| 00:17 | You excited like OK. Why? right. Hold on testing. |
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| 00:57 | Here we go. OK, let's get going here. All |
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| 01:03 | So um all right. So as know, clickers are for real |
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| 01:11 | OK? A usable clicker equals registered the subscription. Um Can't turn the |
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| 01:19 | of paper and say here are my only what comes through on the |
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| 01:25 | OK. So um let's see. uh realized you use a red, |
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| 01:34 | prompt if you get it. So I, I don't want to but |
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| 01:40 | have to be transfixed to this space . So I found out my recording |
|
| 01:46 | . Uh It's not connecting, So, troubleshooting that you need to |
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| 01:51 | about what it means. I gotta here. So, quality purposes. |
|
| 01:59 | . So um this right? So was gonna start a little bit of |
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| 02:07 | of character. One for a couple minutes, opens the canvas quiz. |
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| 02:18 | The uh it's our member and it's the instructions. Once you start whatever |
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| 02:24 | you start, start Monday, But when you start that clock |
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| 02:31 | so you can't go back tomorrow and back Monday a bit. Once you |
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| 02:35 | that bit right if you, have accommodations. Ok. Through, |
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| 02:43 | , what is it called? S AC now it's called, |
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| 02:48 | that's been Accounted for and that's Yeah. Ok, so you're |
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| 02:54 | you're good there. Ok. smart work do Monday. Ok. |
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| 03:01 | , I think that, so one thing is next Thursday, the, |
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| 03:10 | , so, um, that's one those two class things. Ok, |
|
| 03:17 | today this afternoon I'll put up, set out, I'm gonna send out |
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| 03:20 | email. I just send out the email in there of um, |
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| 03:26 | like a lecture video, prerecorded video that office is chapter 14, 1st |
|
| 03:32 | of 14. Um So we'll do next week. Uh All you're gonna |
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| 03:37 | is just kind of spend it on own video. You have try to |
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| 03:42 | them on your own at chapter 1 is the tricky part though. |
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| 03:46 | , um, uh it's about um mechanics. Ok. So, |
|
| 03:54 | anyway, so in class that day Thursday, there will be a lot |
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| 03:58 | questions and discussion around that. So let's see something. You start |
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| 04:09 | me, me, me, I uh lower that a bit. |
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| 04:14 | . So, um, uh let's . So we've got a question to |
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| 04:20 | right off the bat. Ok. remember we had that, uh, |
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| 04:25 | and after thing, right? This the after one, same question we |
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| 04:30 | uh uh at the beginning like the time I think I forget when but |
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| 04:34 | the same question, but we're going see it again after having covered all |
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| 04:38 | stuff already. Right. So uh, take a look here. |
|
| 04:43 | . All the same stuff. uh, here we go and I |
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| 04:48 | to pull up camera shot from last . See what the was that |
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| 05:45 | but for the true statement. All , let's count down from 9876, |
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| 06:01 | . Ok. All right. So last time we had 102 answered E |
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| 06:12 | to 106 F went from 55 to and stuff. Three people. Um |
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| 06:24 | it right because the answer is X . Um It's why is e why |
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| 06:32 | E law and not true. The Annis Dian vaccines contain antigens into the |
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| 06:42 | agents or fragments and your body responds those antigens producing antibodies among others. |
|
| 06:51 | ? Um But after, after those those lit OK. So, um |
|
| 06:58 | let's look at uh this to go quick. We are not the |
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| 07:02 | we are consumers in every sense of world, right? Not just ela |
|
| 07:08 | , OK. Um Infectious diseases may from more than a microbe, but |
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| 07:13 | single pathogen can only cause one Low, multiple hand washing with soap |
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| 07:19 | the sepsis more correctly degerm, but not sterilizing. Um germ theory, |
|
| 07:27 | didn't explain um germ theory of I explained it. OK. Um |
|
| 07:35 | let's look at some of these things last time. Um the uh so |
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| 07:43 | went through, right is, you , take away from the is microbes |
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| 07:50 | these chemical transformations. Fis we weren't that they have these chemical reactions, |
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| 07:58 | ? But he proved that they did it did kind of plant a seed |
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| 08:03 | that's OK. Microbes can transform organic to end products or maybe they can |
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| 08:09 | bodies into disease, didn't prove it anything. And that was Coke who |
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| 08:13 | that? OK. So one thing wanna mention here, exceptions, maybe |
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| 08:19 | was a dry maybe addendums to the or then I guess a so I |
|
| 08:25 | of Apoula 23 4, right? he established the framework is still |
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| 08:32 | right? We still use that framework , in establishing cause and effect, |
|
| 08:36 | ? Microbe disease. But we obviously a lot in 100 and something |
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| 08:42 | OK. So we have like um I said, you think of a |
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| 08:48 | of one that may maybe there's like A and a B right that we |
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| 08:52 | aware of, right? Like we about asymptomatic characters, right? We |
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| 08:55 | that healthy people can harbor pathogens. ? And not be sick, |
|
| 09:01 | He didn't know that, right? There's not always the 1 to 11 |
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| 09:06 | , one disease, there can be causes for a disease, pneumonia, |
|
| 09:10 | example, right? And um the one pathogen um that uh oh can |
|
| 09:20 | from more than one type of right? So, you know, |
|
| 09:23 | , he can only know he knew was going around in his time and |
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| 09:26 | he could study, right? So course, we learn more and now |
|
| 09:28 | can kind of add more things to framework, right? Just being aware |
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| 09:33 | it. OK? And then um building, not everything can be |
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| 09:37 | he lose for things he studied, it's always the case, right? |
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| 09:43 | had a viral disease. He was at, he would have had a |
|
| 09:47 | , right? So uh like I , we learned a lot and we |
|
| 09:50 | kind of uh we know where not one of these parts may be absolutely |
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| 09:58 | if we're aware of these other Yeah. So um but obviously, |
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| 10:03 | know, the, the fact in that microbes can be the cause of |
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| 10:08 | is a, was a huge OK? And then of course, |
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| 10:11 | development of how this development pastures work development of the you're learning in that |
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| 10:21 | , or a OK. That had across all whole microbiology then uh with |
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| 10:29 | vaccination immunity. So the immune response vaccines, these are things we'll get |
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| 10:34 | more detail later. Um But you find micro disease logically, it's |
|
| 10:41 | , OK, how do we So back, back the vaccines and |
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| 10:46 | and so on. OK. And we uh wrapped up for the most |
|
| 10:52 | with aspects of uh group of ecology goes into uh really show me parts |
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| 11:02 | my quotes in the environment, their metabolisms of various types can't bring |
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| 11:11 | uh important roles in ecosystems. I of nutrients and elements. OK? |
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| 11:18 | to improve them. OK? Critical , to life on this planet. |
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| 11:22 | . And so microbes occupy all those , the composers producers and so the |
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| 11:29 | Hero. All right. So we'll on that again today. OK? |
|
| 11:35 | it's, it's really fundamental basic thing gotta know. OK. It all |
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| 11:40 | to the sea source. What's the of car you use CO2 or you |
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| 11:44 | something else? And that's how you the heterotrophic autotroph. OK. And |
|
| 11:51 | uh we finished kind of went into little bit about microbial origins. A |
|
| 11:55 | of things I forgot to mention, guess these uh there are losses um |
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| 12:01 | have been dating quite over 3.8 billion , the oldest um that look alike |
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| 12:06 | similarities to um modern day cell uh examples shown there. Um And |
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| 12:15 | molecules called hoos, we'll talk about in chapter um uh three, I |
|
| 12:23 | it is in cell structure. So your cells, you've got cholesterol in |
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| 12:29 | cells, in your cell membranes, embedded in there, that kind of |
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| 12:33 | help the integrity of the membranes, them intact. Um The equivalent of |
|
| 12:40 | . Uh And interestingly uh there, are molecules that are recovered from and |
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| 12:47 | that lends evidence of the age, , that cos around a long |
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| 12:52 | right? And so uh early earth , cos experiments done from the |
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| 12:58 | what kind of metabolisms would have evolved , of course, that fits right |
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| 13:02 | the right, using these inorganic compounds energy sources. OK. And so |
|
| 13:12 | find them the the timeline of So obviously, they've been around a |
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| 13:17 | time. Uh evolution of and santa of course, are pros as |
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| 13:23 | right? They evolve, they built like plants do um because of |
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| 13:31 | right? And that was huge forming because now and until that time life |
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| 13:39 | strictly in the water protected from Light, a lower atmosphere 02 begins |
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| 13:45 | accumulate an atmosphere forms ozone protection. from UV light life can come out |
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| 13:51 | the water to land, et So they have lots of effects here |
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| 13:57 | following oxygen metabolism. OK. So learn that 02 metabolism is spring is |
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| 14:07 | choose one to me. And so that led to evolution of etic cells |
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| 14:13 | multicellular types, et cetera, I , you know the story. |
|
| 14:17 | So um so then the last bit this OK. Um to my book |
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| 14:25 | those, we talked about this in context of, of the end of |
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| 14:32 | , right, how bacterial parts would been engulfed by a cell evolved into |
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| 14:40 | mitochondria core, right? So these very intimate associations in those, |
|
| 14:47 | your microbio is an end um uh plant interactions. These are responsible for |
|
| 14:56 | of the, for the, the . Ok. Uh Ruins like cattle |
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| 15:03 | goats, et cetera, microbial activity around in, in the various chambers |
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| 15:09 | their stocks, right through metabolisms, allowing the cow or their lives to |
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| 15:18 | and dependent on that relationship. um is any questions about this? |
|
| 15:30 | right. All right. So uh we're gonna do next is focus on |
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| 15:38 | 13. And so the um importance this is obviously in looking at |
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| 15:50 | the context of materials and then getting from that and part take it for |
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| 16:00 | , but it's a very basic But without it, you wouldn't be |
|
| 16:05 | to allow yourself to divide, being protein synthesis to occur. Uh All |
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| 16:12 | these are things that require energy. never see it in a textbook diagram |
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| 16:18 | , of protein synthesis. We're all of that right by the zone and |
|
| 16:23 | A and him producing a amino acids so forth, you know, we |
|
| 16:27 | know what that is. We don't what D A replication, but we |
|
| 16:30 | seen a diagram is the energy it to do all that stuff, |
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| 16:34 | And so for yourself to the, you to grow up, it's all |
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| 16:38 | know, for you to sit there think or be asleep. OK. |
|
| 16:45 | takes energy. OK? And uh why you eat. But actually, |
|
| 16:50 | know, we have dual purposes for in, let's look at this question |
|
| 16:54 | it's kind of a metabolism knowledge. do you, what do we know |
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| 16:58 | , what do you remember and know metabolism as you go through these? |
|
| 17:03 | . So um uh so the um how I kind of, that's why |
|
| 17:14 | wanna put metabolism up front in this because it's gonna relate to everything we |
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| 17:19 | about late, especially when you get growth, right? Material growth and |
|
| 17:24 | topics in China. So in here this question, we're looking at different |
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| 17:31 | and we'll go through all these. so uh some of these are quite |
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| 17:35 | , I'm sure that won't be an . Something like you ate a doughnut |
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| 17:40 | morning. Everybody sees this as a of electrons. They sound crazy, |
|
| 17:47 | ? It's a trip. OK. um so a 13 is really just |
|
| 17:56 | of the beginnings of what about and . So don't be um intimidated if |
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| 18:05 | go to the book and you see these chemical reactions, right? Fix |
|
| 18:10 | up the right. I expect you memorize that stuff. Yeah. So |
|
| 18:18 | I present this high, high will stages, not, not even to |
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| 18:22 | reacting so much. OK. Let's count down from 30 and certainly |
|
| 18:30 | any of these questions. Yes. I don't know why in three heads |
|
| 18:39 | can discuss. Mhm. There we . Yeah. Oh look at |
|
| 19:05 | OK. Um If you answered g are correct. OK. Uh they're |
|
| 19:18 | true statements, you know. Um what was your role these as we |
|
| 19:23 | through? Right? Fermentation reactions in body. Where is fermentation occurred in |
|
| 19:28 | body? Yeah. Yeah, But also your muscles, right? |
|
| 19:34 | get fat reactions. Lactic acid right? But also in your gut |
|
| 19:41 | from and stuff. OK. Um you do eat becomes oxidized, |
|
| 19:48 | So this uh uh so this uh yet. All right. That's |
|
| 19:57 | that's going to uh give me some . OK? That's why that the |
|
| 20:00 | , right? It's what it's all . OK. And so uh and |
|
| 20:06 | about energy conversion, you convert different of energy here. OK. So |
|
| 20:12 | look at kind of some of the here, right? So again, |
|
| 20:17 | we're focused on cells, bacteria. . So again, these things you |
|
| 20:24 | see written in the textbook, The the amount of cell growth we |
|
| 20:28 | bacteria can grow like nuts, One cell you go to a million |
|
| 20:32 | under optimal conditions in 8 to 10 or less. OK? But that |
|
| 20:38 | a lot of energy like lots of divisions, heat given off in the |
|
| 20:44 | . OK? And so gotta fuel growth. And so what do you |
|
| 20:51 | ? Well, obviously you give right? Carbon is gonna have the |
|
| 20:54 | influence in terms of what you get that, what those few cells in |
|
| 20:59 | beginning give you at the end. is gonna be the main impact because |
|
| 21:05 | it's this right? Carbon your, molecules, OK? Are basically this |
|
| 21:15 | the framework for your molecules. And you add stuff to it. |
|
| 21:20 | in the DNA, you add phosphorus it, have nitrogen. So you |
|
| 21:25 | that in there. So proteins have . So have so, so you'll |
|
| 21:29 | these various other atoms on there to the arm carbohydrates, right? But |
|
| 21:37 | framework is a carbon, right? carbon based life for that reason, |
|
| 21:43 | . So naturally the amount of carbon the earth to an organism can influence |
|
| 21:49 | much you'll get, you'll get. . So because that's what it's |
|
| 21:55 | that's the building block to make the out. OK. So and so |
|
| 22:00 | kind of in third term, we're really on this kind of metabolism, |
|
| 22:03 | breaking down of how heteros, Us, how we, and of |
|
| 22:09 | , there's many bacteria that are heterotrophic well. OK. So uh so |
|
| 22:16 | look at say goes through a mycosis respiration and you'll see a bazi |
|
| 22:24 | chemical reactions, right? And so you go, why are there so |
|
| 22:28 | reactions to get this energy? because you don't do it all at |
|
| 22:34 | , right? I can explode right? I have lots of energy |
|
| 22:37 | at once, right? Captured in , right? It's more efficient, |
|
| 22:43 | ? Because they're all just on one , a lot of it will just |
|
| 22:45 | lost in heat and you can't do . I can, we can |
|
| 22:50 | That's the other reason we have to , right? Not just to get |
|
| 22:54 | , do our processes, but for other thing, what's the other thing |
|
| 22:58 | get from that? Not everything There's a certain class, other maths |
|
| 23:03 | this too. What's the other thing get from, from eating besides just |
|
| 23:08 | energy to do stuff for the, controlling your body temperature, right? |
|
| 23:14 | end of, that's what we So we use a lot of the |
|
| 23:18 | given off to, to do OK. So uh but, |
|
| 23:23 | but bacteria don't do that. Generally you can't use heat to run |
|
| 23:28 | chemical reaction. OK? You can things up to us to a |
|
| 23:31 | OK? But you know, most and others live at moderate conditions, |
|
| 23:38 | ? So they rely on enzymes to these reactions and at certain points capture |
|
| 23:44 | , right? And then use that make a TPS with OK. So |
|
| 23:48 | capture and um and we're gonna see different stages, right? So this |
|
| 23:54 | here, I think um question, would you say this thing is, |
|
| 24:00 | this thing because of what it's It's a classic hero, right? |
|
| 24:06 | . That distinction is it's using CO2 it's an auto like a plant. |
|
| 24:13 | . So uh let's look at some the different classes here. So um |
|
| 24:20 | complex organic molecules, right? uh all the sugar is fast, |
|
| 24:25 | , right? Gonna break this OK? And we can do it |
|
| 24:29 | different ways. OK? Whatever way do it, you know where is |
|
| 24:34 | energy coming from in the molecule, ? So here's glucose, for |
|
| 24:39 | all right, where is the energy there actually coming from bonds, |
|
| 24:46 | So the bonds contain our shared right? So we're gonna break |
|
| 24:51 | right? We're gonna transfer electrons OK? And uh we're gonna be |
|
| 24:57 | to transfer that energy. OK? to do something with it. |
|
| 25:03 | And capture it. All right. uh so because we're dealing with electrons |
|
| 25:09 | , and transfer and acceptance that's classic reduction. OK? Um And so |
|
| 25:18 | full meta is full of those OK. And so um so in |
|
| 25:24 | of metabolism, you look at the or interchangeable terms or the hero same |
|
| 25:31 | , right? Um So we look fermentation, excuse me. So we |
|
| 25:36 | at fermentation. Um You can see we start with glucose in this example |
|
| 25:45 | end up with these end products. . So there's still a lot of |
|
| 25:52 | left in that market. This is acid or it could be ethanol or |
|
| 25:58 | number of other alcohols or acids. can eat those as well. |
|
| 26:03 | there's energy point of energy, those . So it's not a complete |
|
| 26:08 | fermentation are never complete oxidation. What's complete oxidation? Well, it's complete |
|
| 26:14 | it's something like this, the CO2 one. So you, you respiration |
|
| 26:22 | that those are complete oxidation, Bring it all the way down |
|
| 26:26 | You can't do anything with CO2, can't break that down. OK. |
|
| 26:33 | why an auto uses, that doesn't it for the purpose of breaking it |
|
| 26:39 | . You get energy, it uses as a building block for organic molecules |
|
| 26:45 | it uses. OK. So OK. So uh and we'll talk |
|
| 26:53 | fermentation later, but it's again, activation. A lot of energy left |
|
| 26:58 | the markets. OK? Um Respiration different, more complicated. OK. |
|
| 27:07 | we've got um production of different energy so that we're gonna see the types |
|
| 27:13 | molecules you produce. We're of all familiar with a TP obviously, |
|
| 27:18 | these two are energy molecules. You energy capture, all that we can |
|
| 27:24 | something and uh respiration. Remember of , you do, right? It |
|
| 27:35 | electron, right? So it's gonna conduit for electrons, right? Something's |
|
| 27:42 | be giving it to it and then gonna be taking it away receiving |
|
| 27:47 | OK? And that process is what energy. OK? And so remember |
|
| 27:53 | can have it can be anaerobic as , aerobic or anaerobic restoration. So |
|
| 27:59 | you see anaerobic doesn't have to be . OK? And the restoration, |
|
| 28:09 | is usually the most energy producing. . But anaerobic respiration is not far |
|
| 28:17 | . So if you're looking at the , it's aerobic anaerobic right underneath and |
|
| 28:23 | fermentation is down a little bit, ? In terms of energy production does |
|
| 28:29 | is pretty well outpaced by a by big margin by respiration. OK. |
|
| 28:36 | we'll see those comparisons later. um of course, these energy molecules |
|
| 28:45 | contribute to the production of many more tps. OK. And the difference |
|
| 28:53 | , if you just look at the yields here is something like 36 by |
|
| 29:00 | and 22 by F, there's a difference in terms of process. |
|
| 29:08 | So, uh you know, that's too, too um downplay the fermenters |
|
| 29:14 | they can have a significant role in of growth. You just give |
|
| 29:18 | you give them the, the carbon in a environment, they can produce |
|
| 29:24 | growth. You know that because you cavities, that's typically due to |
|
| 29:29 | bacteria fermenting in your mouth and cruising and kind of destroying some of the |
|
| 29:34 | in there, right? So, so it, it can obviously beer |
|
| 29:39 | wine production, other food, food . So it can be significant. |
|
| 29:43 | uh the uh so photo, we don't talk about that in |
|
| 29:49 | but then some of these terms can combined photo auto hetro hemo hero, |
|
| 29:59 | cetera, um photo heteros. Uh the, the overriding term here is |
|
| 30:11 | forms part of the two used uh energy and for building blocks. Uh |
|
| 30:18 | we often have a system to capture . So it's kind of a uh |
|
| 30:23 | uh an extra guy, an extra to produce some energy using light, |
|
| 30:28 | ? But they still need organic materials growth. Um And so again, |
|
| 30:35 | all know that uh bacteria just like can use a lot of different |
|
| 30:41 | right? We can eat all kinds things, right? Uh but not |
|
| 30:45 | much stuff as bacteria are here, ? They can eat things like aromatic |
|
| 30:51 | , right? And lots of other organic type of, of, of |
|
| 30:56 | carbon sources. We can't, You toxic us. Ok? But |
|
| 31:00 | can, right. So um and , this is something we'll focus on |
|
| 31:06 | 14 is more of these uh little of metabolism, right? You, |
|
| 31:11 | know the sources, OK. Methano methane. Um And then your photo |
|
| 31:18 | OK. So remember the energy for right? Can be light if you're |
|
| 31:24 | photo or to be observations of inorganic , if you're troph, OK. |
|
| 31:31 | things like hydrogen. Oh Yeah. et cetera. OK. That's oxidizing |
|
| 31:39 | the energy and that's used to or if you're a OK. So we'll |
|
| 31:47 | back to that later. Um All . So let's look at this |
|
| 31:51 | just ask me about rests, operation over here. OK. So uh |
|
| 31:59 | is not? No, he is a requirement for respiration. OK. |
|
| 32:06 | is not a requirement. So the , this isn't necessarily required, not |
|
| 32:41 | required for all out from 20 50 . OK. All right. So |
|
| 33:26 | me just back up here for a . So, and literally right |
|
| 33:33 | that's the answer can be 02 isn't required anaerobic respiration. All right. |
|
| 33:41 | this is not always a requirement. ? Can be nitrate and need something |
|
| 33:46 | . So, anaerobic respiration you So, all right, this the |
|
| 33:56 | , you'll see a lot in various in the next couple of weeks. |
|
| 34:04 | , so what I'm gonna do is of this slide next slide, throw |
|
| 34:07 | bunch of stuff right at you and all at once, right? And |
|
| 34:12 | as we go through, we kind break it down bit by bit. |
|
| 34:19 | respiration, OK is a uh relies having a memory, OK. That |
|
| 34:31 | is creates sides obviously, right? it becomes important that when we try |
|
| 34:37 | do this maintaining a proton gradient, ? So you electron transport system is |
|
| 34:45 | electrons are funneled through there, give up and then somebody takes them, |
|
| 34:52 | they give it up to the next and somebody else takes them. All |
|
| 34:55 | . So it's a chain of components electron reception and donation, right? |
|
| 35:02 | you do that, you're giving off as you transfer electron energy is giving |
|
| 35:07 | . OK? That energy is used pump protons out. OK. And |
|
| 35:13 | what you're doing because you have a , you now have a difference and |
|
| 35:21 | and concentration. So uh higher out lower inside. And so that becomes |
|
| 35:31 | the force, one force to bring in concentration difference high to low. |
|
| 35:37 | other one is the fact that the of the membrane is negative. |
|
| 35:43 | As are yours. All right. so you have two forces charge |
|
| 35:50 | That's that, that's what's gonna draw in because they're charged, they can't |
|
| 35:58 | swap through a membrane. And remember , this membrane is hydrophobic, |
|
| 36:03 | Very water heat. And so you give it a channel, can do |
|
| 36:11 | you get through and that channel is here. This and so they come |
|
| 36:19 | , they come through high to low attraction they give off manage OK. |
|
| 36:26 | energies you use to produce a TP . So maintain flow that maintains the |
|
| 36:36 | , maintaining electron flow, we maintain gradient, maintain the gradients, you |
|
| 36:42 | att growth. OK. So it going, you don't wanna go, |
|
| 36:47 | ? But you need a couple things ? You need a source, |
|
| 36:54 | These are electrons, there's gotta be source, right? Source of |
|
| 37:04 | OK? Here's one right? Uh I can eat that, digest |
|
| 37:14 | And ultimately, when I get to cells, my mitochondria here come the |
|
| 37:20 | break it down, right? Like et cetera, right? Um capture |
|
| 37:26 | electrons, right? And so that's happens in this portion here. |
|
| 37:31 | Then they're gonna go to like our system and give them up. Here |
|
| 37:35 | go, here's electrons and they will to go to so you have to |
|
| 37:42 | it's about maintaining flow, right? you gotta have something here receiving it |
|
| 37:50 | 02, no three. OK. aerobic depends on what you are. |
|
| 37:58 | is OK. And so that's what the flow going. 02 gets received |
|
| 38:04 | , used for water nitrate. They to nitrate. OK. So keep |
|
| 38:09 | going. Keep the wheel spin. ? How can you stop the wheel |
|
| 38:14 | spinning? Well, I will use example of take a plastic bag and |
|
| 38:19 | it over your head type. Do . This goes away. Eventually you |
|
| 38:28 | maybe seven minutes that goes away. happens? This all is blocked |
|
| 38:35 | stops. No more electron flow. more, no more. A |
|
| 38:40 | Brain goes bye bye. OK. your brain is the most a TP |
|
| 38:46 | organ in your body. OK. , you can a TP for a |
|
| 38:50 | minutes, forget about it. So uh so you wanna keep this |
|
| 38:56 | spinning, OK. Keep providing a and keep breathing. OK? Um |
|
| 39:04 | you keep producing, OK. So that basically now we're gonna come, |
|
| 39:09 | gonna put a little bit more meat the bones here as we go through |
|
| 39:12 | this section. OK? But in nutshell, that's it. And this |
|
| 39:18 | here, right? Coupling. So and I realized early on that might |
|
| 39:26 | people. Some people are confused by word coupling coupling to linked to associated |
|
| 39:34 | the together. OK. Um Energy with the energy required have all the |
|
| 39:42 | . OK. In, in, life. OK. Um In this |
|
| 39:48 | right here, this electron transfers these energy releasing. OK. Recovering that |
|
| 39:59 | an energy requiring process, which is pumping of protons going from low to |
|
| 40:07 | . That takes energy. You try stuff more protons on the side that's |
|
| 40:12 | full. It's gonna take energy, comes from the transfer electron. So |
|
| 40:17 | one coupling, another coupling is right , right protons going down. These |
|
| 40:24 | the A TP formation which requires. it happens all the time. |
|
| 40:29 | And so this gradient gradients in we use them all the time. |
|
| 40:35 | . Um Muscle contractions rely on grades or sodium potassium. So uh it's |
|
| 40:44 | form of energy and we can release energy by aligning with them in this |
|
| 40:48 | to come through, OK, through uh concentration charge attract. And so |
|
| 40:55 | come in that draws them in. uh this concept here you're gonna see |
|
| 41:02 | a lot. OK. So um here's kind of the sort it all |
|
| 41:09 | against the wall 13 and 14 in diagram. OK. So obviously, |
|
| 41:15 | don't expect any to have them OK. But because you're gonna see |
|
| 41:20 | over and over again, but let's throw it out, see what |
|
| 41:24 | right. So again, we start just a memory because these processes |
|
| 41:30 | It occurs when you have a micro a bacterium. It occurs on like |
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| 41:37 | outer plasm membrane, it folds Yes. OK. So because it's |
|
| 41:46 | membrane that allows you to create the . OK. So electron transport |
|
| 41:52 | OK? And I have a bunch different components here whose job is to |
|
| 41:58 | electrons, right? But we'll learn actually a hierarchy here, right? |
|
| 42:04 | you have those at the beginning are good at um kind of giving up |
|
| 42:13 | . OK? And as we get and more to the right, we |
|
| 42:17 | progressively toward molecules that are better at , right? And so you get |
|
| 42:22 | biggest grabbing here at the end, ? Oxygen, if you right, |
|
| 42:27 | has the highest its chemical properties such it's very high. What do call |
|
| 42:32 | potential as a it's a affinity for , right? Loves to suck them |
|
| 42:38 | , right? That's what you want the end, right? You want |
|
| 42:41 | vacuum for electron, right? You those the beginning that we easily give |
|
| 42:46 | up. So that that's what makes flow go in the system work, |
|
| 42:52 | ? But you have to have something this, right? There's something you |
|
| 42:57 | putting electrons in there, right? happen by itself, right? So |
|
| 43:02 | source and so is it in organic ? Right? So of course, |
|
| 43:07 | reduced, it's full of full of . OK. Um So that can |
|
| 43:14 | the source can be glucose over there even further back on the chain and |
|
| 43:19 | to my Kiwi through here. All . Uh when it gets down to |
|
| 43:24 | cells, it's, it's into carbohydrate . I'm sure the glucose in there |
|
| 43:29 | gonna be one of the sugars, ? And that's what your cells then |
|
| 43:33 | deal with. OK. So as gets oxidized now come into play these |
|
| 43:40 | . OK. So electron characters, the actual source itself doesn't usually it's |
|
| 43:47 | gonna be the one that's directly interacting carriers that are formed, right? |
|
| 43:54 | this and this uh this will comprise two errors and that, that comprise |
|
| 43:59 | number of chemical reactions, right? among those chemical reactions will be N |
|
| 44:07 | uh becoming reduced to N A OK. And this is the one |
|
| 44:11 | will actually interact with that's not So you're gonna accumulate a lot of |
|
| 44:17 | Ds in this process. OK. then these would be the ones that |
|
| 44:22 | give up the electrons. Yeah. so uh then we have different carriers |
|
| 44:29 | the middle there that will give them a terminal acceptor, right? Becomes |
|
| 44:35 | to um water if it's oxygen or , if it's inorganic, I'm sorry |
|
| 44:43 | it's something other than oxygen, if anaerobic. So, um so the |
|
| 44:50 | on this side, OK. The on this side. OK. And |
|
| 44:56 | you can kind of tell if is this a process or what's at |
|
| 45:00 | end, the option or something. . Um What's the, is it |
|
| 45:06 | troph or something else when you look here? Right? Because what's the |
|
| 45:12 | ? Something like glucose or sucrose or fat or is it something like pneumonia |
|
| 45:19 | H two OK. So that tells kind of what, what, what |
|
| 45:25 | of organism am I? Right? do I aspire? Am I aerobic |
|
| 45:31 | anaerobic? Look over here. So um so again that energy from |
|
| 45:38 | transport, you pump protons out the difference and concentration difference draws them |
|
| 45:48 | but we need a channel and the is the A TP A. |
|
| 45:54 | And the production of A TP, ? So everything you're seeing here fits |
|
| 46:02 | these fits in this term oxidative right? So you see that you're |
|
| 46:09 | see that term don't equate oxidate. see oxidative you go oh oxygen must |
|
| 46:14 | oxygen. No, it's the same that it's an oil, it's just |
|
| 46:20 | oxidation process. That's, that means doesn't mean it 02 process necessarily |
|
| 46:26 | So velocity of phosphor is that So a contrast to doesn't involve |
|
| 46:39 | it does involve the source does involve this OK? But we're gonna do |
|
| 46:46 | else with it. OK? Through this, it doesn't, it doesn't |
|
| 46:50 | fermentation does not get energy in this using, using a proton gradient that |
|
| 46:58 | does the So, so again, me just take it off there |
|
| 47:05 | That's actually the thought for that. do, how do you even draw |
|
| 47:09 | playing the? But that's the contrast the two. So um so some |
|
| 47:17 | this stuff a little more detail on , OK. But overall, you |
|
| 47:21 | , this is what we're looking at ? Ok. So any questions? |
|
| 47:31 | . Yeah. Why specifically oxygen? , it'd be too toxic the floor |
|
| 47:43 | it would be way too reactive in . Auction already is reactive. But |
|
| 47:48 | , um it's, it just, assume if it would have been, |
|
| 47:54 | not sure where it is in is it more of uh, does |
|
| 47:56 | have a high reduction potential than I just know more like, |
|
| 48:02 | it doesn't necessarily mean production potential though . But I think just because the |
|
| 48:07 | of fluorine is very chemically reactive that just like just in the, with |
|
| 48:11 | as a term accept, you do other things like nitrate, sulfate iron |
|
| 48:15 | other things, but I've never seen with fluorine. So um any other |
|
| 48:23 | ? All right. So, all . So a little bit about, |
|
| 48:27 | not gonna get hard quote on It's gonna kind of just give you |
|
| 48:29 | basics of tics here. OK. you can probably take all chemical reactions |
|
| 48:38 | we know if we put them into groups. Either their uh this term |
|
| 48:43 | delta G is kind of what I at as the usable energy. Uh |
|
| 48:48 | we can utilize OK. So some have called a positive delta G. |
|
| 48:54 | have a negative delta G. And so you look at the |
|
| 48:59 | you know the G equation uh is equal to the, the total |
|
| 49:05 | OK. Um And the what we the unusable form entropy. OK. |
|
| 49:13 | think of entry entropy as like a of disorder. OK. Um Often |
|
| 49:21 | processes that uh beginning with like maybe breaking down of a molecule like |
|
| 49:27 | right? So glucose gives you um mole gives you uh 6 CO2 and |
|
| 49:37 | , of course. OK. And uh that's multiple products, multiple smaller |
|
| 49:48 | . That's a more disordered random process here. OK. It's kind of |
|
| 49:54 | glucose is a relatively ordered molecule, ? C six H 12 06, |
|
| 49:59 | bonds and so forth. OK. And, and we're breaking that down |
|
| 50:05 | use many smaller molecules, right? are typically your negative process. We're |
|
| 50:12 | to more random end products, See the gas in there. So |
|
| 50:18 | those are classic negative G processes. going the other way and take these |
|
| 50:23 | units and making a bigger one that's stuff that's you're trying to create more |
|
| 50:29 | , right? And that's generally processes require energy. OK? Like CO2 |
|
| 50:36 | , co2 building blocks and you're making larger, more older molecules that takes |
|
| 50:42 | . OK. And so um now uh system and surrounds that's often what |
|
| 50:51 | use when you are that OK? can be um it can be a |
|
| 51:01 | cell, it can be a single , it can be a a |
|
| 51:06 | sorry goodness, it could be a , it can be an ecosystem, |
|
| 51:10 | can be the world. Hello? it just kind of the, you |
|
| 51:15 | define that. So just keeping it with the cell, all right. |
|
| 51:19 | we fortunately are open systems because you open the closed system, right? |
|
| 51:24 | all has to do with it's changing environment, right? So uh so |
|
| 51:29 | start a simplified reaction here, A B gives C plus D OK? |
|
| 51:35 | we are open systems, right? and B reactants can come in, |
|
| 51:42 | example, right? And create Um And of course, a metabolism |
|
| 51:49 | uh the products of one reaction from reactants for the next. So you |
|
| 51:54 | see arrows going to reach. So um so in this, |
|
| 52:01 | sorry. So in this example, oops, um we've got, let |
|
| 52:07 | erase this, we've got um uh is going to W and X |
|
| 52:15 | OK. But the point here is um we can keep adding reacts by |
|
| 52:24 | with the environment and these can, products can go to other reactions. |
|
| 52:30 | . So it keeps going, As long as we keep exchanging with |
|
| 52:33 | environment. And so um so these reaction will keep going, right? |
|
| 52:41 | let's say AM PB make products And it keeps doing that. So |
|
| 52:46 | in a closed system, right? say we put this in a test |
|
| 52:52 | and put a cork in it. ? It's completely cloaked and we have |
|
| 52:58 | B is C and D, So A and B will keep uh |
|
| 53:06 | product C and B until when, you get to watch that E word |
|
| 53:14 | force, right, then you four reverse reactions are kind of |
|
| 53:20 | So then once it gets there, definitely no further net change to |
|
| 53:25 | OK. But being an open system can keep going, you never, |
|
| 53:32 | approaching equilibrium but you never quite get . So you keep taking in um |
|
| 53:38 | , make product, product can go out of the cell or make other |
|
| 53:43 | . But it keeps going. So restoration, you can keep retiring, |
|
| 53:49 | ? Americans come in and parts going , you got it right now, |
|
| 53:54 | can get to equilibrium, right? how can you get to equilibrium? |
|
| 54:00 | do you, when do you get ? You're 6 ft on then |
|
| 54:06 | then you're that equilibrium? Yeah. I'm probably closer to that than you |
|
| 54:11 | . OK? So uh I'm gonna it off as much as possible for |
|
| 54:17 | . OK? So keep life, is life is your life is the |
|
| 54:22 | system, keep exchanging and we keep going. OK. So, |
|
| 54:28 | right. So how can uh so delta G? So negative delta G |
|
| 54:37 | and, and do something with OK. But the value itself, |
|
| 54:42 | can we influence that? OK. one way it's, it's attitude, |
|
| 54:47 | ? So here's our reaction. And that has a promoter here |
|
| 54:57 | for delta G. And so it's , right? It's a positive delta |
|
| 55:03 | . OK. So you say, , it's not gonna go proceed, |
|
| 55:08 | need to or very slowly, we to put some energy, right? |
|
| 55:12 | how are we gonna make this Right. And this is the first |
|
| 55:16 | in glycolysis. So we know it because we do it every day, |
|
| 55:20 | the time. OK. So we do it. So here's kind of |
|
| 55:24 | free energy diagram for the reaction. you see uphill, right? So |
|
| 55:31 | takes energy to roll the ball OK. So how are we gonna |
|
| 55:35 | that happening? Well, a TP . OK. That releases energy. |
|
| 55:43 | . And so we can couple those , associate those two link those two |
|
| 55:50 | . OK? And if it adds to be uh a negative value which |
|
| 55:55 | does then that process goes OK? so um and so you see even |
|
| 56:03 | a rolling downhill, right, negative process, there's a little bit of |
|
| 56:08 | hump right here, right? Activation . Yeah. So think of so |
|
| 56:16 | look at potential energy of molecules is of I think what's it, what's |
|
| 56:23 | position or state? OK. So you think of it as being on |
|
| 56:28 | of a hill here, right? can create change, right? I |
|
| 56:32 | know that because if you're sitting here the in its path splat right? |
|
| 56:36 | that rock roll right over you. even in a negative energy process, |
|
| 56:42 | may need to put in some that energy is kind of just to |
|
| 56:46 | it over the hump, right? it going. All right. So |
|
| 56:50 | a little bit of energy in the , then you'll get a surplus of |
|
| 56:56 | released, recovering what you use in beginning, right? That's very |
|
| 57:01 | OK? In fact, in my , that's what happens. The first |
|
| 57:05 | of that causes is a little bit energy investment. But then you get |
|
| 57:09 | , you get a lot of demand your buck at the end you have |
|
| 57:13 | get some ad so you'll get some production. OK. So um now |
|
| 57:21 | uh concentration rates we mentioned that So having a concentration rate is a |
|
| 57:27 | of energy. OK. And so uh so here is our process that |
|
| 57:37 | pumping the molecules out, right? just a little bit off of that |
|
| 57:41 | do that it if as those molecules back right through. So remember it's |
|
| 57:49 | be high concentration is low and that's release energy. Yeah. So example |
|
| 57:57 | proton break comes back through and use P and proton break is used for |
|
| 58:03 | of stuff. OK. Not just make a TPS, make sure you |
|
| 58:07 | it for um helping other molecules come uh for doing for running a |
|
| 58:14 | for example. So they have a of uses for proton gradient besides as |
|
| 58:18 | way to make a TP because it a form of stored energy you can |
|
| 58:22 | stuff with OK. So um then manipulating concentrations of reactant products. |
|
| 58:31 | So an open system, remember you keep shoveling in reactants, right? |
|
| 58:36 | keeping the process going, we can take, take away products and, |
|
| 58:40 | go to something else. And so keeps the process going. OK? |
|
| 58:45 | so you can, you can in infects delta G all right through this |
|
| 58:51 | here. OK. So if we at the example here, OK, |
|
| 58:58 | an example of a uh a 10 excess of reactants to products or a |
|
| 59:05 | excess of reactants to products, we the difference here, right? So |
|
| 59:11 | reactants, you get a change in G. OK. So there's |
|
| 59:17 | so as you know, bacteria I in different habitats in nature and they |
|
| 59:25 | have a metabolism that maybe is running positive of to G, but they |
|
| 59:30 | be in a situation where the, reactants they used, they're in a |
|
| 59:36 | of environment where they're just, they're so full of it. It's so |
|
| 59:39 | an excess of it that by, virtue of this process, excess |
|
| 59:45 | it, it works, it's actually to overturn what's actually an inherent poly |
|
| 59:51 | G. So that's possible, Often times in, in the areas |
|
| 59:56 | they have been polluted. And so the the material that the bacteria uses |
|
| 60:03 | normally not present in high amount. if there's like an organic spill or |
|
| 60:06 | , then now it is, and it's positive Delta G metabolism that can |
|
| 60:11 | , it is fair because it's in an excess. OK. So |
|
| 60:16 | that happens now and again, in environment as well. OK. So |
|
| 60:20 | point is you can change, sometimes positive delta G process may work if |
|
| 60:25 | , if you manipulate product reactants, add it, add it to a |
|
| 60:31 | hydrolysis reaction, you can kind of the top. OK. So um |
|
| 60:38 | right, the, all right. this, you're gonna see a couple |
|
| 60:41 | questions here. They're gonna be so . Why are you giving me this |
|
| 60:47 | ? OK. It's because the answers these are usually 50 50. |
|
| 60:53 | So I'm gonna try desperately to, hopefully turn that top. OK? |
|
| 61:00 | A TP and you know, because TP is often not always but the |
|
| 61:06 | of the time the energy mole people in different processes. Yeah. But |
|
| 61:12 | think sometimes people get fixated on just um one half of this reaction, |
|
| 61:20 | ? Remember a TP. It's formed it breaks down. All right. |
|
| 61:26 | you have two equations, right? formation and hydrolysis, you know the |
|
| 61:33 | in terms of energy. Once it's releasing one's energy required. OK? |
|
| 61:38 | you, you form, you you use, you make a TPS |
|
| 61:42 | you break NDP and million times a you're doing that you charge see there's |
|
| 61:53 | and there's formation. All right. let's look at the question. |
|
| 62:00 | A positive delta G metabolic process ie positive delta G processes require energy is |
|
| 62:10 | that would be associated with a TP . Now I put this there because |
|
| 62:17 | used to write this question with just apparently that many people have different interpretations |
|
| 62:25 | . So I just put everything in now to cover all my bases. |
|
| 62:29 | thinking of link two couple two are of associated with, right? So |
|
| 62:33 | a delta positive G process associated with TP formation, true reforms. Oh |
|
| 62:46 | . Now you can answer, um really hoping this doesn't be a |
|
| 63:35 | it's not a 50 50. I'm hoping that. OK. Um So |
|
| 63:41 | me just reiterate what's going on a delta G metabolic process. OK. |
|
| 63:49 | you wanna use as your example of , that's what it is. Would |
|
| 63:54 | be associated with a TP formation? , but those two go together like |
|
| 64:04 | and carrots is forrest gump would say . All right. Yeah, that'll |
|
| 64:19 | 50 50. OK. Here we . Well, it's not 50 50 |
|
| 64:29 | it's not, right. All Who's who answered false? Why is |
|
| 64:46 | because the possibility process, right. mason as well? Yeah. Coupling |
|
| 65:04 | releasing process with energy requiring process. . This we already know is energy |
|
| 65:15 | positive and about building this stuff right? Bricks, small bricks into |
|
| 65:21 | house, right? So that's gonna associated with um not a TP formation |
|
| 65:33 | with hydrolysis because this is what may that work that may turn it into |
|
| 65:42 | native so it can go so energy , right? Yes, I get |
|
| 65:52 | question. Very similar. OK. bolic processes such as civil restoration release |
|
| 66:03 | . OK. Um Get away OK. Um Based on the information |
|
| 66:11 | the same two equations, you can energy release from metabolism could be used |
|
| 66:18 | the purpose of forming a P Metabolism could be used for the purpose |
|
| 66:28 | forming a TPS. In other you can, you can associate with |
|
| 66:34 | to link link metabolism with um A formation. Mhm Oh Good question. |
|
| 66:46 | are the answer? Choices? It's . OK. No. OK. |
|
| 66:52 | . Thanks for that. Yes. , shame. All right. |
|
| 67:37 | OK. Correct. So again, the same, the same concept. |
|
| 67:43 | require. So yeah, you you oxidize your food sources, produce |
|
| 67:52 | . You're gonna use that to make TPS. OK? Because a TP |
|
| 67:58 | requires energy and you get it from table that so kind of just to |
|
| 68:05 | this all together here. OK. So metabolism metabolism. OK. So |
|
| 68:16 | negative LG process. OK. So example of metabolism, glucose to CO2 |
|
| 68:28 | one, we'll see that a lot amino acids to a protein nucleotides to |
|
| 68:34 | DNA. You can think of other . Uh One's breaking down one's |
|
| 68:41 | OK? And so metabolism releases OK. Anabolism requires energy input. |
|
| 68:52 | . So um how does, and is always a byproduct? OK. |
|
| 69:03 | teeth and Um So how does a fit in the equation? Right. |
|
| 69:10 | remember we have two processes formation and . OK. So ad P formation |
|
| 69:18 | associated with couple two linked to metabolism this releases energy that requires energy. |
|
| 69:28 | so we make a TPS um as result. All right, again, |
|
| 69:36 | coupling these two processes, the tablets energy releasing formation is energy requiring, |
|
| 69:45 | ? So then we'll take these formed go on the other side. |
|
| 69:52 | So this releases energy and we're gonna that to make it an abul |
|
| 70:00 | Oops. So my establish voice make it anna any with a building |
|
| 70:11 | . Takes energy, get it from hydrolysis, right? Releases energy. |
|
| 70:18 | ? So repeat that 8 million times now and Tuesday. OK. Um |
|
| 70:25 | let's look at um let's look at other thing. OK. And that's |
|
| 70:34 | so as I mentioned, this is about um redox reactions, right? |
|
| 70:40 | processes OK. So let's just kind get to see what we remember about |
|
| 70:48 | . OK. Which is correct regarding redox reaction. OK. Um The |
|
| 71:00 | , the box in area gives you clue. OK. Boston areas. |
|
| 71:47 | . OK. Let's count down from 21. OK. The majority is |
|
| 72:02 | . So Pates gained electrons come reduced a DH come oxidized, give him |
|
| 72:19 | . Have a good |
|
