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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Apr 26 2023
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00:01 I'll try to get the recordings loaded this week too. Nobody's asked for
00:05 . Um, when I teach professional , if I don't get that recording
00:10 quick, everybody's like, wow, the recording? And, and we
00:14 , in those classes, we move . So it's, it's more of
00:17 push. Yeah. Hey, we're lecture 17 being recorded. And uh
00:39 is appraisal methods. Three. you might have noticed there are a
00:43 of tools, tool lectures and there's lot of appraisal le le uh lessons
00:49 I think those are really critical things uh in working with the value
00:55 Gotta have those tools. And here's a, uh, a list of
01:00 um, that become very uh important the appraisal step. And uh the
01:11 envelope of course is uh pretty important we've looked at all these different
01:17 Uh, petroleum in, in uh place, in reserves. Uh These
01:21 a lot of the things, you , uh total oil and oil or
01:28 in place is one thing. But much can we get out of it
01:32 important. So this recovery factor is important. Um I almost never had
01:37 worry about this. But if you're about, you know, how much
01:40 gonna be shipping out next week based your production, you might want to
01:43 worried about that. But uh and , and then when you pull gas
01:47 , um it has a lot to , you know, gas is quite
01:51 . So uh that becomes more important you have uh a high G O
01:56 gas oil ratio uh and that kind thing, uh the distribution of all
02:01 uh different fluids, the compartmentalization, reservoir quality and property distributions. In
02:08 words, you can have something that's pretty good quality or a pretty
02:11 but the distribution of those, of different things can be very different.
02:17 Something that's uh uh sort of uh graded beds versus uh uh retrograding beds
02:28 transgressive beds are gonna have or excuse , uh pro grading beds are gonna
02:33 different types of baffles and barriers in directions. So the dimensions and the
02:38 changed dramatically. OK. Um I this was something uh interesting in Shepherd's
02:48 . Um Our actual measurement of reservoir is about one in three million.
02:57 And uh so, you know, drill a well and you don't know
03:01 about it and you have to make lot of decisions on it, but
03:04 do have data and uh and I think that's really a critical thing
03:09 know. Uh I think reservoir characterization getting better. I've kind of drifted
03:15 from it. I haven't co taught in a few years now.
03:18 uh you know, it was uh it's, it's difficult to uh show
03:23 lot of the stuff that's done because done in little compartments or cells they
03:28 them. And uh and, and the cell you have these averages.
03:32 of course, uh the worst thing can do almost with any kind of
03:39 uh characterization or static model is to is to, is to over average
03:48 uh when you're trying to get to , the root of the problem.
03:51 , if you have a reservoir that's very good porosity, very good permeability
03:55 internally, it's very homogeneous reservoir characterization something you don't need to worry
04:01 But uh in many of the reservoirs we produce today, the, the
04:07 poor framework which includes the pores and poor throats can be very complex and
04:12 different types of barriers and baffles can uh many and varied because anyway,
04:18 a lot of different things we do statistics uh in this, in these
04:23 . And, and uh uh sometimes try to use deterministic methods where we
04:29 try to figure out uh what it be. Other times we'll, we'll
04:33 things like Monte Carlo and, and is, you know, we're kind
04:39 looking at the range of probabilities. then another way to do it is
04:43 look at and uh um different scenarios , in such a way that um
04:52 know, is it a barrier on is it a barrier on different
04:58 different types of things? So there's a lot of different uh this
05:02 affect, of course, uh the of the properties. And then that's
05:06 I try to throw in there at a little bit about depositional systems and
05:11 environments and essential faces because that the between the force uh bases and the
05:19 force base is different each one of settings. Uh And I better not
05:26 walking around the room too much. , and uh this is sort of
05:32 projected uh and expected volumes. Uh uh you know, you, you
05:40 that when you have um values down would be volumes and end up here
05:45 would be the probability of it And uh and, and of
05:51 um these two things, the low and the high end are on two
05:59 , the low end, uh you , in, in statistics, a
06:03 of time, we, we cut the 1st 5% in the last
06:07 But that's where uh a big part the game is, is uh you
06:12 , our p 90 here, this 10%. What are the chances of
06:16 getting the small volume? And uh over here, what are the chances
06:20 getting a high ball. And, , and so I think,
06:28 that's pretty simple and this, and this is just a, uh,
06:33 the frequent here and it just and, and, uh,
06:36 so getting the really, uh, values, uh, is the,
06:41 piece of 10 is a probability of . I think everybody knows that.
06:45 sometimes people don't, don't know that front. So I have to tell
06:49 . So we have the uh the 90 p 50 sort of in the
06:53 . And uh and again, I really don't think um the probability
07:02 reservoirs occurring in a particular place really a uh a normal distribution curve.
07:09 uh nevertheless, that's what people do try to, to try to risk
07:13 money. Uh You know, the object is as if uh you
07:20 10 wells. And uh one of things, a lot of people don't
07:25 when they're doing probabilities is if you pick some of these, if I
07:29 a 10 of these wells, one them should hit and that one big
07:33 is worth more than all the little . And uh a lot of people
07:38 , don't remember that. And uh that's something I think is important uh
07:43 , in any resource exploration to uh remember whether you're looking for gold in
07:47 ground or helium or whatever. And uh this diagram, this is
07:54 course a cartoon and uh I could a day explaining this thing in more
08:00 the most detail. But basically, here's p 90 P 10 and you
08:05 this envelope of where you think it be. And of course, the
08:10 would be somewhere down the middle And this is what they actually produced
08:15 this uh figured out they had in of reserves uh through the exploration
08:22 Uh then through the appraisal phase, started to find out there were,
08:26 were places they couldn't reach, they they would reach. And here it
08:30 to be a little bit less and from uh what, what they thought
08:34 reserves were gonna be. But at same time, uh you can see
08:39 envelope, the probability envelope gets tighter tighter as you go down. So
08:44 when it comes to risk, the of risk drops off, but there's
08:48 risk there. And um so when get to this diagram shows when you
08:56 to the, to the development uh there's less risk. What do
09:02 think this means that you happen to a development geologist instead of an exploration
09:09 ? Uh uh Yes and no. um we, we're on this
09:22 they expect you to be off. a wide envelope. Ok. And
09:28 a lot of geologists that have never anyone at all have had really long
09:33 well paid careers as geologists. This always considered the down here.
09:40 you know, it's, it's we know it's there. Uh,
09:43 at the same time, uh, was not much room for error.
09:47 so you can't make them when I a development geologist, I got the
09:52 F P, a lot of wells , uh, I hit every one
09:56 them came in, like I told before. A little bit less.
10:00 mean, a little bit more than . I always knew there was gonna
10:04 more, but I always always took five or 10% off the top.
10:08 so when the uh when the well drilled and we counted up the uh
10:11 pay and, and the reach of , well, it, it ended
10:14 looking better than I thought, but too, too much better, you
10:19 , you don't want to be a . OK. Um So uh one
10:26 those things that was on the list a trap envelope and uh you
10:31 to recognize a trap is really Uh Maybe you all recall the luau
10:39 in the offshore China. Uh With two D seismic, it almost looked
10:44 , gosh, what is that? that really a trap? And uh
10:49 to figure out that trap envelope can important. And uh that was more
10:52 a, a faces type trap than else. It was on a
10:56 But uh but the fact that it had buggy porosity and it was
11:01 by a marine shale was uh after drowning of the of the uh reef
11:06 was critical. But what happens most the time is we're looking for any
11:11 and things like that. We're looking four way closures or trap closures.
11:16 the the current day structure is really and of course, what the structure
11:21 during uh the potential time for migration charging of the reservoir is really
11:28 But you know, we do our and two-way travel time. And so
11:34 velocity models, uh you know, geophysics got started, velocity mo models
11:40 all that great. And uh and some, in some areas, they're
11:45 not all that good. For uh where I was working on the
11:48 stuff in um the sugar land uh the only velocity only velocity data
11:56 could get would be just uh was simple velocity shots or um where,
12:04 know, you, you uh you a thing here and you figure out
12:06 long it takes to get down to certain point. So basically, uh
12:10 were doing something like average intervals uh this might be the sonic log and
12:17 you had to average and interpolate between and uh we were really uh ended
12:22 with something that looked more like this doing that. Uh other times,
12:27 know, you might wanna just average interval where you, where you see
12:31 have offsets, you know, it like there's an offset here. I'll
12:34 this, average that and said you've these offsets, I'll do that
12:38 It's showing me it is instantaneous out it. And of course, some
12:46 the algorithms will work with the the al the um the sonic log
12:54 you pretty much foot by foot. uh the point is the better,
12:57 have a tie between depth and the response, the velocity, the better
13:04 uh you're gonna be able to see there is a trap or trap
13:09 And uh this is an example, think I showed you earlier here,
13:12 had some gas above it and and it sort of so you have
13:16 gas in here and it kind of it slows it down and when it
13:20 it down, it makes it a . So this structure here is
13:25 And um if you come up with same seismic, similar seismic data,
13:29 not the same seismic data with a velocity model, you actually see uh
13:34 , that sort of nonexistent structure actually a structure. And you can see
13:40 something that could be a trap. so one of the critical things uh
13:47 the exploration and uh and getting to the far end of appraisal, you
13:54 , we're trying to figure out what's what surprise gonna be here uh with
13:58 seismic line and that, and that for resolution on our realization of the
14:06 in the velocity model across the Um uh It has a big,
14:12 impact on um how you can uh and visualize that trap envelope. And
14:20 course, so we, we looked this and, and there's more than
14:23 uh seismic going on. But uh trap envelope, remember we have to
14:28 uh figure out what our closures are uh and never forget it's not on
14:37 one, but never forget that top , you have to have a top
14:44 . OK? Another thing that's important the uh the trap model, of
14:49 , is you a water contact and the distribution of the different components in
14:56 . For example, if you have gas cap, there's gonna be uh
15:00 area that's segregated uh that just gas another part that's mostly oil and then
15:06 that mostly. And so you do this gravity driven driven thing about the
15:15 of a conventional resource. Uh that encased in shales. And because uh
15:23 of them are, are water drive reservoirs. We have uh you
15:28 we, we tend not to worry the bottom seal as much as,
15:32 we probably should when we're working with . OK. I showed you this
15:38 of course, um uh last uh uh well, Monday, I
15:45 And um and so we uh you , it's important to figure out where
15:49 old order contact is and of the example, here we dwell.
15:53 , number one, uh we didn't it yet because we had boiled down
15:58 . That's what the O D T . Uh This, these are English
16:02 in the US. We use different of uh uh like lowest oil,
16:07 uh things like that. So we do different things but here we
16:11 oil over contact. So we can that we have net sand here,
16:15 we have net will and this is . And of course, you can
16:23 the reason is all here as Doesn't matter which one's flipping, you
16:29 , one's high and one's low. . And sometimes, uh this
16:37 I kind of like this because this really like the Scott field was because
16:42 had a really good seal and they it down here and they found an
16:47 water contact there and an oil water there and that made them decide we
16:52 no idea what's going on here. when they did the 3D seismic because
16:56 was this big fault here and they the big fault. They couldn't prove
16:59 was sand in here. And he did everything in the world
17:03 in British courts with people wearing those things on their head. What do
17:07 call those wigs? There must be better name for it. Anybody know
17:14 should drop. Uh, anyway, , all of this up here was
17:20 considered not there. Uh I don't if you remember the map that I
17:25 you but the uh the, um they finally did drill a,
17:30 not on a, it was just inside of the fall because the top
17:35 of it with their 3d seismic in seismic, they could see there must
17:40 some sand here, but they were kind of the, of the,
17:46 with trigonometry and, and high resolution threat, we were, I was
17:51 to show that the sand had to there. I came up with a
17:55 they bought into it. I don't that as one of my wells.
17:58 , but um as it turns that was the reason they drilled
18:02 But they um uh they, they were um concerned about whether it would
18:09 there. But it was, the is what I brought up with the
18:12 method. It, it was a . Uh I had uh logical observations
18:18 reasoning, uh an understanding of those and it put it together using simple
18:24 like trigonometry and it pretty much said had to be there. Um The
18:30 that we knew there was oil down and that we knew there was oil
18:33 here probably being drained because they're producing than they thought they had uh from
18:38 the well across the river. So release line was over here that again
18:44 tell us there was a lot of why there was oil in there,
18:47 just sand. Uh What I showed without a doubt there was sand there
18:52 , but the, but we also not 100% indication, but we had
18:57 on the bottom end on this area there was some oil there. And
19:02 knew over here that we were getting . It's kind of hard for the
19:08 to get out of the bag when stuck in it. OK. Uh
19:13 is another thing that uh we can . We have so many tools,
19:16 know, we could go into tools the time. Uh What would be
19:19 really a series of courses would be geology uh followed by risk or engineering
19:27 followed by risk. That would be real set of course. Uh But
19:33 we don't, we don't have those running here in this department. But
19:39 here you can see they got uh measurements here, pressure measurements there.
19:44 this again is trying to figure out distribution of the fluids within that,
19:48 that trap. And uh with we can uh again, this is
19:54 hypothesis but this al almost always Um We get the pressure, you
19:59 a line like this, we get pressure to draw a line down like
20:03 and where they intersect is probably gonna where the oil, um guess uh
20:10 , oil contact is. And um the, as they said in the
20:17 projected oil gas contact the pog. . Uh Another thing that happens,
20:31 you know, we talk about things this will alert, huh? A
20:40 of whales and I will pretty much uh pretty well defined ones. Uh
20:45 were different compartments, they're obviously isolated they're one's higher than the other.
20:50 one of this, you actually have sitting on top of oil that freaks
20:56 reservoir engineers all the time. And you have water on top of oil
21:01 uh there's water, there's only and no letter here and uh that sorry
21:10 that. There's, there's, I know what it is but the uh
21:18 need to get, I need to something like uh this line to figure
21:25 when I don't need to have my on and when I do need to
21:28 my phone on. So I'm gonna to figure out if anybody can think
21:32 a good way to do that. mean, it seems like when it's
21:37 off, someone wants me to hear phone um, when it's turned
21:41 you know? Ok. Uh and probably had that problem too, but
21:45 this is just showing you uh this capillary pressure thing. And what do
21:50 think the point of this is, know, they, they tell us
21:54 supposed to reverse our classes and, know, you, you explain things
21:57 us. So why do you guys that why is that important? And
22:03 , I can think of two really reasons but that you can come up
22:06 one if you have extract out of . Ok. That, that's kind
22:18 one. But think about, which one of these has the most
22:24 crush this one lives, right? which one is gonna push on the
22:31 seal the most? And so that reservoir is gonna be pushing?
22:40 A really good point about this um, do you think most
22:46 you know, they, they say in here they say poor throat,
22:50 is right down here, they say diameter. Um, it's really poor
22:56 . Um, because that's what's constricting , that's what's causing the,
23:01 um, capillary pressure. And you , um, in a given
23:08 if I'm gonna have this light of , other words, at one
23:11 you may have these capillary impressions or capillary impressions. So that,
23:19 so there's not always a lot of CAPP pressures across the board. It's
23:23 of a range of capillary pressures and one is gonna be pushing less than
23:30 ones on this end. Uh But you have something like this and,
23:35 it's a relatively big number. In words, you have all of these
23:39 maybe some even bigger you may end with, uh, and it's kind
23:45 consistent, you, you may end with a bit of a,
23:48 a transitional zone that you know in other words, you might be
23:53 to see in some spots, it gets up to here, other
23:57 it gets up to there and so and so forth. I personally have
24:01 worked on a well that did But, uh, but it can
24:04 . So you have these, what call transition zones. Um And,
24:12 , and I, and I'm just have you, this is from your
24:15 . This is kind of complicated to uh it could take a week.
24:19 if you look at here, this the simple one out of Shepherd's
24:23 which explains everything you need to And here we have 100% of water
24:28 . Here, we end up having more water, uh then oil until
24:34 get to here, then it's 50 . And you can look at that
24:38 and actually figure that out pretty quick to there. It's about 80% and
24:42 you get 100% of production. So a, there's a oil water
24:47 then there's a sort of a So, and the wider those sport
24:52 are and the more consistent they the more likely you go from 100
24:57 to almost 100 right across the OK. But as you start to
25:02 , it starts to come up and those poor throats faster in the
25:06 tiny holes faster than the snow water . The oil is that just a
25:13 of density and, and the water in the boil, is that just
25:18 function of density? Well, there's , no, the, the water
25:22 , uh, did you say oil on top of water? Ok.
25:31 that, that, that confuses engineers and they're smart? Ok.
25:40 you mean this one? Ok. a, here's a defective seat,
25:46 Scott field, they call this The I shoot and, uh,
25:51 actually have an oil water contact over for whatever reason when it charged the
25:56 one charged more than the top one the top one to that one
26:01 even more. So it's more Ok. And, uh,
26:06 there's kind of a reason for that you don't have time to do
26:09 But, but here you have water than that will, that's there.
26:15 . That just freaks out and sometimes might be, you know, farther
26:19 . And, uh, that's just that can, when an engineer sees
26:24 it's like this doesn't make sense. is it happening? Uh, it
26:28 to do with effective seals. The shale, uh, is one of
26:31 most plastic, uh, maximum flooding . In fact, I think it's
26:35 , it's an enhanced maximum flooding um, or a tectonic, enhanced
26:43 bit surface. And, uh, it, uh, when they,
26:48 they were testing and shrimp, it a, they actually, you
26:51 got it to form like a It's almost like a piece of plastic
26:57 that's the delicious stuff. That's, not a carbonate, fine grain
27:03 So, so, but this makes . OK. The other thing doesn't
27:08 sense. And, but there's a why it happened. OK. Another
27:13 thing is field car compartmentalization and rather read that out, uh here's what
27:18 means, you know, you see big field and somebody drills a well
27:22 the middle of it somewhere and they it's all one big oil field.
27:27 then they realize um the lowest known , lowest known oil here's oil.
27:32 Here, here they're trying to if something is lower than the other
27:37 , it must be a different to you a way that could happen.
27:41 this is just showing you uh how happens. And sometimes they don't even
27:46 when they're drilling these wells, uh those little faults are. But when
27:50 see those pressure differences, sometimes, trigonometric, the only thing, the
27:56 thing that could possibly cause that is small haul that you can't see unless
28:01 were well trained in my class, this semester, but uh and picking
28:07 little balls. Sorry, you guys a really good job of all the
28:13 . Um This is the first place 100% of people do formation lines,
28:21 of like your uh some of the things I asked you to do,
28:25 know, really focus on some of other things. Is it like?
28:28 , I know what they're trying to but they didn't do what I
28:31 And, uh, but, you know, I, I
28:35 I get that it's a new thing , uh, I even get the
28:38 that, um, the students now very little work with a pencil and
28:44 piece of paper and drying is um, when I was, when
28:49 was in the street, especially when was high in the last was really
28:55 . That was a tremendous skill And luckily I was able to do
29:00 . It was a little rough when hurt my eye that time. I
29:03 I told you guys when I hurt eye. Yeah, drawing with one
29:06 , it's really hard to consider three . OK? So that's what compartmentalization
29:13 all about. And this and there's things besides, besides what are contacts
29:18 can give it away like this. also you can look at the uh
29:26 histories uh of uh of wells from here versus ones over there. And
29:31 would be uh production over time. kind of a pressure fly. And
29:36 and it's showing you that the, uh that production profile is kind of
29:41 you that the pressure, the dropping different rates than it is over
29:50 I mean, it's a, it's production profile but it relates to
29:56 OK. Um And uh this is list of things that we worry about
30:01 property distributions. And of course, one of the key elements to,
30:07 this is if things like lit the and I can't go into a lot
30:11 different details. Uh Like when I reservoir characterization, I had a lot
30:17 uh pictures of uh depositional systems, it show them why there was a
30:23 kind of he a he even here why I was there, there might
30:27 a lot of real home in every it, and it is not for
30:32 reservoir engineer. So it, it very enlightening for them. And uh
30:40 of the first things we did remember was talking about uh looking at different
30:44 where you have different object models, reservoirs uh when they first started uh
30:50 characterization a little bit uh beyond, know, this has better ferocity than
30:56 has better ferocity. This ferocity, homogeneous ferocity, Latin homogeneous, the
31:03 started out like that. And then started moving to these things called um
31:09 object uh models. And uh and these reservoirs were objects in space
31:17 you know, like a barrier island be sort of a cylinder thing uh
31:21 this um sort of uh feathered off the front, at the shore face
31:30 uh and then kind of abruptly dropped more round it at the back where
31:34 marsh started. So they had all different shapes and uh from that,
31:41 know, you can see that there's kinds of shapes of things like here's
31:44 channel shape and this is actually a a channel belt and uh uh with
31:54 different uh uh channels in it as it migrates. And uh but
31:59 can look at different scales and what heterogeneity is. And uh and
32:04 that's kind of an important thing when start getting into how we gonna get
32:08 this out. Because when I'm looking this microscopic detail, I'm starting to
32:15 how I could actually need oil and as it's being produced. In other
32:19 , it's gonna be coming through The water might be if I have
32:22 water drive, water's gonna be pushing . And most of the examples I'm
32:25 show you in terms of production, models relate to that uh water
32:31 But um uh as you go from features of that scale to feature down
32:38 this scale, this is where you're to produce, say that 34%
32:44 uh when you get down to this , you know, you realize they
32:48 34% but there may be another 5% of 100 million barrels might work out
32:54 be something worthwhile. You can figure a way to, to do an
32:57 enhanced oil recovery and get it So that's why all this stuff that
33:02 was trying to show you kind of together in the end. And one
33:06 the things that uh we do is aspect races. And um, and
33:14 for these models, for example, we drill a well, we have
33:21 definite but what is the width of ? And so there's these aspect ratio
33:27 where people have gone around the world stuff, they've done drilling wells and
33:32 that they've done with uh with outcrops figure out if I have a channel
33:37 in this part of the world or economic setting, um If it sent
33:42 this way, it should be there that there should be 100 the channel
33:48 in Azerbaijan and on the echelon ridge , you know, it's very,
33:55 flat. So they meandered a So the channel doesn't really well.
33:59 what you see in a lot of where the gradient, uh the flow
34:04 is like higher than something that's almost , a plate of glass that's just
34:09 though. OK. And this is from a study, one of my
34:16 regular masters students did. And uh , he got uh we got a
34:21 of data from the V P on ridge looking at the productive series and
34:26 have all these sands and these sands kind of confusing. Uh There's so
34:31 sand, it's kind of hard to character, characterize and figure out the
34:35 of these reservoirs where they start and . You drill a, well,
34:39 think you have all the recent reservoirs but then, you know, only
34:43 production could they tell because as a they didn't have a big, small
34:47 site, we did it and uh that kind of thing. So,
34:53 uh so anyway, here's, here's kind of data now crop. Uh
34:57 also a lot of empirical equations that based on looking uh at uh all
35:03 of uh um people have uh there's model here. They, they call
35:12 empirical, but they, they come with these equations to kind of figure
35:15 , you know, remember when well, we normally only see this
35:20 . I don't know this one. ? We don't know that reach or
35:24 of that chi that channel belt. uh we know it's sickness but we
35:29 always know it's with, we drill well, the only number we get
35:32 the thickness. And so they, came up from uh so uh using
35:36 lot of different things, they came with different uh empirical calculations to uh
35:43 know, kind of figure out based what we've seen. This is what
35:45 should be in that particular area. other words, the rock accumulation rates
35:51 , uh you're gonna get more excuse me, more height and less
35:56 . If it's slower, you're gonna more width and less height.
36:01 And here's some of the different things that they uh have done with,
36:05 know, plotting, you know, you, when you plot um this
36:10 , when it's almost nothing, it any sense. Uh But what you
36:13 , what you really needed to do what some people really did was,
36:17 know, they, uh you look these things where there's different way of
36:24 and you lump the ones in the rock accumulation rate again instead of making
36:29 a shotgun and make it a little confusing. You do it this
36:32 But what it's showing you is um that, that ratio and uh here's
36:37 sand body width versus the mean thickness the sand body. And uh and
36:44 of look at those numbers right Um And here is um this is
36:52 of the same thing uh from the , but here's one that I really
36:58 look at the numbers on the bottom , 1 10, 101,000 aspect
37:05 What is this? This is right? In those aspects of the
37:14 , you know, it does, know, the the middle is,
37:16 like 100 and you know, it really getting high up there and you
37:20 back here, you know, you get to 1000. We're all the
37:27 up to 10,000. And what is telling you about shared lives?
37:37 the no, it's not the it's just that the, the
37:44 the shell faces for every little bit thickness. They're very divide. Remember
37:51 stuff that spilled down on the plate there's a flood. So it's
37:56 like it's extensive later. What does tell me this? Tell me more
38:02 . It tells me this is why so much of this darn stuff here
38:05 it's one of those faces that's very broad in their lifestyle.
38:10 a lot of these big, she plays are huge. It's not
38:13 stand in a little area, it's a prospect here or a prospect
38:16 It's all over. That's one What else, what else about
38:22 This is uh really critical. It to exercise three. You didn't even
38:33 remember in exercise three. Now, of you may not remember this because
38:36 apparently didn't do it. Um A of, a lot of folks,
38:42 , half of your uh half half of your S R MS was
38:47 . Um I think one of the I forgot to tell you, I
38:54 my life on this, um You , when you're looking at those
39:00 you turn them on their side, you're slipping the things. Uh these
39:05 gonna be the low resistivity, the resistivity is gonna be the shields.
39:10 uh and this is where the markers , you had a lot of markers
39:12 went like this or something that went like this. Uh But this is
39:18 the shale pattern would be down And uh and then threw you
39:23 And another reason is that you could at the log S P log,
39:27 can see that and these were tricky because some of the S P,
39:32 of you missed a lot of the just because SPS, you're so
39:38 Um One of the wells, you a thing like this and, and
39:44 it went and then you got down and there was big things and this
39:51 got labeled, this one was what lot of people labeled that one and
39:56 one was what was down here and just, it threw you off the
40:01 . Um, I think, to this out. But, but I've
40:05 doing this for a while. um, but, you know,
40:07 the same time I'm really happy that put those correlation lines on and,
40:14 , one person in here did a good job and I'm really glad that
40:17 person did. But, uh, , it could have been by luck
40:22 it could have been by a significant or a little bit of both.
40:26 , uh, but I think looking all of them overall. Have you
40:29 your grades? Yeah, the grades , they're not all 100 but,
40:35 they're good, they're good grades uh, um, hm, depending
40:43 what, what the class gets uh, I'll take one or two
40:48 off or something and other times I'll off five in this class, I
40:51 very conservative on how many points I off. Uh But, but,
40:56 at the same time I have to I could read in there that you
40:58 , you were getting the idea. , you still need a lot of
41:02 and, uh, I don't know where you're gonna get it. But
41:06 , uh, I hope if nothing you realize that it might be useful
41:09 be able to pick faults uh on log. Uh Because I know for
41:15 fact it is because even with as as seismic is it me, it
41:19 misses things at that scale. Here are some of the outcrop
41:24 Um you know, over here, student uh he looked at our
41:32 he got some of these empirical equations that we're talking about which actually are
41:37 of all these big data sets. then there's this the seismic. Um
41:44 know, we come up with, equations out of these shotgun things.
41:48 uh but here, here are some the things that he did in the
41:54 Gazal. And uh I think there's from the Kama Valley but I'm not
41:58 . But uh but here you can here's the thicknesses in meters, 2.5
42:04 . If we use science and new and uh you go to Europe,
42:08 forced to do science. And here the, this is an aspect
42:12 100 and 50 m from one end the other. And what is this
42:18 thing called? If you don't I'm gonna tell you. But
42:23 what do you call it when I , I have a channel here.
42:27 funny one there. A channel The channel here and they seem to
42:33 genetically related over a relatively short period time. They are amalgamated with this
42:43 . OK. It's like, it's there was a channel over here going
42:47 this and then one came over top it, maybe started over here and
42:53 over here and then got a slice this way and the same thing.
42:58 , but the channel belt is that when you're flying in an airplane,
43:01 you see the channel belts and a tiny ribbon in the middle of it
43:06 the, the current channel. And uh that's what we mean by aspect
43:14 in these things. We drill well, we get this number,
43:18 get this number and that when we through them, OK? But we
43:23 know this one and when you have well here another, well, a
43:27 away. How do you get, do you get at the reservoirs if
43:31 think you have on here here? isn't it producing like one dynamic presidency
43:39 the aspect creation is essentially it's not reach to the next level.
43:53 And uh yeah, there you can see where some of those things are
43:57 that. And then here that the thing that he did was he looked
44:01 it and in the seismic again, uh early on all physics would call
44:10 a channel. It's really the scale it is. This is a channel
44:15 . In other words, there was channel here, every channel here and
44:17 there at this point, you this thing, these things go like
44:23 and this is really a low, um gradient. And so um you're
44:30 meander even more than you would normally in the river. But basically,
44:35 you hit something that thick, you expect it to go about that
44:38 Here's one that went a little bit . So here we have something that
44:41 be arranged like this. This would the uh a lower aspect ratio.
44:48 would be a higher one, but might be the maximum in that whole
44:56 . And uh the way that we the dots from one well to the
45:00 . Uh In other words, here's , well, what is the,
45:06 do the sands really look like over ? Um This, this bar over
45:11 is showing you percentage all the way percentage of sand. And that would
45:20 if I had this cell distributed like , this cell would have to be
45:25 that and that cell would be something that. And so we're kind of
45:29 these little like here's maybe uh um , a shelf sand that's really broad
45:36 , and widely distributed. And here's little tail in here and this would
45:40 what we see Verne here. It's same thing all the way through.
45:45 that is, that's just sort of , a bomb that come over.
45:54 so here was, uh, the about object modeling, uh, with
45:57 channel belts, um, that the had to do. You have sands
46:02 and you have sands there. And course, none of the people in
46:07 room would correlate the sands right away , you know, to correlate the
46:10 first because there's a, there's a lot going on in here and
46:15 really want to make sure that whatever shells are line up with something over
46:20 or, and not something over like say it was clii forms be
46:23 important to check the shale. Uh um but then you don't know what's
46:29 on inside. And here is We start out with just the vertical
46:35 here is looking um at the aspect methods that we have, we're extending
46:42 . You know, we think one a little bit this way, one
46:45 that way, this little one might the tapering edge of a bigger
46:49 that kind of thing. And we , we place them like that and
46:52 here we do the same thing. then what do we do in the
46:56 , in the middle? We try figure out how it might um uh
47:01 might have some of these random sand to just pop over here. And
47:06 is something where you've added random sand bodies to where that, that this
47:18 of percentage or that type of percentage honored across that space. In other
47:24 , we have two holes in the , two points of data. These
47:28 our two points of data. Uh it looks like this near the,
47:33 , it must look a little bit this uh in between and then maybe
47:37 more like this. If I look that total percentage of sand in the
47:41 profile, words, if I keep same percentage of uh uh in
47:46 in this profile, in this in this profile, in that
47:51 it should have pretty much a model but, and, and of
47:56 what's one of the first things that see when you look at this in
48:01 of re for continuity, there's not lot of them not on that
48:08 Maybe if we, you know, that picture and turned it this
48:13 there was a section in that in and out of the wall,
48:16 might have to be running along the of those and see more. And
48:23 this is the kind of things uh geologists with statistics and probability and reservoir
48:29 models are trying to figure out. they started with, with these kind
48:34 , uh, bodies that relate to they're actually drilling into. You
48:38 I'm dr drilling into these, uh, those subsidence three, uh
48:44 builds. Is it only the 20th three? So, ok, you
48:55 , you get one of these expensive . I got this watch that,
48:58 know, supposed to be for And I know when I was flying
49:02 an A four Skyhawk he pulled, think, post eight G S one
49:07 , I never did anything in my . I get on my bike and
49:11 slip and the face comes loose. I'm going like this is supposed to
49:16 able to handle nine G S things happen in life. Uh So
49:24 point is is we, we do bodies and we do these models and
49:27 , we try to figure out uh the reservoir engineers are so perplexed because
49:34 automatically gonna do what some of you in here. And let's just correlate
49:37 Sams. I think only one person that. It was kind of obvious
49:41 , from one of them that I'm pretty sure they listened to
49:47 but they decided it was a lot to correlate to say, OK,
49:52 here's what we had. Um One the unfortunate things about these diagrams is
49:58 one, some of them 232 m . In other words, uh more
50:05 a kilometers apart. Uh If you posted these out of scale. I
50:11 , at scale, uh horizontal it would have been a big
50:14 a big diagram would have been hard do it. But he uh he
50:18 it like this because, you you have to make powerpoint slides and
50:22 is tough when you're working with And uh anyway, uh this,
50:27 is kind of the correlation, this what I'm talking about, you
50:30 the engineers, you know, talking , there's no, no chance for
50:34 break. And uh and so he something like this, he ended up
50:39 something like this where he was showing things and um uh when he did
50:46 , he was trying to show you like this, this is in a
50:50 aspect ratio. It goes that But, but you have 540 m
50:54 here and 420 m over here and , it would have stretched out over
50:58 but not made it to this OK. And if you can,
51:02 if you can imagine with that, that slide, um This was really
51:06 neat uh revelation in origin. Oh is why I love movies.
51:13 I thought I had, you 100 million barrels of oil in,
51:17 this sand that went all the way like this. And now I realize
51:21 have to put more holes in the to get more of that oil out
51:25 they first started drilling. This it didn't matter because, and this
51:29 bizarre. But, um, say, say this, this was
51:33 grilling platform. They put a well that quarter on that corner,
51:38 that quarter, well on that corner maybe one there, one here,
51:43 there, one, you know, eight or eight wells. And so
51:47 brought so many holes in the Um, it's like, you
51:52 we're, we're gonna hit this thing over the place. And then on
51:56 of that, um, the engineering so good when they, uh,
52:01 it and they attach to the Python store each well, hand had a
52:08 and we just flew over from the . These old pipelines were all leaking
52:13 one of them. It probably even it. We're still eating a little
52:19 . So you had to get a miles offshore to where you could see
52:21 beautiful and crystal clear part cast in sea were just amazing. And there's
52:26 sea otters and stuff like that out all the way from the,
52:32 the Baltics or no, they were . I'm sorry, not otters,
52:37 seals from the Baltic made it to Caspian City. OK. And so
52:43 that lecture? Any questions? We're done with appraise. We're gonna
53:05 right into, um, I hope , that, uh gave you at
53:09 a little bit of an insight of beginnings of what the rest of our
53:13 is. All about now what we , um Remember the diagram where they
53:18 the little circles and stuff. Uh draw this real, you know,
53:23 a geologist, you draw this really model with all the faces and all
53:26 center, I call it the Then they, they put little uh
53:31 on, they on cells like little like little shit, but it's all
53:37 . And uh whenever you see one these things, it's really, it
53:43 painful because I had a paper that like published in 2013 and it had
53:47 these little chicks and they have a chick. You know, the,
53:51 boundaries are gonna look like a pi the students thought that I was getting
53:57 old papers or really old computer but even the modern ones uh that
54:02 sell a lot of them, you , uh the other type of modeling
54:06 based on your own dynamics, which gets to be like three million
54:12 . And the, the one thing a pixelated boundary, it's a whole
54:16 better than one that goes from the to a um something that finger on
54:26 and so on. You know, just, it's just kind of really
54:31 . Uh But uh sometimes the the pixel pictures, they look like
54:37 , ancient computer uh work, but wasn't, it was, it was
54:40 new stuff uh when I was teaching and showing it and those slides are
54:44 my uh slide deck, but I , I don't show them anymore because
54:48 , uh can't seem to get enough to talk about reservoir characterization the way
54:52 like to. OK. Step blow this up. OK.
55:00 um I'm not gonna read this out and I've said all this, I
55:04 , uh numerous times. Um, this is, this is basically
55:10 how these steps work. And a lot of the hypotheses, hypotheses
55:16 goes on up there and the testing on down here. This is just
55:21 and more tests of that hypothesis that geologist came up with in the reservoir
55:29 . OK. More of the same . But we're gonna, we're gonna
55:34 a little bit more now on development production development is how we're,
55:39 you know, we think we have certain amount of oil we can
55:44 we can put holes in the ground we try to recover. But after
55:47 certain point in time, we realize not getting as much we on
55:51 So we may have to do some this production stuff. Other thing that
55:56 is sometimes we start getting out more we think we should be able to
56:00 out. And then we know our static static model is you go back
56:05 the geology shop and ask them, do some other more characterization because we're
56:10 we're gonna be losing a big put the uh straws in the right
56:15 to suck all that oil and gas . So, um, so in
56:21 one of these steps, there's always handshake between development and production and sometimes
56:25 go back. And uh one of things that also happens when we get
56:30 the production phase is that, we, uh, you start to
56:37 out ways to operate in an area than you did before. So,
56:42 the minimum production rates become lower So for less recovery, there's less
56:50 , you know, we're getting less . But the cost to do that
56:54 is going down the is going to . So um we get dynamic
57:04 of course from producing wells. Remember said static model, there's two things
57:09 re there's two sort of two parts the reservoir characterization. One is the
57:14 model which is probably about the geological . And the other one is the
57:21 model which we often call the production . In other words, stabbing is
57:25 rock sitting on the ground. Production to, to pulling fluid suicide,
57:30 dynamic model, it changes over OK. And here is just showing
57:38 um what could be happening in in a reservoir? This could be
57:41 single well or, or even a . But uh you start producing a
57:46 , you get a build up. if this is a single well,
57:50 might be like uh you might have production, but it would be a
57:54 bit different than this. I'll show some that look more closely, more
57:58 like what a, a single well look like. And uh then you
58:02 sort of a plateau in production and it starts to decline and there's a
58:09 of things that cause this, but reservoir pressure starts to drop. As
58:13 , you know, you've got butter here, you got hydrostatic pressure.
58:16 you have this buoyancy overpressure from you start sucking it out and this
58:22 that is eventually gonna be replaced with pressure of pretty much hydrostatic without the
58:29 . And uh and then you're gonna a decline in which you can start
58:32 pull out and a lot of what out on top of that, of
58:37 , there's gonna be water and uh showing you OPEC reduction. Uh uh
58:44 they show uh initial economic limit. But with better economics because you've figured
58:50 a better way to get this less out for a lot less money,
58:55 You can keep producing uh to a revised uh economic limit. This
59:01 uh reserve additions could be a lot things. These could be um by
59:06 at your static model, you could out there that you miss. There's
59:12 sorts of um different types of uh that we can add reserves to something
59:18 didn't think were there. But only would require drilling a new,
59:23 um, trying to keep this from real fast. Uh, is another
59:27 , but it could also be an oil recovery. Could be cap on
59:31 . In other words, we're just sweep something through here. We're gonna
59:35 a little bit of money sweeping, , the palmer or something through here
59:39 see if we can get it pushed . I'll never forget the,
59:49 the first water flood study I was and the reservoir engineer said if the
59:54 of ever oil, ha ha ha gets over $24 a barrel, ha
59:59 ha, this will be worth you know what it happened. And
60:06 of course, uh when that the price of the services go up
60:11 . It's an interesting uh uh So now we're gonna look at something
60:16 , um, kind of uh hit it. But, you know,
60:20 , we have different types of right? We have different types of
60:26 . Now, now I'm gonna show different types of, of uh drive
60:31 that push that oil and gas and poke a hole in the ground and
60:37 there's a pressure differential there, especially we take the mud out, which
60:44 in the Macondo. Well, they too soon. Uh When you take
60:48 mud out, you reduce the, reduce the uh lithograph pressure down to
60:57 to hydrostatic pressure. And of oil is gonna be flying out of
61:01 thing if you don't have, have rocks holding it down in,
61:04 the, in terms of a mud . Ok. So, um,
61:11 are, uh, this is, , uh, this is kind of
61:18 , the basic ones. Uh, have something called the Gas ol solution
61:23 . We have, uh, Gas Drive. In other words,
61:29 here, uh, gas is coming of ex solution but hasn't formed a
61:33 . It's, it's, it's making oil of the oil gas combination of
61:38 line and that's kind of helping push the oil out of the
61:43 here, uh, we're producing oil as we produce oil there's a camp
61:48 there and that cap, um, putting more gas in it. But
61:52 you get more ex solution as a drop. It just started like
61:56 So the cab drive is pushing And what's that? All right.
62:01 , what's right here? Mhm. the water. So, here's one
62:10 just shows water drop. So, , in almost all of these cases
62:14 some sort of water drop. you must always have some kind of
62:18 drive and, uh, but you always, and sometimes you do just
62:24 , uh, ex solution drive and , I think it would be rare
62:29 we just have gas have. uh, there's no gas in the
62:34 . I guess this is all the oil. There's gonna be a limited
62:37 of methane in it. And, , and you're gonna see mostly most
62:43 the fields I worked on were a of water and gas cap expansion.
62:51 , uh, the deeper wells in Marsh Island 1 28 were, were
62:55 , aside from the, uh, and solution, they were mostly,
62:58 , oil aside from the gas Ok. And, um, here
63:07 , uh, this is just showing the combination drive which is gas and
63:11 . And, uh, and here's one that's a, uh called the
63:16 drive where, you know, you this uh angular and conformity maybe going
63:21 . And, uh, and it's that's, you know, got a
63:24 good tilt to it in the, , as it's being produced in the
63:30 is, is dropping the, uh heavier oils go down and the gas
63:34 out of solution and starts to form like a gas cap. Ok.
63:43 here is uh um production from a water drive. And uh, here
63:51 can see, uh we're adding more more wells, we're getting more production
63:54 that reservoir. And then we reach point where uh the reservoir pressure kind
63:59 balances out, um, somewhere close uh hydrostatic probably. And then the
64:08 of uh oil starts to, to off and to produce uh gas and
64:14 uh goes up. And of over here is, is water production
64:17 way up. Here's a uh a cat, uh guess cap drive and
64:25 can see here this is initial production or excuse me, initial pressure.
64:31 And so here, here's the uh , the oil is coming through
64:35 It plateaus and then it starts to off and you start getting a,
64:40 you know, with the gas it's gonna be a, a relatively
64:44 uh reservoir pressure drop uh in the parts. And then you start getting
64:49 water cut and normally in a well, um when you get the
64:57 cut where it's gonna be about 50 like where it flips over there,
65:03 What you end up seeing is a of well shut in, in,
65:08 in unconventional is a lot of the wells are at 50% already. And
65:13 one of the reasons why it costs lot of money to produce them because
65:16 have to dispose of all that uh that uh water. And of
65:20 the day um sinkhole was a big site of injection and uh they caused
65:26 collapse of uh of some of the there. Uh They over pressured the
65:31 , I believe and they, um , it's a hypothesis uh that,
65:36 what happened and it, and it a big problem. But um one
65:41 the terrible things about the uh lack regulation uh on anything in the oil
65:47 is I, I don't know why don't want regulations because if you have
65:52 and everybody is doing things right. don't get something like the, you
65:58 get something like, um, out Wing, there's, there's two,
66:03 , things out of wing for. just really too close to the services
66:07 , uh, the salt mass right it is making, uh, these
66:11 , uh, sink that are about take over me. Um, and
66:15 also we damage on the spot uh, which is a really stupid
66:21 because, because, uh, I know about you guys, but my
66:24 bill is a lot more than my bill and it has been for a
66:28 time. So. Ok, here's typical gas ex solution drive. But
66:37 it's trying to show you is there's controls on the uh overall reservoir pressure
66:42 the, and uh and also different , combinations of fluids. So you
66:46 different levels of oil and gas and , and the water cut coming out
66:50 that. Ok. So one of things that I think is really important
66:56 you talk about unconventional versus conventional bill has spent a lot of time looking
67:01 conventional to people with war and they've really well with that, uh because
67:07 based on all these things. of course, and we can talk
67:11 all of this, uh, the of oil but, but most of
67:15 things are good where a company like Corp would work. Hi, Corp's
67:19 in an area where people have got lot of oil out of and they
67:25 , they're looking for a new like, uh, one student I
67:29 said, you know, there's gotta another barrier island. There's a field
67:33 produced almost a billion barrels of oil there and everybody forgot to get the
67:37 one. Nobody had the idea that one. And, uh, and
67:45 don't know if they came up with one in front of it. If
67:48 did, they probably wouldn't want to anybody until they drilled it. And
67:51 haven't heard uh, on any updates that. Nevertheless, uh conventional fields
67:58 last a long, tend to last long time. And, uh,
68:03 is uh uh some of the stuff , that I worked on in here
68:08 and some of the things that I work on, uh, but
68:11 it's a lot of different, uh things. Uh, you know,
68:15 you're producing 3 33,000 barrels of oil day out of a field, you're
68:19 make a lot of money. here's what a typical Bakewell would look
68:26 . And this is a, this , uh, this is a single
68:29 . So instead of having something that as you add wells, uh you
68:35 out with initial production, which might 500 barrels of oil a day,
68:39 is multiply that by 100 what, the price of oil right now?
68:43 it by uh $79 or something. a lot of money. It,
68:48 day it's down to 74 today. , uh, every day that's,
68:53 a lot of money, but it off really quick. This is 12
68:56 . Look at that one year, of production is gone. Those,
69:02 , conventional ones, it takes a time to get that oil to just
69:06 flowing and coming over there. You , just come on and,
69:10 you know, we put Chokes on things for a reason. Uh During
69:13 War two, a lot of the had the Chokes taken off, we
69:16 Chokes on them. Uh So they're producing as fast as they could.
69:21 that what they don't want to do to get the water drive. And
69:24 gonna be talking about that. At end of this, the water drive
69:28 , is breaking closer and closer to , well, once that water gets
69:32 that, well, it's gonna cut all the oil that's left in
69:35 uh during World war 21 of the underscoring logistical reasons why the United States
69:43 able to do as much as it . Uh That was good in,
69:46 winning that war was that we always fuel. Um There are a lot
69:50 battles where the, the better German , uh for example, ran out
69:55 gas or diesel. I'm, I'm sure they probably ran on diesel.
70:00 We do have a gas turbine, , a tank in the United States
70:04 . But back then I think most them ran on diesel but they ran
70:07 of fuel. They, you they were, you know, tanks
70:10 can't move are, are real easy to take out. And,
70:14 and, and that sort of So, uh, but the reason
70:18 , but the main reason why we these chokes on is so we can
70:21 it out slow. So the, the water can just kind of slowly
70:26 across that surface. And here's uh something that I that I this
70:32 you know, looking at all these I came across this one and this
70:35 really says a lot one uh in picture, OK. This, this
70:42 in both ends of this charmer Here's the, the blue one comes
70:46 here like this, this is its league, you know, it gets
70:52 here. Um But uh you you're already, when you're, when
70:56 out, when you're way out you're getting like a 70 or 80%
70:59 cut. And uh and you're paying lot of money to get that oil
71:03 of the ground and if you can doing it. So what's going on
71:07 this end through time? Um Like 2012, 2013, 2014,
71:15 2016. What's happening on the initial side? First of all, make
71:32 observation. What is this, what's about this than that? OK.
71:40 time, the production rate is what going up. OK. Now you
71:45 your question, why you gonna be ? But better technology. Exactly.
71:54 , you're spot on. OK. what happens, what happens here?
71:59 see this perks up and uh, , this one just the 2012 makes
72:05 all the way down to here. there before we get to where we
72:10 , you know, get anything out it. This one is 2014.
72:14 all the way back to here in . The next one's all the way
72:18 to here. The next one's all way back to there. What could
72:21 be? I think there's two possibilities . But what it's showing you is
72:28 over time in that area, the of the survival of those whales is
72:34 shorter and shorter is a really based the front and there's an obvious possible
72:40 , but there's another reason which which has to do with why we
72:44 geologists. And before you can look this stuff, ok. The
72:50 uh, the first reason is if produce a lot more in the
72:54 you know, you're gonna drain a more, you're gonna, you
72:56 in, in effect, your recovery might be worth, or this red
73:01 might be worth whatever you got the one because you're figuring out a way
73:04 get it out of the ground Ok. So there's less there that's
73:10 the other, the other aspect to , it could also be because this
73:14 a lot of ones, it could be that through time. The areas
73:20 they're finding to drill like now, the first wells were in the sweetest
73:25 . That's why they tried it because well was coming. And,
73:30 and so they drilled it, you , we followed the herd and then
73:32 moved over to something that wasn't as , but it was still produced.
73:36 we went into something that was less , but the technology is getting
73:40 you know, we can get better out of the worst ones, but
73:43 reservoir itself has less wine than the before. And I, and I
73:48 it's a combination of those things and all of this diagram says to
73:53 we need jobs. OK? um, and as long as we
73:59 oil and, um, it's, , it's, I don't know if
74:05 should grin or cry or, you , i it's just, it's,
74:08 horrible, but we need oil and long as we need oil, there
74:13 be people that need to find Um, I know if I was
74:19 during World war two, I would been one of the people trying to
74:22 that one, I guess for the rather than the one. Uh,
74:27 , and, and there's, you , when you think about it,
74:30 no shortage of honor trying to get oil and gas out of the ground
74:34 that our guys have gas needed Ok. So, anyway,
74:40 there's all sorts of these, different things. Um, when I
74:45 20 I think it was 27. . No, 27. I got
74:52 do, uh, two relief wells , which we used to call kill
74:56 . Uh That's another type of, , these are the different kinds of
74:58 that you can do. But uh diagrams that I'm gonna show you
75:03 Uh This is in woozy, remember talked about woozy, one of the
75:06 areas finally opened up and uh you see here they have a platform and
75:12 reached all over the place and that platform, these big platforms that
75:16 templates on the bottom, uh sometimes where they can kick off in different
75:23 um really increases the chances of uh a small investment, having a big
75:30 in an area that has a lot heterogeneity to it. You know,
75:33 finding all the good spots. This , right here happens to be an
75:37 one, here's an injector mode, injecting. Uh sometimes uh some of
75:42 water back in, sometimes uh they be reinjecting the gas that they're producing
75:47 that sort of thing to try to to the, the pressure of the
75:51 pushing or sweeping. Uh that thing . Ok. Well, I think
75:57 class is over now and, we have one more lecture and,
76:05 , we'll finish this one and do one on, uh, unconventional on
76:11 . I think we're gonna get everything this class and you have a lot
76:15 stuff to memorize for a test. , uh, let me ask you
76:23 . Has, did anybody ever buy boat? Ok. If you bought
76:29 book and read the book, you be getting 100 reading, it might
76:35 about, yeah, because I, can tell you the, the,
76:43 know, the, um, you , the book can explain a lot
76:46 things. The professor only has time try to tell you things that he
76:49 are important in that book. uh, and that's about a
76:53 that's how lectures get.
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