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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Apr 5 2023
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00:00 There it is. Ok, we're and I probably need to.
00:06 let's see. Ok, it's full so you should be able to see
00:27 full screen. Daniel. Can you me? Yes, I can hear
00:38 . Uh, I'm gonna ask you question here. Uh, does
00:43 uh, let's see. That's way stuff I'm not gonna show you.
00:50 , it's raining. Uh, does slide cover the full uh,
00:56 Uh, no, I just see camera. Hm. I thought I
01:02 it. Let me go back Maybe I shared it in the wrong
01:14 . How about now? I still , sir. Ok, that's a
01:31 rain. I must have missed a or something. Ok. Now I
01:54 it. I figured you would um, ok, uh, things
02:01 been moved around. Um, you , you think when you take your
02:21 off the button it's gonna stop but doesn't, I gotta give up a
02:30 at the bottom to get the Ok. Mhm. Ok. How
02:42 it look now, Daniel? it's good. Ok, we're
02:48 Ok. And it, uh, check to make sure we're recording.
02:59 are recording. Ok. Ok. we kind of talked about this a
03:04 bit on. Um I'm gonna try stay in this stool because uh my
03:10 and even my hip now are hurting . See, well, bear with
03:24 , folks. I, I can't , I can't get the uh buttons
03:31 come up for the slide show right . Maybe it'll happen anyway. Uh
03:36 the, um, the thing, thing about basins um in history that
03:43 a lot to do with North America of course, uh basins can do
03:50 and what are the basins in terms sequence or we have a decent but
03:58 , what, you know what we're about, the inputs to the sequence
04:03 here and not worth it. Seven accommodation space. So the basin is
04:11 combination space, right? And so it goes down, we get
04:15 when it goes, when it goes again, that's ok. And so
04:19 really important and uh most, most , you know, they just keep
04:24 and sometimes something happens when you have um style. So uh that's something
04:35 watch out for. It's, it's in passive margins, it's uh less
04:42 . But there are, there are that happen uh even in Extensional
04:47 for example. Uh And I'm, gonna show you pictures, you get
04:51 when the uh the flume that's causing spreading uh is hot, it pops
04:59 in the air and it, and reduces um at least at the
05:04 it's gonna be less accommodation space. after a period of time, if
05:10 a failed rift, like say the Sea or the Red Sea, you
05:15 , all these different places, um , you're gonna see that that starts
05:20 cool through time. Over millions of , it'll start to say. And
05:25 you're getting a base in reverse, get something that's uplifted here and all
05:28 a sudden it becomes a uh a center. And that's why uh the
05:34 that you see in the North Sea from something that's kind of high,
05:38 on the size. And then it , uh it gets deep when you
05:43 into the uh paleocene and the, , and up into the mayo like
05:48 now, it's, it's uh it's . Ok. And that, and
05:55 relates to thermal expansion and contraction. um a lot of the uh things
06:02 go on on the East Coast relate that too. And there's not many
06:07 I think understood it. Uh But was a um person out of the
06:12 , I can't think of her name now. But uh she, she
06:16 that the uh east coast, uh is, which is way out here
06:23 had some uh thermal expansion, that of was remnant of the rift and
06:30 uh not too far away from it earlier, tri acid rifts. And
06:34 and because of that, uh there a little bit more heat flow
06:38 than normal. And it, and kind of would drop and then drop
06:43 and it uh and it kind of tied to, I think I told
06:47 this before. It's a real relatively shell and coastal relative to develop on
06:56 . Uh But uh you have these coming in and sees go out,
06:59 really had no sand deposits and some those cycles can be um tied to
07:06 contraction and it goes like this and goes like that. And so what
07:10 , this does is when we have land or whatever uh go down,
07:17 down. Uh you're starting to create accommodation space and you start to get
07:23 trans trans. Yeah, and then to fill in on the next one
07:29 uh and other places where things pop . Can anybody think of a
07:33 Uh For example, in the North that might have popped up uh in
07:38 last uh few millions of years, me, Greenland might be one of
07:50 . Uh But uh Norway, Greenland Norway, but uh they had a
07:55 glaciation. Uh you know, Norway um alpine glaciation. Uh But uh
08:02 the continental glaciation was there, the base of this, the uh
08:08 sheets pushed it down. Ok. then when the ice sheets melted,
08:12 started to pop up like this. there's places where you can see terraces
08:16 it pops up, there's a a new terrace and then it,
08:19 know, so you have like steps go like this and um Greenland may
08:25 , uh you know, they, all talk about everything flooding when Greenland
08:29 its ice sheets, it's probably gonna a little bit too. And that
08:35 between the land and the sea is we call coastal on lap, coastal
08:39 lap is what's easy for us to . And uh and it's also where
08:45 see a lot of uh reservoirs popping , OK. Which is, which
08:50 why it's important to understand this And um and we can get uh
08:57 know, compression forces can affect Of course, we have thrush
09:01 you know, we know thrust sheets pop up and uh and then also
09:07 or end of that, um we see uh uh the four land basins
09:15 forming in front of them, Because it's, it's kind of pushing
09:19 weight of it is pushing down and it's kind of popping up and something
09:22 of has to compensate for that on the rim rim of it.
09:28 know, you don't have that, don't have that extra slab of real
09:34 up here, pushes down in front it. So it, it dips
09:37 in front of that and then it in. OK. So there's,
09:42 a lot going on with uh subsidence uplift, not to mention just sediments
09:47 general as they dewater, they will . There's subsidence at a, at
09:51 tectonic scale and one at a compaction . And sometimes uh and people will
09:58 call that compassion. But in, a sense, the net total of
10:03 is what's gonna is gonna again have impact on coastal inlet. Well,
10:08 something in the central grob and, you can see here, uh you've
10:13 a pattern, it's deep out here . But you have this pattern.
10:17 you look at the uh the rocks the younger veneer, um you have
10:25 where there's older rocks in the cleaned it off and it,
10:30 this is subsurface, but again, plantation happened, you have older rocks
10:37 sort of as uh the lower uh graphic sections in the middle and as
10:43 go out this way, it gets and younger. And what would that
10:48 ? Sin Kline or Annie Klein? an an so, so there was
10:57 expansion going on here and it, it started to cut down. In
11:01 words, you had these pre riff that got lifted up like this like
11:06 like a dome and they got, got planned off and then when they
11:10 to subside and sediments go on top them, you know, still when
11:14 get to this, this large un where the younger sediments sit on top
11:19 it, you're gonna see older rocks the middle and younger ones in this
11:23 , the pattern now would be completely because it's filling in like this.
11:28 so you're gonna have older rocks on edge and younger rocks in the middle
11:32 it fills in. And that's, a real simple example of a basin
11:37 that, that has some economic And uh this is showing you uh
11:44 happening sin rift and uh uh post and of course, sin rift,
11:50 know, it pops up right away then it starts, starts to rotate
11:55 , and uh subside. And uh then after that, um uh you
12:00 , you can see the sediment start buried deeper and deeper. Uh and
12:05 is often called a, a post thermal sag. And of course,
12:09 a big thermal sag. OK. here is uh the way the North
12:15 is today. And uh again, can see um this used to be
12:26 and the sides used to be And uh and I always put this
12:33 here just to show you uh this be pre thermal, pre lift,
12:39 uplift. And that's what caused erosion surfaces down here to show that pattern
12:45 you see here. OK. So in here somewhere, uh you
12:50 when we see some of these un , we're gonna see older and older
12:54 as we're coming along here. And of course, that's where it
13:02 now. And this is the seismic graphic or sequenced geography model for uh
13:10 of the North Sea. And I this is an important model.
13:16 it, it doesn't look in the . It doesn't look uh too
13:20 unlike, see if I can do without this model and that model right
13:28 . See this, this over I don't know why I'm not getting
13:33 cursor controls to pop up. Let's . Try this. There we
13:42 I cheated it. Ok. So see these sands right here.
13:56 It's reversed, but there they are there. And that's the bray
14:01 And so what does this tell, us about basin development and petroleum system
14:10 ? Just as a, as a good example. It's uh ok,
14:18 , this, this is like a and so, you know, you've
14:21 some rotation going on and everything, it is a lot like a growth
14:25 . We, we have, we're coming up on a ramp over
14:29 and we're going down in the basin . So it is like that and
14:33 , it's, it's, it's actually than a growth fault. But
14:37 you know, you, you might growth faults in here compensating for
14:41 Uh But what, what is, , this is telling you that at
14:46 large scale outside, outside of the , outside of the prospective play
14:54 uh understanding what's going on outside of the prospects would be, uh helps
15:00 understand what you're looking for in a basis. In other words, I
15:05 be looking for these kinds of sands in, up in these sequences,
15:10 ? Because the basins changed its nature that point as it's evolved, it's
15:14 its complete nature in terms of where gonna see sand deposits, where we're
15:19 see reservoirs develop and uh and the of all of this too.
15:28 Uh And you see here, it bray the bray sands, this is
15:33 just north of the triple junction where outer moray firth goes to the west
15:38 the North Viking grab the South Viking goes to the north and the central
15:42 uh groin is to the south and right on that corner. So the
15:47 of the central grain is kind of like this into this picture and outer
15:52 goes that way. Uh North Viking , excuse me. South Viking Grain
15:58 north trying to say all my words one time. OK. Here is
16:08 type one sequence boundary up here. But these are really sequence, these
16:15 like mega sequences or sequence packages. other words, there could be third
16:19 sequences inside of this and third order in here and in here and then
16:24 whole bunch of them here. But , where the sands are, where
16:29 reserve, where the reservoirs are, the source rocks are and um and
16:37 uh the different structures could happen to , are changing. In other
16:41 if we're looking at pre rift we might see as these, we
16:45 these rotational blocks, we're gonna see lot of stuff that's trapped up against
16:49 , uh, the hanging wall But, uh, but it's gonna
16:52 a little bit different in here. , uh, one of these blocks
16:57 like this rotated like this, this , uh a cliff and it just
17:05 stuff into here. It's like an band, but it's a um bam
17:11 is what they are. And it's there's conglomerates in it and course grain
17:14 and everything and it's a really huge . And uh what do you think
17:19 would be out here? OK. this is the side of the basin
17:37 this is the side of the How do we get sediment in the
17:40 of the basin turbos? OK. this is probably a turbo system in
17:49 . OK. I think it's also in this model. This,
17:52 they're calling this a type one, sequence boundary. And of course,
17:57 have something sitting out here. Uh gonna obviously, it says a low
18:02 fan, but we also know that a basin floor fan. OK.
18:06 it typical um what I would call Walker model uh or the Exxon
18:13 And uh it's a basin floor that's the first model we had for
18:17 turbo deposit. It's basically a single point and it has, it's like
18:26 , almost like a dis uh distribution at the fan as you get to
18:31 . And uh uh because there was uplift at some, some points in
18:37 while this was happening, there was a little bit of uplift left and
18:42 sands would come. Actually, I'll you another picture uh later as we
18:46 to it. But um here's uh Viking Robin Rift, which is,
18:53 is a little bit similar, but some ways different, it's uh you
18:57 , you've got these different uh subsiding , overall subsiding basins. You have
19:02 lot of uh blocks on either side the rift and uh that some
19:08 some are sagging a little bit quicker others to get to the um central
19:13 of the rift. Uh You and you can see it's not so
19:16 as you might see in um And for example, this model,
19:24 And here, this is um I this picture because um there's so many
19:33 wrong with this picture. But, when I went to school, this
19:40 just about all we knew. does this thing have a six years
19:49 ? Yeah, this is an old , old, old cross section and
19:53 map. But nevertheless, it it shows you the uh massive thickening
19:59 , of this uh basically uh continental sagging uh from sediment weight and uh
20:06 other things that are related to uh is, there's, um, there's
20:13 uh failed rifts that run up through of these places. And,
20:16 and you also have highs over here impact the edge of it,
20:20 that are, that are older. , uh, and you see this
20:24 uh embayment, uh that was formed a much higher sea level and,
20:30 we see, you know, the wedge that's just filled it in.
20:36 , uh, so the, the , the most totally incorrect thing are
20:42 uh salt diapers. We have salt , but they've, they've, our
20:48 now is much more complicated than But if, if you talk to
20:52 any of the professors that don't do geology, they will think this model
20:56 probably pretty close to, right? gosh, petroleum geology is so
21:03 but here's what it looks like now um I haven't check all the time
21:11 on this is supposed to be salt some kind of, but you know
21:15 we see near, near the Um And you're not gonna see it
21:21 far out. But up here you uh things that would be on the
21:26 or near the surface, you would up the dia, but there are
21:30 times they're not still rooted. In words, we think there may be
21:34 here but they don't have to be . And uh what what happens is
21:40 as, as this was developing, especially in the rotation along this
21:47 it kind of ripped off chunks and diapers who were up here. And
21:50 we had separation of strata and we uh we have beds beds that are
21:57 up of parts of diapers that uh actually make a gap between the Strat
22:02 record. And then later on, it gets squeezed out and that there's
22:06 suture uh where the, where the come back together again. And uh
22:12 example, there's a suture right but there's some, some a la
22:17 as salt here. Uh This would a toxin as salt down here.
22:22 uh and of course, there's a detachment surface here uh with, with
22:27 loan salt sliding sort of down into hole and having an impact on everything
22:32 it. And this is just one of it if you look at,
22:36 it's much more complicated if you, you take um this is uh northwest
22:42 southeast, which is a good Uh But if, if you look
22:45 , you know, closer to uh , it's gonna, it's gonna look
22:50 lot different than if you're over here say coming out of Corpus Christi.
22:58 . And um yeah, this is Radovic was one of the coauthors
23:05 of the paper that we did with student in um the professional masters.
23:10 Hartwig did one where um uh he miles and miles of uh this regional
23:18 and um uh there are places that were able to interpret like this and
23:22 , and I think I'll, I will be showing you an example
23:25 some of his work later, but looks a little bit like this.
23:29 it was a um set of seismic that U T had for maybe 20
23:33 . They had no idea how to it. And one of our students
23:36 in there with the help of um Ravi up at U T and uh
23:43 , I don't have any of you heard of James Chanel? Yeah,
23:46 a good uh structural genealogist in especially both technology and the development of
23:53 . And uh anyway, he was that as well. So we had
23:58 lot of people working on it. uh it's extremely complicated yet at the
24:03 time when you see these complications starts make sense why some of the stuff
24:07 see when you drill doesn't look the you think it should look. And
24:12 and of course, this is really a, at a, you
24:15 these features are very small, you see the detail on them on a
24:19 like this, but there are, are wings that come out of these
24:22 uh salt domes and whatnot that uh create really nice traps, but it's
24:27 to image underneath them. And so what a lot of uh geophysics have
24:31 doing. And um I don't know I talked about CS E M
24:36 But uh there are other electromagnetic methods help us see uh that there may
24:42 something uh more resistant, more resistive underneath that then you might see in
24:51 . Ok. So, um but said all that, one of
24:57 one of the important things is to a history of how this develops and
25:03 this sinks through time because what's happening we see, as you said,
25:08 up here near the surface and now all the way down here. What's
25:14 ? It's good question. She's been been getting a lot of compassion,
25:19 else has happened in the settlements, diogenes. But what about organic
25:28 So the source rocks are starting to cooked. OK? And the deeper
25:32 get buried, the more quick they . And uh and of course,
25:37 , we can take um oil shales of the green river formation and cook
25:44 and get oil out of them. it's, it's a lot cheaper if
25:46 got uh the planet to do it you. And uh and that's how
25:50 happens. And so in frontiers that were talking about, it's really important
25:55 understand where I'm going to get oil . So a lot of these larger
26:00 models like this as complicated as this is, it's really important to know
26:07 that Jurassic source rock is uh down and how deeply it's been buried or
26:12 source rock anywhere. Um When when I was going to school,
26:17 know, there was only one source and it was a Jurassic source
26:22 But uh since then, people have that we have some places where the
26:28 deep enough. It's uh uh been enough long enough and we got the
26:34 that stays as, as young as Wilcox. Anybody wanna tell me approximately
26:39 old that is? Excuse me? is pale, aging. Yeah,
26:50 right about that. Everything above it everything below it's pale. But uh
26:57 um, well, not everything below or above it, but uh there's
27:02 good section but uh um a better to describe it would say it's upper
27:10 or lower Eocene. OK. And so because of that, a lot
27:17 people were trying to figure out these histories and when I was talking to
27:21 about these big basin maps that showed the basins around the world, they
27:25 create these montages that had burial history so that people could just take a
27:30 look at the map and go, know, we haven't drilled anything over
27:33 . I think we ought to go there and look and uh what uh
27:37 went over a whole bunch of Which tool do you think they might
27:40 used to try to figure out how the sedimentary basins were in a given
27:45 where they had no data is And what else? Yes, thank
27:53 . All right. I love spam . I just click the button and
27:56 it back. OK. So it's constructed. These things are constructed
28:05 with age and depth information. And has anybody in here worked with
28:11 So you probably know all this stuff . OK. So now we have
28:17 computer programs that help us do it anywhere if we um I know when
28:24 I, we have a professor from New Mexico Tech that comes and teaches
28:28 Petri mod unit uh in basin modeling uh for the professional program. And
28:35 time I asked her question, what of numbers do you need? And
28:39 needs an awful lot of awful lot data to get Petro mod to
28:44 But when a lot of this first , you know, we figured out
28:48 what the surface temperature was. And we had a bottom hole temperature anywhere
28:52 it, you know, we we kind of give that as the
28:55 gradient in that area. And uh it just doing something that simple worked
29:00 pretty well, wasn't perfect, but worked. And uh and of
29:06 basically what you're doing is you're trying come up with a way of
29:10 and everybody used to do this kind by hand calculation. But uh as
29:15 sediments are sinking, they get deeper deeper and hotter and hotter but if
29:21 start out with something that's in the here, eventually, on one side
29:27 the chart, eventually on the other of the chart as you go through
29:31 , it's way down here. uh, and I'm gonna show you
29:34 one of those charts looks like and can read these slides, but I
29:39 it helps better just to show So, um for whatever data that
29:50 happen to have someone's determined, uh 50 million years. So this is
29:55 25. So this is about 100 75 million years ago. So 100
30:00 75 million years ago, uh they able to estimate that this unit right
30:07 , which is below and older than heather formation in the Jurassic is right
30:17 that deep 100 and 75 million years . And uh this is all flat
30:23 here because these, these, these were, were, were um near
30:28 surface at that time. And so you progress through time, uh these
30:34 they sink. In other words, depth in meters and here's age.
30:45 if I start coming up in you know, my surface is coming
30:52 , the rocks are getting deeper and like this. Yes. So everybody
30:57 that. In other words, this right here is now about 6000 ft
31:07 where they're doing the study to 6 m later. Um And uh also
31:18 this, this is, this whole is one spot. Ok. It's
31:23 a cross section. It's just one . I think sometimes you look at
31:26 , you think it might be a section, but it's a spot.
31:29 a single one and that single What does this look like right
31:40 Excuse me, this is bit still the temper. Ok. Yeah.
31:50 I'm, what I'm asking is, sorry, I was looking for a
31:53 question. So, so we're, having a lot of subsidence here,
31:59 lot of substance, this rapid sub . OK. And um and so
32:08 uplift, there's probably uplift here and getting erosion of some of these younger
32:14 here. Uh And then there's OK? So this could have
32:19 you know, maybe uh the coast England somewhere. So uh this was
32:26 , this was still under the ground and 75 million years ago or already
32:31 100 and 75 million years ago. it just got progressively got more and
32:35 buried. And uh there's a point here uh where there was a significant
32:41 , this could have been a, fault block that rotated and uh and
32:45 had some uh rapid subsidence that went it. But uh but then you
32:50 getting this sort of slower thermal contraction going on here. OK?
32:58 and uh and again, this gets and deeper and deeper and this gets
33:02 longer and longer uh at temperatures that , that are greater than what you
33:07 to uh to uh to get organic . So, if I was to
33:16 you guys a question like this, say I told you um the oil
33:27 can be different depending on the carris the type, the type of carris
33:31 , and the amount of carris uh the uh in the rock itself because
33:37 affects heat flow. But um but than that, um say I told
33:45 peak oil window was 100 degrees not uh not uh Fahrenheit. So
33:52 100 C. Uh When did the clay reach that peak oil window?
34:05 me? He was, you you see, you see,
34:12 here's the line who said a He got it and uh and pretty
34:25 there. And then in the maya , some of these other things might
34:27 it in there. OK? And not subsiding as much uh at this
34:32 either. Uh So we've, so of the things that this tells us
34:37 , if we're looking for something that's buried over here for a source
34:44 , we can see that this one's cooked. You think it might be
34:47 close to overcooked, right? You , heather, you might get a
34:51 more gas out of that. The formation, it's not as rich
34:55 It's also doesn't have as much uh um uh Carris in it. And
35:02 you have um one of the this, the Cambridge clay. There's
35:09 equivalent to that almost on every continent the world. It's a, it's
35:13 incredible uh period of time for organic . OK? And here um and
35:24 and after you've figured that out, will come up with a Strat graphic
35:29 . So they had these montages where might have and what I mean by
35:33 , lots of pictures of that basin they might have something like this so
35:38 you would know, we kind of an idea what the thermal history is
35:41 this basin. But the thermal history this Strat graphic column is, and
35:46 we could come in and look at Strat graphic column and make a Strat
35:50 chart and put places where we thought be able to be oil productive.
35:57 , this particular thing might actually be production or not. But uh normally
36:03 we would do is uh they was these charts is try to figure out
36:06 we could have potential source rocks through column and it could be something that
36:12 , you know, every time I at one of these simple scrap
36:14 I cringe. But, but, know, it's a, it's a
36:17 to start. OK. And uh , here's one um uh from a
36:26 in 2013 to show you that, know, they, we have ways
36:31 doing this with Petro and, I think the, uh, the
36:35 now has millions of colors instead of a few. And, uh,
36:40 you can, you can get enough in there, totally confuse yourself.
36:44 I still have a problem with too colors. But, uh, but
36:49 you can see, uh, kind where they pick their oil into a
36:53 based on the, they have and , uh, the T O C
36:57 have, that's pretty much what they're to tell you. Um, here
37:02 early. Well, there's oil, are we gonna get down here?
37:08 of down here than we will get here. Yes, we gotta get
37:12 more games, we gotta get more as we move forward. Uh Here
37:18 vinite reflect data that's trying to help , uh see how it matches how
37:24 depth is here. You can see is, this is in meters here
37:27 , I'm sure. And uh here C again and uh it's uh
37:34 you know, somebody's got some uh readings in this basin and it ties
37:38 well to the bitter reflect profile. what is vinite reflect? No,
37:50 not. It's uh, here it right here. It's, uh,
37:59 , it's a person of, they these special machines to look at it
38:02 you get some of these um uh , they get so cooked and so
38:07 , they get shiny and the shinier get the more reflective, they
38:12 um, if anybody knows the answer this question, I'd appreciate it because
38:17 the kind of thing, I guess supposed to know. But I haven't
38:19 it out yet. How you get that's shinier than a mirror.
38:23 it's shinier than a mirror. And, uh, um,
38:29 when you get a victor vinite instead of 0.8 to 1.2, then
38:35 shinier than a mirror. And, , and I'm not sure,
38:38 what, what they're measuring that Oh, yeah. And they,
38:44 they have these, uh, things , uh, measure the intensity of
38:50 reflecting light. And, uh, it's all done with machines but,
38:55 , and the people that tend to it are just, you know,
38:58 down a microscope all day long and you ask them that question, they're
39:02 quite sure what the answer is. just reading the numbers off the
39:06 Are you gonna figure that out for ? Yeah. Yeah. Um,
39:13 , it's something that, uh, sure it's an important thing to know
39:16 I, I don't know it, don't know how you get 1.2.
39:19 , I, I get everything up one once, once you get past
39:23 , I'm not quite sure what we're . Uh, then there's other things
39:27 help us do this bitter, helps figure this out. But there's another
39:32 , uh, that's really, pretty, uh, frequently done because
39:37 used to have a lot of wells we look at scores and bond and
39:41 able to look at the change. go from something that's translucent to something
39:45 starts to get a little cloudy to that starts to get a little
39:49 It's a little bit brown, it's little bit, starts to get
39:54 And um you go from this cycle of course, somewhere under the ground
39:59 where you get the oil window and in the black is where you get
40:03 gas. And there's also a thing where we do and it's phosphate,
40:10 goes from gray to black. And reason that's really good is that when
40:14 phosphorous, um, appetite starts to uh to get really black uh down
40:23 the section there, we, we past the window and we start to
40:29 , to see um that we're moving deeper and deeper stages of the
40:36 this, this kind of cuts And uh when you go back,
40:41 can't go back on that, but will start right about after that.
40:46 , and you can kind of, can kind of figure out uh what
40:50 is. And um um and then course, we have fingerprints for
40:59 uh that, that we look at too. So T O C,
41:03 total organic carbon is really important. uh why is T O C not
41:08 only thing. It's, it no how much you cook it, there's
41:19 gonna be that much oil and there's stuff that you cook it a little
41:24 , all you're gonna get is oil you cook it more. You're still
41:26 getting oil. And so the type Carro is really important. And,
41:31 , if you take geochemistry, uh uh, if Audrey Basado was still
41:36 , he would tell you, the, uh T O C is
41:42 amount in the type of Carro in gonna be the quality of the
41:48 And of course, the better quality are the ones that are gonna generate
41:51 oil. Ok. Yeah. And , the, this is just showing
41:57 um uh the fingerprints of some gas . And I'm not even gonna tell
42:02 what it means, but I can you that depending on this, this
42:07 right here is gonna be the number carbon atoms in the molecule. So
42:11 is, these are bigger molecules and these different uh these different carbon chains
42:18 of help them understand. Uh actually what the environmental deposition is, there's
42:23 , some uh carros that will have molecules in them, uh responders of
42:29 that reflects uh car uh that's deposited non, and it has to do
42:37 that has to do primarily with a particular uh type of algae or
42:46 um now we're calling them bacteria, it's a type of uh uh organism
42:53 has a lot of lipids in It's all lipid rich. It's all
42:57 carros. It's not like, uh piece of a tree or a
43:02 uh, that's got structured carriages in , but it also has some lipids
43:06 it. Um, it's this, know, just totally lipid rich.
43:11 like, you know, if you natural gas, you'd have a hard
43:14 getting it, getting any out of . You don't have to crack it
43:17 do it. Ok. And, , and here's the process we go
43:24 , uh, diogenes, uh, these lower, at the lower
43:29 And when we get to about 60 to 100 and 75 we're going into
43:34 Genesis and that's when we're, we're to turn this thing into liquid hydrocarbons
43:38 , and getting into the, this sort of a good range for,
43:41 , oil windows. Uh, they're all gonna be that broad but,
43:46 , they're gonna be within that broadband , uh, when we get down
43:50 , we're starting to get, Me Agenesis, which is actually breaking
43:55 the, uh, hydrocarbons and you're start ending up with a lot
43:59 uh, uh, gas coming out it. Ok. Here's a,
44:05 Van Kremlin plot, I guess this was Dutch because it's a Dutch name
44:11 it could have been a woman. don't know. Um, but,
44:16 , but here is, uh, types out here. Here's one
44:22 uh, something that's very much uh, charcoal and uh there's not
44:29 whole lot you can do to This, uh and here's vinite out
44:33 , which is woody and structure and contrast that with out here, which
44:38 Lipton, which is lipid rich. uh you can see here,
44:44 as you go through diogenes and cat , you're gonna get oil and you
44:50 much need to get way down in before you get, get any gas
44:53 of it all. Uh This in contrast to that type, uh
44:59 never get oil, you just get out of it somewhere in the middle
45:04 and pollen, eines. Uh and , it's probably not just the
45:09 it's also the material inside the it starts to uh because there are
45:15 in it. There are lipids inside these and uh there and its also
45:22 and the dinoflagellate have uh have lipids the and uh in uh you
45:31 I, I, I can remember three years ago people saying sign and
45:40 we have less places to come to that's one of them. But uh
45:44 actual fact, if you, if have a pano just sitting down at
45:48 front of you in an office like have had in the past, you
45:52 say, hey, come here, gonna show you what uh uh patrolling
45:57 little, uh a little bit. wanna see what oil looks like when
46:03 just comes out one of these things it's like a little, it's like
46:05 little spiral and, and shooting out it and it's all, and,
46:10 , it's been cooked, breaks through , the exon and, um,
46:16 , and that's what happens and, , there's another, uh, sort
46:21 special thing about this, um, spores and pollen, the exons that
46:25 , make up the, the whether it's the organism itself or some
46:30 their, uh, uh, pre cells is where a lot of it
46:35 from. Uh, that outer material resistant to almost all acids we've ever
46:43 . And so, uh, what do to find since they take rocks
46:48 they just sort of subject him to kind of acid people can think
46:52 And the that's left, there's there's no court, court is
46:55 We make sure you're uh suit it and, uh, when they do
47:02 it's, it's pretty much gone. , you have to do it step
47:05 is if you, if you start with say hi report and you have
47:08 carbonate, you're gonna have an explosion you have to be really careful.
47:15 , I'll tell you a secret from . The, you listen, can
47:20 hear me on the, uh, I first started working here, there
47:24 a professor who's not here anymore. had graduate students working with record and
47:30 protective gear was, you know, yellow rubber gloves, you get to
47:34 dishes. That's what that is not . That's what I need to
47:43 They have these, they have these , they call, uh, vials
47:49 hydro. We kind of switch them put them in and stuff like
47:52 But if, if one of those or anything breaks or leaks and,
47:58 , and I had, I put of my posts on the book because
48:01 was the lab that I would and posters on them and they were in
48:06 for a week, posters were, know, $3 million. Uh When
48:11 went out there, the whole thing a, it was like, I
48:13 was etched off from everything and the of a different column. And uh
48:18 think you were in that room for couple of years. But uh I
48:23 and talked to the professor and there no way in hell to explain to
48:27 , uh that he made a really mistake when I, when I worked
48:31 a, I went in the lab those guys had, um, they
48:35 shields on their feet and uh they their, their, their whole body
48:39 . And I, and I have friend in my wine tasting group that
48:43 a lot of people realize how dangerous things are. And she, she
48:47 a little bit on one of the and the stuff is so reactive.
48:51 just cuts right through your body in bones and everything. This, it
48:55 of rises it as it goes through you don't even feel it, but
48:59 you got a weak spot for the of your life or that one through
49:02 it doesn't totally take out and it actually take out large sections of the
49:08 . It, because again, it got in carbonate in your bones
49:13 um, it's not a good thing . Um, some fun things to
49:19 about. But again, it depends the type and of course, type
49:23 would be the best type. one of the things wrong with the
49:27 type is it's often got the longest and uh and it can be more
49:33 and uh and so that can be issue. So a lot of
49:36 a lot of the very good um that come from uh freshwater deposits uh
49:45 whatnot around the world like some of , the uh the wells in China
49:49 they have, they have huge uh that were ancient lakes. And uh
49:53 has places that were marginal marine to like uh that are full of these
49:58 too. And here is uh just you again, vinite reflect against uh
50:10 the oil window and here is And again, this chart, you
50:14 to know exactly what the carriage is the and the uh and the the
50:19 of it to, to get a on it on where you would pick
50:22 oil window. But this is an window here that's been picked.
50:27 uh, uh, you can see this is happening, let's say about
50:32 ft in this particular. Well, , here you can see another
50:37 Uh, they, uh, run things to sort out, um,
50:43 , how much oil you can generate a sample when they get oil.
50:47 you can, uh, and also can take the rock and do the
50:50 thing with certain kinds of carros and out what this profile should look,
50:56 like by, by uh heating it and, and seeing how it comes
50:59 for that particular Carro and uh total carbon uh amount. And uh and
51:08 they've got the vinite reflect against it depth. And here you can see
51:12 about uh this is three kilometers and said three, yeah, this
51:17 yeah, this is about three kilometers , 3000 m and uh all the
51:21 down here to nine. And uh one uh cuts off a little bit
51:28 than that. Here you here you're to nine kilometers on this oil
51:33 Uh you know, you here's where peak was in this one, but
51:36 can see you're still getting oil generation five kilometers. Ok. And,
51:45 here is here is just looking at generation and uh this is primarily biogenic
51:51 um near the top. And then you get deeper in it, this
51:55 a gas prone source, right? a type three, you can see
51:59 the curve is completely different uh uh time and of course, it's always
52:03 be C H four methane. So there's different ways of getting these
52:12 . There, there's, and there gonna get different profiles for different types
52:17 , OK. That's something you But in general, there's a couple
52:21 other things that happen and you can here um, that we, uh
52:30 look at the onset of court 11 of the things that, that
52:35 segmentation requires is what would it for me to get a submit?
52:40 do I have to have included? not a problem. Ok. This
52:45 , of course. Ok. So have to have this. Ok.
52:53 . Well, calcium carbonate is a , is a different chart. But
52:57 , of course, uh you you, you have to, you
53:01 to get to the point where it's enough that you start to see disillusion
53:06 , of the, if you don't this, you know, if you
53:09 butter and you have pork green or usually not court. It's a,
53:14 a, it's a, it is , but it's a different form,
53:17 course. And you say like the in the sea might be like the
53:21 in a uh you know, biogenic . And um, and when
53:27 when you, when you start to it up, it goes into solution
53:32 once it goes into solution, you to analyze, analyze and the
53:35 So if they can concentrate, uh not gonna cool. But if they
53:39 concentrate, um they will start this and that's something that just happens,
53:45 gets seated and it just starts And uh and so when you reach
53:51 point, something that starts happening, addition to compassion, you start to
53:57 significant uh too. So that's a important point. But if we're looking
54:03 the total petroleum system, what happens this time? We get around here
54:14 this point, we're getting in what at those temperatures in centigrade, what
54:21 they look like your reason and you ? So there's, there's a period
54:29 time when it's really close to oil and court cementation started off. And
54:38 sometimes it's a critical moment when you have maturation and charge and uh and
54:47 I should preserve something. What, would happen if maturation didn't happen?
54:54 example, in something that had to cooked longer, the maturation started
54:59 What could have, what could possibly ? Well, we, we skip
55:06 different. OK. Well, what is you start losing your force
55:11 you start losing your, your So you lose a pro and permeability
55:16 it makes it, it makes it and harder to charge that thing.
55:21 there's a, there's a critical moment that oil starts moving that it needs
55:25 to migrate and get into those open . And uh but there's acceptance and
55:33 again, you got these fluids going there, there are places like in
55:37 um the north slope, I believe is what I'm thinking of right
55:42 I, you know, I've been about some of things that I got
55:46 uh but the uh they have barrier and they have um tidy. Which
55:58 do you think typically has the best bar for a time? There's
56:10 Ok. So why would you go here and you drill the wells and
56:14 nothing in the barriers but there's stuff the, in the what could cause
56:23 things like this, the the inability better in the so more, so
56:30 cement was able, more canines and were able to accumulate it early
56:36 And so it filled in with it uh charge and you couldn't charge
56:41 because it was already up and where canine and a couldn't get in as
56:48 . Uh because it was uh the didn't happen. And of course,
56:53 maybe started getting lit in some places it might even fracture and that kind
56:58 thing, but it's still got to because, because the source of the
57:04 uh wasn't as rich in, in thing that had less permeability.
57:13 So, um you know, we of the best of everything and then
57:16 course, something like that can come and, and flip a switch on
57:20 and uh something that's not the best up being the best because of the
57:24 of uh of uh something like OK. And this is uh showing
57:32 . Um these are one of the I hate, but uh engineers love
57:37 because, you know, as things buried deeper and deeper, it's interesting
57:42 my cursor is right on it. you know, porosity is reduced with
57:50 , but sometimes porosity can be preserved depth like I just told you for
57:55 reasons. And uh and so if ever working in an area,
58:00 if you, if you take a uh vertical profiles of porosity and plot
58:06 , it's gonna look like this. when you're working in a field,
58:10 not gonna look like this all the . And uh you're gonna see things
58:14 , that are uh much, much porosity or much lower porosity than you
58:19 have expected. And um it's it's a matter of having a workflow
58:28 a set, a priority assumption of the process is gonna be based on
58:33 and it can get you in But nevertheless, it, it,
58:36 something to consider in any case. here you can see mechanical compaction goes
58:43 way up here, you know, than um less than a kilometer in
58:50 here. You can see this is a granular pressure solution going on and
58:55 um um, this is really critical limestones and here we get,
59:01 Calci cement can form at the Um, it wasn't there yesterday.
59:08 there, tomorrow, gosh, limestones so scared and here's court cementation pretty
59:17 range. It's quicker than what they over there. But here you can
59:21 , uh, uh, in the chart but here you can see that's
59:24 that's going on. Here's uh, we start seeing dolomite cement and here's
59:29 generation. And so you got, wanna, when that oil starts to
59:34 , you want to get it to into a lot of these things as
59:38 as possible, uh get it uh the reservoirs if they're there. And
59:44 gas generation. And so gas generation likely be in more fractured porosity
59:50 than just primary porosity as it turns in a lot of cases. It
59:59 . OK. So sort of in let me see where we're at in
60:13 . Oh, yeah, we're getting to that. That's it. We're
60:16 the end of this, this OK. I have um 100 and
60:25 slides for this lecture, but you get 70 something. So you're getting
60:32 off. But uh that's one of poor jokes. But anyway, um
60:38 key elements of course are the the basin type and the stratigraphy.
60:44 um when we start looking at a of things called plays, I've kind
60:49 mentioned it but we haven't gotten to we define it yet, but we're
60:53 get to that pretty soon after I you some examples of uh of uh
61:00 exploration areas. Uh but stratigraphy becomes important because of all of these things
61:10 terms of developing a plan. it also relates to developing fields.
61:19 The basin type uh has a lot do with the timing of books,
61:24 of things and location of books, know, where are the sands gonna
61:27 , where are the shells? And and of course, it's really critical
61:34 know that you have a regional source . You have a source rock that's
61:38 widespread in an area. And uh likely charging any reservoirs that you have
61:44 were available when, when it was for migration to occur. Ok.
62:18 . We, and when we got with frontier exploration, we, we
62:22 about very briefly some examples when we at the Claire stuff uh in the
62:30 West of Shetland Islands area we looked and some other things, but now
62:36 just gonna um show you some frontier cases and uh what do you think
62:43 be um a real focus for me on this after I, I've just
62:55 you kind of the elements of frontier . Um And I'm gonna, I'm
63:01 show you some examples of planter story kind of like this is how it
63:07 . This is how and then what you, what do you, what
63:09 you think one of the critical ways I wanna try to get across to
63:12 about let's create prospects in producing oil gas. Ok. That's one of
63:21 things. But, but in terms sort of the overall picture of the
63:25 and everything that it, what is important to understand that with your
63:31 it really has nothing to do about funding, It has to do with
63:36 else. Politics will be really But, but, but um for
63:44 , if I get some acreage and a resource, what's the first thing
63:49 think I need to do? You , resource plan would be, what
63:54 , what do I, what do need to do? Make sure you
63:58 sure you have the right. That's good idea. That's a really good
64:02 . But the first thing you're gonna , I think is we need to
64:05 wells. You gotta d, what is the first thing you think
64:09 when you go to an area and think this might be a place where
64:12 can start drilling wells? What, is one of the first things that
64:17 think about and its to what you're find. Economics, how much,
64:24 , how easy and the multiple, uh I think the thing to remember
64:30 it's, the time is very You know, I have lots of
64:36 whose opinion of the oil companies or is all, is turn about.
64:42 if they are that they are my things. Uh, all I have
64:46 do is say you just take you go and you go,
64:49 I, I don't remember what state was. It could have been Kentucky
64:52 West Virginia. But this guy, , this is a plant.
64:59 you guys remember the Beverly Hillbillies? . They go out and then they
65:03 shoot, shoots a hole in the with a shotgun because I don't
65:07 in clock or something, you it's my shot and just some people
65:13 it's that easy to produce. one of the most important things about
65:17 exploration is that if you're really good frontier exploration, it could take a
65:21 time to get, to get what call the, you know, you're
65:25 after a process. It, it a lot of money, patience and
65:30 . Now, one of the great about unconventional is that you or,
65:34 know, where all those, you know, where a lot of
65:36 elements are, just know how rich are, how good they are.
65:41 so you're starting sort of in the of the whole month and trying to
65:46 out what's going on and, uh, but in that front,
65:50 fronts are ex, you, you even have a flu sometimes, but
65:57 formation is gonna be the, you know, a lot of ex
66:02 they started to see they were going Jurassic San. So they saw
66:06 they could figure out, you uh even at the, at the
66:10 , many people who live in, knew that there would be something like
66:17 in, in the, they knew from the size of it was only
66:24 , but uh when they drilled for of these, they had the chalks
66:28 the bill started coming out. And they had a hard time. So
66:34 there's surprises, but most of the it takes a long time. And
66:37 I talked about Mobile Bay, it him nine years just to get environmental
66:42 to drill a well. And uh I mean, that's a long
66:47 Uh especially if the price of oil up to, you know, 100
66:53 $10 a barrel and everybody's screaming about . Why don't you just turn a
66:57 is because you can't, uh the needs to. Unfortunately, we need
67:03 constantly be looking for oil and Even when the price goes down,
67:08 need to be looking for it. that when the price comes back
67:10 we can actually find something that's economically . And uh the saddest thing about
67:17 all. And I still have to this is that, you know,
67:20 need to get our carbon footprint So how many of you uh raise
67:25 hand if you think, you know , the number one greenhouse gasses on
67:29 planet. Yes. Ok. What it? It's water. Yes,
67:37 water. H2o there's hydrogen in Ok. What happens? What happens
67:44 we, um, when we start hydrogen to get safe water coming out
67:50 it? What's gonna happen? No, it won't produce any
67:59 It's just, it's gonna produce water the water is gonna be water,
68:02 water vapor goes up in this He increases the greenhouses. We,
68:09 , co2, um, actually absorbs , uh, energy than water.
68:16 also, and methane is even like 52 times worse. Oh,
68:22 , um, but nevertheless, we have a lot of water to put
68:25 water in the atmosphere. Somehow. have to get it out of starting
68:29 pull hydrogen out of the ground and it into the water by burning it
68:35 of converting oxygen and hydrogen into a to the season. It's,
68:52 I hope I'm not the first person heard this from. But, but
68:57 hope they understand what they're doing. , um, the world is
69:02 uh, it's a whole list. , the world is huge with so
69:05 variables. We can't even imagine things on that we can't imagine.
69:10 uh, and it's really hard for to realize that any time we tinker
69:15 anything we're, we're tinkering with the is, is probably a good way
69:20 put it and we have to be and we have to be thoughtful and
69:23 have to think about it because what, and you remember some of
69:26 lectures I talked to you before. is the one thing that happens that
69:33 when the industrial revolution started to We started burning the hydrocarbon.
69:38 but what else happened when we started the hydrocarbon, which is what happened
69:42 . Almost. At the same the culture culture exploded. You
69:48 and we also started impounding fresh water evaporates spec and sea water, we
69:54 pulling fresh butter out of the Um A lot of people like to
69:57 , well, it's, you it's a cycle it from it.
70:00 if you put more water into it's gonna be, it's gonna be
70:05 uh what's the question around right now gonna be? And uh we still
70:11 , we still have, uh because our schedule, we still have eight
70:16 because we're, we're working on the catch up schedule. OK.
70:21 um again, I'm not gonna read again, but these are the things
70:26 I've pointed out. Um This is . I don't, I don't know
70:33 it was, but there's a couple slides in that last lecture that
70:37 made a lot of my tools not up. And uh I actually see
70:42 smaller thing like this with all my all my little options and I see
70:47 next slide and all sorts of but that wasn't happening in the,
70:49 the last one. Anyway, I'm gonna read through this again because I've
70:53 you this. But again, source really important. And, uh in
70:58 book, um, they talk about E number one. So take a
71:04 at that, they also talk about South China Sea, but before it
71:08 gotten to a point to where it right now and actually what I'm gonna
71:12 you, uh, is probably 10 old by now. Not 20 but
71:16 years. And, uh, and there's the east coast. Um,
71:21 still frontier when I first made this . I said, maybe frontier for
71:26 while. Uh Why do you think might have said that? What happened
71:30 2009? Does anybody remember? Not ? But 2009, the condo was
71:42 . But what happened in 2009? like a kid or something with a
71:49 president? They got permission, the , the Democratic Party gave permission to
71:58 a lot further steps. And, unfortunately, the Macondo, well,
72:05 kind of mix that in a lot other good ideas. And, uh
72:09 again, I, I understand why it happened, um,
72:13 when any of our players in the industry, uh do something really bad
72:19 that, you know, it's it's gonna be hell to pay and
72:22 just the way it is. And , and it's, it damaged
72:26 the entire industry for a long It's, it's still having an
72:30 And again, you know, this, this carbon problem that we're
72:33 about. Uh, again, it's an issue but the, but the
72:37 there too is that the cost and time that it's gonna take to ramp
72:41 all these other alternative sources is just dragging awfully slip. So anyway,
72:46 are the ones I'm gonna go uh, in this section, it's
72:49 be South China Sea, it's gonna east coast of the US and the
72:53 water offshore of Mexico. And uh the luau structure from 82 to
73:04 Um These are the major concerns I don't want to read it,
73:10 some of the things are, you , we have this really terrible
73:14 Uh We can see a really big structure. We think it could be
73:19 read or not a read. It be an against Nazi. And uh
73:24 we're not sure what it is and we're trying to figure out if,
73:29 , what we think is a, uh read a large red deposit on
73:35 structural high, uh what would make the reservoir. And uh this is
73:41 reason I was really thrilled because they , you know, it's so
73:45 we gotta try it and uh and ok, I might take a few
73:51 minutes. OK. So, um we uh that, that was kind
73:58 the issue and, um, the thing, what's, what's at the
74:02 , what is the major concern that list up here, the migration distance
74:15 really extend. It's pretty far for typical, uh, field.
74:20 Normally you want your, uh, rock right underneath it. So it
74:24 has to go one way. uh, because sometimes when it goes
74:28 , dip in rocks, it actually its character. It can get sometimes
74:32 but often worse. Uh Some of Venezuelan oils are very heavy because of
74:40 . Ok. So, um, where it was, um, I
74:46 we might have a hard time drilling there right now for some reason.
74:51 , but a lot of drilling had done in this area and nothing,
74:54 even close to economic had been And, uh, one of
75:00 uh I was working on the Lester thing and one of the uh uh
75:04 issues here was how good are lacustrine and, and I was working on
75:08 Lacune Basin project was actually the director it. And um, one of
75:13 things that we, we sorted out that, that these types of source
75:17 are huge and, uh, you , you really don't wanna overlook them
75:22 you get an opportunity to drill And that, that was kind of
75:25 input that I had in it with and uh several other people at the
75:28 center. And uh here is, the size of the structure here.
75:35 um um here's uh it was when was first discovered there's two billion barrels
75:45 place. Uh They came up with after that and the uh uh one
75:50 the first wells was uh producing 2800 per day. And so that's pretty
75:57 and just about anywhere to get, get uh close to, to um
76:04 barrels of oil a day out of well. Ok. And um the
76:14 wells had, they were anticlines really to the source rock. This one
76:18 not close to the source rock. was a little bit farther away.
76:21 that's uh that's a pretty good I kind of repeat that in different
76:24 here. But uh but some of geology there made this uh a little
76:30 intriguing. Um Here's what the section like and uh here is, this
76:38 one of the things um here, they call this closed system, Saline
76:49 and uh fluvial deposits here. They marine Saline, freshwater lake and freshwater
76:56 . You back right in. They have some source rocks in here and
77:00 is the fourth side is how I it may be the wrong way.
77:04 It was Chinese but uh they had source rock in here, very,
77:08 low T O C source rocks up . Um had uh um yeah,
77:17 is, this is from and and that this one um was basically
77:26 ancient saving lake that was sodium, carbon enriched. This, this interpretation
77:33 , was my interpretation. This interpretation what everybody before that thought and it
77:39 large near sea continentally marine continental abnormal continent. Like in other
77:49 they couldn't figure it out. Uh they didn't understand when they wrote
77:53 Like this was here's a boundary right . This is a sale. This
77:58 a sodium chloride dominated green light It's very small. Uh And,
78:03 it uh in the phosphorus gets taken of his appetite because it's sodium fluoride
78:09 when you process boundary right here. like night and day in the fossil
78:15 because the things in the beer can the salinity, the things of the
78:20 . So could be the actual salinity could be exactly the same the composition
78:26 well. This composition though uh had propensity to, to stimulate hydrocarbon
78:35 the algae, the algae, uh of the items in here through
78:41 OK, we have these 2025 26% O C. So OK. And
78:50 is, um here we're uh I'm gonna get through the maps here and
78:55 let you guys go, we'll do cross sections when we get back on
78:59 and uh we'll get through this in a big chunk of uh exploration
79:03 uh next week. And uh but , um uh these, these mass
79:10 , are structural highs uh but it , and some of the structural highs
79:16 gonna have a lot of igneous But the question is, is a
79:20 of, of uh sediment on top it. And if there is,
79:25 is it, is it a reservoir , what is it, it turns
79:28 ? And this is a particular they'll find out that we had an
79:31 rock in the and we had a from the mice and is a,
79:38 um a platform bag type deposit. , it, when sea level was
79:43 little bit higher, it went underwater the sea level was a little bit
79:47 . It got uh uh rainwater meteor to, to filter through it and
79:55 it create a process. So it's all the right things. So you're
79:59 find out that this was almost an thing to happen, but it happened
80:04 it happened on a very large It's a carbonate bank. And uh
80:11 mean, uh the Massey dough was uh but there was, there was
80:18 underneath the, there were sedimentary rocks the limestones and then there were the
80:23 and the sediments underneath it were a . You can come in. Uh
80:29 can stop now. Ok. Thank guys for staying a little late.
80:48 question. Excuse me. Yeah. about it? So, I guess
81:04 than 100% like it's bouncing on It's like the gas return. I
81:11 to go in a good place if trust that. That's the answer.
81:18 . Excellent. Excuse me? I a room very quickly because they have
81:22 time for me. Oh, I'm , I'm, I'm moving fast.
81:26 moving fast. You can do whatever need to. Mhm. Take care
81:31 . Sure. Uh, could you more quickly? We're going to have
81:46 . Yeah, they're gonna have a . We need to get out of
81:49 . I'm sorry to hold you Ok. So we have,
81:56 in and also,
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