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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - BIOL3324_Lecture25
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00:01 you guys can do better than All right, We're now starting to
00:10 that. All right, So many you guys have got to make sperm
00:20 down. The other half is to sperm. And the reason I'm asking
00:24 question, um, is because we're to look at the female reproductive system
00:29 . And remember what I said on ? If you're paying attention, I
00:32 men are simple, women are And I probably pissed a couple of
00:36 guys off when I said that. I do so purposefully because it forces
00:41 to think about the differences between these systems. The male reproductive system.
00:45 make sperm, we deliver sperm. that is the primary function, what
00:49 be the females function? Well, alright. Well makes over and deliver
00:54 . Okay. Yes, that's That that would be true, but
00:57 going to see here that we have much, much larger list of what
01:04 are responsible for when it comes to . All right, so I said
01:08 are complicated. I'm not saying that be me, and I'm saying it
01:11 because this is a much more complex that we're looking at, even though
01:16 less parts to it. So we have the producing of, um
01:21 . We call this process O And also female reproductive system is responsible
01:26 receiving this. Firms of mail deliveries females received this firm and then on
01:31 of that, you take the sperm the ova, you bring them
01:35 So there's this transport of sperm in to a common sight and when they
01:39 brought together, then the process where brought together in the sperm and the
01:43 fuse, I'm gonna use egg a instead of over. Just because it's
01:46 easy vernacular. That's called fertilization. right, we're going to deal with
01:51 question of fertilization on Thursday and then fertilization. Now you've got this new
01:57 that's gonna go through this process of and growth. And this is
02:02 uh, you know, this is development of that fetus, which we
02:06 to as gestation, basically allowing that occur. And when this happens,
02:11 we're gonna do is the female is produce a brand new organ that exists
02:16 females. It's called the placenta. only a placental animals, all
02:20 And so this presentation. So there's shen word, so you'll see here
02:24 have fertilization. Gestation presentation is gonna what helps to provide the nutrients necessary
02:32 the growth and development of the And then once the organism, the
02:38 grows large enough and has become mature to leave the female's body. Then
02:43 baby is pushed out of the body a process that we call labor and
02:49 but is correctly termed part tuition. we've got part Trish in, and
02:54 on top of that, then afterwards female is technically responsible for nourishing the
02:59 , and that doesn't mean that you're Legally. That means the body's designed
03:04 provide nourishment until the infants old enough live on its own, and so
03:09 are not unique and providing for their . But we are unique in that
03:15 produce milk for our young, and is done through the process of
03:20 So already we're starting to see an . Here, men make sperm deliver
03:25 . Females are responsible for not only the game meats but also for providing
03:30 environment for the growth, development, and nourishment of the offspring. And
03:36 the structures that we're gonna be looking include the ovary, the over
03:39 Although, as I looked at my , I noticed I don't have any
03:43 on the over duct, so that's of strange. Well, I'll interrupt
03:47 when it comes time. So we the over the over the over
03:49 We're gonna talk about the uterus and , and then we're gonna leave the
03:53 mammary glands in the placenta, which part of these functionalities. We're gonna
03:58 that for Thursday, and we're not go too deep in it, because
04:01 really kind of diving deep into the . I really want to just look
04:04 the reproductive track, which is these structures. Okay. And so are
04:10 point here. And just like I , this is just like in all
04:14 other systems, is the tube So we're gonna start one end of
04:17 tube, we're gonna work the other . So, like in the mail
04:19 started with the Gannett and the we're also starting with the go.
04:22 the go now is the ovary. right, so this is actually a
04:27 shaped structure highly highly vascular rise meaning lots of blood vessels. And the
04:31 for that is both. Go Remember, they do produce hormones,
04:35 we talked about in the mail. gonna really spend half our lecture talking
04:39 this in the female. So this how you get those hormones circulating through
04:42 body and how you signal to this at it. Alright. But technically
04:47 , what we have is we have inter portion and outer portion the outer
04:51 of the cortex, inter portions, outer portion, where you're gonna find
04:55 follicles which we're going to spend some talking about. Typically, what you'll
04:59 in any sort of textbook is some of drawing that looks like this,
05:02 is usually some sort of clock. so I want to understand that the
05:07 does not look what like an because they try to do the clock
05:11 . So you can see here here like the earliest stage, and what
05:15 do is they're going around the clock this direction. They're doing it
05:19 Most of them go the other direction , you know, artists aren't that
05:24 . They like to think in terms a clock. All right, but
05:28 outer portion. So I'm gonna circle inter portion. The outer portion is
05:32 you're going to see the follicles. right, this is where the over
05:36 actually located within our within these follicles then the medulla, the center
05:41 This is where the blood vessels This is where the nerves are.
05:45 is where ah lot of the the with the external world is going to
05:50 found. So there's also a lot connective tissue in there as well.
05:53 right. And so the whole purpose this follicle is that it serves is
05:57 side of a genesis. So the is the equivalent of the seminal or
06:03 seminar first tubules in the mail. not the same thing, but there's
06:08 play the same role. Alright, there's lots of different types of
06:12 All right, now we're gonna look the structure of a follicle, and
06:16 we're gonna look at the types of , but I just We're not gonna
06:20 into a lot of depth. I want to understand, uh,
06:24 what's there and what the process All right, so the primary cell
06:31 you're going to see So when you at a follicle life there, the
06:35 cell you can really see is this that sits right here in the
06:38 That's the oocyte. Alright, It's large relative together. And the other
06:42 just simply the gammy. All But then what you have is you
06:46 a whole bunch of little itsy teeny tiny cells and I'm just gonna
06:49 them in there and you can see right there. Alright, those
06:53 the granule assist cells and the granule cells are the equivalent of the subtly
06:58 . Right, So in if, terms of what are these cells doing
07:03 job is response for the maintenance of of the gammy. Just like
07:08 you're totally cell is responsible for maintaining environment for the maturation of the germ
07:14 in the mail or the sperm in mail. That's what the granular SSL
07:18 . Alright, but also has another . This is gonna be critical
07:21 It takes Andrew Gems and converts them estrogens. And this is gonna be
07:27 for um um, how we understand reproductive cycle in the female. All
07:37 . And then surrounding the granule osa . Is this kind of Barry?
07:40 can kind of see it here. a little dark barrier that comes around
07:43 edge. You can see it right as well. These air called zika
07:47 . Or you might even see him an l. A. Me and
07:50 cells. Like an adjective, Vika are the cells that first make up
07:55 boundary of the follicle, so that it easily identify viable and what it
08:00 , it takes cholesterol, and it in androgen. So these air similar
08:05 the interstitial cells or what are called cells in the mail. Alright.
08:09 in terms of equivalent sees, you kind of look it like that.
08:12 so what we're gonna do is we're take cholesterol. We're gonna convert it
08:15 androgen. The androgens passed on to Grand Ulises cell. It's gonna be
08:19 into estrogens. All right, so can already kind of see this kind
08:22 this relationship between these two cells all right. And in the
08:27 Remember, we have the latest cells androgens and the androgen. They're passed
08:30 . Settle yourselves. And the androgens a signaling molecule inside the totally self
08:39 terms of structure. All right, are different stages. All right,
08:44 there's lots of different sizes. Lots different, uh, differences between these
08:49 stages. All right? And so we're really looking at here is not
08:53 like, okay, this is a shape or unique thing. What this
08:56 telling you is the stage of development the oath side is actually in during
09:02 process of O Genesis. And so you're looking at a follicle, you're
09:06 at the maturation of that germ cell gammy. And so the follicle changes
09:12 the gammy. All right? And their basic, the basic four stages
09:16 primordial. Primary, secondary, All right, those are the four
09:21 . The primordial follicle is if you and took a slice in a in
09:25 immature little girl, that's all you'd would be primordial follicles. Alright.
09:30 , they're they're they're in a quiet state. In other words, remember
09:34 we talked about during O Genesis very on about week 22. Those oocytes
09:40 separated and set apart, and they're into follicles, and then everything is
09:46 until puberty, So that's what you're to see. You can see a
09:49 of those, and they're usually kind in clusters like that. You can
09:52 right here. There's an example of primordial follicle. This bigger one right
09:57 to it would be an example of primary follicle. All right, it's
10:01 lot larger. You can see that granule cells are starting to multiply.
10:05 you look at the shape of the osa cells in there, they're kind
10:08 flat. Where is either more a boy, it'll in nature. But
10:12 you can see is that they're the have gotten bigger and they're starting to
10:16 . And so this is one of characteristics and notice. Look at the
10:19 of the other side. The other has gotten huge, relatively speaking,
10:23 . It's almost quadrupled in size, so the primordial is unique from the
10:29 because while the primordial is quiet, set aside resting, waiting to be
10:34 on the primary follicle is one where signals come along and said, You've
10:38 chosen. You are one of the that are moving forward and advancing towards
10:44 . And so that's what the primary is. You can see it just
10:47 multiple granule cells. And then when start seeing the formation of an an
10:51 , um, and I want you at this one right here and you
10:54 see right in my circle there's a tiny bubble that's forming. A little
10:59 bubble will begin growing that little tiny , or that little tiny bubble that
11:05 called an entrance. Fill the fluid it starts causing the grand closest cells
11:10 separate and eventually will create this large that's found inside the follicle. So
11:17 can see there is a small It's certainly grow their This would be
11:19 late stage secondary. And then as move forward, we're gonna come larger
11:24 larger. You can see here it like there's two Antrim, but
11:27 what you're doing is you're slicing through Antrim. You're probably doing a slice
11:31 that. So you see, it like a bubble on a bubble on
11:34 side. But eventually you can see pushing the, uh, the sell
11:41 to the side. I'm gonna raise the income of slides so you can
11:43 it a little bit better pushing the side to the side. The Granny
11:48 cells still surround the other side. the tertiary follicle, you can still
11:52 they're this thick layer grand unless the . But we also see a lot
11:56 changes. We can't really tell the in size. So if you can
12:00 , this is the same size of . You can see that the tertiary
12:04 of becoming much, much larger. the granule cells surrounding the other
12:09 At this point, those air called cells. You've seen the word cumulus
12:13 , usually associated with clouds. And where the name came from. It's
12:17 cloud that sits around the cumulus cell around the other side. Now all
12:23 follicles in an adult post funeral pre woman are going to be president.
12:29 you're gonna see the primary, Primary secondary and tertiary is they're just
12:33 gonna be organized like we saw in little picture right here. I'm gonna
12:37 you a picture in just a Um, so you can see Here
12:41 my primordial. There's my primary. my secondary. There's my tertiary.
12:46 my Quaternary are not church quaternary graph or tertiary. Those would be the
12:51 type, but different stages. All , so you're going to see all
12:56 those now, the process of political going from that primordial to that graphic
13:02 follicle that late stage, tertiary follicle ovulation takes a little bit of
13:07 All right. And this is the thing I wanna point out many textbooks
13:11 show you a graph, which we're to see a little bit later in
13:14 That basically shows a 28 day menstrual . And they basically show you,
13:18 it's gonna look something like this is have Day zero on day 28 it's
13:22 to show you this kind of the and says, Oh, look,
13:25 ovulation roughly around a 14 and then going to show you this little primary
13:32 follicle, and they're gonna show you taking place within 14 days. All
13:37 , now, there is some truth the picture, but the problem
13:41 is how they set it up. what we're really looking at here is
13:46 primordial follicle is going through multiple cycles and over and over again. And
13:51 takes about 290 days for that cell get from here to the point of
13:58 . So basically about 10.5 cycles before actually reaches ovulation. All right,
14:05 I want you to keep that in . So, ladies, right
14:08 whatever part of the of your menstrual you're in, whether your pre op
14:12 a post op dilatory what just happened will happen this month in these 28
14:19 , it took 290 days for that be set up. So literally where
14:25 are in your cycle was set up little over 10 months ago, all
14:30 , And this is occurring every 28 . So what you're doing is you're
14:34 something this month. That won't happen 10 months from now. So what's
14:39 right now started 10 months ago, you can imagine this is through all
14:43 way across the line. All Now, within the context of these
14:48 days, we could divide the molecular , the cycle of progressing from primordial
14:54 the way around the tourist area as broken down between gonadotropin independent stages versus
15:01 dependent stages. And really, all means is what is the effect that
15:07 has on the development of this follicle the answer is really, really
15:13 Alright, It says, look very on when you're primordial primary secondary,
15:19 growing independent of banana trope ins. other words, FSH has no effect
15:24 the rate of growth is just kind this I'm recruiting and then basically I'm
15:29 forward slowly and progressing through, all . But then what happens is is
15:35 that become dependent on FSH. And is where birth control, where all
15:40 mechanisms of hormonal regulation regulates or determined or not we're gonna progress forward.
15:47 right. And that's really what what birth control does. This is what
15:53 does. It interrupts the late stages development. All right, But in
16:00 to the FSH, what you're gonna is you're gonna start converting these secondary
16:06 in the tertiary follicles and you're gonna the slow growth up until the very
16:10 bit. Which is gonna be this burst of growth that allows for a
16:15 oocyte to become the dominant oath site the dominant follicle. That will be
16:21 one that is ovulating alright? Or put it in other words, the
16:25 we are the reason we produced with It's alright, We don't do a
16:29 of twins. We don't do a of triplets. Those air abnormalities.
16:33 of us were born as a single And the reason for that is because
16:38 going to select against all the other . Only one of those follicles is
16:43 to progress through in response to FSH become the dominant follicle. All
16:51 so I'm gonna pause there. I've to switch back and forth between
16:54 So just forgive me for a so I'm gonna Look, I think
16:57 so far with regard to this I'm seeing any questions. All I see
17:01 my answers to that first question. it seem complicated so far? Thumbs
17:09 If it's not complicated first come chat. I don't wanna be talking
17:15 myself. I could record this and it up on Internet. If I
17:18 to Got a feeling none of you were here eso. What is the
17:30 of the 28 day cycle? That's good. That's a good question.
17:35 will answer that in just a All right, So, tie,
17:40 your questions until the end. Thank , Patrick. All right. Looks
17:44 we're good to go. Move then. All right. So let's
17:50 a look. Okay, here we . Let's take a look at an
17:55 ovary. All right? Now, want to give you a sense of
17:58 big this thing is. This is two inches across. Okay, so
18:05 about the size of an ovary. right, What you're looking at here
18:12 what we see in terms of a over. So you can see
18:16 Here is the medulla right out This would be cortex, right?
18:22 you look carefully, you can see a follicle. There's a follicle.
18:26 look carefully and all this stuff there's in there. There's some follicles that
18:31 found in there as well. All . But we're also seeing in this
18:35 bunch of of post op, dilatory structures. All right, there's two
18:40 them that you need to be aware . The first is the Corpus Liew
18:43 Corpus body Luethi. Um yellow. that's how we got a statement.
18:48 have the Corpus Alba cans, which Corpus body Alba cans white. So
18:52 can see. Here's a corpus Alba . This right here is a corpus
18:57 . Um, I want you to a sense of how big this thing
19:00 . All right? So the the , what we see is about two
19:05 . This thing is roughly about the size. All right? I wanna
19:09 back. I'm just going to show this picture again. Alright.
19:15 See how all the artists draw. , Corpus Luethi. Um it's not
19:18 big at all, is it? about the same. I looked corporate
19:21 about the same size. Look at graph, Ian Follicle. It's about
19:25 same size. All right, I to point out that your grafting follicle
19:30 as large as the Corpus Luke Cam back again. Let's take a look
19:35 that Corpus Lee Tim. It's a freaking structure. All right,
19:44 this structure forms as a result of . When a follicle ovulate releases its
19:52 the cells inside the granule of cells The ones that have been left behind
19:57 through this process of differentiation. They're differentiating into what it called Lou Teal
20:03 . Now, why are they called Teal cells? Because the name means
20:08 . And what we see is we big yellow cells, alright, and
20:11 big yellow cells produce progesterone and So what we've done or ladies,
20:18 you have done is you have created brand new into Quran, Oregon,
20:23 is gonna be stuck around for about days. All right, now I
20:28 14 days, we're going to see that changes. All right. The
20:32 of this structure is to pump out hormones to promote implantation and to promote
20:40 if implantation occurs. In other if fertilization occurs and that Zygo implants
20:46 the wall of the uterus, the is going to send a signal that
20:49 back to the structure and says, accomplished, keep sticking around. And
20:55 that happens, then we're gonna keep out those hormones to maintain the pregnancy
21:00 the first trimester. After about the trimester, this structure isn't strong and
21:05 enough to produce enough hormones. But then you start having a placenta that's
21:09 allow you to take over the job the corpus, Lucille. All
21:14 if pregnancy doesn't occur, you don't these hormones. You need to re
21:18 the cycle all over again. In words, I'm not promoting pregnancy.
21:22 hasn't occurred. I need to get air, Go. Let's get rid
21:27 this sucker. And let's stop producing hormones so that we can then restart
21:32 cycle and so that what's gonna happen is that those cells regressed. Other
21:37 , they go undergo apoptosis, they break down. And what you're left
21:42 is that Corpus Alba cans, which basically connective tissue. All right,
21:47 that's what you're looking at. You're taking one of these. You're growing
21:51 up massive and large. That right is an early stage tertiary follicle.
21:57 then it's gonna get nice and All right. And then once it
22:02 violates, Then it converts into the Sluti. Um, once Corpus Lou
22:06 does its job, if it pregnancy occur off you go. And if
22:11 does occur, it will break down . But that's not right then.
22:15 there all right. So that's your follicles. So this is where I
22:23 over the over. Uh, it's the the uterine tube. The fallopian
22:29 over duck. Those are all different . And basically what that is,
22:33 this It's this structure right here. basically there's two of them. You
22:36 see one. There it is color , and it serves as a passage
22:42 the ovary and the uterus. And so first off, the over
22:49 is open to the pelvis. What means is you can see it right
22:53 a little bit pretty well. Is your ovary? When it releases
22:58 it's actually releasing it into the But because of the position of the
23:02 tube, you're able to pull or that that oh, site into the
23:09 tube and then the fallopian tube, oocyte. Then maybe we're seeing against
23:15 right there. That right there showing a population right? Then what's gonna
23:21 is that tube you're basically gonna bring Oh, site down and into the
23:27 . Typically, fertilization takes place here the ambulance. I'm sure I talked
23:30 this on Thursday, but just in I don't. And then what's gonna
23:34 is after fertilization. Then you move zygote into the uterus. And so
23:41 uteruses function is to take that Alright, It's not really a fertilized
23:46 . It's a zygote. And what doing is you're bringing it there for
23:52 once it implants, and then what gonna do is you're going to support
23:56 protect it. You're gonna help nurse developing embryo. You're gonna help develop
24:01 fetus or sorry, placenta. Part the uterine wall is going to be
24:06 of the placenta. And then the structure of the uterus is going
24:12 be there to help eject that fetus the process of part tuition. All
24:17 , so really, the uterus is site of pregnancy is really the easy
24:24 to think about it. So the duct is the site of fertilization.
24:30 ovary is where I'm producing the so I go over them to the
24:34 of fertilization, the site of Now it's really kind of funny.
24:38 can actually go onto YouTube and do and there's a video that's awesome.
24:43 think it's hilarious. It takes all different women usually their mostly famous women
24:48 and whatnot. They ask him to their reproductive track, and they have
24:52 clue. You don't know what anything . So you guys are Well,
24:56 already smart of the most actors and , but this is just like the
25:00 on the cake stuff. All So you can see here when we
25:04 about pregnancy. We're talking about the . We're not talking about the
25:10 all right? And you've watched enough on there. They're always talking.
25:13 out of my vagina. Well, know, government's going to screw you
25:17 way or the other, so, know, we're really talking about
25:23 Oh, let me back up The key structures here is the
25:28 All right, this is the main of their just circled. I want
25:31 just kind of point out right The cervix. All right, This
25:35 the structure that serves, um, the boundary between the uterus and the
25:41 . All right. And we're going spend a little talking about that on
25:43 next slide here. So here we see a little bit better. All
25:46 . So you can see here The cervix actually projects down into the
25:51 . So this right here would be vaginal wall. This right here is
25:55 of the cervix projecting downward. You see that there's a canal that goes
26:00 down the middle of it, all . And so the vagina is open
26:04 the external environment. And because you a canal, that means the
26:08 the inside of that canal is exposed the external environment. That means your
26:13 is exposed to the external environment. uterine tube going back to slide is
26:17 direct tube off theater. So this exposed to the external environment. What
26:21 I say? That's opened up to fellas. So the inside of your
26:25 is literally open to the external Now, if we've learned anything about
26:32 , we kind of understand that there's , nasty things out there in the
26:35 trying to kill you. And so immune system is there to protect us
26:39 things, trying to get into our . So women, you have to
26:44 extra hard because you are literally exposing the dynamics of the pelvis structures inside
26:51 pelvis to the external environment all And so this right here is that
26:58 place where we can deal with those the measure or mechanism to prevent things
27:07 invading into the body on What's happening that the epithelium of the cervical canal
27:13 there have ah whole bunch of mucus . And these mucus glands produced this
27:19 that fills this up and basically prevents passage of materials back and forth between
27:26 two areas. Alright. So in , what you do is by plugging
27:31 cervix, you create kind of a environment for the uterus, and that
27:35 for a materials in the vagina to kind of be separated from the rest
27:41 the body. Problem is, is while you are preventing flora from entering
27:46 your also preventing sperm from any entering , so problem number one we have
27:52 overcome is we don't have a passageway get to the album, so we
27:58 to figure out a way to do . And what's interesting is that the
28:02 of the cycle. All right, you have this menstrual cycle determines the
28:10 and the viscosity of that mucus So this is day six of the
28:18 . That's shortly after the men sees can actually see the mucus. Sitting
28:23 in the external lost office is just fancy word for saying opening. All
28:29 , and so we're looking up through vagina, towards the cervix. This
28:33 that Day 15. This would be about ovulation, and look at
28:38 There's basically no mucus, all so you can really see. The
28:44 is that there is a mechanism to out the mucus and to make this
28:51 available, the at the point when most beneficial to become pregnant. All
28:59 , so cervical canal is Aziz. boundary between the uterus and the vagina
29:08 when it's open and closed is picking on how much mucus is there,
29:12 is regulate via hormones, the uterine . So we're now in the uterus
29:20 . All right, there's different The outside is called the Parametric.
29:24 , it's Ciro's. A. so it's connective tissue that holds the
29:28 or someplace. All right, I've to tell you this part.
29:30 I think, is kind of Um, the word hysteria comes from
29:38 want to say the Latin, but probably wrong. It's probably the Greek
29:41 one of those ancient dead languages no ever uses anymore, and it refers
29:45 the uterus. And so when we someone is hysterical, what we're saying
29:50 is that they're having uterine problems. the term comes from women and what
29:56 used to think. Alright, when a woman would become hysterical All
30:01 so out of emotionally, out of what they thought Waas before they understood
30:06 about the human body is that the had a life of its own,
30:11 right, and what it would do it would try to bounce around inside
30:15 female's body, trying to escape or problems, which is what was causing
30:19 hysteria. Alright, so that's where term comes from. It's in reference
30:26 this structure right here. Right We know it doesn't bounce around the
30:31 , right, because it's being held place by a whole bunch of
30:34 It's actually pretty well set now. the parametric is my Oh, Mitri
30:40 instead of there being two layers, three layers, so you can imagine
30:43 have the concentric. We have longitudinal fibers But then we have oblique
30:49 just like we saw in the All right. And so this allows
30:53 , uh, unique types of contractions , that's my own meeting room.
30:58 the middle layer. But right now interested in this innermost layer, the
31:02 layer here. All right, this the endometrium. Alright, So this
31:06 an epithelium, all right? And has two unique layers to it.
31:12 strata. All right. There's lots blood vessels. There's lots of
31:16 And it's these two different strategies that us to actually go through the process
31:21 menstruation and allows us to, create a cycle that ensures that we
31:29 fresh and proper sites of implantation for zygote. So this is kind of
31:37 looks like and this is all This tries to show you the two
31:41 layers. So here you can see the Miami tree. Um, right
31:44 . This right here is what is the basil layer. This is what
31:47 called the functional layer or the function . Right now, the maser layers
31:52 there. Alright. It basically is multiplies and divides and gives rise to
31:58 functional layer And so what's gonna happen is that the basal layer sits there
32:03 the beginning of the cycle, all ? And you can see the blood
32:07 . They're called, um, spiral . And what they do is they
32:11 of collapse on themselves as they grow of giving the spiral appearance. But
32:15 is where the arteries are. That's the blood vessels are. This is
32:18 the base of the of the uterine are located. And then the
32:22 they multiply. And as they they exp and upward All right,
32:27 they're they're they're producing this functional and that allows you to Newlands
32:32 You can see the elaboration of the vessels. And so now we have
32:35 blood rich tissue that's ready to receive zygote if one happens to come
32:43 All right, So this is growing response to the ovarian hormones, the
32:47 that are being produced by that corpus . Um all right, so it's
32:51 be progesterone and estrogen, and then pregnancy occurs, we're gonna maintain
32:56 and we're gonna use this structure to develop the fetus. We're gonna provide
33:02 to the fetus and we're gonna ultimately a placenta from half of the
33:07 So the half the placenta comes from endometrium. Uh huh. If pregnancy
33:14 occur, then what happens is is signal from the ovary stops coming and
33:19 gonna basically not support that. So shed off. And so this happens
33:25 every 28 days and humans, you don't need to tell me how
33:28 your cyclist some of you will be . Somebody gonna be shorter. But
33:31 basically what the men seizes is basically sloughing off of this tissue. And
33:37 you're breaking down tissue with has blood , that's where the bleeding comes,
33:41 so that helps wash washes out And so, in essence, what
33:45 doing is you're restructuring the site of roughly every 28 days. So if
33:51 is a miscarriage, alright, you remove and slough out that that material
33:57 no implantation encourage you can remove that supportive layer, and you can keep
34:04 it as needed for the entire length your reproductive age every roughly every 28
34:14 . All right? Yeah, I'm to the chat. What do you
34:16 for me. All right. See soon. Yeah, go ahead.
34:24 , uh, wonder that. Uh . Yes. So dynamics stick.
34:42 I'm not sure like you're talking like, cramping and all that other
34:45 stuff. Yeah. Uh huh. . So so remember, all this
34:53 is regulated via I'm sorry. Off wrong slide here for a second.
34:57 got to come back to my So concerned all this is dependent upon
35:01 hormones. All right, so this the key thing here. Hormones regulate
35:08 . All right. So what? right, So let's just kind of
35:11 away. We don't know anything right . We haven't learned anything. We've
35:14 learned a couple of things. we have a Miami tree.
35:18 and we have an endometrium, and have a parametric. What do you
35:21 the cramping is caused by? well, no. So think about
35:29 ? What What is the cramp? right, you're You're not a
35:31 You're a guy. How do you cramps? What's one way that you
35:34 a cramp? There you go. , what you're doing looking at here
35:41 the mile Mitri, um is going go through this process of fib
35:44 Basically, what it's doing is trying shake off the tissue. Alright,
35:47 it's basically cramping, you know, these small contractions to help the shedding
35:54 this tissue. Alright, so that's of it. So that would be
35:57 cramping part. And again, the is tight in there. So you
36:01 imagine I've got all these tight ligaments holding everything in place, and I've
36:05 muscles already trying t contract. There's cramping right there. All right,
36:10 that's the cramping portion Now. This a result of the loss of the
36:15 , and there's other signals that are on at the same time.
36:19 alright, craving of food, all other fun stuff. That's just the
36:24 of hormones. All right, you , it's just it's just part of
36:29 , you know, just a general of how hormones regulate our bodily functions
36:35 kind of the easier way to All right, so I'm not gonna
36:38 there and pick and say I've without , you're having headaches. Although there's
36:42 lot of evidence that low estrogen leads , migraines and other fun stuff like
36:48 , you know? But so so idea here is that the hormone from
36:52 everything the aspect of the menses that would kind of call the side effects
37:00 a function of our umbrella by those , but aren't directly by the hormones
37:06 really what I'm trying. Yeah. . And I saw another question.
37:11 the enemy tree in the part that during the menstrual cycles? So So
37:14 answer is yes. Plus Right. remember, you got a lot of
37:18 in there, all right? But also have a lot of blood.
37:21 right? Look at all those blood that are in our little cartoon
37:25 I got to go back to the for me. All right? So
37:29 not just, you know, and could see why guys, air
37:33 Look, there's blood. We have . So that tissue, you
37:38 there's there's materials that are all in stuff. And so what you're seeing
37:42 is this I'm not gonna call it Ott IQ. Alright, because it's
37:47 cells are breaking apart and stuff like . But the the flow is a
37:53 of these blood vessels caring and ripping falling apart. All right, and
38:00 This is actually one of the coolest . If you ever want to study
38:05 biology, one of the coolest the study is the endometrium or the
38:11 for the units, Really. But endometrium specifically, the reason for it
38:15 this is a structure that undergoes this of massive proliferation and massive death over
38:22 over and over again. And it's well controlled, and we don't understand
38:26 quite so well, right? And is Cancer? Cancer is uncontrolled
38:32 and it lacks cell death, And so if you could understand the
38:38 , you can figure out why their aren't behaving the way they should is
38:42 what my comic point is here. if there aren't any other questions about
38:48 uterus, I want to kind of on to the vagina real quick.
38:51 mean, we talked about the milk , Torrey, Oregon. We might
38:53 well talk about the female calcula Torrey . Well, um, and so
38:57 is a fiber muscular tube, and that means is that there is a
39:02 . There is a muscular sits surrounded its arosa. It basically sits in
39:06 flattened state most of the time, during copulation it is dispensable. So
39:12 a and also it's dispensable during birth well. And so basically,
39:17 can you can change its shape as need it, and so you can
39:21 here where it's it's actually kind of showing this picture, because here's here's
39:26 uterus. There's the vagina. You see the bladder. You can imagine
39:29 why women have to go the bathroom the time when they're pregnant. You
39:33 ? I mean, basically got a tiny baby in there jumping around off
39:37 bladder, right? So that's kind the shape, as you can see
39:43 in terms of structure. And you also see here that they're trying to
39:46 you all the ligaments holding it in . All right, Now, there
39:52 , uh, microorganisms that live within vagina. Their job is to produce
39:57 specific secretion. These air. I'm gonna get Neymar. Lacto bacillus
40:05 the the the the genus. I it's genius, all right. And
40:11 they do is they produced a whole of acidic secretions, so they kind
40:14 hang out eat secretions that are produced the mucosa aan den. They serve
40:21 in in the position of producing their secretions, that air civic in nature
40:26 basically killed off unwanted flora. All , that's kind of kind of
40:33 On the inferior end, there's uh, trans verse rueda. So
40:38 , trans verse would be in this , and the purpose of that is
40:42 it allows for the stretching of the , right, So it basically can
40:47 grow in length for about. I it's like about an inch or
40:51 if I remember correctly. All And then there is muscular Aris
40:55 It is because of the tube Gonna have a smooth muscle as well
41:00 skeletal muscle surrounds structurally in different Now, in terms of functionality,
41:05 is it? Well, we mentioned is the organ of copulation, all
41:09 , But that's not the only thing mentioned already that it connects the uterus
41:14 the external environment and as such, it serves as a passage for
41:19 right? It also serves as a canal. So we got things coming
41:26 coming this direction and also serves as passageway for the Menzies. So all
41:32 these things. Vagina is not Simply unorganized population and males. Males
41:38 need penises to go to the I mean, it's a lot
41:42 It's very helpful. We don't need . All right, so it's a
41:47 . Torrey, Oregon. In that's what The Penis. Is it
41:50 ? Sole purpose. Alright, In , vagina is multi function. So
41:58 that in mind, we kind of all the structures we've covered. The
42:02 , the ovarian tube, the uterus the vagina. And that is the
42:07 reproductive track. All altogether. What wanna do is I want to shift
42:13 . Been before I shift gears, let you guys ask any more questions
42:15 got. But what we're gonna do we're gonna go to the to the
42:19 cycle, which is where we all right, men are simple.
42:23 testosterone. This is how we make . And then we're gonna look at
42:26 female did. So let me just real quick. There any questions that
42:31 picked up? I'm not seeing anything , so I guess you guys ready
42:36 go forward? I'm drinking my tea talking is hard. All right.
42:50 is where things get fun. All , so the menstrual cycle is actually
42:57 composite of two different cycles together. right, we have what is called
43:02 ovarian cycle in what is called the cycle. Alright, together, everything
43:07 again, we're gonna use the number again. You could be a little
43:09 longer. You could be a little shorter. Um, but the average
43:14 roughly 28 days. All right, if we look at the ovarian
43:20 we could basically say All right, could take this cycle, which is
43:23 28 days. If you have you kill the cycle for a little
43:27 . And then after pregnancy, then will start. You'll bring the cycle
43:31 into into into its function, or and back into its cycle.
43:37 But basically what we have because we two has we have what is called
43:40 molecular phase. So it's the first , so that's basically 14 days.
43:45 on the latter half, we have , which is another 14 days.
43:48 so the dividing line is ovulation. right. And so remember I
43:52 look at the clock you can see is the clock is basically saying we
43:56 a molecular phase that's dominated by the of a maturing follicle and typically the
44:03 follicle. Is this bad boy right ? All right. It's that tertiary
44:09 that starts off a fairly small Roughly about, uh ah. I
44:14 it's about 10 millimeters and grows to length of about four centimeters. So
44:19 two inches. Right. So there's massive growth phase that takes place in
44:24 1st 14 days. All right, where you get that little tiny thing
44:28 grows into this massive corpus luethi. , all right, now, the
44:32 this happens is because we have a bunch of granule cells that are multiplying
44:37 dividing, all right. And what do is they produce estrogen. So
44:42 we're going to say is that the half is dominated by the production of
44:47 presence of estrogen. All right, that's what's what we're looking at.
44:53 then at ovulation. That's when this bad boy is releasing its host
45:00 And what's left behind is this So, ovulation is that dividing line
45:06 those leftover Granillo CIS cells are gonna go through the process of differentiation.
45:11 gonna become those yellow cells called the cells. And then we're going to
45:16 this massive invasion of little tiny blood into the corporate Sluti. Um,
45:22 those corpus are those Louisville cells are begin producing Ah, whole bunch of
45:27 . Now they're going to still produce , but they're not producing,
45:31 in terms of which hormone is being , more of its now, primarily
45:36 in. So the follicular phase is by the presence of estrogen. Louisville
45:42 is dominated by the production of All right, so what are we
45:48 in Louisville phase? Well, we're trying to prepare the female reproductive track
45:52 pregnancy. All right, so when look at the 28 days you can
45:56 here, here's my 28 day or 14 days. There's another 14
46:01 That's actually better. Look at the . So here's the follicular phase.
46:05 14. There's Louis Riel. What I doing? I see massive
46:09 This is that hair I was talking . Do you see that? That's
46:13 primordial follicle, right? And what say is that that's not what happens
46:18 already starts off of the tertiary for right, I'm gonna get to that
46:22 just a moment. So first half your face. 14 days. Estrogen
46:29 of a follicle latter half is separated the first half by ovulation. Lidio
46:36 is 14 days, dominated by progesterone . Presence of the corpus luethi.
46:41 , producing the that progesterone. It's to support pregnancy. Even says so
46:49 the name project station. Right? progestin ation. The uterine cycle,
46:58 referred, also has a menstrual but it gets confusing it. The
47:01 thing is the menstrual cycle. So were looking at three phases. So
47:06 you have your 14 days. There's . There's Lucille. Alright, there's
47:10 days. There's 14 days. The 14 days they're divided. The first
47:15 to 7 days is the menses That's the minstrel phase. So we're
47:21 jump to the end of the All right? We didn't have
47:25 so the corpus lutein begins to And when the corpus lutein degenerates,
47:32 doesn't produce the hormones. No ovarian , no hormones to support the structure
47:40 the endometrium. So the endometrium begins break down. And that's the men
47:46 . All right, So this is vaginal discharge of the blood, the
47:49 girl debris. All right, that's causes it. And it's the very
47:54 stage a lot of people think of men sees as the last part.
47:57 not. It's what begins everything. other words, it's the reset at
48:01 beginning. And then after the first to 7 days, whatever, however
48:05 it is for most people, then we're doing now is we're going through
48:09 is called the prolific tive phase. right, so that's the yellow marked
48:13 and here. What we're doing now in response to the estrogen that's being
48:18 in the ovary. All right, going to start rebuilding the endometrium.
48:23 right, so now that growth of functional phase of the of the functional
48:30 is occurring during the proliferated phase, occurs. The Corpus luethi,
48:36 begins producing the progesterone. And so what's gonna happen is is that signal
48:43 to maintain and cause, um, vascular ization as well as glycogen production
48:52 the mutual glands to promote pregnancy. so this is what is maintaining that
48:58 endometrium. All right, so the that's produced here in the estrogen that's
49:05 having functions. Estrogen results implore. oration creates an environment that progesterone then
49:13 to maintain, you lose those two . Once again, we start the
49:18 and you start all over. That's uterine faith. Three stages ovarian,
49:26 stages. Put them together. It something like this, all right.
49:31 you can see here up here. looking at the ovarian stages. You
49:35 see what the hormones air doing. blue line is represents the estrogen.
49:43 sure if that's right. Yeah, line is the estrogen Theo orange line
49:48 going to see is LH. FSH concern ourselves with right now. Um
49:53 then you can see what is my doing? It's fairly low until we
49:56 out here and now there's my You can still see. There's a
50:01 of estrogen being produced, but not much as the progesterone. All
50:07 so what is the effects you can here with low hormones? Pregnancies is
50:14 hormones increased. I get roads and change my hormone. I am now
50:20 for pregnancy. Rinse and repeat roughly 20. So let's kind of put
50:30 all together so that we can see the hormones and what they do,
50:35 right. And so you can kind see that is gonna be these individual
50:39 . And so these are the five hormones and the female reproductive system.
50:43 ? And notice the first three we've already before. They're the same ones
50:46 seen. The male reproductive system. is responsible for producing an atropine releasing
50:52 . Now trump in releasing hormone acts the anterior pituitary acts on specific data
50:56 one that produces LH one that produces . All right, so what is
51:01 job of Lupin izing hormone? it tells the thick of cells to
51:06 androgens. And when it produces androgens gonna be used by the grandiose cells
51:14 estrogen. All right, But the thing that LH does is that it
51:19 as a signal to induce ovulation. right, so it is the major
51:24 signal. We're going to see how works in just a moment.
51:29 on the other hand, acts on granule assist, doesn't tells. The
51:32 says, Hey, you know That androgen that's being delivered to
51:35 I want you to turn that Astra Gin. Grandma's to sell.
51:39 ? Sure, fine. And it's going to promote proliferation. So one
51:44 cell becomes 22 becomes 44 becomes and so on and so on.
51:48 so on. This is that proliferation . All right, So, so
51:53 , not a lot of difference in of what we've seen with regard to
51:57 mail. All right, so there's FSH, right? So the first
52:02 estrogen is made by the granule of from the androgens Aquatica cell gave
52:06 All right, So what does estrogen ? Well, estrogen acts out as
52:10 feedback loop back to the grandiose cells says, Hey, you know
52:14 I want you to proliferate. So is a positive feedback loop. We
52:19 see a lot of these in the . So this is one that you
52:21 of look at and say, so I am a grand closest
52:25 I'm told to proliferate and make And when I make estrogen, it
52:29 me to proliferate. Even mawr, means I make more cells which make
52:32 estrogen, will make more cells, makes more estrogen yada yada yada.
52:35 so you can imagine the estrogen They're gonna grow massively in response to
52:41 early simple signal. All right, is gonna be made a little bit
52:48 . So once a granule cells differentiate no longer is producing estrogen, it's
52:53 to, uh, to differentiate, this Louisville cell. And now you
52:58 have the right enzyme. So you make progesterone in the role of the
53:02 is to ensure that the uterus is what it's supposed to do for
53:08 In other words, it prepares and a uterine environment for the Zygo.
53:17 , I just throw this up I don't ask you to memorize any
53:20 these things. I just wanted to you how this all works. So
53:24 the thick of cell you transport cholesterol . You go through and you make
53:29 in a die. On interest in diet is what's transported across use.
53:34 a die on to make extra right? It's just the presence of
53:39 If you have the right enzymes, can make, um, the right
53:46 , right? That's the idea. because you had the presence of right
53:52 , progesterone, doesn't just stick It actually has pushed you interested?
54:00 ? So let's go back to our . Or should I pause for a
54:05 ? We have any questions? See . No questions. And guess you
54:12 all get this stuff? Maybe maybe wrong. Maybe female reproductive system is
54:16 conflict policy. All right, like your face Louisville phase, you
54:22 take the flick your face and you divide it up in a little tiny
54:25 . So we're gonna say what is the early follicular phase. Alright,
54:29 would this would be around the same as the menses is taking place or
54:34 after the menses. Alright, So is estrogen doing? All right,
54:39 got low levels of estrogen to begin . Alright, but estrogen is
54:43 alright. And what it's doing is produced by the granule Issa cells to
54:48 what? Well, feedback loop, more estrogen. Okay, I can
54:53 that. That's positive. Feedback Second thing estrogen is doing is it's
54:57 in a negative fashion. Back to anterior pituitary and back to the
55:03 Alright. What are you trying to ? Well, here, what you're
55:07 is you're preventing the release of Lutin hormone. All right, you're not
55:14 its production. You are inhibiting its . Okay, so serving as a
55:20 feedback loop and then act on the the hypothalamus, it's It's basically blocking
55:27 release of and the production of gonadotropin . So there's very typical at the
55:32 end. You're basically trying to self . All right, now, the
55:36 thing that's happening is that the granule cell produces both inhibitions and activists.
55:43 they're primarily producing the anterior pituitary. right, so they're actually human produced
55:50 , and you already see, I of want to show this to you
55:54 it's the same molecule but different So we have what are called the
55:58 Beta dimmers, and we have the beta dimmers, and so that inhibit
56:02 an Alfa Beta dime. Er, beta timers, inactive Hman in heaven
56:07 basically saying, Hey, I want to not release or produce FSH,
56:17 ? And what activities do is saying , you know what I want.
56:19 want you to make active. I , I want you to make
56:23 so that's actually a positive It right? So we have here is
56:27 gas in a break. So grainy the cells were talking back to the
56:30 pituitary, using these two hormones to when FSH is gonna be made.
56:36 there's another molecule that we're not gonna into is called Follow Staten. When
56:40 around it causes the up regulation of status which serves in a negative feedback
56:44 back to the activists. So there's inhibiting. The activists are are not
56:49 each other. You have other molecules regulate the fall. You know the
56:59 . So in the early stages, gonna be producing estrogen and estrogen
57:04 We're going to start rising again. R. H. We're going down
57:12 or we're going downhill. It's primarily in response to estrogen. FSH levels
57:20 remember were down regulated because of So you're starting to suppress gonadotropin releasing
57:26 FSH Now this is important for a of reasons. All right, this
57:32 part of what allows us to produce dominant follicle. Alright, because
57:38 grandiose of cells are responsive to If you have one follicle that's producing
57:43 estrogen, it's becomes less and less upon F s. h to
57:48 whereas all the other follicles which are be, uh, you know,
57:52 little bit smaller. They don't have as many grandiose of cells, so
57:55 more dependent on FSH. And so you're down regulating the amount of
58:00 you're you're basically slowing down growth, for in the one that's already responding
58:04 all the estrogen that it's producing. right, so in the late follicular
58:09 , we're now kind of basically killing the slow growing follicles because we don't
58:16 the positive regulators now. Lutin izing were making tons of it. All
58:22 . The difference is is we're just releasing it. Okay? Remember what
58:26 said is LH is regulated by estrogen not be secreted. Doesn't say anything
58:34 production Here. It's production and All right, so you can imagine
58:41 cells are accumulating tons and tons and of LH. And when the right
58:47 comes and that right signal happens to ah, lot of estrogen in the
58:54 , then what's gonna happen is that the release of that LH. This
58:58 that LH surge. And that surge what results in ovulation. Estrogen.
59:06 said, serving in a negative feedback here. Negative feedback faction there all
59:13 , before the levels get really, high. We've also mentioned what does
59:18 doing? Well, it's positive feedback , and then when the levels get
59:22 enough, then it serves as a feedback loop back to the anterior pituitary
59:27 Solemnizing hormone. You can kind of this here. All right, so
59:32 your estrogen. Estrogen is slowly growing up, but then now you've got
59:37 dominant follicle, and it's producing tons tons of estrogen. And so what
59:41 seeing is is geometric growth in terms the amount of estrogen being produced.
59:46 you get this high level of estrogen it precedes release of Lutin izing
59:53 There it is. That's the And that's the surge. So notice
59:58 Ella levels very, very low. all of a sudden, up it
60:02 . That's in response to that Now LH has multiple roles at this
60:10 , all right. First off, terminates, create dilatory grip.
60:13 it says anything that is trying to and mature. You're done. So
60:21 based in a stop estrogen synthesis. . That program is turned off.
60:27 if you're a late stage secondary follicle you're progressing, you're basically stopped and
60:32 halted and you're waiting for the It's kind of like Simon says,
60:36 red light, green light. They've announced red light. And everyone is
60:40 kind of sitting still waiting for green . Yeah, we have our little
60:47 here, right? We're going to my house. Is one all
60:53 So the primary oversight and what we do is we gotta turn it into
60:57 secondary oversight. So we got our that needs to be a secondary,
61:02 so that's what happened. It basically reinitiate that miles this product. And
61:07 it's going to cause ovulation. There's ovulation right there. All right,
61:11 the one follicle that has grown and this massive large follicle, that's when
61:17 thing gets released. Now there's a bunch of things that happened. One
61:22 them is that you released prostaglandins in tissue surrounding this, um follicle,
61:29 basically squeezes on the the follicle I want to say it pops it
61:34 , Is it because that's not There's other enzymes that are involved that
61:38 the thing, the walls to break and stuff. But ultimately you're squeezing
61:42 out and causing the oath side to propelled from the follicle. The last
61:48 it does is that it causes the of those leftover cells. Alright,
61:55 is groundless. Cells in Thika cells are stuck there in the ovary after
62:02 , those the one that differentiate into little cells. So notice Louisville cells
62:07 not just granule ASUs cells. They from both populations. Now a better
62:13 to look at Pelicula. Genesis and ovarian cycle is with this thing.
62:16 right, so this is what they'll you. They'll show you this being
62:20 here and they say, Oh, , in 14 days, you'll get
62:24 this and that's absolutely wrong. This not what happens. All right,
62:30 to go from primary Thio secondary is 120 days get from secondary to early
62:38 . That would be about another 65 . So you're looking at about
62:43 You know, we don't know how this really is, so we think
62:46 about 300 days in total for this process. But Some people just say
62:51 greater than 100 20 days just to their butts, and this is what
62:54 want to show you. So this is itsy bitsy, teeny tiny,
62:58 in 14 days it goes through the growth spurt that grows 10 to 20
63:04 its normal size. All right, they're really easy to see there.
63:10 are not small. There's Bigas, ovary themselves. So it's not hard
63:14 find that tertiary follicle. If I way back, run away back
63:25 That's what I'm looking for. That there that's a wee itsy bitsy tertiary
63:36 . That's right there. That was size of the ovulating or the the
63:43 follicle that populated right The corpus. team doesn't get bigger. It's already
63:50 size. It's just the cells and you can see here. Look
63:54 all the blood vessels. Alright. vast terrorized blood vessels. Reason I've
64:02 to send progesterone to the uterus. right, so those 14 days in
64:17 follicular phase, that's massive growth. your ovulation. And now you have
64:21 corpus luethi. Um and that's the 14 days. All right, These
64:26 fun pictures like showing these pictures because easy mode. All right,
64:31 this is probably an artifact, all , but it's showing you look here
64:36 the oocyte surrounded by a whole bunch cumulus cells. You can see some
64:40 the cumulus cells are actually already separating from the oocyte. That's normal.
64:45 deal with that on Thursday. All , this is an actual paper.
64:51 were doing a hysterectomy on this on woman. She's a 40 year old
64:54 woman and I camera what she was for. They said she was getting
64:59 total hysterectomy and they went in to to a total hysterectomy. And this
65:02 her ovary. And they're saying we a stigma, stigma. That's what
65:08 called. So the follicle that sits so you could see how big this
65:12 is, it stands out. Look that blood vessel going in so highly
65:17 arised tons and tons of hormone being out of that. And they sat
65:22 and they waited for it to So what? A surgery, Which
65:26 have taken just a couple of, know, minutes, Thio hour or
65:31 They sat there and left kept her to ultimately watch this thing ovulate and
65:37 got pictures and they published it. all this paper is is watching a
65:43 ovulation. It was kind of Switching to the loo Tiel phase.
65:54 right, we have our corpus with . It's now pumping out tons and
66:00 of progesterone. What is the job progesterone? Well, first, it's
66:05 it acts on the gonadotropin basically prevents and FSH. Alright, Now,
66:11 should make sense. If LH and are promoting follicular genesis and follicular Genesis
66:17 ovulation. You don't want to be while you're pregnant. You'd have,
66:24 , different zygotes growing at different And when one goes to term based
66:31 how our structure works, all of would be a term. And so
66:34 not an advantageous. So the idea is to prevent any follicular growth,
66:41 that's part of a progesterone job. serves as a Z, a hormonal
66:48 of birth control as an easy way do it. Which is why most
66:51 our birth control is progesterone supplement with , right? Second thing it
66:57 We mentioned a bunch of times, the years for implanting. All
67:01 so the spiral arteries, we already they're gonna start growing. Your glands
67:06 glycogen. We mentioned this and it causes that cervical mucus, which basically
67:11 down in response to the high levels estrogen, become really, really thick
67:16 viscous again. And so what? does it Basically it says,
67:19 sperm, you had the chance to in. I'm closing up shop.
67:23 no more sperm. Either we're getting or not. That's the idea
67:28 What press Progesterone does. And then you don't have the corpus tm while
67:32 lose your progesterone All right. So just reinforces what progesterone is doing.
67:38 mean, it doesn't just do that our purposes. This is what does
67:41 basically blocks FSH and LH n g r h. All right.
67:46 basically, again, we're shutting down hormonal access to prevent further follicular
67:54 What is in heaven do well, acting on FSH production? No,
67:59 not allowed to make FSH. All ? And then what are these
68:03 Well, they're all being down regulated response to those top three hormones.
68:09 . Another way to look at this you can look at it like
68:12 Just follow the numbers. Gonadotropin releasing released from the hypothalamus. Acts on
68:17 interior pituitary cause release of FSH and . What did those do that cause
68:23 regulation of estrogen? We're gonna have positive feedback loop for a while,
68:27 where we're negatively acting. And then gonna happen here is we're gonna result
68:32 high esteem levels, which caused on surge, which causes ovulation. Ovulation
68:37 in the change of you know, the leftover grandiose cells that Louisville
68:43 which causes Theodore. I said Louisville , uh, think of cells causes
68:48 organization. They are now producing tons progesterone estrogen in heaven, which served
68:53 a negative feedback loop releasing all the slide. Just follow the numbers.
68:58 pretty simple. All right. Another to look at it is like
69:05 All right, you take your Here's my early stages notice, since
69:10 of it right here is my late flight phase, plus a little bit
69:15 of ovulation and it says Okay, going on during Lutin ization? And
69:21 , when we degenerate what's gonna Well, it's going to result in
69:26 moving back this direct. And that's way you break down the hormones.
69:32 right, so I'm just gonna pause for a second. I'm gonna look
69:35 chat. I'm gonna ask the Is female a little bit more complicated
69:41 male when it comes to hormones that yes or no? What do you
69:48 ? By a liar or my telling truth? A little bit. Uh
69:55 . Yes, Yes, yes, . Head is spinning. Thank
69:57 Patrick. Yeah, and we're not done yet. We have another
70:05 Women are so complicated. We get third day for our second day for
70:08 . All right, well, thank for affirming me that I'm not just
70:14 . It is harder, you But the good news is that it
70:17 follow a pattern. And so, , look at the pattern and and
70:22 the pattern. All right, Now know where I was done. Um
70:28 , way more complicated. All I know we're almost done, but
70:32 want to make a couple announcements here quick before we go. All
70:35 First off, I'm putting in um, for the papers, and
70:39 gonna start contacting guys about missing, uh, reviews. I've already,
70:47 I said, I'm not going to reviews back to people who blew them
70:49 . I'm gonna do those extra So what will happen is is,
70:54 um I'm going to sit down. , um, which will basically,
71:00 know, it might be today might tomorrow. I don't know which.
71:03 talking all day, I get kind tired and stuff. I still got
71:07 lot of work to do here. what will happen is I'll basically
71:09 Okay, this will be a blackboard that's gonna come to your emails.
71:13 it just says, Hey, if interested in doing a another review for
71:17 credit, just respond. Yes, all you gotta do is put a
71:21 or yes. And the thing will open for about like, five
71:24 because I will literally get all of guys emailing you back within those five
71:28 . So if you miss it within first five minutes, I'm sorry.
71:32 just gonna be the one. And I'm gonna I'm gonna assign them based
71:36 when there were receive. All And then what's gonna happen is if
71:41 if you've accepted that. What you're is I'm willing to do a turnaround
71:45 a peer review within 24 hours, know? And so the idea is
71:49 just gonna get this back to Eso there's I don't know how many
71:53 is gonna be. I haven't counted up yet, but I'm just letting
71:57 know that's gonna happen. I haven't looking at plagiarism issues. Um,
72:02 some numbers that are a little but my my guess is that they're
72:05 not bad because they're right there on edge. And so, typically,
72:09 that's usually not an issue. when they're right on the edge like
72:13 . So I will let you guys if you have a plagiarism issue,
72:16 email you personally. Um, there a couple of lates on turning
72:22 but the largest penalty for turning in paper late this time around was four
72:27 . So, you know, big . Um eso There you have
72:33 So that's the information I have about paper for you guys. Right
72:36 I'm working on getting all the grades put it so I can see where
72:39 the holes and gaps and stuff uh, what I would like you
72:44 do. Um, if you've got zero or one, you do not
72:48 to email me. You know, someone gave you, like you
72:51 all ones or something like that, finding those. What I need to
72:54 is, if you see a um, that starts off, like
72:59 normal stuff. And then halfway turns into ones, let me
73:05 Okay, because those are the ones elude me. I could I could
73:09 them down and find them. you know, with 145 of
73:14 it's kind of a pain in the to do that. And I can't
73:18 see them. You know, e some statistics to help me identify
73:23 but that doesn't always work. So you see something that stands out as
73:27 odd to your to your normal I to the rest of your reviews and
73:32 starts off normal, but then turns a whole bunch of one's Just email
73:36 and say, I think I have , and I can quickly look and
73:39 don't even have to say which It is because I can, you
73:42 , as long as I know is . I confined your five reviewers very
73:46 . I can see which one it . And I can I can examine
73:49 really quickly. All right, So let me know. And with
73:53 we have one more lecture. like, said, i'll email you
73:58 last lectures on Thursday, and then remember when our exam is. But
74:03 , like, the second last day something. It's awful day of the
74:07 , but you have plenty of time study for it. And so,
74:11 , I'll have office hours on but after that, I don't have
74:15 office hours. If we need to something, I can probably set something
74:19 . But normally, I don't need do that. No one ever really
74:24 . So with that in mind, hope you guys have a great turkey
74:27 . I hope you guys spent all money for the year on Bought every
74:31 . Everyone got their Xbox X PS five. I don't know.
74:38 , anyway, uh, that's gonna . Well, we'll see you on
74:42 . Have a great
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