , as we go through the you're gonna start seeing more and more
51:54 more terminology. This is not a for you to memorize. Please do
51:59 memorize this picture, but as we learning things understand. So you can
52:04 how these are adjectives, right? you see that like over here we
52:08 the gluteal region. The gluteal region literally to the term is buttocks.
52:16 ? That's like, I can't remember greek or the latin and I said
52:19 used a common language. So it be greek or latin, but the
52:23 is like, if you hear it's like, okay, yeah,
52:25 talked about the gluteal, that's the region. Okay, Whenever I hear
52:29 refers to buttocks, carpal region. region. These are things that you'll
52:35 come across the weirdest one, is one right here? That's the
52:42 I don't know why I've looked it , but I still don't know
52:46 So pencil doesn't refer to the It refers to the chin, but
52:50 can kind of go over this. as as we go and just kind
52:54 , oh yeah, now, two the key ones that you're gonna have
52:56 know right here is dorsal and I think it's listed over here is
52:59 dorsal and ventral refer to the in the back of the body.
53:02 gonna look at orientation orientation terms here just a second. Alright, but
53:07 these as we're going along. Don't sit there and go, well,
53:10 don't you gave me a word that don't know if we use it,
53:14 gonna now use it. So if we look at this, what
53:19 can see is that the body is has cavities to it's actually Hollywood
53:24 Alright, so a cavity is a space hole in your tooth. We
53:30 it a cavity, but if you into the dental profession, they call
53:33 something else. I'm gonna get it . So, I'm not gonna say
53:36 it is. It's like a carrot something like that. I don't
53:40 Alright, now, a true cavity have fluid in that space as
53:45 and some of these do have but we're not gonna get into
53:48 And what you can see here is look at the side view.
53:52 we're looking towards the body here, . What you can see is we
53:57 a cavity that's in the back and have a cavity that's in the front
54:02 in the back is called the dorsal . The cavity in the front is
54:04 the ventral cavity. You can remember think about a fish or a
54:08 The thing on the back of their is called a dorsal fin.
54:12 if you ever get lost. What's thing on the back of a
54:15 All right. This is the ventral . All right. That's where your
54:19 is, dorsal cavity consists of two cavities. The cranial cavity and the
54:25 cavity. Cranial cavity has the spinal cavity houses the spinal cord.
54:30 connected to each other and they develop uh independent of the ventral cavity.
54:36 actually one of the very first structures develops. Embryonic li. Alright.
54:40 ventral cavities much much bigger. We're gonna focus over here. Now,
54:43 can see it's actually divided into two . There's a muscle that divides the
54:48 the cavity to two halves. That's the diaphragm? The diaphragm creates what
54:53 called the thoracic cavity. That's your region. And then below that is
54:58 abdominal pelvic region. So what we're is we're combining two different regions into
55:02 one cavity. So this is your down here. This is your abdomen
55:06 here. So together they're the abdominal region. This is where I'm trying
55:10 demonstrate a little bit here, how name things in biology. Sometimes we
55:14 create large compound words like Germans do . Germans love to take words and
55:20 bigger, bigger, bigger words like . You guys ever see it?
55:24 , you guys are too young in room. There used to be Volkswagen
55:27 for Fig Newton was like their big , It meant fun to drive.
55:31 was like they just took all these fun to drive. That's what it
55:35 . It used to be the longest word was like potato pancake and don't
55:40 ask me, it was like 60 or something crazy. Somebody who speaks
55:46 is gonna come up here. it's not. It's this one
55:48 All right, So thoracic abdominal pelvic . All right now, within
55:54 we're gonna have serious flu. Remember said cavities are fluid filled. And
55:58 this is an example of that Is that serious fluid Now what I
56:02 you to do real quick is I to take your hands. I want
56:03 to run them together. What do feel? Can you feel heat?
56:08 , you are made of meat. happens when you add heat to meet
56:13 cook? Right. Yeah. the last thing you want is to
56:16 heat to our meat. All If you're made of meat, you're
56:20 start cooking yourself when you cook it gets hard and it doesn't do
56:23 thing that's supposed to do. All . So, you can imagine right
56:27 in your chest, for example, heart is always beating, right?
56:32 lungs are always expanding and contracting. what are you doing between the two
56:36 them creating friction? What serious fluid is it actually reduces the degree of
56:43 . So these two structures rubbing against other don't produce heat. So you
56:47 cook your lungs. You don't cook heart. They can continue to work
56:50 way they're supposed to. This is true in the abdominal pelvic cavity as
56:54 . All right now, up in thoracic cavity. Alright, so,
56:58 gonna spend our time up here for second. We have two pleural
57:02 that's where your lungs are hot hiding layer of of tissue that protects them
57:08 has fluid in them is going to called that serious membrane. So what
57:13 have is you have if you think it kind of like a balloon and
57:17 you've done with the balloon is you the structure in it. So what
57:21 you've done is you've pushed the side and in So now that you have
57:26 my fist, there's gonna be a of that membrane of the balloon that's
57:30 my fist and then there's gonna be side away from it. That's gonna
57:33 a serious membrane. And that fluid we just described that prevents the friction
57:38 in between those two membranes. The that's nearest the tissue, the organ
57:45 you're interested in is called the Or excuse me called the visceral
57:50 The side that's furthest away from it the walls of the cavity is called
57:55 parietal layer is an easy way to this you see I kind of I
57:59 it there at the beginning, I calling. I don't know, it's
58:02 , The junk in your body, guts, what you call your
58:06 That is your viscera. That's another for it. So if you're ever
58:11 to remember which layer is the one closest to my guts is the visceral
58:15 . So if I have my the serious layer that's closest to my
58:21 would be the visceral layer. The that's against the thoracic cage, the
58:27 of the cavity, that's the parietal . So the pleura has there's two
58:33 those alright it surrounds the lungs. that serious fluid within those two layers
58:38 lungs as they expand and contract. I'm doing now is just expanding the
58:43 . So in between the pleural cavities what is called the Media steinem.
58:49 , Media steinem has a whole bunch stuff in there. But the key
58:52 that we're interested in here is the and surrounding it is the pericardial
58:57 So the pericardial cavity sits within the steinem. The Media steinem is between
59:02 pleural cavities. Alright, the pericardial is just like the pleural cavity.
59:08 is a serious or serious a serious . Again a layer next clear the
59:17 . The pride visceral visceral near the and then the layer that's away from
59:23 would be the parietal, so would attached to or next to the thoracic
59:30 . Or it's also gonna be next the plural layer. But remember it's
59:33 to the heart. So, visceral is going to be near the
59:39 The pride layers on the outer So, those are the cavities of
59:45 thoracic region and filled with serious fluid we don't want it to cause
59:52 Alright, the abdominal cavity or the pelvic cavity. I gotta watch our
59:56 here because I can really go over . All right. We have two
60:02 cavity. So we call it a thing the abdominal cavity or the abdominal
60:05 cavity. But we have the abdominal in the pelvic region. It's really
60:08 to buy them up. Just find hip bone. Right? That that's
60:11 that's the height of your iliac Anything below that is considered the pelvic
60:16 . Anything above that considered abdominal region to the to the diaphragm. All
60:22 , So what do we find in abdominal region? Well, it's the
60:25 layer of the digestive track. So the stomach. The intestines explain the
60:29 , kidneys. Most of the basically things that you can puncture and
60:33 survive with, you know what is important to the body things that are
60:39 in the pelvic region. Now, it really the bladder distal end of
60:44 large intestines? No, those are extensions of the upper regions. But
60:49 a question I'd like to ask. a lot of people get it right
60:51 up to that. How many generations it take for a species to go
60:57 ? Just one. It's all takes you all decide not to reproduce,
61:01 the end of the human race. , so it's just one that's all
61:05 takes. Right? So if you your ovaries, extinction, if you
61:13 your testes Extinction. Now, mammals weird in that 40% of all mammals
61:20 their testes outside the body. We know why we just did. Maybe
61:24 cool. All the cool kids are it. I don't know. Humans
61:27 one of them but they're not really by the pelvic girdle. But the
61:32 are. And what that tells you all really think about all the important
61:36 in your body are protected by Right brain. Your brain important?
61:43 . Right. So important. You to get another helmet if you're riding
61:46 bike right? At least that's what tells me. We didn't do that
61:50 we were kids. Which probably explains lot about us. All right,
61:55 important. All right. You're not . Do you protect it?
62:02 I'm not gonna give it to Plus, I got a bone that
62:04 there. That was a joke. to laugh at the jokes get really
62:13 . I want to go home Alright. Yeah. So again,
62:19 are protected by the bones. Also you're carrying offspring now ours get really
62:26 . But you look at other Their pelvis protects developing offspring as
62:32 Alright, So pelvic girdle. You kind of see the bones right there
62:37 what it's protecting. This is another here of scientists using words to help
62:45 describe things. All right. we're gonna use terminology so that we
62:54 easily point ourselves to what it is we're looking at. So,
62:57 remember you're sitting there trying to describe to somebody else. So, if
63:01 all on the same page using all same language, it's very easy to
63:05 things. So what we do is use descriptive like left and right.
63:09 . Now, remember in anatomy, looking at a cadaver on the
63:12 All right. So what decide is ? That's my right side for
63:17 Which side are you looking from your ? Seeing that confusing. So just
63:21 I'm looking at somebody on the table I'm looking at somebody on the
63:25 What is that person? Because if saying look at the mirror when you're
63:29 at your left it's you know your is gonna be over here,
63:35 And it's not gonna be the same . So you're looking at an
63:39 not a mirror image, right? use prefixes to help describe. So
63:44 things like hypo and epi. So we have epi here we have
63:47 Alright. And what it's doing is to other structures that are descriptive or
63:52 in the body. So for example central region is the umbilical region because
63:56 contains the point of the umbilicus, ? And we have the umbilicus.
64:01 a structure that we had embryonic li help us receive materials from the mother
64:07 really from the placenta. Alright, that would be the umbilicus.
64:12 So if that's the central region, is also the region where we have
64:17 stomach. The stomach is referred to as the gastric region. So if
64:20 to say hipaa gastric you immediately think stomach. So you go,
64:26 that's where that is epic gastric down . So here you can see left
64:30 left. So this lumbar refers to region of the back? So this
64:34 the lumbar region. So it's basically in this area right here, that
64:38 be left and right, lumbar iliac refers to that bone. So it's
64:42 saying the region where the iliac or ilium is located. So we got
64:45 left, right iliac regions. And up here we have this one where
64:49 got hippo, that means it's above and we have this weird word con
64:52 ac when someone called me a they told me I was faking it
64:57 , You're hypochondriac, you're faking you're sick, right? But hypochondriac
65:02 means hippo above con dro refers to . So above the cartilage. Well
65:11 bones right here are really over here all this portion, right? There
65:15 cartilage. So that's the hypochondriac Yeah. Yes it said so.
65:24 . So did I say it's above above the cartilage? Wait,
65:32 wait, I'm saying below or so my bad. You're you're right.
65:37 is why you need to correct me I can fall asleep and my brain
65:40 kind of goes on cruise control. like good. Just you want to
65:45 over and slap me. Don't you you can do that. No you
65:48 do it, you can think that , you're allowed to think right.
65:53 if this is the condo hypo means there. So below alright, that's
65:59 lot of terminology, isn't it? this is how anatomies talk to each
66:02 because. Well we are academic we to describe things and where things are
66:07 how to get where and what's not you'll see if you take this class
66:10 else. You get these professors who like, I'm gonna make you memorize
66:14 , every single piece of thing that's been named. There's a book literally
66:18 , I can't remember in latin, it's the it's basically atlas of anatomy
66:22 all these. A list of every that's used in anatomy that's officially
66:26 Its pages, pages and there are you got it planning on who here
66:31 to be an anatomist. Anyone, person, you know, you're just
66:36 being sarcastic. Yeah, that's I like that. Yeah. See
66:40 the medical profession they're they're a lot smart there. They just say,
66:43 we're just gonna divide the abdomen into regions and its upper and lower,
66:47 and right. So it's just you just point. So when that person
66:50 bleeding out on you and then you left quadrant, left, lower
66:53 Okay, I got it. I where I'm going. Alright, so
66:56 a lot of things that you're going see that are different when you go
67:01 the medical profession than what's actually being in a classroom environment. Okay,
67:06 just be aware of that. So gonna there's gonna be days where you're
67:09 roll your eyes at me. You become familiar with the orientation terms,
67:16 of these are really straightforward and I mean posterior and dorsal shared anterior
67:21 are shared uh medial means toward the , lateral means towards the edges.
67:27 midline. That should be pretty straightforward theory means below, uh superior means
67:33 . Uh And that can actually refer moving from the inside to the outside
67:37 the body as well. The weird , the one that a lot of
67:40 have issues with. Um It's proximal distal proximal means near to distal means
67:47 from. And so you need a of reference, right? So my
67:52 is distal relative to my elbow to core. Right? And so usually
67:58 what it's referring to is if you in the center of the body,
68:01 is approximate what is distal? This be distal. This would be
68:05 right? But if my frame of is is where is the thumb relative
68:10 my finger? My thumb is my elbow would be distal. So
68:16 have to see if there's a frame reference being uh referred to,
68:21 Usually it's just referring to the core the body. All right. Another
68:26 that's weird. That's not being shown . That shows you coddle. But
68:30 another term that's rasta rel and I'm pointing it out now, just in
68:33 you come across it. Rasta means the nose. Coddle means towards the
68:39 now we are an organism stands up our hind legs. So our coddle
68:44 not right here, that's our dorsal , right? But if I were
68:47 go like this towards the But coddle rasta role. It's typically used primarily
68:59 describing things in the nervous system. . Going back to our anatomical
69:08 bodies and planes and sections. There three planes of the body. You're
69:14 three dimensional object. Alright. And are three planes are pretty simple.
69:18 have criminal, transverse and sagittal. is the weird one when you hear
69:23 word corona, what do you think ? Please don't say the virus,
69:28 ? Crown. Right. Do you of a crown? Because that's what
69:31 means. Crown, right or Or really, really crappy car made
69:37 Toyota. Actually that's the Corolla. it was the corona in Mexico.
69:42 , crown. When you think of crown, you think of that little
69:45 little tr that's round that sits on of your head, that's not a
69:50 . Think of the statue of that's the crown. And so a
69:54 section divides the front of your body the back of your body. All
69:59 , So that's the weird one. want to just point it out straight
70:01 . Right? So corona corona all basically cutting you in half. So
70:06 of these as not cutting you in , but cutting you from the front
70:10 the back, right. So I take a little tip off my
70:12 That would still be a criminal Alright. The transverse section is gonna
70:17 cutting you in half, right. basically top to bottom? And then
70:23 is gonna be left from right. we typically cut from the mid
70:27 Um So that you can see the cut in half. So if you
70:30 to kind of look at you and collected, you can see this
70:34 matches that side. We're kind of mirror along the sagittal plane. Kind
70:41 We're not exactly mirrored right, but not mirrored in the transverse plane.
70:47 we're definitely not mirrored in the corona , right out your front, look
70:51 your back. No. Does your look like your top? No,
70:55 does your left look kind of like right. Yeah. Alright. There's
71:00 plane that's not listed up here. do not need to know because we
71:03 very hard to avoid these types of . But in your future profession,
71:06 may see these that is the oblique . Now, oblique plane is basically
71:12 any angle other than these three. so, they could be like,
71:17 that and it could be at a you won't see them often.
71:23 But they do exist all right. see how far we can get into
71:30 here and that's probably where we're gonna . Um So, homeostasis as we
71:34 , is basically your body's ability is remain a stable internal environment despite a
71:40 change in the environment on the I hope the picture up here demonstrates
71:43 . Clearly. Have you ever done with snow? I know not here
71:46 Houston, but have you ever done where you've run out? Yeah,
71:49 , basically it's scary cold outside. in a bathing suit. It's gonna
71:55 cold. But you're not going I'm . It might be a little bit
71:59 , but that's about it. All . So, what we call this
72:02 a dynamic state of equilibrium. And what we say is that your body
72:06 in homeostasis when all your body's needs being met. In other words,
72:13 is in balance so that all the is occurring as it should. All
72:19 . This is a really, really task to do and that your body
72:22 able to maintain that at any given is pretty impressive. But when you're
72:27 , that means you're out of homeostasis you're hungry, that means you're out
72:29 homeostasis right? When your temperature goes or goes down, when you're
72:34 you know, or when you're Those are examples of being out of
72:39 . Alright. Those are physical signs that happening now. The way home
72:43 stations works is it's monitoring something. right. So what we're looking at
72:47 something that's called a stimulus, a is just simply the thing that we're
72:51 and the change that's going to take in it. So, we're just
72:53 use brightness, for example, in room there's a certain amount of
72:57 So, the variable is how much is in the room. And if
72:59 room gets brighter or darker, that be the stimulus. And so we
73:04 a sensor to detect when there's change place in that variable. Alright,
73:10 the sensor for light would be your , we're going for the easy answer
73:16 . Okay. And so then that goes to a control center. In
73:21 case of the eye, the control would be the brain and then that
73:26 , wait a second. It's too . You need to adjust your eye
73:30 determine how much light can come So it's gonna send a signal to
73:34 effect or the thing that causes the the effect. Er In the case
73:38 light would be your eye again. right. And it would causes muscles
73:43 contract. So the pupil if it's bright, wood contract. So less
73:47 comes in. That would be an of regulating homeostasis. This is another
73:53 right here, blood glucose. I'm watching how much blood, how
73:57 glucose is in my blood. There cells that monitor this and when that
74:02 the glucose gets too high, it to the pancreatic beta cell to release
74:08 which causes blood glucose to be to absorbed by other cells so that it
74:14 the blood glucose level and brings it into the range. It's supposed to
74:18 this little graph right here. This pattern here shows you the exact same
74:22 in a different way it says, , I'm trying to keep my variable
74:27 a certain range. Alright, I a certain amount of light coming into
74:31 I write a certain amount of blood . I want my body temperature to
74:35 in a range. So I'm gonna and see if I'm in that
74:39 So there's the range, here's the kind of watching and or here's the
74:43 watching. When it falls out of range, the sensor tells the
74:46 hey, you're outside of the range you're supposed to be in do
74:50 So that's when it sends a signal the effect er to make change so
74:54 you come back into range. So my body becomes too hot, I
74:58 to cool myself down. What do do? But if I'm too cold
75:03 I need to bring my body back range, what do I do?
75:06 shiver. So that's what homeostasis is now. The way that we do
75:12 . And these are the last two , I promise. And I know
75:15 you're like, gosh, he talks , but I got three minutes and
75:17 gonna use all three of them. right, we can use a method
75:22 negative feedback in here. This is most common way of regulating homeostasis.
75:27 it is not homeostasis, it's how achieve homeostasis, basically, what we
75:32 is we have that system that is on that variable. And then when
75:36 variable gets out of range, it a negative response. In other
75:41 tells that variable to go in the direction that it actually is.
75:46 So for an example of that, we use the temperature one, When
75:51 temperature goes higher, I'm gonna find to make the temperature go lower.
75:57 would be negative feedback. So that's the sweating allows me to remove the
76:01 . So I'm acting on that variable the opposite direction, variable goes the
76:06 direction. The weird one for homeostasis positive is positive feedback. There we
76:15 . Positive feedback is going to drive variable in the same direction that it's
76:21 . It's used in very specific We see it a lot in the
76:26 system, but it's in other places well. Alright. We see it
76:29 in how do we regulate certain The idea here is I want the
76:34 to change in the same direction to certain needs over time. And so
76:40 I'm gonna do is as the variable that's going to cause something to happen
76:46 that control defector to make the range so that the variable keeps climbing up
76:51 that newer range. So the example have up here is contractions during
76:58 I push the baby contractions in the , pushed against the cervix. The
77:04 of the cervix says, the baby not leaving, sends a signal back
77:08 to the brain that says, release chemicals to cause stronger contractions, stronger
77:13 , greater pushing of the baby. keep doing that over and over again
77:18 the goal is accomplished to giving That would be an example of positive
77:23 when we come back. What we're do is we're going to continue a
77:27 bit of this background stuff like three four slides and then we're gonna start
77:32 about the cell itself. All if we want to come talk to
77:36 after class, I know they're gonna rushing in and you're gonna be rushing
77:39 . So, let's try to meet in the hallway. I'll go stand
77:41 there for just a couple of
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