| 00:00 | At the recorder. Ok. So today we're going to look at |
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| 00:04 | types of bio stratigraphic data. And um I just want those of you |
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| 00:12 | are online to know that I'm trying hard. I've had a few, |
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| 00:16 | of IP it people come in but some of them think a webcam |
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| 00:21 | always gonna be plug and play. one isn't uh if you don't have |
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| 00:25 | software, it doesn't work. And and uh I actually was able to |
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| 00:30 | this three days ago and it was fine, but uh there are a |
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| 00:38 | of extra buttons you have to pick I'm not adept to all the extra |
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| 00:43 | . So hopefully, uh things will smoothly without the camera on. But |
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| 00:48 | I will keep trying. And uh we can get this camera to |
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| 00:52 | we're gonna try to get it to to work with uh the Tas |
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| 00:58 | But the uh we're having an issue the Tas because one of them had |
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| 01:02 | emergency and had to fly back to . So we're where uh Utah is |
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| 01:08 | able to uh assist in here very . He's got to keep the other |
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| 01:11 | going. And, uh, normally I, if I don't have a |
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| 01:15 | , I don't need any help. , uh, but, uh, |
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| 01:19 | camera is just a little bit difficult I had two, it, people |
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| 01:23 | here that had issues. We had try it three or four times to |
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| 01:28 | it to work. Right. Which not a good way to start a |
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| 01:31 | because we just lost another 15 minutes . Uh, everybody is here. |
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| 01:38 | , somebody is missing in the classroom . Oh, wow. Exactly. |
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| 01:48 | , malicious here. And IX Do you go by I, or |
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| 01:55 | . Newton. Ok. Ok. don't know who Robbie is. And |
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| 02:05 | . Are you Anthony? You have be Anthony because you were the last |
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| 02:10 | . Ok. Ok. So, , let's see. Um, we're |
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| 02:19 | look at some data, but one the things that I wanted to work |
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| 02:22 | first was, uh, I've already a reading exercise for you and, |
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| 02:30 | , I didn't want to dump it you last night because we had so |
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| 02:34 | fun yesterday. And, uh, anyway, this, uh, the |
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| 02:40 | of the page. That's interesting. , I copied this, uh, |
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| 02:49 | copied the title from, uh, the publication and it lost a letter |
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| 03:01 | . Ok. So, there we . Oh, no, not |
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| 03:32 | Well, what was that view we to do? Um, try play |
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| 03:36 | start. Yeah, it, Where's the swap button? There was |
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| 03:49 | swap button or something. I think was, once you put it in |
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| 04:01 | presentation mode, then I think there a swap button after that. The |
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| 04:08 | it says swap displays. Is that one? Yeah, if I can |
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| 04:12 | my cursor to it, let's I can't see the button. |
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| 04:23 | jeez. Let's see. Let me this. That is big. |
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| 04:37 | we can see that. Yeah, it's not plugged in. Oh, |
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| 04:48 | don't know what it is with this A set up. Ok. |
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| 04:53 | there it goes. What if you that, use slide show button? |
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| 05:00 | , you can't even see your Well, I can see the cursor |
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| 05:04 | the screen but I, I can't that. It's over anything. |
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| 05:12 | Yeah, it's, it's not showing it because it's in the wrong |
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| 05:17 | It doesn't do anything yesterday in my . If I clicked on this custom |
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| 05:24 | , it worked fine. But, , it's not working today because it |
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| 05:37 | , go ahead. I was just say, I, I think at |
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| 05:42 | point we all have the slides if it's good in the classroom, |
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| 05:46 | think. Uh, I don't know everybody else feels the same way online |
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| 05:51 | I, I can follow along on slides, uh, that I |
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| 05:57 | Yeah, I'm good. How about I do it this way? Can |
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| 06:01 | see it this way better? that's bigger. Yeah, that's what |
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| 06:09 | thought so. Um, let's If I can move that over |
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| 06:30 | Let's see if that works. How that work? OK. For you |
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| 06:41 | ? OK. So anyway, um is the uh the diagram, it |
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| 06:57 | , it stays that way. Here's diagram from your figure. Uh |
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| 07:01 | there's an article on it, explains . But one of the things that |
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| 07:05 | wanted you to see is that uh I don't know if you recall, |
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| 07:10 | when we first got in here on camera, I had a, a |
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| 07:14 | uh that was a profile like This is an ocean bottom profile. |
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| 07:21 | uh as such, here's the this is marginal marine. So this |
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| 07:29 | include things like estuaries and bays and sort of thing. And then you |
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| 07:34 | to pretty much the shore face and you start out at zero and you |
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| 07:39 | out in here and you get inter up to 100 ft, uh which |
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| 07:44 | be somewhere on the order of 30 . And uh then you get to |
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| 07:49 | ft close to 100 m and then 600 ft would be 200 m. |
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| 07:54 | you have these uh zones, inter , middle, neurotic, outer |
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| 07:59 | upper bio, so on and so . But I want you to go |
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| 08:02 | and read this. But what it you is a list of the types |
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| 08:06 | benthic foria. And Ifra, some them are agglutinated and some of them |
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| 08:11 | calcareous but I haven't shown you the yet. And uh but uh you |
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| 08:17 | go ahead and read this thing and , it will list a whole uh |
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| 08:23 | of uh different species in the So these are assemblages and some of |
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| 08:30 | members of the assemblage are the same as here here. And maybe here |
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| 08:36 | that's the range of that particular species then there may be another member in |
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| 08:41 | one that doesn't go shallower, but might go a little deeper. And |
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| 08:46 | you have another one that might, not go shallow in here, it |
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| 08:49 | a little deeper. So if you at the list, when you're reading |
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| 08:52 | it, you'll notice that the assemblages not completely different from one to the |
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| 08:59 | uh water depth zone. And that's we have to look at a lot |
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| 09:03 | specimens and a lot of species to do paleo paleo pettry. And uh |
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| 09:10 | paper was especially written to try to some information out here. So, |
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| 09:17 | the exercise will have a page that's and, and actually tells you what |
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| 09:24 | talk about, what to write about what to answer after you've read the |
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| 09:28 | , it's not a long paper, not a complicated paper. Uh And |
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| 09:33 | why I use this paper. It's basic and uh and it will help |
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| 09:38 | uh understand how looking at an someone can tell whether it's uh shallow |
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| 09:48 | and um, we'll, we'll get it more. But could someone either |
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| 09:54 | the room or online tell me why think it would be important, for |
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| 09:59 | , to know if something is shallow something is deep. Hm, anybody |
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| 10:12 | here had the, uh, trig systems? Ok. One person |
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| 10:19 | Did, have you had an Ok. So you didn't want. |
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| 10:24 | . So when you look at Terrien depositional systems, one of the things |
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| 10:27 | have with the lithology is you have things called sedimentary structures. Sometimes the |
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| 10:33 | structures in deep water and shallow water exactly the same or very similar. |
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| 10:38 | a lot of sedimentary structures. Uh are unique sedimentary structures to deep and |
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| 10:44 | , but sometimes uh it's difficult to where you're at in, in the |
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| 10:53 | in the realm of depositional environments. . If you get sediments deposited out |
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| 11:01 | in the uh abyssal or the you, you're gonna see different things |
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| 11:07 | in terms of fossils versus up And because of that, you, |
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| 11:15 | when you have the paleo depth, automatically tells you, for example. |
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| 11:20 | I hope everybody knows what a turbid in this class, but you're gonna |
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| 11:25 | uh reservoir rocks out here that are . You want C turbines up |
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| 11:32 | OK. So you're looking at some lamination uh that could be um for |
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| 11:42 | , uh deep storm deposits or sometimes can be uh on something that's way |
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| 11:47 | here. Uh in a crevasse there's all sorts of things that could |
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| 11:53 | . Uh, sedimentary structures that you get up here in a crevasse play |
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| 11:56 | you could get here from storm currents from, you could get here from |
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| 12:02 | , from a turbo die. But you had the fossils, you would |
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| 12:05 | what it is and then you you would actually be able to sort |
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| 12:12 | gear up your eyeballs to look for differences in those similar sedimentary structures as |
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| 12:19 | should look in deep water versus shallow . It keeps you from going way |
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| 12:25 | line. And uh I know, it sounds like nobody knows what they're |
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| 12:30 | . But uh as it turns out whole development of depositional systems and the |
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| 12:36 | that developed them started out with shallow . And uh at one, because |
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| 12:41 | didn't have a lot of money to out with ships or a lot of |
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| 12:44 | doing research. So a lot of faces for shallow water were sorted out |
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| 12:50 | great detail, but it's taken longer longer for us to figure out all |
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| 12:54 | different sedimentary structures that we get into water because we don't have as many |
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| 12:58 | water samples. And uh but once oil industry got hot and heavy |
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| 13:04 | uh looking at a lot of turbinates stuff like that, we kind of |
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| 13:07 | way offshore. There's an outcrop uh reading uh UK, it's just uh |
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| 13:13 | on the south coast of, of . And uh originally it was uh |
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| 13:22 | to be river deposits, then it thought to be coastal deposits. And |
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| 13:28 | it's known to be turbinates and boils have told you that right away. |
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| 13:36 | uh it, it took probably 5060 for that thing to be interpreted, |
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| 13:42 | correctly till Arnold Arnold. Uh Baumer up with uh his famous uh turbin |
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| 13:52 | which are only part of the whole package. Um uh Nobody actually knew |
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| 13:59 | it could be something from a deep deposit. E even when I was |
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| 14:03 | undergraduate in college, um people weren't sure what was being delivered offshore and |
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| 14:11 | was and what was not being delivered . And they had long debates about |
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| 14:16 | if you look on the shelf, that's on the shelf is, is |
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| 14:21 | neritic. So this 600 point, not dramatic, but here is where |
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| 14:26 | start of the slope is. And the slope moves down, uh it |
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| 14:33 | always increase in, in angle. um you know, we have to |
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| 14:38 | things to help people uh sort out actually going on. But uh because |
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| 14:44 | is an angle here and the sediments are deposited here are kind of fluffy |
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| 14:48 | uh have a lot of water, tend to slip and slide down this |
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| 14:52 | this hill all the time. So a lot of sedimentary bypass through time |
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| 14:58 | this point. And so you have deposits down here. You have lots |
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| 15:03 | coastal deposits down here. Big ones are turbos that fan out across the |
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| 15:08 | floor almost. And there's even turbo that run all the way across the |
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| 15:14 | of Mexico. And uh I don't if I'll show you that in this |
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| 15:18 | , definitely in uh in petroleum But what we were talking about yesterday |
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| 15:26 | , uh I showed you a picture I talk to you about mini |
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| 15:31 | What happens with mini basins is that this area? That's the slope, |
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| 15:37 | uh the bul environment here. Normally get limited sediment deposits. But in |
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| 15:45 | Gulf of Mexico, you have salt up and down, you have salt |
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| 15:49 | up or, or being displaced in and uh you have salt withdrawal in |
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| 15:54 | places and where the salt withdrawal little um bays or embayment uh form |
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| 16:04 | where you get uh depressions. And of the students that did a capstone |
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| 16:08 | uh Devon uh many years ago uh really high resolution seismic on the Miocene |
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| 16:17 | of this. And you could actually a um using the seismic, he |
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| 16:23 | actually able to go through time through time and show how a basin was |
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| 16:29 | and then how it got filled up how the channels that were feeding uh |
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| 16:37 | uh the infill of these mini basins would go around a dome and uh |
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| 16:44 | some point, the dome would stop and eventually would go over top of |
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| 16:47 | . It was really amazing, but it's unique, relatively unique to get |
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| 16:54 | kind of thick deposits on this But when people started getting hot and |
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| 16:59 | in the, in the uh deep , that one of the first things |
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| 17:03 | started looking at were these mini And uh it was about 10 years |
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| 17:07 | now that it was, it was thing students would walk into my office |
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| 17:12 | said, you have a project for . I said, what do you |
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| 17:13 | to do? And they would just deep water when they say, what |
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| 17:17 | you want to do in the deep ? And they say, I just |
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| 17:21 | work deep water because deep water is now. And I go well, |
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| 17:24 | , what about the deep water that wanna work on? And uh and |
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| 17:29 | to a person, none of them that these would be turbid deposits like |
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| 17:33 | turbid that were filling in depressions as to fanning out down here in the |
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| 17:40 | plain. So it's a very unique . There are places uh in Indonesia |
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| 17:47 | you have thrust sheets where when you to the slope, there's blocks that |
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| 17:54 | go up in front of one. uh and it creates like a little |
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| 18:00 | froth on these uh slopes and you get deposits there too. And they're |
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| 18:05 | unique too. They fill in with like a turbid I, but they're |
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| 18:09 | uh v shaped valleys that are filling instead of big rounded things like we |
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| 18:14 | with the salt. Just thought I'd that in. Ok. Que question |
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| 18:21 | you. Um For the, the going back to that, would you |
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| 18:28 | getting a mix of shallow and abyssal because of the fossils from where it |
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| 18:37 | sourced up in the shallow? And once it spills down into the deep |
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| 18:42 | , you might get some additional fossils the right there at the end. |
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| 18:47 | . Absolutely. Ok. Uh And just the opposite of how we work |
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| 18:51 | tops, really. Um, anything up here can go downhill and, |
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| 19:00 | , and we'd see mixing and And uh for example, if I |
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| 19:05 | some of the unique ones that are here and I see shallow water sediments |
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| 19:11 | them or uh assemblages in them, know that it's probably deep. Everything |
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| 19:17 | down the hill. And uh when start talking about tops, uh as |
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| 19:23 | vote, as opposed to the bottoms a fossil occurrence, uh It's the |
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| 19:29 | kind of thing in an oil. , younger stuff gets mixed with the |
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| 19:34 | stuff. So you look for the occurrence of the older stuff. In |
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| 19:38 | case, you're looking for the first , occurrence of the deepest stuff. |
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| 19:43 | you're not, you're not rarely do see deep water stuff coming up |
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| 19:48 | Uh And uh, but you could a storm, could pick up, |
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| 19:54 | , an outer neurotic thing and move onward. If you, uh, |
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| 19:58 | you're up on the shelf wave base doesn't get much below storm wave base |
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| 20:04 | usually no more than 200 ft. , um, or so, so |
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| 20:09 | start stirring up the mud in the middle neritic and middle neritic stuff can |
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| 20:14 | up on shore from a hurricane. why you see strange creatures on shore |
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| 20:19 | there's a hurricane. And uh and a tsunami can do the same kind |
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| 20:24 | thing. And, uh, and why it's important to go out and |
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| 20:30 | what's out there living. Uh, have done more to figure out the |
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| 20:36 | of foraminifera than biologists have. there, there are good biologists that |
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| 20:42 | worked on it but biologists by and spend a lot of their energy and |
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| 20:47 | on soft body organisms and less for example, in terms of |
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| 20:54 | Uh, just before I started going school, almost everybody was, that |
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| 20:59 | in biology, working in vertebrates was worried about nematodes and, and uh |
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| 21:05 | hel mentes and other types of worms could be parasites because there was a |
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| 21:09 | parasite problem in, in uh the half of the United States. It |
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| 21:13 | horrific and uh nobody was doing anything it. So, biologists tend to |
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| 21:19 | on soft body parts. Uh Most the knowledge of ecology, I would |
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| 21:23 | 80% of the knowledge of the ecology hard bodied part invertebrates uh has been |
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| 21:31 | separately by paleontologists. And that's part understanding the way it is now and |
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| 21:38 | way it should be in the And a, it's a comp |
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| 21:44 | there's a lot of simplicity to how done, but it's also a little |
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| 21:48 | complicated because you have to know a about ecology and uh and also |
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| 21:53 | the uh fossils themselves. OK. anyway, uh for sample acquisition, |
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| 22:03 | there's a lot of different things that use uh as geologists and in research |
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| 22:09 | and whatnot. And uh paleontologists and crates, we like to look at |
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| 22:17 | samples and uh the outcrop samples help uh actually develop a lot of the |
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| 22:27 | Strat democratic spikes. And uh when talk about stages, one of the |
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| 22:34 | about stages, uh which is that unit of where we're trying to tie |
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| 22:38 | rock to the time. The uh , if you have good outcrops, |
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| 22:45 | can see the inception of species or base or the bottom of the species |
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| 22:51 | occurrence in, in a rock unit you can follow it all the way |
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| 22:57 | to its extinction or its top. when we, when we develop these |
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| 23:02 | to try to figure out what the Strat gray looks like we like to |
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| 23:07 | outcrop samples because they're better. best thing is core samples and |
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| 23:14 | and side call, side well, work really well, conventional cores are |
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| 23:19 | . Um, oftentimes the, the fossils that we're looking for are |
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| 23:26 | , um, are in shales. remember when, uh, when I |
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| 23:34 | for Mobile and I picked a lot sidewalk or the, uh, the |
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| 23:39 | were upset why, why I was sidewalk war and shales and not just |
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| 23:43 | reservoir. And I said that's where Biota gray is. And uh as |
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| 23:50 | coarse grain stuff sometimes is cleaned out uh things because of the abrasion and |
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| 23:55 | high energy, it's exposed to uh PHS and you can have dissolution. |
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| 24:01 | at the same time, if you're a carbonate environment where the water is |
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| 24:06 | and um everything becomes super saturated in water with carbonate, you can get |
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| 24:12 | happening all the time. So uh can get preserved a little bit quicker |
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| 24:18 | . Uh Cutting cuttings data is actually of uh the data that we |
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| 24:24 | Another thing that I don't have listed , I may have an example is |
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| 24:29 | you can also use a thing called uh in uh and uh when I |
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| 24:36 | my dissertation in South Carolina, uh we didn't have very many outcrops in |
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| 24:42 | coastal plain there. It's even uh lot of people talk about the outcrops |
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| 24:47 | the Texas or the Gulf coastal plain very small, but they're huge compared |
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| 24:51 | what you have in South Carolina. Carolina is a lot, lot, |
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| 24:56 | , older and more eroded surface. , uh, and it doesn't subside |
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| 25:03 | much as the Gulf of Mexico does all. And so, uh, |
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| 25:08 | see things that get reworked over a period of time and, uh, |
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| 25:12 | a lot of pena plan information that's on. So, the outcrops that |
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| 25:16 | get now are very limited. when I did my dissertation, we |
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| 25:20 | a, um, CME 55 drilling that's used for water wells that |
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| 25:27 | we could drill to 1000 ft. never went more than about 400 ft |
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| 25:32 | , uh, we would do it 5 5 ft increment, uh auger |
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| 25:37 | . And, uh, we would in 5 ft of the samples were |
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| 25:43 | competent. We would drop in 10 at a time and pull it up |
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| 25:46 | then go back down in the And the beauty of that is, |
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| 25:50 | a corkscrew. It pulls out exactly the exact 5 ft that you |
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| 25:54 | It pulls out the 5 ft, no missing section. It's not like |
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| 25:58 | core where you can get compaction or dropping out it, it screws into |
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| 26:05 | pulls out the fresh stuff up, go back down and you screw it |
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| 26:10 | and the only thing you have to is clear off the rind, |
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| 26:13 | to make sure you have no caving it. Yeah, it's a |
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| 26:18 | it's probably better than cos and um it's, it's better than most outcrops |
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| 26:25 | it's, it's never been exposed to and other types of chemical weathering. |
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| 26:32 | And so that worked really well for in the, in the South Carolina |
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| 26:37 | , but 98% of the uh data we have in uh and the oil |
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| 26:42 | is gonna come from cuttings data. we have to do special things uh |
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| 26:47 | we work with that kind of And uh I'm not going to read |
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| 26:51 | of this and I, I can't my cursor because of the uh thing |
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| 26:55 | we're in. So I hope you can see this little thing popping |
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| 26:58 | every now and then when I'm near . Uh But you know, we |
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| 27:03 | the outcrops to build these stratigraphic Um uh And the Strat democratic models |
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| 27:12 | to be built in the most, best exposed, the least damaged uh |
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| 27:19 | when you're, when you're using you can't use all the bio Strat |
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| 27:23 | information to build something. But once have all of that information, uh |
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| 27:29 | you can start to sort out how interpret it with cuttings and uh uh |
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| 27:37 | a lot of areas where exploration is on and, and production and |
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| 27:42 | A lot of work is done on crops because there are many places in |
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| 27:45 | world where the exact same rocks that in uh in a basin have been |
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| 27:52 | on the, on the flanks of basin and sometimes even in the middle |
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| 27:55 | the basin. And uh and you see in those outcrops, uh you |
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| 28:01 | see basically the targets that you're looking in terms of source rocks, uh |
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| 28:06 | uh and reservoir rocks. So it you develop models of sand distributions uh |
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| 28:12 | you should expect to see in the . And also the types of hydrocarbon |
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| 28:17 | . You could see, you can a complete there's uh outcrops on the |
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| 28:23 | of Greenland. There's outcrops in uh which are islands up in the |
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| 28:31 | uh to the north of Norway in uh in the Arctic Ocean. And |
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| 28:36 | and you can actually see what's in South Viking, the north and South |
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| 28:41 | Robbins and parts of the Central Robbin outcrops on the rims. And also |
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| 28:45 | there, you can actually see the types of, you could see |
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| 28:49 | clay and a lot of these for example, which is sort of |
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| 28:52 | number one source rock in the North . And um in a gently dipping |
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| 29:02 | plain strata like the Gulf or Atlantic plains, you do get these outcrops |
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| 29:08 | give you sort of like a little of what's gonna be there. Uh |
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| 29:12 | it gives you a good picture of window of uh what the sequence of |
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| 29:17 | Strat are gonna be. You wanna able to see that series or sequence |
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| 29:22 | , of fossils going from inceptions to . Because when you start working with |
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| 29:28 | , you won't have all of those to help you develop the stratigraphy that |
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| 29:32 | gonna be drilling into and trying to . In other words, it gives |
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| 29:37 | a full picture with the outcrop versus uh metaphor was using uh when, |
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| 29:44 | you're uh working with uh cuttings, almost like you have uh you have |
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| 29:50 | from really good fog lamps to poor lamps. But if you're working on |
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| 29:54 | outcrop, you have headlights on it it helps you uh uh sort out |
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| 30:00 | the global stratigraphy with a better set data uh for you to use to |
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| 30:07 | you then interpret what we can see the cuttings. And here's just an |
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| 30:14 | example of uh uh that and you to basin uh some of these uh |
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| 30:24 | , uh we'll uh have uplift on sides. And uh and here you |
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| 30:31 | see these ledges, these ledges are part of the mahogany ledge member uh |
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| 30:38 | , which has total organic carbons up 24%. And uh when you see |
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| 30:44 | you can figure out the displacement and deep this basin is or some of |
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| 30:48 | other basins to the south that don't this exclamation uh uh that can um |
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| 30:55 | be deep enough to be generating hydrocarbons getting close to generating hydrocarbons. And |
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| 31:02 | in the North Sea, it's the kind of thing in Greenland, you |
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| 31:04 | have these massive outcrops in Svalbard, have massive outcrops of Jurassic strata that |
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| 31:12 | show us exactly what's in the, the Viking Robbins and in the central |
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| 31:18 | and some of what you see uh the outer moray firth. And also |
|
| 31:25 | uh in some cases, you can things that they see in what they |
|
| 31:29 | woozy west of the Shetland Islands where a lot of development. Hey, |
|
| 31:35 | is uh a diagram from a a big uh thing that I, |
|
| 31:41 | worked on with several other people. These cross sections are kind of based |
|
| 31:48 | the uh bio strate that I But we had well water logs which |
|
| 31:53 | very difficult to work with because they , most of them were sp logs |
|
| 31:58 | we would go from a freshwater aquifer something that was had salt in it |
|
| 32:03 | another freshwater aquifer depending on uh the and uh how sea level rise and |
|
| 32:09 | affected the charge of some of these . So the kate water could be |
|
| 32:13 | depending on where that uh particular aquifer . And uh so you have total |
|
| 32:20 | of some of these things. So correlating the, what you would think |
|
| 32:23 | sands was really difficult to do. here you can see um some of |
|
| 32:29 | uh the uh we had cuttings from wells. Uh Here's one of the |
|
| 32:35 | holes here. Uh These dark. another auger hole. Um, here's |
|
| 32:40 | over here and, uh, they're , they're, they look like this |
|
| 32:46 | these little dark ones. For the part were, uh, were |
|
| 32:51 | the very dark ones. So we outcrops and auger holes. Uh, |
|
| 32:56 | , uh, if you have beds a coastal plain tilting to the south |
|
| 33:02 | in this case to the east, can see as you, as you |
|
| 33:07 | , uh, landward and keep going away from the ocean. You get |
|
| 33:12 | and older rocks outcropping. So even you don't have a complete section, |
|
| 33:17 | can create a section laterally uh by into it and then seeing these other |
|
| 33:24 | and tie the whole system together and were able to pull all the aquifers |
|
| 33:28 | South Carolina together like it had never done before because we used bias computer |
|
| 33:35 | . Ok. Um So the chores sidewalk chores are pretty much um high |
|
| 33:45 | and a lot of times what happens people would go out into uh the |
|
| 33:50 | and core the ocean and, and the ocean. Sometimes when you're in |
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| 33:54 | deep ocean, if you're uh if near a spreading ridge, some of |
|
| 33:58 | sediments are gonna be shallow water before before long when they start out. |
|
| 34:04 | as they uh as the ridge spreads subsides and cools, it gets deeper |
|
| 34:09 | deeper and deeper. But some of uh actual strata, there may not |
|
| 34:14 | bath or abyssal, they may be . Uh And so it's kind of |
|
| 34:20 | way uh people were able to figure the age of the rocks as well |
|
| 34:24 | the spreading rates and even figure out time scales. But uh one of |
|
| 34:29 | problems with the Deepwater things is if remember the purple zones that I was |
|
| 34:35 | you yesterday, the purple areas in uh that model, uh we condensed |
|
| 34:41 | where you have shales that are very and uh course can also be difficult |
|
| 34:49 | because with the mud systems that use and, and uh high speed drill |
|
| 34:54 | pretty much destroy all the fossils. This is a whole core from the |
|
| 35:01 | Crossroads Core Hole, which was a democratic hole to work on the problem |
|
| 35:07 | why did we have an earthquake in , South Carolina? That was the |
|
| 35:11 | second most destructive earthquake ever um in uh North America. And uh |
|
| 35:21 | this, they were trying to figure this stratigraphy and here uh we have |
|
| 35:27 | uh can any of the people have uh is depositional systems? Can anybody |
|
| 35:38 | out what this core is at this is on its side? So the |
|
| 35:41 | this is the, the base of . This is the top of |
|
| 35:45 | What type of sedimentary structure do we here? Excuse me? Well, |
|
| 35:58 | this, you can see something's but this is, this is all |
|
| 36:02 | we would all call this something. that not a turbinate? Well, |
|
| 36:13 | know, there are spaces that could like a turbide here. But what's |
|
| 36:20 | sedimentary structure? I mean, there's of, there's part of a turbo |
|
| 36:25 | would have this in it, part , part of a Boma sequence would |
|
| 36:28 | this in it or baa. However say his name? Excuse me, |
|
| 36:43 | it. You could have uh fleas wavy. Uh Anyway, it's a |
|
| 36:50 | of wet, wavy type of thing you're gone from a heavy and uh |
|
| 36:55 | and heavy in the sand units from to the other. This is, |
|
| 36:59 | is sandier down here, but it's lamination and uh you get more and |
|
| 37:07 | of the clay flairs as you're coming here. This could happen. This |
|
| 37:12 | happens in title settings because you have energy one way, higher energy the |
|
| 37:18 | way. And so you'll have high , low energy, you'll get wavy |
|
| 37:23 | . This can happen at the end a, at the end of a |
|
| 37:26 | . In, in the distal part the turbid, you get wavy lamination |
|
| 37:31 | the, near the top of the the Balma sequence. You also get |
|
| 37:38 | lamination uh when you have storm deposits the shelf. And so how do |
|
| 37:47 | know where it is? There was in this, this is, this |
|
| 37:50 | a storm deposit. And, and I think it's important to point out |
|
| 38:00 | whenever uh you know, if you're cocky bio Strat or a cocky, |
|
| 38:06 | , uh, sediment ologist and you that, you know, you can |
|
| 38:11 | look at this and tell me what is. You can't. Uh, |
|
| 38:15 | the paleontologist could at least tell you the water depth is and he could |
|
| 38:20 | you right away what it is. , um, this would, this |
|
| 38:24 | full of, uh, sort of neritic, uh, and a little |
|
| 38:29 | of outer neurotic uh fossils and uh little up dip displacement of, of |
|
| 38:36 | and stuff like that. So there's little, little bit of re |
|
| 38:38 | every, most of the stuff happened . This is also the kind of |
|
| 38:44 | deposit or the kind of process uh if you had an oil spill and |
|
| 38:50 | was uh deflated oil sitting on the , uh excuse me, oil that's |
|
| 38:58 | deflated, but it's actually uh uh with turb turbidity uh grains. When |
|
| 39:08 | have a storm, it stirs up sediments and those sediments attached to the |
|
| 39:14 | , those sediments can change the uh of the oil from something about one |
|
| 39:22 | uh for the specific gravity from one something that's much higher like the |
|
| 39:27 | the rock particle, the clay particles might have a density of 2.5 or |
|
| 39:32 | higher and then it'll sink. So can have this sort of sloshy bit |
|
| 39:39 | uh oil debris and oil slug spill on the bottom after the spill, |
|
| 39:47 | we had with the BP, oil and storm deposits, could a uh |
|
| 39:51 | wave base could actually stir that up push it on shore and uh uh |
|
| 39:56 | up. Uh you might end up tar balls and stuff like that pop |
|
| 39:59 | on the beach. Ok. cuttings are often rock chips or uh |
|
| 40:07 | that just fall off uh when you're and they just uh uh they come |
|
| 40:13 | through the system in a slurry and and so they basically could have sediments |
|
| 40:19 | the top of the well, all way to the bottom of the |
|
| 40:23 | And uh but normally the freshest materials out, they time it the return |
|
| 40:29 | and they can tell approximately when it over this thing called a shale |
|
| 40:35 | Um What's going on rocky accumulation rate is really important because if you have |
|
| 40:42 | high rate of rock accumulation, you lots of sediments over a short period |
|
| 40:49 | time. Uh Your bio Strat democratic precision becomes greater because you have a |
|
| 40:58 | chance of catching fossils within that period time over if it's a short period |
|
| 41:04 | time with a thick section. And I guess those, those of you |
|
| 41:09 | are there can't see me moving my . But uh but when we have |
|
| 41:15 | uh a unit that's deposited more uh you have a limited amount of |
|
| 41:25 | . But if you have one that's deposition, which means it's gonna be |
|
| 41:30 | per unit time. You're actually seeing of that time interval in that section |
|
| 41:36 | your precision can go up in terms the resolution. So, anyway, |
|
| 41:44 | is, uh, a mud Uh, oh, did you guys |
|
| 41:51 | lose it? You too? Only best, only the best equipment |
|
| 42:14 | Ok. Um, so, you know, as we, |
|
| 42:19 | drill, here's the drill bit uh, it's pumping fluid down through |
|
| 42:25 | . And, uh, and it's cleaning out what's going on, |
|
| 42:29 | you can always have stuff caving in the sides. Uh, but when |
|
| 42:34 | pump it through here, it comes up to the return because they wanna |
|
| 42:37 | all that mud and keep reusing especially if you're offshore. And, |
|
| 42:42 | , and you hit a thing called Shall shaker and the chips or chunks |
|
| 42:46 | the sediment hit here and some of finer grain stuff goes there. And |
|
| 42:50 | is showing you some tanks settling tanks he help you filter out the mud |
|
| 42:57 | that you end up with no sand it and it goes back down in |
|
| 43:00 | system. Uh, you can have smaller than sand, um, in |
|
| 43:07 | of these systems that will particularly the fossils and be cave. A lot |
|
| 43:12 | times when you filter out all the particles, the forums and whatnot, |
|
| 43:16 | , get filtered out. So you send any more of those for MS |
|
| 43:20 | down. And, uh, in , most of the uh, rigs |
|
| 43:25 | I've more, more recently been they have these hydrone systems, they |
|
| 43:30 | them that they may even have a name for it and something better now |
|
| 43:34 | actually filters out a lot of the . So they can recycle that mud |
|
| 43:38 | keep using the mud. It's really when you're offshore to have a, |
|
| 43:44 | little as much extra mud as you can if you need it for um |
|
| 43:50 | loss of returns. If uh you some sort of uh uh wash out |
|
| 43:56 | the side or you have a low system that starts sucking uh mud out |
|
| 44:00 | your mud system. Because if you the mud, you'll lose the weight |
|
| 44:04 | the, the hydrostatic weight on the themselves. And that's how you end |
|
| 44:09 | having a blowout. And uh uh had a blowout that I worked |
|
| 44:15 | That same, that sort of thing . They had a storm and they |
|
| 44:19 | get any more mud out while they doing a work over. And, |
|
| 44:22 | the number three, well, um, East Cameron 81 blew out |
|
| 44:27 | I had to, uh, that a big mess. I had to |
|
| 44:29 | on. But that's a different Anyway. Uh, here you get |
|
| 44:33 | sediments, they get, the mud as cleaned as much as they |
|
| 44:37 | It's never gonna clean out the, nano fossils that are, you |
|
| 44:41 | very, very small. It's not clean out the dino flagellates, but |
|
| 44:45 | will get out most of the uh uh fossils that tend to be san |
|
| 44:52 | like the fore and era and the . And uh this was actually a |
|
| 45:01 | , fairly new rig, but they age pretty quickly with, with |
|
| 45:05 | of salt coming through. So these , uh you can see here, |
|
| 45:09 | multiple mud shakers here. You're only two of them, but there's at |
|
| 45:13 | six or seven in a bank on lot of these rigs so that, |
|
| 45:17 | , they can work one. If get too much material on one, |
|
| 45:20 | can start working another one. Somebody stands here and grabs, this will |
|
| 45:25 | shaking, vibrating like this. Look that. I got a, |
|
| 45:29 | an arrow to pop up. What I have to do to get? |
|
| 45:33 | , there you go. Anyway, , you get, you get |
|
| 45:37 | uh, you get the picture, , and, uh, somebody's sitting |
|
| 45:41 | with a bag and, and they the timing of this and, |
|
| 45:45 | they put a depth on it and it and you hope it's right. |
|
| 45:49 | to be honest with you, prior to working in the oil |
|
| 45:52 | I thought this was insane and would work. But, uh, when |
|
| 45:57 | started working, uh, people, of the time, the people who |
|
| 46:02 | out here are, are in a mood. Um, uh, |
|
| 46:07 | they've been away from alcohol for a and they do a pretty good job |
|
| 46:11 | collecting the samples because, because if is messing up the depths, you |
|
| 46:16 | notice it right away. And it's unbelievable how, how well the, |
|
| 46:22 | look at the sediments and the fossils it's unbelievable how close they match. |
|
| 46:27 | there's a lag and a little bit but it's really small most of the |
|
| 46:31 | . And, uh, now if , if you're a green paleontologist and |
|
| 46:36 | go out there and say, I sample every 5 ft, it's really |
|
| 46:40 | for someone to bag up 5 then get ready and bag up another |
|
| 46:43 | ft. So they'll have to have least two people there. And odds |
|
| 46:48 | , uh, they might just, know, get behind and just start |
|
| 46:50 | stuff. And, uh, that's you have problems. So you have |
|
| 46:54 | remember that your sample distance has to , it helps to be, |
|
| 47:01 | something like 30 ft 10 m. Sometimes if it's a really uh small |
|
| 47:07 | , you get people to collect it lot closer and they, and they |
|
| 47:10 | a little bit more carefully if they it's a high, high information |
|
| 47:14 | area that they're drilling. Ok. now nothing is changing my slides. |
|
| 47:32 | work. And, uh, here , uh, this is in the |
|
| 47:37 | , this is in the, the mud loggers, uh trailer |
|
| 47:44 | uh, there's a sink over Uh and we can actually wash samples |
|
| 47:49 | this with sieves and whatnot and, , get four MS Oster Cards. |
|
| 47:54 | kind of things. When I was the, this is in the Caspian |
|
| 47:57 | . When I was looking for Oscar , there were no four MS at |
|
| 48:00 | to find, I was looking for Cards in here. And, |
|
| 48:05 | and we were able to keep up it when it was, when it |
|
| 48:07 | important. And uh this is the microscope. This is mine, you |
|
| 48:14 | really tell from looking at it. the microscope on the left that the |
|
| 48:19 | had, you could barely see down . It was so dirty. I |
|
| 48:23 | know how they identified their sediments uh make a long story short. They |
|
| 48:29 | trying to ask, they kept asking if they could use my microscope and |
|
| 48:33 | forget exactly what I said, but was something like no way. |
|
| 48:37 | um something, uh are you gonna able to use that microscope because I |
|
| 48:41 | a clean one? And uh here's an example of a publication where Wiley |
|
| 48:51 | decided to tell us that you could offset. And it's, it's like |
|
| 48:55 | and it's, it's gonna be something , but I rarely saw something that |
|
| 48:59 | um, uh much more than, , you know, 30 40 ft |
|
| 49:05 | . Uh It was, it was . And, uh, and |
|
| 49:09 | that's uh pretty significant. Ok. we're looking, we're looking at trying |
|
| 49:17 | get a lot of information and, , and, uh, I |
|
| 49:23 | uh, show this picture, let's if I could do it here. |
|
| 49:32 | , I'm gonna draw a picture on , on the, uh, board |
|
| 49:35 | the students here in class. um, and they, yeah, |
|
| 49:58 | because depositional event for the 1000 Yes. 10 million years go to |
|
| 50:18 | water where they used to do all Deepwater Forest. So they have limited |
|
| 50:23 | and tops and figure out the the global scale that they were missing |
|
| 50:28 | this, it's a condensed say on 5 billion m. It's only |
|
| 50:50 | well, that's uh generally let, see. But as you can imagine |
|
| 50:58 | I have Biota being deposited previous, said, he said doctor here, |
|
| 51:09 | all just the, oh, I take one sample of beer. |
|
| 51:15 | almost sampling. Been tired of. . Yeah. But one time if |
|
| 51:22 | had a sample here, I would taking a sample at the base of |
|
| 51:27 | here at, at 1000 ft. be taking 30 samples. I did |
|
| 51:36 | 30 be about 3030 sandwiches out of section. I might guess three samples |
|
| 51:44 | of this second over the same interval time. And so I'm gonna see |
|
| 51:51 | sort of a, a conglomeration of what we would call time average |
|
| 51:57 | These samples would be more time more or less time separate, one |
|
| 52:03 | be definitely resolution of this. It's . So if I come in here |
|
| 52:10 | I drill and this is the thing oil, they brought a real, |
|
| 52:19 | weird for those of you that have place. What part of the, |
|
| 52:24 | the basin are we growing in? me let you one relative to |
|
| 52:32 | Is it, what's it called? called the Step. Um so called |
|
| 52:39 | Depot Center. So normally in the industry, we really, where we |
|
| 52:42 | is expanded sections. So I heard down here and doing a sample every |
|
| 52:48 | , he we were exceeding the decision they, that section, even if |
|
| 52:56 | building it every five. It's it's a basic and um I did |
|
| 53:01 | calculations on some of the cores uh so I could show that and uh |
|
| 53:09 | the students that can't see what I , I drew a uh something that |
|
| 53:13 | about a meter high on the board said that was 0.5 million years. |
|
| 53:18 | then uh I drew a condensed section you would see in deep water usually |
|
| 53:24 | that was less than six inches And I was explaining that the |
|
| 53:31 | it's like an accordion. The sediment stretched out through time where you have |
|
| 53:36 | depot center, but it's compressed where don't have a depot center. And |
|
| 53:40 | that if you take samples every 30 , the precision of your sampling is |
|
| 53:47 | better. And another problem that happens you're looking in a condensed interval, |
|
| 53:53 | lot of the samples you collect uh be over more time. And so |
|
| 54:00 | be averaging more section. In other , as every day passes, there's |
|
| 54:04 | and more sediment, you wouldn't get close to having um, a short |
|
| 54:08 | of time in one sample in the section. Whereas in the other |
|
| 54:12 | you would have things that were very from each other, from the top |
|
| 54:17 | the bottom in terms of time and might in your precision would be a |
|
| 54:20 | bit higher. And um a lot people use the term sedimentation rate in |
|
| 54:27 | business. It's for some reason, hard to explain to geologists. Uh |
|
| 54:33 | difference between sedimentation rate and rock accumulation . Um When we drill into a |
|
| 54:40 | a rock unit, we're looking at rock accumulation rate and that's gonna include |
|
| 54:45 | lot of things and that relate to rate. But with the overprint of |
|
| 54:52 | been compacted dewater, it's shrunk, shrunk. The rock accumulation rate is |
|
| 54:59 | . If I'm looking at uh something in a depot center, the center |
|
| 55:04 | where the deposition is building up because more accommodation space. Uh my rock |
|
| 55:11 | rate uh is higher per unit time I have rock accumulation rates that are |
|
| 55:19 | per unit of time, you have have more samples and smaller samples in |
|
| 55:25 | interval to get the kind of precision could get in one that's stretched |
|
| 55:32 | And um here's um just some examples in some deep sea uh wells over |
|
| 55:44 | on the, all of these are DS DP wells or deep drilling. |
|
| 55:48 | , there's 15 different names for the drilling thing now and acronyms. But |
|
| 55:54 | it used to be DS DP. um back when people didn't have to |
|
| 56:00 | names to get a publication. And uh this is showing the accumulation rates |
|
| 56:07 | like 13 millimeters per 1000 years, , 2122. And uh in a |
|
| 56:18 | where we have high rock accumulation it can be 10 to 100 times |
|
| 56:23 | than that. And so the precision up, we look in the |
|
| 56:28 | This is an example from the uh Sea Jurassic. And uh the rock |
|
| 56:36 | rate is lower because this has been . And uh kind of what they're |
|
| 56:41 | you here is um uh a problem sampling and sample interval and uh you |
|
| 56:49 | up missing a lot of the If your sample interval is more than |
|
| 56:53 | it's uh excuse me, if it's , you'll get more, more of |
|
| 56:59 | fossils that are over here than if do it farther apart. But |
|
| 57:03 | when we're drilling in areas that are , it stretches out that rock unit |
|
| 57:10 | you can go more feet and collect sample uh uh that will capture more |
|
| 57:17 | more of this. Uh If I working in the uh rocks that are |
|
| 57:24 | uh in the neogene or the the rocky accumulation rates would be higher |
|
| 57:29 | compaction and dewatering would be less and uh you'd catch a lot more uh |
|
| 57:36 | a more spread out sample collection. uh this is going through millions of |
|
| 57:43 | , not thousands of years. caving is not compacted. Compaction is |
|
| 57:55 | , as uh rocks accumulate above a of rock. The uh the load |
|
| 58:00 | higher and it compacts more and more Dewas. And from looking around the |
|
| 58:06 | world, it's not an absolute number somewhere uh on the shelves. When |
|
| 58:12 | get to the lower part of uh me, the middle part of the |
|
| 58:17 | Miocene, there's a break in rock rates that's dramatic everywhere. And you |
|
| 58:24 | a high rock accumulate because everything's still water in it. But when you |
|
| 58:28 | to the middle Miocene, excuse the middle part of the lower |
|
| 58:34 | um the time of compaction has is different. You know, it's like |
|
| 58:41 | threshold. All of a sudden there's a lot less water uh between the |
|
| 58:45 | and the process drops off a lot . If you were to get in |
|
| 58:49 | material higher up, the process is gonna be more uh because because as |
|
| 58:55 | compare, you know, the grains when we, when I do petroleum |
|
| 59:00 | , we talk about the compaction uh of it, but the grains get |
|
| 59:06 | tighter and more and more water it gets uh squeezed out of |
|
| 59:10 | The dewas uh I have a Um Where did you say that the |
|
| 59:18 | condensed sections are on that side Oh, on this side. |
|
| 59:24 | Where were the condensed sections on this ? We're looking at about a lot |
|
| 59:29 | uh upper Jurassic units and I didn't you where they, the actual condensed |
|
| 59:35 | are, but they're probably uh here's sequence boundary, but here we have |
|
| 59:39 | maximum flooding surface. This would be condensed section here and this would be |
|
| 59:44 | condensed section here. These are stretched and that's, that's just locally. |
|
| 59:50 | this would be worse here and But in general, this whole section |
|
| 59:57 | compressed because of compaction. And so , if we drilled this Jurassic section |
|
| 60:06 | in the cretaceous, you know, of years ago, it would have |
|
| 60:13 | , it would have been a thicker to time. These things, they |
|
| 60:17 | compacted more. And uh and it's timing and that compaction that also makes |
|
| 60:23 | reflectors work uh like timeline, sometimes not always totally coherent from one spot |
|
| 60:31 | the next. But, but that's of it, the uh the increased |
|
| 60:35 | changes the rock properties and uh and it's, it's somewhat continuous, |
|
| 60:47 | there's no such thing as a continuous . It uh rocks are deposited in |
|
| 60:52 | usually uh except in these maximum flooding . These would be uh maximum flooding |
|
| 60:59 | would be slow accumulation of a small of things raining down from the water |
|
| 61:07 | , including fossils and uh clay particles every now and then a dead whale |
|
| 61:15 | , that'll decompose. Ok. So processing is critical to the timing of |
|
| 61:25 | and processing is depends on the fossil and it also can depend on the |
|
| 61:32 | . One of the things about Um It's good that they have lots |
|
| 61:37 | exhumed out crops and uh cores in permian basin in that area. You |
|
| 61:42 | , you have things on the side look like what you're gonna find in |
|
| 61:45 | middle because for them to get a sample, they actually need about 5 |
|
| 61:52 | of sample. So you almost can't anything with it in a well. |
|
| 61:57 | uh but you can, but it's and then it's just because they're fairly |
|
| 62:03 | and uh and um there's a lot different elements um just for the sake |
|
| 62:11 | making it simpler, it's like they these teeth like elements and uh and |
|
| 62:17 | they may have uh 20 or 30 these things in each, each |
|
| 62:22 | but they get moved around uh and in, in these uh higher energy |
|
| 62:28 | where we're trying to find oil and and uh and you have to have |
|
| 62:33 | kg of sample to get them. it makes koonts difficult to use in |
|
| 62:37 | well. And I mentioned the salacious like the radial area and the diatoms |
|
| 62:42 | difficult because they go amorphous at about ft, sometimes as early as 3000 |
|
| 62:49 | . And so they're not gonna help out unless you have something this |
|
| 62:53 | uh recrystallized in another mineral that doesn't into solution, uh like pyrite. |
|
| 63:03 | uh sometimes they thin section when it's rocks working with uh micro fossils in |
|
| 63:09 | section is a, is can be can of worms. There are people |
|
| 63:13 | have done it their entire lives. maybe there maybe was when I was |
|
| 63:18 | , there might have been 10 people were really good at it in the |
|
| 63:22 | in the tertiary. Uh There might been 20 people that were good at |
|
| 63:28 | in uh the Filin its and the and maybe a handful of people uh |
|
| 63:35 | the mesozoic. And uh there's probably more than one each and all of |
|
| 63:41 | things right now that are actually trained enough to do it. Uh It's |
|
| 63:45 | difficult. So when, whenever I micro paleontology, I like to have |
|
| 63:50 | specimens. So it's, it's good it's not uh an inured rock. |
|
| 63:57 | fortunately in the oil industry, we in a lot of unconsolidated sediments. |
|
| 64:07 | am I on this thing? So yesterday I mentioned we were going |
|
| 64:16 | talk about um different types of This is what a scout ticket looks |
|
| 64:29 | . And uh in the uh in Gulf of Mexico and around the |
|
| 64:38 | Uh when people are drilling offshore, a, it's sort of a bigger |
|
| 64:41 | . It always was a bigger Uh It's a lot more expensive to |
|
| 64:46 | so they have these databases. But , this is the kind of information |
|
| 64:51 | the primary information that someone might be to see right now. And what |
|
| 64:55 | are looking at is um somebody at University of Texas, I believe, |
|
| 65:02 | these scout tickets from a lot of , but there was no state supported |
|
| 65:07 | of keeping track of bio stratigraphy. so there was no way to uh |
|
| 65:12 | this data. And uh fortunately, I had the US GS actually paid |
|
| 65:21 | money to hire a student for a to uh to load the state |
|
| 65:27 | And of course, it's really hard work with because um I know what |
|
| 65:32 | things are and it's hard for me read it. And if you have |
|
| 65:37 | student that's not a paleontologist trying to this, it's even more difficult. |
|
| 65:42 | basically, when we were doing, did thousands of these things. And |
|
| 65:47 | uh when the student got done, went through and kind of helped them |
|
| 65:51 | out what they were reading wrong on . But here is telling you a |
|
| 65:55 | and in most cases, it's telling where the top of that fossil |
|
| 65:59 | Uh in some cases, it's maybe there was an important lignite |
|
| 66:02 | So he, he noted the lignite or she did. And uh and |
|
| 66:08 | a textual area warre Eye, here's gyro dina species. Um Here's a |
|
| 66:15 | Dia. Yeah, uh Clavia Anita uh Robbi and uh we a census |
|
| 66:25 | looks like. So this is uh and here's a Vicksburg thing down |
|
| 66:31 | . So we're looking at something that's a legacy uh at the base and |
|
| 66:40 | maybe some of these things in here lien, here's what another one would |
|
| 66:45 | like. Uh So they would take notes and here's some sort of |
|
| 66:51 | punched the card here uh that you see. Uh but offshore, um |
|
| 66:59 | is from Amico's database uh that they Amaco was data basing these kinds of |
|
| 67:06 | in the seventies and most oil companies start doing it till the nineties. |
|
| 67:13 | uh here you can see there's uh there's a uh code for this |
|
| 67:19 | . There's abundance codes, first this would be what we would call |
|
| 67:23 | top. And um so on uh below that you could see uh |
|
| 67:34 | that same set of samples. Uh were telling we were uh plotting up |
|
| 67:38 | the water depth was on it. see, here is inter neurotic or |
|
| 67:44 | self. Uh He was inter outer neurotic. So you're seeing through |
|
| 67:51 | rock record, you're seeing uh well, shallow neurotic to deeper neurotic |
|
| 67:57 | shallow, to deeper. So you're depositional cycles which is really important |
|
| 68:05 | uh, that kind of detail. even in, um, when would |
|
| 68:12 | have been, when did I first this? I think it would have |
|
| 68:18 | in the seventies that Amaco could, have done a computer plot of all |
|
| 68:26 | distribution on the Gulf of, on coastal plain of the, all the |
|
| 68:31 | geological units and what the water depths in certain places all over the |
|
| 68:36 | uh Gulf coast and no other company matched that. And uh here's how |
|
| 68:44 | normally works. Uh The zones that have in the oil industry are different |
|
| 68:51 | the zones that we call bio zones were used in the development of time |
|
| 68:57 | and that sort of thing. But kind of work the same way. |
|
| 69:02 | here's the text, hell, this the first sand, the second |
|
| 69:07 | the third sand, the fourth so on and so forth. But |
|
| 69:11 | the top of here, there was textual area and they designated it as |
|
| 69:18 | and uh the scientific name would have different than this. But the, |
|
| 69:22 | unlike the geophysicist, the paleontologist, use different nomenclature to keep it more |
|
| 69:31 | so somebody uh could find data fall the back end of a truck from |
|
| 69:37 | and they'd see an elf this text they wouldn't know what the text L |
|
| 69:42 | in most cases after a while, took a while. But after a |
|
| 69:45 | , people kind of knew the standards uh and eventually we got to |
|
| 69:49 | but in the beginning, they started these things separately. So um all |
|
| 69:55 | these are in the textile zone and sands were actually numbered based on the |
|
| 70:01 | at the top of that zone. when they reached the next sand uh |
|
| 70:08 | that had, here's uh this thing by Geneina two. Uh This biener |
|
| 70:14 | a different species from that. This where its top came into play. |
|
| 70:20 | um and all of the sands in unit until you got to the next |
|
| 70:26 | top were named as a sand in unit. So it would be the |
|
| 70:31 | 21, the big 23, the 24, the sands were numbered and |
|
| 70:36 | by these tops. And this was good stratigraphy, but it was definitely |
|
| 70:43 | um the best way to do And you could easily uh misc correlate |
|
| 70:48 | of these sands uh by using this more simplified system. Here's, here's |
|
| 70:56 | . Uh And of course, in , you're seeing the well and you're |
|
| 71:00 | the data, this would indicate where top was seen. This right here |
|
| 71:05 | actually indicating where the top is And then you go to the, |
|
| 71:08 | here you go, here's the top textile area, l the sands coming |
|
| 71:12 | it or I for some reason I see that are being numbered effort. |
|
| 71:16 | here's the top of this the sands that would be underneath that. |
|
| 71:22 | uh, I was surprised to find I was at my first, uh |
|
| 71:25 | morning meeting uh with the drilling manager , excuse me, the, |
|
| 71:30 | the production Vice President of Mobile in Ne uh New Orleans would have these |
|
| 71:36 | meetings and we'd go over the we were drilling and, and what |
|
| 71:40 | had uh penetrated. And, he knew what the standard at that |
|
| 71:48 | in time with the standard cert gray in terms of text L by generator |
|
| 71:54 | , all these other things that followed by generator two big two, all |
|
| 71:58 | things that fell after he knew that . And unfortunately, somebody working in |
|
| 72:02 | research center like me was trying to out why it was off and uh |
|
| 72:08 | I would throw in different names and really piss them off because he already |
|
| 72:14 | this one. How could you change ? And uh the way that we |
|
| 72:19 | change it is that um stratigraphy on one is based on what we know |
|
| 72:25 | day one stratigraphy. 10 years if you're keeping up with your, |
|
| 72:31 | your profession, you would update And uh that's why I get so |
|
| 72:37 | when I see just last year dissertations time scales that were from from 1957 |
|
| 72:45 | know, you can get better times . And uh I feel bad |
|
| 72:49 | I did a, a big project a timescale that was done in |
|
| 72:54 | And I like to stick with it that's what we had at the |
|
| 72:58 | That's been updated a little, but really small changes uh, since |
|
| 73:04 | , but the 2012 scale is very from a, from a 1995 scale |
|
| 73:11 | , uh, in a lot of and in a lot of, |
|
| 73:14 | periods of time. Excuse me. why I did the, what? |
|
| 73:24 | the one. Thank you. you're using the 2012 1 now. |
|
| 73:29 | , I'm sorry. Yeah. The, the people that did the |
|
| 73:33 | 1 have updated it but the 2012 was a, was a big change |
|
| 73:38 | . Yeah. And um there's one the, there's one that BP put |
|
| 73:44 | um in the neo gene, which a lot newer and it's, it's |
|
| 73:48 | high resolution. And so if you're in the neogene, you might wanna |
|
| 73:54 | over to that one, but it's primarily on nano fossils and it works |
|
| 74:00 | in the deep work. OK. something called a Strat democratic summary. |
|
| 74:06 | what a, what I have shown so far is different levels. Here's |
|
| 74:13 | list of all these things, scout , Strat gra summaries, non qua |
|
| 74:18 | list of fossils found in each non quantitative checklist presence absence. These |
|
| 74:25 | all the different kinds of things uh make a long story short, this |
|
| 74:31 | the, the, the least amount information you can get, but it |
|
| 74:35 | still be very useful if that's all have and you can do more and |
|
| 74:39 | with it if you, if you down this list and get these better |
|
| 74:43 | and that's kind of what I'm trying show you here. Here's the scout |
|
| 74:46 | . It's the back of the scout . Here's the scout, I call |
|
| 74:50 | a scout ticket. Plus because all stuff that had to be reported to |
|
| 74:53 | government is in this one. They have the things that weren't reported to |
|
| 74:58 | government in here. And that's why call it a scout ticket plus. |
|
| 75:04 | uh and sometimes Amao would put extra in it. Uh because we knew |
|
| 75:10 | more things here's like a listing, go down and you have to find |
|
| 75:14 | . Uh But it's, it's a of a sample interval which is giving |
|
| 75:19 | more than just a top. it's showing you a little bit of |
|
| 75:22 | assemblage. Um Here's something they have a Strat democratic summary where they're picking |
|
| 75:30 | they think are the appropriate tops that need. Um Here's, you can |
|
| 75:35 | a little tail on this thing sticking . That means they think that was |
|
| 75:39 | base of this thing, which uh helps if you have cores when you |
|
| 75:43 | that. Uh But that's what they it was. Here's another one that's |
|
| 75:52 | Strat democratic uh summary uh with a th this is all gonna be nano |
|
| 75:58 | , a single discipline. We call just the nano fossils and it's telling |
|
| 76:03 | what they, what they spotted at . They're picking an age call on |
|
| 76:07 | over here. Uh They're picking sequences the sequences. We've tied the uh |
|
| 76:14 | standard Gulf of Mexico sequences have been to time and you can get time |
|
| 76:18 | of that as well. OK. one where uh somebody's listing what he's |
|
| 76:27 | uh in each sample, here's one fossils. Uh He's calling it a |
|
| 76:33 | flood. That means there's a lot them, 4700 specimens per slide. |
|
| 76:39 | Here, he's telling you the, first occurrence of these things, the |
|
| 76:44 | MP means implied. Uh And that mean that they started catching samples below |
|
| 76:51 | , its real top. Um Here telling you some more uh things they're |
|
| 76:57 | . And he's, this guy is coming up with counts. It appears |
|
| 77:02 | they're kind of odd numbers and not even numbers sometimes when they um there's |
|
| 77:10 | scale and sometimes they look at a and they just say, well, |
|
| 77:13 | a, that's a flood I'm not count. And uh but this guy |
|
| 77:17 | counting the specimens because he's got Uh He's, you don't get a |
|
| 77:23 | like that without counting doing point And here you can see in some |
|
| 77:29 | he sees, sees more and here's summary of what he just saw in |
|
| 77:34 | of abundance and you can come up a chart like this showing you the |
|
| 77:39 | abundance. And uh we're sitting there at nano fossils. What could these |
|
| 77:46 | be here? Anybody have a guess what might be going on there? |
|
| 78:02 | were, these would be, this be a period of time here where |
|
| 78:06 | uh environmental conditions were really good for of nano fossils. Nano fossils are |
|
| 78:13 | type of but it plant type organism they bloom when uh weather conditions are |
|
| 78:20 | , they have these massive blooms. uh that's how we produce a lot |
|
| 78:25 | uh organic material too with other, types of Algy type things uh |
|
| 78:33 | But the reason they're recording it is if you drilled 10 wells in approximately |
|
| 78:40 | same area, the climate would have approximately the same. And if the |
|
| 78:45 | is the same without a un conformity a fault or something like that, |
|
| 78:50 | bloom right here is probably spotted in a dozen wells near it and it |
|
| 78:55 | help you correlate. This bloom would been a good one. This probably |
|
| 78:58 | have been a good one. going all, all of here, it |
|
| 79:02 | be difficult. But when you see really huge number, that's probably a |
|
| 79:06 | obvious spike. And the problem with using blooms is that in some |
|
| 79:15 | like the North Sea, it can very sporadic and uh there's a bloom |
|
| 79:19 | one part and then there's not a in another part. Here's uh where |
|
| 79:26 | using a code to do the And uh what are these critters? |
|
| 79:36 | are more nano fossils. And this is a checklist of everything they |
|
| 79:42 | . This is kind of the, best kind of data. So here's |
|
| 79:44 | sample and they saw all of here's a sample and they saw all |
|
| 79:49 | this, here's a sample and they all of this. Now, if |
|
| 79:54 | going down a well born and you caving or whatnot, what you can |
|
| 79:59 | in this sample is it's seeing stuff wasn't in that sample. So this |
|
| 80:04 | stuff is probably what's gonna help you the age. Likewise, when you |
|
| 80:08 | down here, the older stuff is help you pick the age because it |
|
| 80:11 | occur up there. And as we down here, you can see there's |
|
| 80:14 | and more older stuff coming in and a lot of this. So look |
|
| 80:17 | this thing. Uh This may be it looked like this, this guy |
|
| 80:24 | it and what he would expect Strat occurrence should be. So you can |
|
| 80:29 | here that a lot of this stuff caved all the way down. This |
|
| 80:33 | you all the way down to the . So it's either a very long |
|
| 80:36 | fossil or it kept caving down the . Sometimes uh they will filter the |
|
| 80:43 | and pull that out. Now, you have something like this and you |
|
| 80:48 | a top, you have a base you don't see any caving. That |
|
| 80:53 | be, you could pick this as top and a base. But normally |
|
| 80:56 | you have caving, we have to on the tops. Ok. And |
|
| 81:05 | is because if I can go back it really quick, if you have |
|
| 81:16 | system like this, um, as drilling down, you're getting the younger |
|
| 81:24 | will be mixing in here sometimes. the new stuff that comes off the |
|
| 81:30 | board is gonna go up here at time for that first time. And |
|
| 81:33 | we focus on the tops in the industry when we deal with cuttings and |
|
| 81:47 | what we're doing here. And, , so the age calls are gonna |
|
| 81:52 | based on these things that are co didn't occur up here. They didn't |
|
| 81:56 | here. It first occurred there. that first appearance or what we call |
|
| 82:00 | top, we call it a top it's the top in the well. |
|
| 82:05 | , uh, normally we don't use because you could get caving that goes |
|
| 82:10 | the way down like this one But you can see here that these |
|
| 82:13 | limited and you, if you have chart like this, that calls |
|
| 82:16 | what's seen and not seen. You , I mean, as a |
|
| 82:21 | I would say, I could probably the bases in the tops of this |
|
| 82:25 | plot the age of this on a to see how it fits the rest |
|
| 82:30 | the fossils. So if you did time depth curve, you'd have something |
|
| 82:36 | looked like this than what we normally in this direction. Uh geological time |
|
| 82:47 | depth. OK. Here's sort of bi diagram, uh range chart checklist |
|
| 82:54 | the thickness of this line is, more abundant and these things will always |
|
| 82:58 | with codes if you ever get data looks like this. And someone's not |
|
| 83:02 | you the thickness of their line and it means, you need to call |
|
| 83:06 | up right away and ask them what means because uh we have, we |
|
| 83:11 | approximately the same things I could you know, this uh this might |
|
| 83:19 | a flood, this might be abundant this is something like this might be |
|
| 83:27 | , something like this might be that kind of thing or, and |
|
| 83:33 | they have symbols sometimes for just one and um you know, an even |
|
| 83:39 | line. And uh here's, here's of how applied by a Strat |
|
| 83:48 | did it. And uh they probably be upset if they knew I was |
|
| 83:53 | their, their system, but here from very rare. So it's 0 |
|
| 83:58 | 1. I would hope it's one as if it's zero, it didn't |
|
| 84:06 | there. And uh so these letter uh sometimes they just look at it |
|
| 84:13 | for example, if somebody is not their slides and they see a |
|
| 84:19 | they would do 2000. Uh another uh that picked dominant, he |
|
| 84:26 | he might say 750 unless it was close to 2000. Uh The guy |
|
| 84:31 | put 800 something, uh He may had, this may have been a |
|
| 84:35 | for him. But the guy that , I think it was like 860 |
|
| 84:40 | , 62 I think it was, could tell he was counting it. |
|
| 84:46 | have a question here. Um I understand that scale. It makes |
|
| 84:54 | sense. Minus the flood part. Could, could you explain like that |
|
| 85:00 | for that being like the most Well, um you know, it's |
|
| 85:09 | , it's a relative thing but the it's called a flood, um It's |
|
| 85:13 | flood is, and um this is MS which don't bloom exactly like um |
|
| 85:21 | algae usually does. So right up . This is for, so for |
|
| 85:27 | is a, is a little bit from uh nano fossils and the samples |
|
| 85:32 | be bigger uh for the for MS they were for the nano fossils. |
|
| 85:36 | nano fossils are just a smear and but if you go back and look |
|
| 85:42 | this one, uh this might help visualize it a little bit better. |
|
| 85:47 | , this would definitely be a flood maybe this one would be a |
|
| 85:54 | These over here would be something that's like, uh, dominant or |
|
| 86:04 | And, uh, the personally I , uh, would do abundant |
|
| 86:14 | Uh, I'll have rare because to , rare, you know, 1 |
|
| 86:19 | 4 is good enough. You don't a very rare. If I only |
|
| 86:23 | one specimen, I would put it rare, uh, because there, |
|
| 86:27 | reasons why you don't always get a of a certain fossil in a certain |
|
| 86:32 | . And that's because on the sea they patchy and their distributions and sometimes |
|
| 86:37 | might get a whole lot. But when you get something that includes |
|
| 86:42 | of things, you know, that's big environmental shift. And if you're |
|
| 86:47 | a basin in the wells, if wells are within a field, for |
|
| 86:51 | , it's gonna, it's gonna be across that, that field. So |
|
| 86:57 | , the flood, it doesn't, doesn't really have anything to do with |
|
| 87:01 | depositional environment. It's literally just saying it's incredibly prevalent well, and it |
|
| 87:10 | say something about the deposition. It that the uh environmental conditions were good |
|
| 87:14 | high productivity, right? Yeah. . No, I understand that. |
|
| 87:20 | guess just the word they ch chose just means that there's a whole bunch |
|
| 87:26 | , right. It, it doesn't water came in or anything like any |
|
| 87:30 | . It wasn't a flood wasn't the flood or one of the great |
|
| 87:36 | Uh As we know in geology, definitely been more than one, the |
|
| 87:41 | the seas come in and the seas out. And uh so uh one |
|
| 87:48 | sometimes this can happen, uh It's environmental. It happens to be a |
|
| 87:54 | interval and it's a flood there because a condensed interval. And uh and |
|
| 88:00 | , that's also a Strat democratic And so like if your rock accumulation |
|
| 88:06 | is really small. In other there's just clay and fossils falling on |
|
| 88:12 | bottom, no sand, no nothing getting to it. It's not |
|
| 88:16 | the Depot Center. Everything there is fossil, you can get a |
|
| 88:21 | But when, when that often you will see things that normally in |
|
| 88:26 | depot center would be separated by But here they're compacted uh more or |
|
| 88:32 | in depth because a long period of was collected over a thin section of |
|
| 88:38 | sediment. And that could happen Uh That's the other side of it |
|
| 88:44 | be an environmental event or it could one of those maximum flooding services. |
|
| 88:54 | uh make a long story short, a lot we can interpret out of |
|
| 88:57 | kind of data. We can interpret sequence boundaries of sorts. Maximum flooding |
|
| 89:04 | is a sequence boundary to uh Galloway UT Jim G. Um Is that |
|
| 89:10 | name? I can't think of his right, first name right now. |
|
| 89:13 | But it's Galloway and uh and of , um the Exxon Mobil uh model |
|
| 89:24 | does it on the un conformity that have to make a sequence, but |
|
| 89:28 | we're not, we're not talking strictly different sequence boundaries and that sort of |
|
| 89:33 | today. So, and I don't we'll get to that. Uh Here's |
|
| 89:37 | one where it's just listing it. we went to that. Uh |
|
| 89:43 | this is uh a really good This is an obvious uh down hole |
|
| 89:48 | spike here. This is 1000 when use round numbers like 1000 500 this |
|
| 89:55 | me that they saw a lot of in there. They didn't bother to |
|
| 89:59 | them. They just, there's a in here. I've counted this |
|
| 90:04 | It should probably be 1000. And we actually do quantitative work, you |
|
| 90:12 | , there are algorithms we can work and uh to help us develop uh |
|
| 90:18 | faces and that kind of thing. um that can be useful. But |
|
| 90:23 | lot of uh a lot of what do for bio faces is presence absence |
|
| 90:29 | uh binary coefficients that are um that be very useful too. But when |
|
| 90:34 | use quantitative algorithms, uh you have , you know, one of |
|
| 90:41 | one of the most important thing for statistics is to have continuous variables and |
|
| 90:46 | not a continuous variable right there, is 500. And uh basically, |
|
| 90:51 | someone just putting a guess, you , it's the numbers set. |
|
| 90:58 | And uh and here's another bio stratigraphic . It's talking about you can see |
|
| 91:04 | , uh, I love this, , uh, they do this all |
|
| 91:08 | time now that we have, powerful computers and whatnot. Uh, |
|
| 91:13 | you can't hear the paleontologist voice because trying to hook up a camera. |
|
| 91:19 | , um, I'm teasing on that . But, uh, but here |
|
| 91:22 | can see, uh, the Thyme Nation and here you can see it's |
|
| 91:28 | color coded and each one of these is a different water depth. And |
|
| 91:33 | can see in, in the column , uh You can see abundances |
|
| 91:40 | We've gone to deep water and you this abundance. So there's probably there |
|
| 91:44 | be a maximum flowing surface here, one here and see it's gone in |
|
| 91:48 | water again. And uh uh but a lot of information from these uh |
|
| 91:55 | the plots and the quantitative data behind uh to figure out what the sequence |
|
| 92:00 | is. But if I look at , what's happening right here, an |
|
| 92:18 | surface, excuse me. Yeah, , it probably is. It's, |
|
| 92:22 | a good chance that it could Um Again, you have to look |
|
| 92:27 | a lot of uh other factors to sure that that's the signal you're |
|
| 92:32 | But that's the kind of thing that happen. In other words, there |
|
| 92:34 | a long period of non deposition or here. Uh And then sea level |
|
| 92:39 | back and uh and it was shallow it first came back and it took |
|
| 92:43 | a while to get deeper. There's, there's an awful lot of |
|
| 92:50 | interpretation that can be aided by this of information. OK. So when |
|
| 93:00 | talk about quantitative data, we have quantitative data which is just abundance |
|
| 93:07 | And uh and then we have quantitative which is based on uh where is |
|
| 93:16 | real counts? And uh normally for counts from a probabilistic model, uh |
|
| 93:23 | should be 300 or more specimens if for AM and Nero. But if |
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| 93:28 | , if it's things that are more than that, it should be more |
|
| 93:31 | 300 it should probably be 500. , the assemblages for forums are not |
|
| 93:36 | diverse as they would be for Dino or nano fossils. Those guys are |
|
| 93:41 | with 100 species at a time sometimes uh and a foreign person is gonna |
|
| 93:47 | an Oscar God person, it would less, but a foreign person might |
|
| 93:51 | working with 25 to 30 species at time in a sample. And so |
|
| 93:57 | the more things that you could the more you have to have in |
|
| 94:02 | sample account. And so you could what the way I do it to |
|
| 94:07 | it real quantitative is I split the to a certain size. I count |
|
| 94:11 | that's in that sample. But the sitting in front of you has counted |
|
| 94:16 | in some projects, 100 and 20,000 to, uh, to just do |
|
| 94:21 | know, 20 or 30 samples. , uh, that's a lot of |
|
| 94:25 | and normally can't, you normally don't time to do that in the oil |
|
| 94:28 | . So, so we have to this semi quantitative thing a lot. |
|
| 94:33 | , so that we can get stuff in the time. And oil, |
|
| 94:35 | oil well, needs to be reported . Uh, you send something to |
|
| 94:40 | research center and they wanna figure out went wrong or what went right. |
|
| 94:44 | how can we make it go Again, they might wanna do a |
|
| 94:47 | detailed count. But again, the the data set you have, I |
|
| 94:55 | , even if you reduce the quantitative real counts down to abundance codes and |
|
| 95:00 | up on a thing like this, can trust your abundance codes better if |
|
| 95:04 | have the better data set. In words, you can, you can |
|
| 95:07 | from a great uh a greater, larger data set and sort of ratcheted |
|
| 95:15 | to some codes and it's still gonna in general, more accurate, more |
|
| 95:22 | than one that's got interpreted counts already the interpreted counts, they put a |
|
| 95:29 | in it that you're not that you know how to deal with. |
|
| 95:34 | And this is out of strata And um, uh I had a |
|
| 95:40 | to this for a while and um , this is probably one of |
|
| 95:44 | this is the Cadillac uh that they where you can put all sorts of |
|
| 95:48 | together. And um this actually has that's almost equivalent to a uh graphic |
|
| 95:57 | plot on it. But it's being like a linear regression. And uh |
|
| 96:01 | think it's a good time to take break. Somebody's gotta go, other |
|
| 96:08 | might have to go. So we uh take a bit of break right |
|
| 96:15 | . And um there it is, down there this time. OK. |
|
| 96:33 | have the recorder back on. I everybody can hear me out there. |
|
| 96:42 | still can't. Great. I still figure out why it's not letting me |
|
| 96:49 | to full view. It's um I know if it's just Microsoft and Apple |
|
| 97:01 | getting along doesn't like it. I into that view, I can't control |
|
| 97:32 | . So there's no option to go when I get in it that has |
|
| 97:55 | of it in there. Anyway, I was saying before, hope everybody |
|
| 97:59 | a good break. As I was before, this is kind of the |
|
| 98:03 | of uh linking uh well, logs other sorts of data together with the |
|
| 98:12 | strad data so that you can actually the sequences. Here's another um believe |
|
| 98:18 | is a water depth curve. This showing you the sequences uh that they're |
|
| 98:24 | both from the logs and from the bio strap here. You can |
|
| 98:29 | there's a break right around here where a big shift in water depth. |
|
| 98:34 | , uh, so anyway, it's a good way to have a |
|
| 98:37 | , um, in terms of people industry using it. Um, I |
|
| 98:43 | for a fact Chevron is using Uh, I don't know if shell |
|
| 98:47 | using it, be, excuse has to use it. Yeah. |
|
| 98:56 | Dave Pell still there or did he ? He's still there? Ok. |
|
| 99:03 | him. Don said hello. Have ever seen him? He, |
|
| 99:09 | yeah, he was in, the bios grad group. I was |
|
| 99:19 | , ok, for a while. was a, uh, the supervisor |
|
| 99:26 | Europe, Latin America and far it's everything but the United States, |
|
| 99:32 | and the Middle East, he covered lot of ground anyway, uh, |
|
| 99:39 | chevrons using this, I know they're because they, they recently suggested they |
|
| 99:44 | try to, uh, uh, us a license. The, |
|
| 99:48 | the industry license is probably about $20,000 the per year. The, the |
|
| 99:55 | one is about $1000. So if has extra money hanging around, like |
|
| 100:02 | got in a car wreck and they you a million dollars and you can |
|
| 100:07 | it, you can always donate it the universe $1000. I should probably |
|
| 100:19 | pay for it myself. And, , all, all of you guys |
|
| 100:25 | , I used to work at Right. Just so, you |
|
| 100:28 | I'm almost making a third of what made in 1995. So, academia |
|
| 100:35 | really well. Thank God. I a 401k but uh in general, |
|
| 100:49 | for the oil industry is a good . And um I think in just |
|
| 100:53 | all things, they pay a little , they pay a lot better than |
|
| 100:56 | universe in the OK. Here's, another one from strata data where they're |
|
| 101:08 | kind of focusing on the major This is, this is something that |
|
| 101:13 | get a bias forer excited so that could come up with information and interpretations |
|
| 101:19 | put on this kind of a And uh you can see he's got |
|
| 101:24 | abundance curves. Uh Here, he's looks like he's even got counts going |
|
| 101:30 | . And uh it's, it's too to really see it in, in |
|
| 101:35 | detail. But uh uh here, what some of it looks like when |
|
| 101:39 | get into great detail. And uh is just uh showing you uh you |
|
| 101:48 | , where they might have cuttings, cu means cuttings. And uh |
|
| 101:55 | this is a little I'm not gonna through this thing, but it kind |
|
| 101:57 | breaks down the kind of detail that's if you, if you could see |
|
| 102:01 | blown up. And uh here, I'm showing it shows you uh fossils |
|
| 102:07 | different group. This is one group one type of fossil, this is |
|
| 102:10 | type of fossil. Uh Let's see I can blow this up for a |
|
| 102:18 | and when I blow it up, lose the resolution. So probably wasn't |
|
| 102:21 | good picture in the first place. , uh I think that's Jeffrey Capsule |
|
| 102:30 | there. So this should be nano and this is, this might be |
|
| 102:46 | micro fossils, but I can't, can't read it, to be honest |
|
| 102:49 | you. And uh, oh, we go. OK. That splits |
|
| 102:56 | out. You can see a little better. Uh That was looking at |
|
| 103:00 | a.m. and fro and, uh, are planks. This is Ben and |
|
| 103:11 | plank and plant versus benic ratios are too with, uh, if you |
|
| 103:16 | imagine if you're in, uh, the chart I showed you with the |
|
| 103:22 | water and the shallow water assemblages. you notice how the assemblages got smaller |
|
| 103:27 | the deep water to the left of page that, uh, the ocean |
|
| 103:32 | bottom slide. So, um, of the Benthos that can survive deep |
|
| 103:43 | is gonna be agglutinated forums, but of the calcareous ones, if they |
|
| 103:47 | down there, they disintegrate. If , uh, Mitic things settle to |
|
| 103:54 | bottom and some of that organic mass still surrounding, surrounding them, it |
|
| 103:59 | pro protect them from dissolution and if get buried soon enough, they can |
|
| 104:03 | protected. Uh, but basically the that live on the bottom are not |
|
| 104:08 | , you know, crawl around and it, make it through that kind |
|
| 104:11 | deep water. They just, they survive. They have to when, |
|
| 104:15 | you do get calcareous, deepwater And I mean, uh upper bath |
|
| 104:19 | , for example, they uh their tend to be thinner uh because it's |
|
| 104:25 | and harder for them to pull the out of the highly soluble cold and |
|
| 104:30 | high pressure water. So, so a long story short. When the |
|
| 104:37 | it ratio to Belix goes up, probably in deeper water. So you're |
|
| 104:45 | shallow water. The turbidity is gonna a lot of the planks because they |
|
| 104:50 | like a lot of turbidity. If get into middle neurotic to deep |
|
| 104:55 | the plankton is just gonna fall down uh if it falls down on the |
|
| 104:59 | , it's gonna be mixed with the bnhi and the glutin bnhi for, |
|
| 105:05 | MS. You get in the bath the uh abyssal area, most of |
|
| 105:10 | calcareous stuff can't, can either not or is gonna be gone. So |
|
| 105:14 | only thing you're gonna see down there gluts and uh plank take fors. |
|
| 105:28 | ? And this is just showing you more, more views. Just see |
|
| 105:32 | I have the whole picture. There go cursor even this cursor is jumpy |
|
| 105:41 | some reason. And uh here, like a diversity uh plot. Uh |
|
| 105:53 | do you think is gonna happen when diversity goes up? Here's big, |
|
| 105:56 | diversity, more species are present. , more species, the, |
|
| 106:17 | the high diversity means there's more species there's a couple of reasons why you |
|
| 106:21 | have more species. One could uh you're in a condensed interval and |
|
| 106:25 | are accumulating over a long period of or it could be uh a uh |
|
| 106:33 | more productive zone for that fossil So, if these are benthic |
|
| 106:39 | you know, if you're getting into neurotic and middle neurotic, it's gonna |
|
| 106:43 | probably be a lot higher than the water or the shallower water as you |
|
| 106:48 | into shallower water, you have to about salinity and temperature fluctuations which, |
|
| 106:53 | limit the type of things that could there. You get into, you |
|
| 106:57 | , middle neritic to outer neurotic. It's really a happy time for um |
|
| 107:03 | , for a an ira if problem , when you go over that 200 |
|
| 107:10 | break at the slope, it's an break is that, you know, |
|
| 107:15 | start sliding down the hill and and they're not preserved very well in |
|
| 107:19 | , but the uh in the South Sea for some geological reason, which |
|
| 107:28 | don't have time to explain. The break is at 300 m and when |
|
| 107:35 | shelf breaks at 300 m, that you have a neurotic, a shelf |
|
| 107:39 | environment. Uh that's a little bit , it's a little bit uh it's |
|
| 107:46 | be a little bit colder but more than anything. It's gonna be more |
|
| 107:52 | . You know, when you, you fall down, when you end |
|
| 107:54 | in the deep, it's gonna be for any calcareous thing to survive. |
|
| 107:58 | when you're in a little bit deeper , it's actually getting more stable than |
|
| 108:02 | would be in typical outer Neri. , uh, so in that particular |
|
| 108:08 | , we had a core from there that core, um, something like |
|
| 108:16 | could have over a, a sample big as this little cap. So |
|
| 108:21 | a cap to a USB drive for that can't see uh would have something |
|
| 108:27 | the order of 1000 to 10,000 specimens it. Just in that one |
|
| 108:32 | nano fossils would were off the And uh we got samples like that |
|
| 108:37 | my foundation core and uh science would on a different planet right now in |
|
| 108:44 | of uh understanding stratigraphy of all of wells we drilled were as good as |
|
| 108:49 | cores because there are these big six things and uh and they were |
|
| 108:58 | really well um uh captured cores you know, when you're doing foundation |
|
| 109:05 | , you need, you need to some damage to parts of the sample |
|
| 109:10 | to figure out, you know, much weight it can bear and all |
|
| 109:13 | kind of stuff. So they would really good cores if they did cores |
|
| 109:16 | that for 1000 ft on the shelf over the world. Uh The field |
|
| 109:23 | uh geology and bios gray and stratigraphy improve dramatically uh because there was just |
|
| 109:30 | , I had uh specialists in almost group on my team working on this |
|
| 109:36 | and it took us a week to one sample for most of the fossil |
|
| 109:41 | . There were so many fossils, was like a, it's like a |
|
| 109:46 | going into uh a candy store, know, it's just, it was |
|
| 109:52 | . So some of the highest diversity I've ever seen uh for calcareous benic |
|
| 109:58 | nano fossils dinoflagellate were blooming like It was, you know, even |
|
| 110:05 | uh that could be preserved on that . You know, the food resources |
|
| 110:08 | not so separated because you're still on shelf, get past the shelf, |
|
| 110:13 | kinds of things that these critters that in the sediment can live off of |
|
| 110:17 | dissipates. And also uh there's not turbid stuff or nutrition for the |
|
| 110:24 | If you get really in deep it starts to, you know, |
|
| 110:27 | , you run into uh plastic garbage every now and then. Hm. |
|
| 110:34 | that's about it out there and every and then a whale dies and |
|
| 110:37 | there's a lot of food on the . But uh anyway, so |
|
| 110:43 | some of these big blooms could actually that kind of an environment. And |
|
| 110:48 | so here's relative abundance diagrams over here with the forum and Ira and this |
|
| 110:54 | really uh helpful. And um if agglutinates go up relative to the uh |
|
| 111:03 | uh Calci for amine fr, then probably getting into deeper water or oddly |
|
| 111:11 | in very, very shallow water. the way, uh, when you |
|
| 111:15 | , uh, like at the, , high end of an estuary where |
|
| 111:18 | salinity is less than about 5% uh, you get down to |
|
| 111:23 | uh, type of for, for AM and infra that have organic |
|
| 111:27 | shell and you get, uh, you get some of gluten its |
|
| 111:35 | uh, the best way to use gluten, it is, it basically |
|
| 111:38 | occur anywhere but where there's, there's of them and almost nothing else, |
|
| 111:44 | probably shallow water. If there's few them and you see some plankton things |
|
| 111:49 | there, it's probably very deep as plank things are not gonna be in |
|
| 111:54 | estimate. They have to have normal . They have to have 33 to |
|
| 111:59 | parts per 1000 salinity to survive. . Again, I'm not gonna read |
|
| 112:08 | , but I do uh invite you look at this and just see the |
|
| 112:11 | of detail uh that people get. uh you can, you can work |
|
| 112:17 | entire career with a company that has paleo data and uh you'll be frustrated |
|
| 112:22 | some things. But uh there there are awful lot of uh examples |
|
| 112:28 | uh of how this uh can be useful in helping you make a better |
|
| 112:33 | interpretation. And at the end of course, we'll be looking at uh |
|
| 112:38 | of those really uh what I uh pretty fantastic interpretations just to give |
|
| 112:44 | an idea of the, of the of things that can be done. |
|
| 112:49 | no way in a, in a of a class that I could get |
|
| 112:52 | deeply into it in uh in the VRA class where I have the whole |
|
| 112:58 | hours. I get to in a bit more detail. Sometimes we even |
|
| 113:02 | out microscopes and look at, look some things. OK. Uh And |
|
| 113:12 | is uh something uh that's also available strata bugs is uh here he's using |
|
| 113:21 | older timescale, but you can pull a lot of historical times scale. |
|
| 113:25 | put him in there and they'll put recent ones in there. So it |
|
| 113:28 | it really easy for you to uh yourself in terms of what you should |
|
| 113:34 | seeing and what you're actually seeing. also uh it helps the geologist uh |
|
| 113:42 | um his uh his stratigraphy. Uh , you can see we're looking at |
|
| 113:50 | and division subdivisions of the Epics. off here in the corner I can |
|
| 113:55 | uh this is in, this is in Aquitania here in the early |
|
| 114:01 | You can't see that but I know uh when you work in Europe and |
|
| 114:06 | and also with uh uh some of more sophisticated geologists, they're gonna be |
|
| 114:13 | most of their uh discussion about ages the stage level rather than the than |
|
| 114:19 | epic level. They won't just say . They'll tell you what, |
|
| 114:24 | I don't know what, um stage came from. And, uh I |
|
| 114:29 | a faculty member the other day, crossed paths with him and I asked |
|
| 114:34 | if he was publishing anything. He he's working on some, a Jurassic |
|
| 114:39 | , uh The Sundance and, and said, well, what part of |
|
| 114:43 | Jurassic? And he just walked away , and um a reservoir rock is |
|
| 114:53 | than a stage. And if you get down to that level, you're |
|
| 115:00 | getting all the information you could And when you work in an |
|
| 115:05 | one of the things you should really to do is is figure out what |
|
| 115:08 | stages are. And it's gonna be because in the Gulf of Mexico, |
|
| 115:13 | a lot of talented geologists and, uh to some extent, very lucky |
|
| 115:19 | , they were wildcatters have a, been able to uh to produce a |
|
| 115:25 | of oil without knowing some of this . But when, when you get |
|
| 115:29 | the nitty gritty and it's getting harder harder to find new things. Uh |
|
| 115:33 | kind of detail that you have in gray, uh I mean, it |
|
| 115:38 | be a no brainer. But if, if you had numbers on |
|
| 115:42 | the pages in a book, you'd able to find something on page 23 |
|
| 115:48 | , especially if it was page 895 uh, it's really important when you're |
|
| 115:54 | that you're correlating page 895 with page and not 483 and, uh, |
|
| 116:01 | just slumping 100 pages together. uh, would you guys like that |
|
| 116:06 | I told you, I only want to read one page. It's somewhere |
|
| 116:09 | page 809 100 and, uh, I'm going to test you on |
|
| 116:17 | Yeah, the license only lets you at one page. Yeah. And |
|
| 116:24 | after you look at that page, can't look for the right one. |
|
| 116:28 | you like that? And that's, kind of how you're, how you're |
|
| 116:31 | uh exploration geology when you don't have control. OK. So that's the |
|
| 116:38 | of this and now just for the of it. And uh I think |
|
| 116:57 | a little bit lighter of a lecture though you may not think so. |
|
| 117:00 | think it's, I see it as little bit lighter lecture. I wonder |
|
| 117:06 | I can. Um you hear me about it? So um before we |
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| 117:22 | to bio events, let's just do fossils still does it keep hoping it's |
|
| 117:41 | is making this happen. So uh anybody wanna know what this is in |
|
| 118:00 | picture? Yeah, this is a , this used to be our logo |
|
| 118:12 | uh um it was uh was this picture. We, we used it |
|
| 118:20 | lot as a logo and it's, pretty, it's a spectacular picture. |
|
| 118:24 | don't know why they switched it, now we just have new age. |
|
| 118:29 | uh, ah, 11 of the that uh uh marketing does is a |
|
| 118:39 | every six months they change their logo they keep asking the question, how |
|
| 118:44 | our logo is not as recognizable as logo? And I go because you |
|
| 118:51 | changing it. So sometimes, you , I'm sitting here telling you uh |
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| 118:56 | we should move and modernize, but consistency uh helps you get the story |
|
| 119:02 | which is why uh no matter how trained you are as a paleontologist, |
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| 119:08 | zones that are set up on say big two, the Biener or |
|
| 119:15 | and the other fossil tops, it's important to recognize those things and |
|
| 119:20 | where they fit in because you're gonna legacy data and that legacy data may |
|
| 119:24 | have that kind of a thing and need to kind of be able to |
|
| 119:28 | it with modern uh information that you have in a new will. |
|
| 119:34 | So we're looking at fossil groups right and uh this is my fossil group |
|
| 119:40 | and the ones that we're gonna be at are calcareous nano fossils. And |
|
| 119:45 | course, I've already told you that and diatoms below 3 to 5000 ft |
|
| 119:51 | disappear. But I showed you an of some ra ra ra Arians and |
|
| 119:55 | course, these phosphatic things called uh don't occur in great abundance to |
|
| 120:02 | really uh huge samples uh to get things to uh make an interpretation. |
|
| 120:07 | even an identification, sometimes uh these wall things are resistant to uh almost |
|
| 120:16 | terms of acids. But one thing will kill him is oxidation. So |
|
| 120:20 | they're buried quickly, they're preserved uh , it's another good thing to remember |
|
| 120:30 | that they are organic, if organic is just very quickly, it will |
|
| 120:37 | presented. So, just since we in an, in an oil |
|
| 120:42 | we're talking about the integration of bio data with geology. Um What do |
|
| 120:51 | think if you hit a shell that's of these things? Do you think |
|
| 120:58 | would have a high propensity to become actually be a source rock? |
|
| 121:09 | In fact, um these dinoflagellate, uh I asked a uh a couple |
|
| 121:16 | uh several Heleno just to show me there are petroli filaments. Uh these |
|
| 121:24 | flagellates when they get into the oil , they actually start developing oil, |
|
| 121:30 | compound starts to uh uh metamorphose in oil and it, it kind of |
|
| 121:36 | like a corkscrew coming out of It's like a little corkscrew of |
|
| 121:40 | a little streak of oil coming out it. And uh so if you |
|
| 121:44 | about what I just said, think environments of deposition. Where do |
|
| 121:50 | where are places where, you there's a lot of organic matter accumulated |
|
| 122:03 | lakes and, uh, and and that would probably be a lot |
|
| 122:08 | algal material. Right. If the chemistry is right, it would be |
|
| 122:12 | lot of, uh, something we in is a thing called Botero Coccus |
|
| 122:17 | Eye. Ok. But what what about a delta is a delta |
|
| 122:23 | rich? Have you ever flown over Mississippi Delta plants all over the |
|
| 122:36 | There's little, there's like a, little bays, there's marshes, there's |
|
| 122:39 | kinds of things. Do you think would, do you think it could |
|
| 122:44 | the delta lobe could make a good from? Ok. That's what I |
|
| 122:52 | . Why wouldn't it? Part of problem is, is all that organic |
|
| 123:00 | is accumulating very close to the surface unless it gets flooded and buried |
|
| 123:07 | it's not going to accumulate and it's lot of it's going to get |
|
| 123:11 | In fact, a lot of oxidation on through the burial process too, |
|
| 123:14 | is why we have uh mud volcanoes things like that. You know, |
|
| 123:19 | turned, it gets biodegraded into methane the methane comes up to the surface |
|
| 123:24 | creates what we call mud volumes. . So what we're gonna look at |
|
| 123:28 | now though is calcareous nano fossils. so what I want you to get |
|
| 123:32 | of this is kind of why they're useful where they're so useful and, |
|
| 123:36 | how they could help me. And there's uh the biggest group of them |
|
| 123:43 | called Kalis and you really don't need memorize this. But, uh, |
|
| 123:47 | think it's important to know that there's than, than one major type |
|
| 123:52 | uh, calcareous, uh, nano . And, uh, then there's |
|
| 123:59 | strange ones called nano lists that look little needles and disco asters that look |
|
| 124:04 | stars. And the disco actors are important in the neogene for uh age |
|
| 124:14 | . And, uh, in this where is my nano fossil right |
|
| 124:22 | there's one um right here is, a nano fossil. This driver here |
|
| 124:32 | a Dana flagellate. That's um this the, the star shaped disco |
|
| 124:39 | This is the center part of one a star shape in it, but |
|
| 124:42 | would be a disco aster. And and this is a completely different uh |
|
| 124:49 | from here's a, a uh calcareous and Ira. And uh these are |
|
| 124:58 | uh tectonic for him and if not very good picture. OK. So |
|
| 125:04 | we look at the calcareous, the here, uh here's basically the |
|
| 125:10 | they don't like brackish water at They're kind of like the planktonic for |
|
| 125:15 | . They don't get too far in . Um They um they will go |
|
| 125:22 | all depths. Uh The problem is that with great depth, you have |
|
| 125:27 | worry about the C CD and then dissolving as they fall through the water |
|
| 125:33 | . Uh if the organic matter doesn't detached. And for example, if |
|
| 125:36 | gets eaten and digested. Uh um, the end result is gonna |
|
| 125:43 | something without organic material on it and would dissolve. But if it doesn't |
|
| 125:47 | ingested and the organic mass stays around , uh then it might be protected |
|
| 125:54 | preserved long enough to be buried. . And, um, here are |
|
| 126:03 | nano fossils in another diagram in its environmental range. Uh It's, |
|
| 126:10 | uh, it's marine and it's And uh this chart just shows you |
|
| 126:16 | it's marine, but it doesn't excuse right here, but it doesn't say |
|
| 126:21 | plankton. This one points out it's . OK. OK. And |
|
| 126:30 | this goes through what it's, it's composed of either Aragon or calcite and |
|
| 126:42 | that dolomite or not magnesium calcite, high magnesium calcite anyway. And uh |
|
| 126:51 | is a summary of that. This uh they live within the upper 101 |
|
| 126:56 | m of the water column in the zone. Uh So if it gets |
|
| 127:03 | than that, uh uh they have problem at all, but they're, |
|
| 127:09 | in that upper layer, in that layer uh of the water column, |
|
| 127:13 | gonna be collecting light. And uh course, if they're above 50 |
|
| 127:19 | they're gonna be collecting a good spectrum light. Uh If they go below |
|
| 127:24 | below that, they start to uh a, a limited spectrum of |
|
| 127:29 | they're globally distributed. Uh If, anything in the water is broad, |
|
| 127:37 | occurring around the globe at any one in time, it would be nano |
|
| 127:42 | . So what makes a fossil a bio Strat democratic tool is that it |
|
| 127:53 | broadly across the globe. OK. uh forget about regional isolation and that |
|
| 128:00 | of thing, but something that uh a broad area and has sort of |
|
| 128:08 | um set limit on where it But the oceans are big. Uh |
|
| 128:15 | of the advantages to this is the cover the whole globe, 75% of |
|
| 128:19 | surface. And uh so something that's in general is gonna be a very |
|
| 128:25 | uh bio Strat democratic indicator. That's part of the story, these are |
|
| 128:31 | distributed. The other thing that's really for uh something that would be a |
|
| 128:37 | global bio Strat democratic marker um is whose time in the in the geological |
|
| 128:50 | is limited things that evolve quickly, quickly and the more they speci, |
|
| 128:56 | more they break down. And uh other words, and I'll show you |
|
| 129:01 | uh uh trees of the speciation of of these things. So you kind |
|
| 129:08 | get a feel that way for what mean by that. So, a |
|
| 129:12 | fossil or time control, that's gonna one that's widely distributed and evolves |
|
| 129:25 | OK. Another good thing about Karri plankton is we're always, they have |
|
| 129:32 | um uh quickly processed. Now, something sort of contrary to what I |
|
| 129:41 | because I, I forgot about it a second. Sometimes. Uh the |
|
| 129:47 | the calcareous part of these things are in fecal pellets. And if they're |
|
| 129:52 | in fecal pellets, then they will be preserved. And uh that would |
|
| 129:57 | provided the uh digestion system of, the organism was not too acidic. |
|
| 130:08 | are dissolved by acidic waters. They're easily reworked. Uh re uh not |
|
| 130:15 | are there very easily reworked, but they're small, it's hard for a |
|
| 130:19 | system to filter them out. Uh they're constantly in the system. |
|
| 130:23 | once they're penetrated the well bore, gonna see them in the mud |
|
| 130:28 | And so, so they'll be sending anna fossils down with the old an |
|
| 130:35 | down to where the old nano fossils being cut into uh by the |
|
| 130:40 | by the well bit, they, are places where the ocean floor is |
|
| 130:48 | a calcareous ooze and they're a significant to that. Why are they limited |
|
| 130:54 | for paleo environments? Now, a fossil person would get really excited about |
|
| 130:58 | . Me saying that that's terrible. can't say that. But why would |
|
| 131:02 | say they're not that useful for uh environments? They pretty much extend over |
|
| 131:23 | entire uh ocean mass. OK. the things that affect the things that |
|
| 131:34 | the control of things with water A lot of it has to do |
|
| 131:37 | food resources on the bottom. A of it has to do with temperature |
|
| 131:43 | . These things are at a certain in the water column and the, |
|
| 131:48 | environmental parameters generally stay the same. thing they don't like is, is |
|
| 131:53 | turbid water, but they can also highly turbid water. Uh these things |
|
| 131:58 | Whitings, but uh the Planktonic forums much cover the oceans, calcareous nano |
|
| 132:08 | cover the oceans. And uh and they're very widespread. But for fairly |
|
| 132:16 | analysis, you want something that can you what the water depth is. |
|
| 132:24 | , anywhere on the inner middle and neurotic you're gonna be getting for the |
|
| 132:30 | part, the same assemblages of calcareous fossils. You're not gonna see a |
|
| 132:34 | distin distinction even in polymorph, If you go dinoflagellate, they're all |
|
| 132:40 | the ocean. For the most there are some that are limited to |
|
| 132:44 | waters and even uh the Custer But by and large, the way |
|
| 132:50 | tell how far you are away from the coastline with dinoflagellate at least is |
|
| 133:01 | in their preparation, they also see woody material and if they're seeing structured |
|
| 133:06 | material that suggests that you're getting influx a delta. And so they have |
|
| 133:12 | faces based on that kind of. for nano fossils and, and Plank |
|
| 133:17 | , they're not what we typically use uh pale pale environmental interpretation. |
|
| 133:24 | when we, when we look through rock record, there are certain things |
|
| 133:28 | is affected by um, temperature and oxygen isotopes are affected by temperature. |
|
| 133:35 | that's, that's not like water depth pale ofit Mery. Uh You're not |
|
| 133:39 | see them, uh help you figure , say something that's on the shore |
|
| 133:44 | versus in a lagoon versus way up the lagoon near where a river is |
|
| 133:50 | into it or an estuary, that kind of, but uh they're |
|
| 134:02 | nano fossils are outstanding for Russ photography open marine settings. OK. They're |
|
| 134:09 | uh a golden brown or yellow green and uh they get up to 20 |
|
| 134:16 | , but some of them get down 0.2 microns. And normally when you |
|
| 134:20 | something nano, it's, it's around mi, it's somewhere around five |
|
| 134:25 | So that's why they're called nano Um They're usually this shape and uh |
|
| 134:34 | have a central portion and then they different things going on on their ribs |
|
| 134:39 | terms of their morphology. And um , I'm not gonna uh read this |
|
| 134:47 | , but I want, I want to just take a look at this |
|
| 134:49 | see uh that there are different types these things and they have very obviously |
|
| 134:57 | morphologies and, and I'll be showing those in just a minute and uh |
|
| 135:05 | Disco Asters went extinct right around the boundary are what we often use to |
|
| 135:13 | the Pleistocene boundary. The Pleistocene boundary has a, there are a lot |
|
| 135:19 | scientific reasons why there have been arguments the pliocene bound. And uh |
|
| 135:26 | what is the Pleistocene, the age in general? As, as |
|
| 135:30 | I hope everybody knows that. What the place to see all about from |
|
| 135:37 | um global earth history perspective? Did say ice? Did you say |
|
| 135:51 | Ok. Uh Yeah. Um that's the glaciers, historically, we thought |
|
| 135:58 | were all limited to the places. turns out there's glaciers in different times |
|
| 136:02 | the, of earth history, particularly great, I, the great great |
|
| 136:07 | age in some places gets into the . And so there was a lot |
|
| 136:12 | argument about that. So uh some time charts will say one thing and |
|
| 136:18 | one will say a different thing. uh but the coal lists have a |
|
| 136:23 | good break, the whole group, disco Askar go extinct right at what's |
|
| 136:27 | close to what people think Strat gra be the boundary. And so, |
|
| 136:32 | that's uh in general been picked as uh the break between the Pleistocene and |
|
| 136:38 | Pleo. OK. So here's, the funny thing about it. The |
|
| 136:47 | is the Coyle or the plant rather the Coyle of the poor. And |
|
| 136:53 | we won't have, we won't go the structure. I guess I'll see |
|
| 136:56 | I can use uh this cursor. on a picture. So it gives |
|
| 137:02 | an X so you can see So there's all these, you |
|
| 137:05 | it's like, like a single cell and um it has different organelles, |
|
| 137:14 | might say in it. Uh they're organs because they're not. It's, |
|
| 137:20 | know, it's a single cell. uh but it has these scales that |
|
| 137:26 | the outer body of it and these are what make up the coali these |
|
| 137:32 | circular plates. One of these cock fours will have a whole bunch of |
|
| 137:37 | plates on the outside of it. there is this organic mass that could |
|
| 137:41 | on top of it and protect it it fell to the uh to the |
|
| 137:46 | floor in, in addition to does everybody know what a pilo it |
|
| 137:55 | ? It's like a small cocky. not um the list. Oh, |
|
| 138:02 | was I gonna say? Uh brain . I know too many words. |
|
| 138:11 | , here's what one looks like in scanning electron microscope. Uh that was |
|
| 138:19 | incredibly preserved. You can see that been some dissolute. Well, maybe |
|
| 138:23 | can't tell, but I can tell been some dissolution of uh of the |
|
| 138:29 | list. These things are the coal and they essentially surround the cocky lith |
|
| 138:35 | for it. OK. And here's that's been dissolved even more the same |
|
| 138:50 | same species. And uh if I'm mistaken, I think this species is |
|
| 138:58 | used a lot for doing oxygen isotope . But uh more often than |
|
| 139:02 | it's planktonic for him. And if are different uh issues due to speciation |
|
| 139:10 | some things um absorb the heavier versus lighter, better or vice versa. |
|
| 139:18 | But in general, they try to similar things when they're trying to figure |
|
| 139:22 | . And it's also if it's a ranging species uh that they can go |
|
| 139:26 | the water column, kind of get uh stable isotope sorted out where they |
|
| 139:32 | extant species, which means they uh in time all the way back to |
|
| 139:37 | certain period of time. So their point is a little bit older and |
|
| 139:41 | way we do a lot of paleo stuff and overlap the isotope signal is |
|
| 139:47 | we take something that might have an uh range that overlaps the one that |
|
| 139:53 | goes down to the base of the . But one that's halfway into the |
|
| 139:57 | and goes down to the base of Miocene. That way we kind of |
|
| 140:01 | , link these things together to project paleo environment that we can see today |
|
| 140:07 | the the environment we can see today the paleo environment through time. |
|
| 140:15 | Here's a whole, whole bunch of uh cocky, uh cocky. And |
|
| 140:23 | is, this is over a really a short period of time and it |
|
| 140:30 | something that looks like gradual uh evolution than punctuated evolution. And it's only |
|
| 140:36 | of an organism. And uh you see here, there's some of these |
|
| 140:42 | root species down here and this is on this axis and this is variation |
|
| 140:48 | or less on this axis. And can see that from this key one |
|
| 140:52 | here that evolved from that one, can follow the evolution of it |
|
| 140:58 | Uh This one follows another group in direction. This one split over here |
|
| 141:03 | a long story short. Uh they quickly and uh through time and once |
|
| 141:10 | , they start creating these new the, the one thing about evolution |
|
| 141:14 | that it doesn't go backwards. You have things kind of mimic uh |
|
| 141:20 | but they, but the uh the doesn't go backwards in time. And |
|
| 141:29 | here here you can see paleocene through uh miocene here. And um |
|
| 141:41 | the pliocene and the pleistocene. And you can see here, here's a |
|
| 141:47 | Spera, helios Spera rather, and can see that it has uh a |
|
| 141:52 | of species that, uh please note this particular one is, uh they |
|
| 142:03 | named it, but there was some that they knew that uh at some |
|
| 142:07 | in time, uh they appeared and this uh relatives to this form and |
|
| 142:14 | to that form. And this form off into a number of branches in |
|
| 142:19 | . So, again, morphology is basically the horizontal and uh anything |
|
| 142:25 | moves away from uh that sort of is um is gonna be uh a |
|
| 142:33 | form. And so you see something's along and it looks like this and |
|
| 142:38 | jumps. So this means it changes a bit. What do you think |
|
| 142:43 | jump would, uh how many you know, anything about evolution about |
|
| 142:49 | process? Well, um when it , there's two ways it can |
|
| 142:56 | it can be gradual or it can punctuated, punctuated means that it jumps |
|
| 143:03 | when you're in a specific environment, environment. Uh The DNA uses the |
|
| 143:09 | that help it manage that particular If there's a significant environmental shift or |
|
| 143:15 | moved away from that area, there's enough protein in that DNA for it |
|
| 143:19 | make a significant shape change. Uh change to help it manage itself in |
|
| 143:26 | new isolated thing. Uh Now, remember these are all in the |
|
| 143:32 | the oceans are all interconnected and yet still have these things changing through time |
|
| 143:38 | rapidly and these are observations he not , these are not guesses of |
|
| 143:43 | these are things that we can see the rock record and uh see those |
|
| 143:48 | over there, those blue books in back of the room. That's the |
|
| 143:52 | of fossils doesn't even have the nano in it. It's that just a |
|
| 143:57 | of a lot of things uh that seen uh through time in the rock |
|
| 144:02 | . Uh It's, there's a, , it's not just dinosaurs versus |
|
| 144:09 | it's, it's like hundreds of thousands species change. And, and if |
|
| 144:16 | , if it offends you just, just change, you can use the |
|
| 144:20 | change, things change through time because really all it means the forms change |
|
| 144:25 | time. In other words, uh way of looking at it is uh |
|
| 144:32 | bottle caps looked a certain way for many years and then they changed to |
|
| 144:35 | Coke bottle cap. And uh and can see this in the record and |
|
| 144:41 | and that's, it's basically morphological change time. Now, these days, |
|
| 144:46 | can actually look at the DNA of of these things because organic material can |
|
| 144:50 | preserved. And it's a lot more than what I just explained to |
|
| 144:54 | But basically, when we do bio , we're doing it by morphological changes |
|
| 144:59 | the chemical changes are still uh a mystery because they haven't been studied enough |
|
| 145:04 | the rock record. People do a , a lot of things in the |
|
| 145:08 | with uh DNA, but they don't that much with the rock record and |
|
| 145:16 | some people do organic chemistry evolution through and that's really uh tricky because there |
|
| 145:22 | compounds. There are a lot of that exist today that existed back in |
|
| 145:27 | pre chamber. But uh when they in contact with organic matter, which |
|
| 145:34 | sort of the antithesis of uh Uh you um you, you're gonna |
|
| 145:47 | uh new compounds come up that only when these certain species are around. |
|
| 145:54 | . Uh Here's another, another chart showing you the uh the the tree |
|
| 145:59 | these things as they evolve through And here we're just looking at a |
|
| 146:05 | , uh, just a very uh magnetic reversals uh, uh in |
|
| 146:15 | , uh, neogene. And here the late pliocene and you even get |
|
| 146:20 | the Pleistocene, uh, up here the top and I see it, |
|
| 146:26 | that up. OK. Here's what was talking about. Um, |
|
| 146:33 | This is a satellite picture. This the eastern coast of Tasmania and everybody |
|
| 146:39 | this room knows where Tasmania is, ? Who doesn't know where Tasmania |
|
| 146:47 | It's a little island south of Actually, it's not little, it's |
|
| 146:51 | pretty good size on, it's almost mini continent. But um ok. |
|
| 146:58 | What do you think these white whiting are on here? Do you think |
|
| 147:02 | uh is this a whiting, is a whiting that a whiting? These |
|
| 147:12 | the Whitings, this turbidity that you in the water is floods of calcareous |
|
| 147:23 | nano fossils. They're not Nanos, Coco litho Fords, floods of these |
|
| 147:29 | are living and they're producing uh a of forums don't bloom like this. |
|
| 147:37 | They bloom but they don't bloom to kind of extent. You know, |
|
| 147:41 | would be limited to a small little , but these are covered, covering |
|
| 147:45 | big chunk of the ocean at one in time. And if you were |
|
| 147:50 | in the rock record and there was basin like this uh sediments that filled |
|
| 147:54 | a basin like that. You would these floods in that rock record. |
|
| 148:00 | , you might not see them over and you might not see him over |
|
| 148:03 | . But if you had a field here and mind you, this is |
|
| 148:06 | a few miles across here and, , not hundreds could even be |
|
| 148:12 | And, uh, this is, could be the basin, the size |
|
| 148:17 | a, a significant oil producing basin at one point in time before it |
|
| 148:23 | buried. OK. So that's what mean by widespread. OK. Here's |
|
| 148:32 | one showing you some of the abundances uh through time. And this is |
|
| 148:38 | thousands of years showing you uh different and also showing you that if we |
|
| 148:44 | at the abundance of them through we can see this. Now, |
|
| 148:48 | problem with this is some of these events. I go back and look |
|
| 148:52 | this. If I had a well here, I wouldn't even see that |
|
| 148:56 | of event. So you have to really careful with the ones that are |
|
| 148:59 | between wells that you might be looking uh in the Gulf of Mexico. |
|
| 149:05 | lot of the oil production uh comes part of the Eocene. Uh the |
|
| 149:14 | So the Eocene Palace boundary actually. uh and it's a period of time |
|
| 149:22 | uh calcareous micro fossils were really uh . Uh It doesn't matter what we |
|
| 149:28 | know why it happened, but no what it is, if it was |
|
| 149:31 | fossil, it's very sparse during this of time. And so in some |
|
| 149:36 | , people with dino flagellates can only up with blooms. The problem with |
|
| 149:40 | is they're correlating a well, 30 away with these blooms. And you |
|
| 149:45 | , you can't do that with blooms , uh, I don't know where |
|
| 149:49 | miles is here. But certainly if were inside this, you would pick |
|
| 149:55 | that bloom if that was the paleo . But if you had a, |
|
| 149:58 | , that was just, you a few miles out outside of |
|
| 150:01 | you wouldn't see it at all. . So there's some danger with |
|
| 150:06 | There's some utility and some danger here's at a lot of the fossils that |
|
| 150:11 | zone the uh nano fossils. And is just, uh, you |
|
| 150:16 | we're looking at maybe 30 different species help us do the entire, uh |
|
| 150:23 | here. That's the paleocene, the and the Lioce. And, |
|
| 150:27 | there's one little upper part here uh Myo, which would be the |
|
| 150:32 | of the neogene and, uh, don't even get to there. So |
|
| 150:36 | , it's just making the chart look and, uh, and it's showing |
|
| 150:41 | all of these different, gives you names there, the names are here |
|
| 150:45 | this is what their Strat democratic range . And, uh, when it |
|
| 150:53 | dot Dots like that, it means , uh, it's kind of |
|
| 150:56 | And uh so you're looking in the when we name these zones over |
|
| 151:02 | nor a lot of times they're named these bases, there's a base right |
|
| 151:07 | , a base right there. when it's the first appearance of |
|
| 151:11 | which is called the inception point. when the species first occurred. If |
|
| 151:16 | go back to one of these uh this would be the inception point |
|
| 151:22 | this, this would be the extinction it. This would be the inception |
|
| 151:27 | this species. Some mass of these got uh isolated and they started fol |
|
| 151:33 | this morphology in terms of their, rate of change and uh so on |
|
| 151:40 | so forth. So this, this different proteins. We're getting used to |
|
| 151:44 | this different shape from this root over . OK. And here is uh |
|
| 151:56 | taking a look at 2014 nano fossil in the paleocene. And uh I |
|
| 152:04 | working in the paleocene and I do lot around the palace boundary right |
|
| 152:10 | And you can see that there's a of clarity in uh these ones with |
|
| 152:14 | tail down or tops the ones with tail upper base. And as I |
|
| 152:19 | before, when we're working with we usually don't use these. So |
|
| 152:24 | is what this is what scientists use they feel like the bases are more |
|
| 152:31 | absolute than the extinction points, inception when that thing first occurred on the |
|
| 152:38 | . Is more absolute. And uh at the same time, uh because |
|
| 152:45 | have to deal with cuttings, we to work with uh tops for the |
|
| 152:52 | part. But a lot of wells I've worked in were able to use |
|
| 152:56 | . Sometimes when we have other fossils the assemblage to, to uh help |
|
| 153:02 | understand that that fossil didn't go any , then it should, if it |
|
| 153:07 | its base, so we could plot base as a base and it can |
|
| 153:12 | us guide our interpretation of the age way. OK. And here |
|
| 153:19 | is, is just taking a look another uh chart. This is, |
|
| 153:25 | this is, this was done just COVID came out. COVID slowed down |
|
| 153:34 | . Although I do remember uh uh I was uh during COVID, I |
|
| 153:40 | , um I had to do a a little job on uh um osos |
|
| 153:50 | Romania and the basin in Romania that of connects in with uh Hungary. |
|
| 153:56 | uh I don't know what the deal , but um uh the other paleontologist |
|
| 154:03 | want, didn't want to wear a . He thought it was ridiculous to |
|
| 154:06 | masks. And, uh and so had a rough time and we, |
|
| 154:10 | we somehow we managed to meet in restaurant and of course, you can't |
|
| 154:16 | with a mask on. Uh but also met in a parking lot somewhere |
|
| 154:21 | , I don't know what was going that we had to do this so |
|
| 154:26 | . But I thought if he wore mask it would have been secret in |
|
| 154:28 | restaurant too. And, uh, just, just for your, |
|
| 154:33 | I, I don't wanna get into politics or anything but if you know |
|
| 154:39 | about I, I've done a lot sieves and things get stuck in sieves |
|
| 154:46 | if you think of the material in mask, it is just a |
|
| 154:50 | right? And people worry about, it 100%? Is it 50%? |
|
| 154:56 | it 90% the way you get sick you get a lot of it in |
|
| 155:00 | lungs. Ok. You get a of it in your lungs if you |
|
| 155:03 | a mask on there, uh, don't care if two or three get |
|
| 155:08 | there, but 1000 aren't gonna get it. And if they're wet droplets |
|
| 155:12 | somebody that are aerosol that's out here , with one of those grains or |
|
| 155:18 | of those grains in it, that droplet hits that cloth. It's gonna |
|
| 155:22 | to the cloth. You know, thing you don't wanna do is wipe |
|
| 155:27 | your mouth and use it as a after you've been walking around with it |
|
| 155:31 | day long. But, uh, the, the just so, you |
|
| 155:35 | , there's a reason why doctors wear when they operate on people. |
|
| 155:40 | uh, that's so they don't spread germs. Uh, like if you |
|
| 155:44 | , because they're gonna be breathing. they act, actually have something that |
|
| 155:47 | be infectious, they don't wanna get , get it to come out. |
|
| 155:51 | , if a little bit of it out, your body might be able |
|
| 155:53 | fight it even if you don't have right antibodies. Uh But because, |
|
| 155:58 | know, it enters an acidic environment could destroy some of them, all |
|
| 156:03 | of things make a long story Uh Anytime you put a sieve barrier |
|
| 156:09 | you and the environment, you're filtering of it out. And if you |
|
| 156:13 | out a little bit to a it may make it a lot less |
|
| 156:17 | that you'll catch some period and less that, uh, when you're being |
|
| 156:24 | on, I hope nobody goes into operating room and says, could |
|
| 156:28 | could you tell direct staff not to masks while they're here operating on |
|
| 156:33 | I don't think anybody's ever done But, uh, but anyway, |
|
| 156:39 | , just for a scientific thing and , I've heard people tell me |
|
| 156:42 | yeah, but it's not 100% done it doesn't have to be 100%. |
|
| 156:47 | filter is a filter. A sieve a sieve. And if you have |
|
| 156:50 | sieve out there, it's, it's , um, reduce the total |
|
| 156:58 | Just a, just a, a thing. And, and that's because |
|
| 157:02 | worked with sivs. I, I and more p, more Milio |
|
| 157:08 | I worked with Milio filters, all of things that have permeability but they |
|
| 157:13 | things out of different sizes. What you think happens in a water |
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| 157:19 | All the water gets through and it's through a series of sieves and chemicals |
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| 157:25 | are grabbing those impurities out. They all get taken out, but most |
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| 157:30 | it gets taken out and it doesn't you. Ok. Here's, |
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| 157:38 | uh, how, uh, extensive events can get and, uh, |
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| 157:44 | we'll start talking about those, but just happens to be for uh nano |
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| 157:50 | . And uh so they have so bio events, they draw them like |
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| 157:54 | and what this is supposed, this really um it's diagrammatic. It's also |
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| 158:02 | little bit problematic. What it's supposing that when something first uh becomes a |
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| 158:10 | , it takes a while to get and it gets established. So we're |
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| 158:14 | from common to uh uh which is would be the um I don't |
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| 158:25 | where is it? The lowest regular here. So here's lowest occurrence, |
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| 158:31 | regular occurrence. Uh There's so many , but this ho up here would |
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| 158:37 | the top and this lo down here be the base. But because nano |
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| 158:43 | workers look at these abundance codes a , uh you kind of think that |
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| 158:48 | time it's gonna reach a peak and it's gonna start to die out. |
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| 158:54 | uh this looks like a normal distribution . In reality, it's probably not |
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| 158:59 | to look anything like this at But uh what they're trying to get |
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| 159:03 | is as they're going down through a , uh at some point they see |
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| 159:09 | and they start to see more, they see a lot more and then |
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| 159:11 | lot more and a lot more and there's a flood somewhere and this could |
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| 159:15 | , this little wedge could repeat You could have multiple flooding events and |
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| 159:21 | ups to those flooding events. But is, this is kind of to |
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| 159:25 | you uh when they report their Now, in high high resolution |
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| 159:31 | they have all of these abundance codes that they used to tell you. |
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| 159:36 | uh by and large going from here there, that's a peak, that's |
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| 159:41 | flood, that's significant, going back to nothing is a significant probably environmental |
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| 159:47 | . And uh and it could have to do with evolution or not. |
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| 159:52 | uh and uh these are pert reservations the environment through time. And uh |
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| 159:58 | you saw this in one, uh this thing could go go like |
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| 160:04 | at the, at the start of occurrence of this. And I mean |
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| 160:08 | this whole period of time, but at the top here, you could |
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| 160:12 | a big peak right here and then of a sudden this ho is right |
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| 160:15 | top of it. So this curve not something this is like a model |
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| 160:21 | help someone grasp uh how you can something go from almost nothing to a |
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| 160:27 | to almost nothing again. And that's these things mean. If you had |
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| 160:37 | series of these things, I don't if I drew. No, but |
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| 160:40 | could have a series of three of things in a row for one |
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| 160:43 | For example, it was uh real to get really abundant. Had a |
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| 160:48 | started to get kind of weak Uh You could leave the ho |
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| 160:55 | the lo here shrink this thing down have two of these explosive events with |
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| 161:01 | kind of curve in a row. so this is just a model to |
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| 161:06 | you understand in some, in some physical way, what what it means |
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| 161:11 | go from the highest abundance occurrence I have to look this up because |
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| 161:20 | never used this and uh and I shy away from using it. Uh |
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| 161:25 | those other abundance curves that I was you. But again, this is |
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| 161:28 | they were doing with high resolution bio to come up with this incredible subdivision |
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| 161:35 | just a very small part of uh the uh Pleistocene and the uh the |
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| 161:40 | of the pliocene here, uh This actually goes deeper and it and cover |
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| 161:45 | most of the neogene. So there's literally uh hundreds of different species they |
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| 161:52 | to subdivide the section. OK. , here again is just another picture |
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| 162:03 | another picture. Oh I'm going I'm sorry. Uh, here's, |
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| 162:09 | , um, uh, just showing again a cocky, a forehead, |
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| 162:13 | , with the, with the cocky it, this, this, the |
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| 162:19 | organism is inside of this and these are sitting on top of it. |
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| 162:29 | , the hetero coccal lists are kind strange and they, they look like |
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| 162:32 | . They start out with almost like coiling arrangement, uh, almost like |
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| 162:37 | forum in some ways but nothing to with them. And, uh, |
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| 162:42 | it has to do with how it's calcite is precipitated by the cocky lithia |
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| 162:47 | it. And, um, here's Disco Asters and you can see they're |
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| 162:52 | , you know, predominantly star shaped I think I showed you two pictures |
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| 162:57 | , but this is a lot of Disco Asters and at the base of |
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| 163:00 | Pleistocene, they tend to disappear. , if you, um, if |
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| 163:07 | worked at Exxonmobil, you would put boundary of the Pleistocene much lower than |
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| 163:11 | extinction event. But, uh, not really critical. It's, it's |
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| 163:16 | important to know that, uh, , there's a lot of diversity in |
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| 163:21 | different types of, uh, uh and here's what they, uh, |
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| 163:28 | what they look like in a, microscope that they normally take pictures of |
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| 163:32 | in and again, to see all elements, these, you can see |
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| 163:37 | pretty well, uh, on a plane, but some of the ones |
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| 163:41 | are shaped like, maybe shaped like you, you would focus in on |
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| 163:47 | part and then have to focus down get that part. Uh, one |
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| 163:51 | these things is a little bit flatter so that's why you see those blurry |
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| 163:56 | that I showed you earlier. And , of course, are the |
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| 163:59 | the things that look like, little cones or teeth and, |
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| 164:06 | uh, they're just a little bit . They're calcareous and, uh, |
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| 164:11 | don't think they're absolutely certain. what type of, uh, cocky |
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| 164:17 | it or what, uh, actually this thing? Thank you. I |
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| 164:29 | I'm at the end of this, actually saving changes to the, uh |
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| 164:45 | before. Uh OK. Anybody have questions Taylor, you come the whole |
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| 164:56 | all the time. It can you me? Yes, I can hear |
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| 165:02 | . So, um, since we're of getting like halfway through the bio |
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| 165:06 | , um, can you tell us little bit about the final? |
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| 165:08 | how are we pre preparing for the , going through the slides? Is |
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| 165:11 | gonna be a practice test? You're gonna be, um, halfway |
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| 165:16 | at the end of today. So , we're, uh, we're a |
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| 165:21 | through of the time. I think responded to somebody earlier. But, |
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| 165:29 | , but what I'm gonna do uh, early this, uh, |
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| 165:32 | know, Monday or Tuesday, I'm send you guys the, uh, |
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| 165:35 | guide and a, in the I've had two tests. But, |
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| 165:40 | , really this time, the, , the exercises are gonna be, |
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| 165:44 | , half of your grade in the struct part and the test will be |
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| 165:49 | other half of the grade. uh, make sure that you pay |
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| 165:52 | to the, uh, to the and none of them are gonna take |
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| 165:56 | lot of time except for the, , the, the Palo environmental interpretation |
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| 166:02 | take you a lot of time. I would strongly recommend that, that |
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| 166:05 | of you that are online, get online with people. So you |
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| 166:10 | uh, divvy up the duties and and come up with an interpretation. |
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| 166:14 | fact, if, if you wanted turn them in together, uh, |
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| 166:18 | people. But, uh, please sure that nobody's getting a free ride |
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| 166:24 | you work with, if three people together, make sure all three people |
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| 166:27 | a contribution and hold them to And if, and if somebody kinda |
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| 166:35 | their responsibility, let me know you know, I, I could |
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| 166:39 | the same grade to three people. , but, uh, but I |
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| 166:45 | wanna do it if somebody didn't get in it and help figure it |
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| 166:50 | Ok, great. So the exercise , we're gonna do that after class |
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| 166:54 | and have it turned in by, haven't given you a date yet, |
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| 166:57 | I'll, I'll, I'll send you . But, uh, but for |
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| 167:00 | reading exercise, I think we should it by Wednesday. And, |
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| 167:05 | and then the uh the next exercise when we get to it um will |
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| 167:11 | fairly quickly. It's on graphic And I think everybody should be able |
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| 167:15 | do that one on their own. uh and then the, but the |
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| 167:21 | reading exercise you should be able to on your own. And the graphic |
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| 167:25 | one, you should be able to on your own. And then of |
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| 167:27 | , the uh uh the Paleo environmental one I think will require a little |
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| 167:36 | of effort because you have to look the data and make counts and stuff |
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| 167:40 | that. It's, it would take 20 minutes, but it might take |
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| 167:45 | guys several hours on your own. , but if you work together and |
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| 167:50 | one, say one person count up uh a couple of the species or |
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| 167:57 | of the species and somebody else do calculations and whatnot and the abundance curves |
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| 168:02 | whatever. Uh then uh then you divide it up into it quite |
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| 168:08 | you know, you do this, it on to the next person. |
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| 168:12 | so uh so the first two will individual, the, the third |
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| 168:16 | the, the Palo environmental one. think it'll work very well as you |
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| 168:20 | you do it as teams and uh all the people online wanna get |
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| 168:26 | I think there's four or five of get together and do it. That's |
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| 168:30 | with me if it's four I I, I really like the idea |
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| 168:34 | you getting a chance to kind of at things like you would if you |
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| 168:37 | sitting in a lab and, and normally you would do that with |
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| 168:41 | people. Uh, I did, learned a lot in labs and you |
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| 168:45 | a lot when somebody next to you the point, you missed it, |
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| 168:49 | you got the other point that he or she missed. And of |
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| 168:54 | women usually don't miss the points. , you know, uh I think |
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| 168:59 | of these guys in here are pretty and they could, could help and |
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| 169:02 | to. So, uh, uh I'm, I'm just sitting here |
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| 169:06 | who's taken the most notes. And so anyway, uh it'll work that |
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| 169:13 | but then the, the test will uh the Wednesday before you start with |
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| 169:18 | Copeland. No, it's be the is the way it is scheduled. |
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| 169:21 | already contacted me and wants to do uh a little bit earlier in the |
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| 169:27 | so that uh it fits their international and I'm happy to do that. |
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| 169:32 | , anybody that takes it separately ahead time is no threat to the, |
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| 169:36 | curve. Uh Because if you do ahead of time, you're only uh |
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| 169:41 | your own throat. If you, if you share the, the questions |
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| 169:46 | somebody else, it's a, it's no win for you. So, |
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| 169:52 | anyway, um that's how I like do uh tests that are different and |
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| 169:57 | afterwards. But before everybody else, you do it afterwards, I kind |
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| 170:00 | have to make up a whole new and I will send you out the |
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| 170:04 | guide, either Monday or Tuesday for final test. So you have |
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| 170:09 | I think the study guide will help focus on the lecture too. |
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| 170:14 | you won't, you won't have to until I say this is important. |
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| 170:18 | , you'll, you'll see that it's that I want you to know. |
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| 170:21 | is a lot on the study Uh, but uh it'll keep you |
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| 170:26 | , uh wasting too much time on of the things that, you |
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| 170:31 | there's a lot of base material that me explain the key points to |
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| 170:35 | This will, the study guide helps see what the key points are. |
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| 170:43 | ? Any other questions? OK. that? I guess we'll, |
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| 170:52 | we will, I like to, |
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