| 00:11 | You. So. Yeah. folks, welcome. Um I got |
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| 00:22 | much going on this week I came the building and I walked into the |
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| 00:27 | . One, no, two, , wait a minute. There's not |
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| 00:30 | lot of people in here. This be the right classroom, so. |
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| 00:35 | . Um All right, today uh classes. Ok. So presumably you're |
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| 00:43 | experts on reduction potentials, right? . So we're gonna finish up 13 |
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| 00:50 | then again, usual stuff, Canvas quiz tomorrow. Smart work on |
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| 00:57 | . They do uh schedule. So worried about that. All right, |
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| 01:02 | gonna send you some uh info this . Ok. Nothing complicated. Uh |
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| 01:07 | if you haven't uh use the constant since we've switched the canvas and maybe |
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| 01:13 | little look a little different to Ok. So a real quickie um |
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| 01:19 | . Ok. So don't worry about anything down. Ok? Because you're |
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| 01:24 | be sent this information, but you're go to this website uh CCS concept |
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| 01:30 | uh dot edu. And this is you'll see when you get there. |
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| 01:34 | go log in, click here. . Yeah. Authorize beep, Joe |
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| 01:43 | . Oh, shit. Sorry. right. You just have to do |
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| 01:48 | too. Ok. Log in authorized . Ok. So you get to |
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| 01:58 | page? Ok. Uh, it , it won't look exactly like this |
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| 02:03 | it's, I, it's got all classes on here but it'll have whatever |
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| 02:07 | are using, you know, the . So here is 23 21 |
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| 02:15 | Ok. Then you're gonna go to page, right? It says proctored |
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| 02:20 | . Ok. So again, I'm be sending you information on this. |
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| 02:23 | don't worry about writing anything down. you go, go, go schedule |
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| 02:27 | reschedule to take a pro exam on , in an, on campus testing |
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| 02:32 | . So you go, go, there's a couple of pages, there's |
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| 02:37 | , uh, you read that and go, I read and blah, |
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| 02:40 | , blah, I adhere to academic . You go check, uh, |
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| 02:45 | is no option for, no, won't. Ok. So it's either |
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| 02:49 | do or you don't. Then you , I read the Casa Rules. |
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| 02:52 | go through that. Ok. And you go click and then you come |
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| 02:57 | schedule. So it's, it's, , the CASA people are said |
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| 03:01 | it'll be up this afternoon. you won't be able to, |
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| 03:05 | uh, start s schedule until right? Because, but they're, |
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| 03:10 | in process right now of getting, what you'll see is the, the |
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| 03:15 | , Saturday and time slots and you , you just pick, pick what's |
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| 03:20 | . Ok. So that's, that's you're doing. Ok, that's the |
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| 03:24 | . And so I will, I , uh, again send you some |
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| 03:28 | about what we just went through so won't be any issues. Ok. |
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| 03:33 | , uh, that's that. Let , uh, close this. |
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| 03:39 | Um All right, let me So again, the game is still |
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| 03:47 | weeks away from tomorrow. So, , but the schedule always becomes |
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| 03:55 | like I said, two weeks Ok, so let us, |
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| 04:02 | any questions. Ok. Um There , it's um had one student email |
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| 04:11 | the click. So if um if not seeing points um one of the |
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| 04:20 | because I've uploaded the Point Strong the and Tuesday. Ok. So if |
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| 04:28 | not seeing anything on canvas and you , you're in here using your and |
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| 04:32 | know, it's registered and it's got active license, right? You're not |
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| 04:38 | anything the the issue may be is likely that you registered with two |
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| 04:45 | Ok? And so you can only it one email. Ok. So |
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| 04:51 | likely the issue. Ok. So that I can't fix, then you |
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| 04:56 | contact the the quicker. Ok. contact them for help in fixing |
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| 05:04 | But uh that could be if you if you register with two different emails |
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| 05:08 | something that can produce some weird So anyway, so what I'm gonna |
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| 05:12 | about that? Ok. So um do a little bit of a |
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| 05:22 | Uh So uh we went through so , I always like to start off |
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| 05:33 | um diving, right, with the , right, the bigger picture of |
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| 05:38 | going on here, right? So looking at um you know, we're |
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| 05:42 | focused on proposals and what they And so of course, this is |
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| 05:47 | to any living thing. OK. We'll get to some specifics regarding how |
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| 05:55 | , we're basically looking at how uh , right? Take uh here in |
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| 06:03 | chapter, he how they take in complex materials, fats, carbs, |
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| 06:12 | um uh proteins, what have you them down? Use them as an |
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| 06:17 | source. OK. So of the process of focusing on like and |
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| 06:24 | , right? So what to right, know the stages, |
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| 06:27 | Stage you want, right? Glucose um two pi uh that's kind of |
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| 06:35 | in a row. You can go for vacation, right? All of |
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| 06:39 | go through to restoration, right? decision one way or the other depends |
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| 06:44 | what what the cells are capable what's available in their environment to |
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| 06:50 | OK. Um Eco A has three . You can go fermentation, you |
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| 06:55 | go respiration or all depends on what's . OK. Uh The perspiration then |
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| 07:05 | to wa formation then to cycle and the way, accumulating these energy uh |
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| 07:15 | molecules if you will a TP and DH D that the um what makes |
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| 07:27 | iron if you will of those NPD FA DH twos that electron transport because |
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| 07:33 | gonna be converted into a TPS. . So we'll talk more about |
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| 07:39 | All right. And so, uh again, you see, um so |
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| 07:47 | also remember that if we're going from to CO2 of water, there are |
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| 07:53 | energy changes in the molecule, You remember we end up putting energy |
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| 07:58 | the glucose to kind of get the rolled, right? We've got back |
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| 08:02 | surplus of energy, but it did a little bit of energy to get |
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| 08:06 | grow, you get to borrow. we're kind of down here. That's |
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| 08:13 | I see uh that that could on as that um that structure. I'm |
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| 08:23 | showing this for illustrative purposes only my is not working. Come on. |
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| 08:30 | , there's a good question. Here go. Um co it has that |
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| 08:38 | energy bond, right? So we that on something. It'll it'll impart |
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| 08:43 | energy now we can pump, speed speed way more reactive. So now |
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| 08:50 | can go into the creb cycle and more energy, right. So uh |
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| 09:01 | . Mhm. Use in the in cycle in the form of an A |
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| 09:07 | DH two. But also it's a point in metabolism and Anna is, |
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| 09:15 | feeding an anabolic pathways. Uh other pathways are feeding into it, breaking |
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| 09:20 | proteins, breaking down fats that feeds it. Um make, make |
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| 09:27 | Ok. So it's really a central in metabolism. Um All right, |
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| 09:32 | fermentation, the fermentation. So uh July energy production, but that's |
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| 09:41 | . There's none of this, none this involved as you look away from |
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| 09:47 | electron transport chain. None of OK. It's all this is basically |
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| 09:53 | . And what differs from fermenter to is what does it do with the |
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| 09:59 | ? Does it make? Like does make as all of this make, |
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| 10:04 | many other pathways we have looked at reactions but it could be other things |
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| 10:09 | do but it right. And so the air is uh to keep this |
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| 10:17 | , what do we need? What need a source, keep supplying |
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| 10:22 | keep having ad P phosphate around and supply an A DH. So 123 |
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| 10:29 | those three things s present, then keep producing it, right? So |
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| 10:38 | after or about three supplying an right? So reduce, reduce in |
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| 10:46 | process we any d to any then they keep the, keeps the |
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| 10:52 | running, so to speak. So um and then finally, just |
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| 10:59 | quick. OK. So here's kind everything in terms of respiration, what |
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| 11:04 | provides, right? So different um various we accumulate these energy molecules along |
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| 11:11 | way. And we realize the output as the electron transport chain, the |
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| 11:17 | of the proton gradients, right? formation of lots of a TPS, |
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| 11:21 | see the difference there. So all in this picture, right, all |
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| 11:27 | we should have in your head when think you see oxygen phosphor, all |
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| 11:35 | stuff that's going on. OK. um and, and people get sick |
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| 11:42 | oxygen is all about oxygen. It's OK. It's not, it doesn't |
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| 11:48 | that it means we're using oxidation reactions ultimately produce a TP think more of |
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| 11:55 | that way. There's different because because , herb respiration uses oxygenation it. |
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| 12:03 | . So I don't necessarily equate those things. OK. Um OK. |
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| 12:10 | questions? So the next, the next question is a quicker |
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| 12:16 | OK. When we had it last , right? We ended with |
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| 12:19 | And I said, I said, it's not b lot of people |
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| 12:24 | B I said it's not that It's not b um see what we |
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| 12:41 | . And if you think it's E an eagle, it's not that |
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| 12:47 | OK. I knew that was gonna your next choice. 15. That |
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| 13:30 | your third choice. I know how brains work. So you got two |
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| 13:46 | . Well, you got three Thanks that. All right. Let's |
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| 14:08 | down. We need to write another . Thank you too. All |
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| 14:35 | Yeah. So there's gonna be one , right? So you got six |
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| 14:41 | to change your mind. Yeah, , it's not G OK. |
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| 14:57 | None of these are true. So oxygen becomes reduced to water. |
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| 15:03 | . That makes a false. Uh the source, so that's um, |
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| 15:08 | remember you only produce N A DH you're reducing N ad and you're doing |
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| 15:15 | because you have a source that's supplying to do that. OK. So |
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| 15:21 | for us, you know, the is, like I said, it |
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| 15:25 | what we eat, right? Because really your electronic source, we of |
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| 15:29 | , break it down significantly and we ourselves, you know, the, |
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| 15:34 | glucose or the fat or whatever, ? And um and, and then |
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| 15:40 | , then that then becomes oxy glucose a new form even in the |
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| 15:46 | right? So it's that the the source, you can go farther |
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| 15:51 | , but it was applied to whether you get an apple, |
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| 15:54 | The sugar is in there, So those that's the source or ad |
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| 15:58 | kind of the what you produce and it's the one that interacts with the |
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| 16:03 | transport, right? The food source interact with the with the electron transport |
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| 16:08 | . The NN DH is formed, . Um prate actually becomes oxidized, |
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| 16:15 | ? So we actually form an A in pyro oxidation. And that's because |
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| 16:20 | are reducing Nee to N ad in process of oxidizing pyro. Look. |
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| 16:27 | . Um uh uh glycolysis doesn't require . OK? It's, it just |
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| 16:35 | . OK. Um And so a common mistake is that people think this |
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| 16:40 | true. OK? And it's not . I've said several times, fermentation |
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| 16:47 | not involve any of the respiration right? You don't have a a |
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| 16:54 | synth base. You don't have a gradient involved. You don't have um |
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| 16:59 | transport chair, right? Or? ? Those things aren't part of |
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| 17:06 | OK. So, so it's it's really that I know, I |
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| 17:10 | and I know where you get hung . You, you're, you're focusing |
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| 17:13 | on this, right? You're comparing and that and you're thinking, |
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| 17:18 | the same thing? No. Yeah. Fermentation is without oxygen. |
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| 17:23 | focus more on this respiration versus right? Forget about what's in front |
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| 17:30 | it. OK? It's the respiration . That's the key, right? |
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| 17:36 | . 20 different things. Uh That's is the correct answer? Any questions |
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| 17:43 | that? Anybody think I'm completely right? No, don't answer |
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| 17:49 | OK. All right. Um So let's um let's do we |
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| 17:55 | we got one more. It's an one. OK? Before we're |
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| 17:59 | we're gonna do aromatic uh metabolism, aromatic compounds. But let's just to |
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| 18:07 | up 13. But let's just do one real quick just to uh put |
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| 18:10 | pin in it. I was wondering you doing? You look through your |
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| 18:31 | or something. OK. Let's count from six. Bye. Yeah. |
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| 19:12 | are the, what are the It's, that's correct. It's um |
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| 19:21 | and yes. A OK. So questions about fermentation? Any questions about |
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| 19:30 | ? OK. So let's look at metabolism aromatic compounds, right? So |
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| 19:40 | so I already mentioned that, you , we for all kinds of things |
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| 19:45 | our food source, right? Uh can the bacteria but they also obviously |
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| 19:54 | things we can't eat. I remember about little right. They can eat |
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| 19:58 | materials, we don't do that. um but they can also eat other |
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| 20:07 | compounds, we can. So Ame are um often uh these toxic, |
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| 20:16 | in small amounts um very, you , product in in everyday products we |
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| 20:22 | are aromatic compounds. Obviously, the we put in our car is aromatic |
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| 20:30 | , um paint and, and and types of cleaning solutions and whatnot. |
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| 20:39 | , um of course, the the of aromatic compound is the the benzene |
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| 20:45 | , right? So I know maybe haven't had organic chemistry yet, but |
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| 20:49 | benzene ring, this right is a stable structure. OK? So it's |
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| 20:57 | easily broken back, right? That in a nutshell, this metabolism Ame |
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| 21:05 | , the bacteria that can do it's all about breaking the ring, |
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| 21:10 | ? You break the ring then, it's kind of downhill from there, |
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| 21:14 | you can break it down into the that funneled into crap cycle like what |
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| 21:20 | you. OK. So it's all breaking the ring, right? And |
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| 21:25 | um and 22 bacterial groups famous for compound uh are seen in different types |
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| 21:40 | right, oil, oil gets oil . Um Other uh other companies discharging |
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| 21:47 | materials contain these compounds. And so they've used especially pseudomonas um engineered it |
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| 21:57 | to, to use and bioremediation purposes to put it out there in these |
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| 22:03 | and then to use their ability to these kind of that uh classmates, |
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| 22:09 | ? Those little circular pieces of DNA the chromosome, the pathways are often |
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| 22:16 | on these, there's multiple pathways that take these aromatic compounds. Right |
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| 22:21 | they're often found on plan change between . OK. So, um so |
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| 22:29 | guess like I said, the main is getting, getting it to the |
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| 22:34 | the ring, making that linear chemical . OK. And so eventually, |
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| 22:41 | Taine takes a little bit different It goes through benzoate. OK? |
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| 22:47 | it too eventually funnels into this main chemical. OK. So getting to |
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| 22:52 | is kind of where they all meet . That's the common, common um |
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| 23:00 | metabolite as we get to the end . OK? And so the other |
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| 23:05 | here is oxygen. OK? So deoxygenate enzymes we call them. |
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| 23:12 | So they, and that's what allows to be again once you get. |
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| 23:20 | , and then this product called OK? That's the, that's |
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| 23:26 | the ring breakage product if you OK. So once we get to |
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| 23:31 | , then we easily get to breaking down to your phone into crypt cycle |
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| 23:37 | then be, be processed and get . OK. So, um |
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| 23:44 | and there are different types of dioxin depending on where they attack the |
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| 23:50 | OK? And so uh 2 to or 1 to 2, I don't |
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| 23:55 | so much about the specific ones but just the name Dioxin Ase. |
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| 24:00 | So these are the ones that add oxygen and allow for the breakdown. |
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| 24:04 | ? And like I said, here one of those um ring products, |
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| 24:10 | another one and we eventually get to where we either funnel into the |
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| 24:18 | uh C uh CC A uh one or another. OK? And that's |
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| 24:23 | you get the energy production, Neh and bla bla bla OK. |
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| 24:28 | a way to produce energy from using we can't possibly use as a |
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| 24:34 | right? Too toxic. OK. That is really it for cat, |
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| 24:41 | metabolism of those things. I wanna two too deep into it to just |
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| 24:46 | those couple of things, add auction it, break the ring and then |
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| 24:49 | can get into falling products into the A cycle and make energy check. |
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| 24:56 | All right. Any questions? So I know and like the mm |
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| 25:08 | I understand. Oh OK. The is, well, we'll talk about |
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| 25:14 | in unit 23111 of those. We about it in chapter 77 we're talking |
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| 25:22 | . So plasmids exist as like a pieces of DNA much smaller than the |
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| 25:28 | in the cell. OK. There be one, there can be |
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| 25:33 | It depends on the plasmid type If you want to describe a |
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| 25:38 | they, they are, they offer bacteria that have um a, a |
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| 25:45 | of genetic variability. OK. So a way for them to acquire new |
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| 25:51 | uh to um use those genes on perhaps to repair bad genes they |
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| 25:59 | Right. If they, if they a bad amino acid gene that doesn't |
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| 26:02 | and they acquire a plasma that has , then they can compensate for that |
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| 26:06 | gene. Oh, yeah. There many bedrooms. Yeah. Yeah. |
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| 26:13 | they have the plastic for a particular pathway, then for example, they |
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| 26:18 | have a plasma that can help them down and maybe break down Nib |
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| 26:26 | right? And that pathway will have enzymes to do this route and then |
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| 26:31 | that route. Yeah, because these aren't large, there are maybe like |
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| 26:36 | or five genes, so or So it's not a lot of genetic |
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| 26:39 | . So that's the nature of a . So like I said, we'll |
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| 26:42 | all the nuts and bolts on that a in a bit. I got |
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| 26:47 | question. OK. Uh Plan is extensively in recoin DNA technology. So |
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| 26:53 | used to clone genes and whatnot. um OK. So chapter 14 part |
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| 27:01 | . OK. So reactions and something little different that we haven't seen. |
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| 27:11 | what we call interspecies transfer. So we we've seen, you've seen |
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| 27:17 | diagram a bazillion times of about, know, here's the electron transport |
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| 27:22 | uh here's a acceptor, right? generic uh picture, right? Donate |
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| 27:30 | except electrons, right. So of course, you see it happening |
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| 27:35 | of a cell, right inside of cell or the cell takes in like |
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| 27:39 | , perhaps it becomes electron donor, breathes oxygen, right? So that |
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| 27:44 | reactor is so, so that is transfer. But these are examples here |
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| 27:52 | here of the process kind of being used between cells. OK. So |
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| 27:59 | have a a one species here. Bater is oxidizing acetate, OK. |
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| 28:06 | electrons and they are being passed through another organism. OK. Hence interspecies |
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| 28:13 | . OK. And so um these so this this donor of these electrons |
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| 28:19 | then reducing nitrate to ammonia, for , OK. And this may represent |
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| 28:25 | kind of this blob here can be kind of conductive material. OK. |
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| 28:32 | it can be just like these these appendages you see here that are |
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| 28:39 | the conducting. So it's a basically a wire, a wire. And |
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| 28:45 | this is finding this is really being in different ways to like maybe in |
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| 28:50 | in, in uh treatment of treatment of waste to to combine organisms |
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| 28:56 | , to get rid of different types pollutants and things. I know that |
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| 29:00 | Navy is working on some kind of this for some kind of technology. |
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| 29:04 | So a lot of a lot of a lot of options here with |
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| 29:07 | OK. So anyway, so really point here is that, you |
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| 29:10 | we're gonna be focusing on, on particular electron transport chain respiration and kind |
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| 29:19 | the basics of how it works. . So the, so we're gonna |
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| 29:24 | with a couple questions. OK? we're gonna build discussion around that. |
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| 29:30 | Because I know, you know, you've, if you've looked at this |
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| 29:34 | , hopefully that you saw that right, of reduction potential. So |
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| 29:38 | going, that's your head going, the, what the F is |
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| 29:41 | OK. So we're gonna kind of through it. So again, |
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| 29:45 | we're focusing here on restoration. This diagram that you're probably sick of |
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| 29:50 | now. OK. We open a um uh you know really this and |
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| 29:57 | have electron flow. How is that , right? And so we looked |
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| 30:02 | fermentation already. OK. So we have an acceptor, right? P |
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| 30:07 | gets reduced to some, some kind acid or alcohol at the end. |
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| 30:12 | . But of course, our respiration complicated, right? We have electron |
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| 30:17 | , then we have the whole system electron transfer. Then we have an |
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| 30:21 | at the end, it becomes So a little bit more involved. |
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| 30:25 | right. So we're gonna focus in that. So here's the question. |
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| 30:29 | . So take a look, um me a chance to read this so |
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| 30:38 | maintain electron flow. OK. So put a little diagram in there just |
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| 30:43 | a reference to maintain electron flow, components of the electron transport system, |
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| 30:50 | . In here. Right. Damn , sorry here. All right. |
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| 30:57 | The, the components of electron transport work optimally when they are arranged in |
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| 31:02 | order. So left to right, . Going that direction. OK. |
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| 31:10 | it's ABC or DR gonna start We're on 52 52. OK. |
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| 32:51 | on five counting down from five beep. OK. The uh majority |
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| 33:06 | correct. It is, it is OK. We'll explain, we're gonna |
|
| 33:10 | . So let's, let's look at question. So it is D |
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| 33:17 | Uh More negative to more positive. . So let's look at this |
|
| 33:23 | OK. Just out of the All right. So what statement A |
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| 33:30 | or C is accurate? Use the of reduction potentials below? Hey, |
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| 34:32 | of those is accurate. So don't one of them is accurate. I |
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| 34:53 | , I bet you wish I was you at the exam time. Going |
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| 34:55 | , it's not C it's not it's not B pass away. |
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| 35:11 | Let's count it down from 23. this. OK. 321. If |
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| 35:42 | answered. Hm B, you're All right. All right. |
|
| 35:52 | I had time to do some uh explaining, time to do some |
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| 35:56 | right? So, uh well, we're here, let me just explain |
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| 36:01 | one. So, um so this to do with um two things of |
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| 36:07 | reduction potential and delta G and how relate to each other. OK. |
|
| 36:14 | And that I'll tell you what? me just let me just go |
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| 36:19 | It's gonna be easier if I do do my spiel first. Let me |
|
| 36:22 | back to the question. OK, let's go here. So looking at |
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| 36:25 | table um so think of the table a ranking, the ranking of of |
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| 36:38 | to best. OK. Uh starting the top a ranking of electronic |
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| 36:45 | OK. Worst best. Mhm. number one. OK. So so |
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| 36:59 | the pink column, the pink column the rank worst is the best, |
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| 37:02 | to bottom, top worst, bottom . Yeah. So it's a reduction |
|
| 37:10 | table of reduction potential. So the of the molecule to accept electrons to |
|
| 37:17 | electrons. OK. Um So we're at the the pink side, |
|
| 37:28 | A molecules suor obviously those those are are pink, right? You have |
|
| 37:36 | bye. So the other thing is line OK? Are what we call |
|
| 37:48 | redox pair, right? But that ask you ask you we don't care |
|
| 37:57 | OK. One member of that pair becomes reduced. OK? It's an |
|
| 38:05 | becomes reduced. The other member of pair is the but it can act |
|
| 38:13 | a dome. It can give up right? Think of co2 on one |
|
| 38:17 | , glucose, on the other, break down glucose, right? It's |
|
| 38:21 | source of electrons. So but the but the tables on a table of |
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| 38:29 | to worst, it's not a ranking electron donors. It's a ranking of |
|
| 38:33 | . OK. So that's what you to keep in mind this table. |
|
| 38:35 | about how good is it as an ? OK. So we look at |
|
| 38:41 | weak, so weak versus strong. . Simply means um is, is |
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| 38:48 | good in its role? OK. if it's a bad electron acceptor, |
|
| 38:55 | weak, we say it's weak. it's a bad acceptor, we call |
|
| 38:59 | weak, right? Um So maybe you do the table ranking as weak |
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| 39:06 | strong, weak, bad, strongest, best. OK. Think |
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| 39:12 | that one. So um so it's gonna be very simplistic because you |
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| 39:17 | when you, whenever you're trying to these concepts and things where you can |
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| 39:23 | it to something in your mind that helps you like like oil rate, |
|
| 39:31 | ? Oxidation is lost, right? of those pneumonic devices, right? |
|
| 39:36 | with this production potential, one kind simplistic way to think of it is |
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| 39:42 | I am a a um a weak , OK. That means I don't |
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| 39:50 | receiving electrons very well. Electrons are charged. The sector has a very |
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| 39:58 | value. Document potential negative doesn't like repel it, right? So that |
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| 40:03 | again, I'm just saying this as device you can use can really help |
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| 40:07 | this. OK? So a weak doesn't like to receive electrons. It |
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| 40:13 | a very negative reduction, potential repelling electrons, right? Again, |
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| 40:18 | it's just a way you can think it conversely a strong acceptor wants to |
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| 40:24 | electrons, it a vacuum cleaner for . So what's gonna bring value? |
|
| 40:32 | ? So that's one way you you can think about it. |
|
| 40:36 | So, um so example of, again, this would be a redox |
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| 40:44 | here. OK. So looking at hydrogen uh uh proton, right? |
|
| 40:54 | proton as acceptor is waw acceptor. And so the other way to look |
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| 41:05 | this also is OK. If the is weak, then conversely, the |
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| 41:14 | will be strong, right? So H two to this, that is |
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| 41:25 | good because it actually releases energy. . I'm gonna show you that in |
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| 41:30 | next slide. OK. So there's sides to the coin with these |
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| 41:33 | OK. So strong except oxygen is mask is a very uh the highest |
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| 41:41 | potential plus um 8 20. So, not surprisingly, we use |
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| 41:48 | , you know, as a travel for that reason. OK. Uh |
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| 41:52 | have all the way with that is good thing because it releases a lot |
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| 41:58 | energy. And we know that because this right, right here, that |
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| 42:04 | . OK. So you can see delta GS are on the last column |
|
| 42:09 | . And so it's a very negative G credit with that positive reduction. |
|
| 42:17 | . So in, in um in trying to line up, you |
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| 42:24 | an electron transport about maintaining electron right, you gotta keep it going |
|
| 42:31 | a source you have an acceptor but the middle there, you wanna line |
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| 42:34 | your components that are very strong acceptor up easily. And then those that |
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| 42:42 | them progressively stronger. Don't. So more um a a more negative to |
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| 42:50 | more positive reduction that maintains the OK. So uh let's look at |
|
| 43:00 | . So here again is another think about it. OK. So |
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| 43:05 | more positive uh reduction potential. OK that reducing the electron acceptor yields more |
|
| 43:15 | . OK. So here is more , there's our acceptor, right? |
|
| 43:23 | produces a lot of energy, it's a negative delta G of I forget |
|
| 43:30 | 58. OK. Kill the jewels month, right? So uh a |
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| 43:38 | negative value over here, right? that oxidizing the donor this guy, |
|
| 43:46 | ? That's the donor which is gonna this, that yields more energy. |
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| 43:54 | like minus 81. Don't worry about numbers. Um The point is in |
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| 44:01 | red pair, one is gonna be at one thing and bad at |
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| 44:05 | right? So in this case, this red couple, the donor form |
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| 44:12 | the better choice because you get a of energy release for that, |
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| 44:17 | You got to put energy in to protons as an acceptor and conversely with |
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| 44:23 | auction using these electrons very reactive and will cause energy release. Whereas being |
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| 44:31 | , you know, of course water used right? H2o 2 um two |
|
| 44:41 | , right? 02. I think correct. OK. Um That, |
|
| 44:50 | course, it takes energy would be fantastic choice as it said, question |
|
| 44:58 | not only photosynthesis, photosynthesis. This what plants use as their donor. |
|
| 45:06 | . But what are they, how they able to do that by using |
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| 45:12 | from the sun to, to make thing though? OK. Lot of |
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| 45:19 | we just strip electrons from water. . So again, energy requiring energy |
|
| 45:25 | , right? Put those things So um OK. Kind of reiterating |
|
| 45:33 | same thing here. So here's our . And so the when you, |
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| 45:36 | you look at a mole as an or one as a donor, |
|
| 45:41 | When you do this, you basically you flip, right? You see |
|
| 45:44 | the charges are changing now. So remember the tables are ranking of |
|
| 45:53 | , right of potentials. So here member of the couple of the acceptor |
|
| 46:00 | it happens to be a negative reduction . Then when you look at the |
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| 46:06 | product of that, the donor right? So then we're gonna change |
|
| 46:12 | sign of the reduction potential as OK. So um and so |
|
| 46:18 | just going back to our little picture , right? Electron transport chain, |
|
| 46:22 | couple oxidation of higher than the reduction aerobic respiration, right? So that's |
|
| 46:34 | the delta g here of hydrogen oxidation the delta g of oxygen reduction. |
|
| 46:42 | . So they add, they add , right? So you get a |
|
| 46:45 | number. OK. Right here. so that's why this metabolism, we're |
|
| 46:51 | see that in uh next week it's . Oh OK. There's a lot |
|
| 47:03 | bacteria do that. OK? And , OK. It's metabolism to have |
|
| 47:11 | H two is, is a fairly raw material to find, right? |
|
| 47:18 | a byproduct of metabolism of fermentation and . And so you can, it's |
|
| 47:22 | , it's not that hard to find . So bacteria can use it. |
|
| 47:25 | doing a lot of energy production from . OK. So it's common across |
|
| 47:29 | of the bacterial world. Different species this ability. OK. Um |
|
| 47:37 | So the, I guess the biggest here is, is this concept here |
|
| 47:42 | when you're evaluating a member of that , the donor pair, you |
|
| 47:46 | switch the reaction and then switch the , you know, switch the |
|
| 47:50 | OK? And so it means also um for example, the, this |
|
| 47:58 | , the top one as the acceptor a negative reduction potential, which means |
|
| 48:02 | positive delta G and it's actually I'm just writing the number out to |
|
| 48:09 | you that is simply the, you're the sign there as well. |
|
| 48:17 | So that slips too. So it's and an inter reduction potential. A |
|
| 48:25 | delta G look at the donor form those votes slip. And so that's |
|
| 48:30 | we say the donor form can be better because we use this energy than |
|
| 48:34 | accepted form which requires you Yeah. um OK. Again, kind of |
|
| 48:41 | same thing but now we're bringing it to, you know, us, |
|
| 48:46 | ? Aerobic systems. This is what do, right? We combine, |
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| 48:51 | combine the um reduction of ne DH of N DH excuse me with the |
|
| 48:58 | of oxygen right? Breathing. That's we do. OK. And of |
|
| 49:03 | , that gives a big oops, don't have the exact oh, here |
|
| 49:06 | is. It gives a big delta delta GN delta G, lots of |
|
| 49:11 | production, like combined strong acceptor with doors and they both add together in |
|
| 49:19 | of energy released in the, this what's gonna be used, right? |
|
| 49:26 | what's gonna be used to fuel that's the energy production that you get |
|
| 49:34 | right? From that list, this to that and that energy is used |
|
| 49:38 | pump protons. So that's where the is coming from, to do |
|
| 49:43 | combining donors and acceptor together and to . Use that pro OK. |
|
| 49:52 | so for us, right? This basically what, what we do in |
|
| 50:00 | of our restoration is this OK? of course, bacteria are here have |
|
| 50:06 | lot of options that you put together makes that will work, right? |
|
| 50:13 | that's, that's what you can That's what this question is really |
|
| 50:17 | OK? And if you watch the , you already know the answer to |
|
| 50:20 | one. OK? Um So we're at can a bacteria maintain energy from |
|
| 50:26 | as an ex donor and nitrate has acceptor. OK. So answer that |
|
| 51:05 | . She. Ok. 20. not a lot of reading here to |
|
| 51:15 | so it should be clear. All right. Counting out from eight |
|
| 51:44 | Y if you answered a, you're . Ok. So let's look at |
|
| 51:49 | blow by blow. All right. when I do these, do |
|
| 51:53 | I like to start basic and kind set the thing up, right? |
|
| 51:56 | is what we're looking at suck state an acceptor uh to produce streamer |
|
| 52:02 | And then at the back end, , reduced to nitrate. OK. |
|
| 52:06 | then that's what we got. Then do we look at it in terms |
|
| 52:10 | table? OK. So we're going suck and then f so we're looking |
|
| 52:14 | it as the donor form, So we gotta flip it, |
|
| 52:21 | So remember science change, this would a in initially negative delta G and |
|
| 52:28 | a positive del G. OK. , all right. So that tells |
|
| 52:34 | , hm OK. Positive delta G might not work uh with SU as |
|
| 52:39 | donor. So what about nitrate? nothing changes there? We just read |
|
| 52:44 | as is right? And so then we add it together, it's still |
|
| 52:49 | pretty significant uh cost production potential in negative L two G. So it |
|
| 52:57 | work theoretically should work. OK. so again, it depends on the |
|
| 53:05 | type what it's capable of because all things are mediated by enzymes. So |
|
| 53:10 | cell is gonna have the enzyme to it and you can have various donors |
|
| 53:14 | in its environment. And you obviously what it can do is what's |
|
| 53:21 | energetically favorable, right? But maybe always, it still may be a |
|
| 53:26 | that on paper is a positive to but remember the factors that contribute to |
|
| 53:31 | it, right? Concentration differences, there's this excess of, of, |
|
| 53:37 | the donor in its environment and it works because there's so much of |
|
| 53:41 | , right? So if there are of these factors, these factors sort |
|
| 53:44 | play a part. So um but this paper exercise you go, |
|
| 53:51 | it, it, it could possibly . OK. So let's look at |
|
| 53:56 | one in the two. So which is false regarding the relax reactions |
|
| 54:05 | OK. Right. Yeah. So we're using the term it's, |
|
| 55:00 | it stronger? Is it better, generally referring to, is it uh |
|
| 55:06 | energetically favorable? OK. OK. cut down from 30 8543, |
|
| 56:03 | Here we go. All right. you answer D you are correct. |
|
| 56:12 | let's look. All right. So think the first one is pretty |
|
| 56:16 | right? We're just reading reading this , right? So it does require |
|
| 56:23 | . OK. All right. So is true. Uh B so let's |
|
| 56:30 | at, let's look at this. these are um this two reaction is |
|
| 56:37 | . OK. So N DH, right. So we're just taking it |
|
| 56:42 | put it over here. OK? then compare it to like trite as |
|
| 56:48 | donor. So we flipped it over . OK? So then we just |
|
| 56:52 | on this in this, right? N DH is a stronger donor than |
|
| 56:57 | and say yes, because of that belt to G this is energy |
|
| 57:03 | More positive reduction potential. OK? that's true. And then we go |
|
| 57:08 | nit trait a better acceptor than N . OK. So we have nitrate |
|
| 57:14 | so that you can just read straight the table as is right here and |
|
| 57:19 | . So that's um this versus OK. And so nitrate would be |
|
| 57:26 | , right? More positive or negative a external acceptor, right? So |
|
| 57:31 | the internal acceptor, you want to very positive, great positive reduction |
|
| 57:37 | So that's true, which means of , they're all true statements. Um |
|
| 57:44 | will be a couple of these types the quiz. OK. Um Any |
|
| 57:51 | ? So let me think about it of look back at that suck in |
|
| 57:55 | fur a problem, right? It's sprayed out for you, right? |
|
| 58:00 | You got questions, email come OK. Um All right. So |
|
| 58:07 | so it's kind of nuts and bolts kind of the this is why it |
|
| 58:13 | and how it works in terms of our components in our electron transport |
|
| 58:18 | . So what's actually in there. what is the chemical nature you don't |
|
| 58:22 | to memorize chemical structures that you see . But um all electron transport chain |
|
| 58:29 | have these molecules called cytochrome, which these big molecules that you see like |
|
| 58:33 | here. Um They have uh typically a long chain here. This is |
|
| 58:39 | the hem group. These are meant fit into membranes typically. And so |
|
| 58:44 | course, they'll have the electron accepting typically. Metal labs different kinds. |
|
| 58:52 | iron sulfur proteins are often common, um component electron transfer chains. Um |
|
| 58:59 | will have small organic molecules called uh slide called shuttles between the larger components |
|
| 59:10 | electrons. OK. And so here see one such arrangement. So we |
|
| 59:14 | our donor, right? So remember is uh these are being produced from |
|
| 59:20 | the source is, right. And then giving up their electrons in the |
|
| 59:25 | . And so remember of reduction potential ? From more negative to more |
|
| 59:33 | OK. And that allows electron flow occur. And so then that energy |
|
| 59:38 | release of energy that you get, what's gonna pump protons and then the |
|
| 59:47 | etp a et cetera. So we see on the next slide. And |
|
| 59:52 | remember we're looking at aerobic respiration but can be anaerobic as well. It's |
|
| 59:56 | be the same, different components, but same the same concept. |
|
| 60:02 | So here is so the E coli so the first component is what's called |
|
| 60:07 | um N A DH de hydrogen. what as the N A DH, |
|
| 60:13 | . And so the um electron transfer see coupled with proton pumping, |
|
| 60:22 | So it does both actions, the for electron transfer uses to pump protons |
|
| 60:26 | . OK. Uh Here, these uh organic molecules quins the shuttle back |
|
| 60:33 | forth uh transfer electrons into the next . Cytochrome, what we call it |
|
| 60:39 | cytochrome ox. These are very large . OK. And um the, |
|
| 60:48 | they too also do the simultaneous electron and pumping of protons. OK. |
|
| 60:55 | that dual capability um so N A monoxide actually has two of those associated |
|
| 61:03 | its oxidation. We're gonna see F H two that comes out of the |
|
| 61:09 | cycle it enters after that. And there's only kind of one of the |
|
| 61:14 | associated with it. So you don't as much energy release from FA DH |
|
| 61:19 | as you do with an A you get some. OK. And |
|
| 61:25 | um and so the other thing about coli is um uh it, it's |
|
| 61:32 | like all most bacteria. So they , they can change the types of |
|
| 61:39 | cytochrome. So if it's going it'll have one type. If it's |
|
| 61:44 | , it'll have another type and eli have different uh terminal acceptor during inner |
|
| 61:51 | and there'll be different enzymes to facilitate . So it can really change what |
|
| 61:56 | hands in this electron transport chain based the environment and what's available and do |
|
| 62:01 | rather quickly. Right. So it can adapt pretty quickly. Uh |
|
| 62:05 | may need to go to fermentation mode it, it can do that as |
|
| 62:08 | . I mean, to shut all off and go. Ok. I'm |
|
| 62:10 | ferment because that's all I can So it's, there's various options and |
|
| 62:13 | components can change pretty quickly. Uh Of course, that all |
|
| 62:18 | you know, gene expression and turning some genes, turning off others and |
|
| 62:22 | forth. Ok. Bacteria are pretty at doing that. Um, |
|
| 62:28 | so let's, now look at uh gonna have a couple of questions. |
|
| 62:36 | the proton mode of force and the pumping thing. Ok. So take |
|
| 62:42 | look. So it's a very fancy . It is negative. Ah, |
|
| 63:49 | the question. That is the question um, don't pick D as in |
|
| 64:06 | , it's gonna be one of a or C, right? Ok. |
|
| 64:34 | go down from 18. Ok. remember, don't pick D as in |
|
| 64:53 | , gave your seat, right? let's um, let's look at |
|
| 65:12 | We'll answer this, we'll answer this next slide. OK. Well, |
|
| 65:18 | got more question, sorry. then we'll answer it. Don't overthink |
|
| 66:05 | . I don't overthink it. Um It's all the above. It |
|
| 66:45 | to be. How are you gonna , you need, you need |
|
| 66:50 | you need that and that, But what about what gives it the |
|
| 66:57 | electrons flowing through it, right? any other stuff you have the pro |
|
| 67:04 | it's all shame. Um Yeah. don't, don't forget that. |
|
| 67:18 | Oh That's not a question. So proton out of four. So |
|
| 67:26 | , don't forget, obviously we're just on proton food, back and |
|
| 67:32 | but what's maintaining them, right? You gotta eat, you gotta |
|
| 67:38 | right? Just remember that. OK. So, so if |
|
| 67:48 | if you're running this thing is of , electron donors becoming oxidized flow of |
|
| 67:54 | , et cetera. OK. So that's all in place, then what |
|
| 67:59 | dealing with here is um uh two , right? So we have the |
|
| 68:06 | uh concentration, right? Hi. Right. And that's since we know |
|
| 68:22 | concentration and ph go hand in right? That you have a hydrogen |
|
| 68:29 | difference, you got difference in right? So hence the delta ph |
|
| 68:35 | . And uh each, each P unit difference can give you like a |
|
| 68:42 | what the 60 60 millivolts, 60 millivolts for each Ph difference. |
|
| 68:49 | . Um Now, so you get OK? And then you have |
|
| 68:55 | right? So you have a obviously these a proton, OK. |
|
| 68:58 | the charge attraction, the inside the membrane say most every living saying is |
|
| 69:06 | charged. OK. And that's primarily to the confidence in the Senate. |
|
| 69:13 | proteins generally, once they're synthesized, always, but most in terms of |
|
| 69:18 | , abundance, most are staying inside set and then they're negatively charged, |
|
| 69:25 | ? So that contributes to a great of negative charge instead of a |
|
| 69:28 | Yes, you um and what but in terms of, you |
|
| 69:33 | with charge, it's really protein inside contributing the most. OK. And |
|
| 69:38 | negative insight. So that gives you the attraction of protons to come |
|
| 69:43 | right? So they have a charge and they have a concentration difference. |
|
| 69:48 | both of those are what uh provide potential energy it it they wanna come |
|
| 69:56 | , right? Remember they go down gray and they're gonna release energy back |
|
| 69:59 | the old energy release and energy requirement those things together. So, so |
|
| 70:07 | you, if you decrease P you're it more acidic or basic acidic, |
|
| 70:18 | means you are in increasing the levels protons, right? More acid, |
|
| 70:23 | proteins, right? So if you acidly, it should then increase the |
|
| 70:30 | of protons outside which should make that Ph difference more, which should increase |
|
| 70:37 | proton mode of force. OK. if you uh if you decrease, |
|
| 70:45 | , I wasn't trying to mess with heads on that, on that |
|
| 70:49 | But if you decrease the negative charge make it less negative, then you |
|
| 70:56 | making, let's say you're making it positive, right? So, but |
|
| 71:02 | less, just stay with less that's still less of an attraction, |
|
| 71:06 | ? Less negative charge, positive charges less attractive, less negative charge. |
|
| 71:14 | . So that would actually uh not the proton motor force, it would |
|
| 71:19 | the proton market force. OK. , um so we got these two |
|
| 71:28 | and um remember that we get, get the uh the concept of this |
|
| 71:34 | requiring and energy release and putting that , right? So as they move |
|
| 71:39 | the gradient, because protons have a , um they won't easily get through |
|
| 71:47 | membrane, you gotta give them, them a channel. And if you |
|
| 71:50 | , you're gonna get a lot of release. And the A TP is |
|
| 71:54 | channel. OK. So as they down the gradient, then they uh |
|
| 71:59 | energy is used to produce a OK. So, um and don't |
|
| 72:05 | about it, you're not gonna do . I just put in some values |
|
| 72:09 | just to kind of show you a values for the average bacterium. |
|
| 72:15 | So uh typically it's around between minus minus 1 50 millivolts of a Ph |
|
| 72:21 | of one as we see here. ? We just plug in the |
|
| 72:26 | right? And we get a range terms of uh minus 1, |
|
| 72:32 | minus 2, 10 millivolts. It's significant delta G, right? We |
|
| 72:37 | a lot of energy released. Um Right. Thanks folks. And |
|
| 72:47 | weekend, see you next |
|
