| 00:00 | Yeah. Yeah. Most potent thing do you see up here, it |
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| 00:04 | pull closed. It's gotta be open you guys have a question. So |
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| 00:08 | usually forget to do that. So are three things. OK? Let's |
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| 00:14 | some volume here. Testing, testing hear me. OK, welcome. |
|
| 00:25 | I can see is George Washington staring in the face right now. The |
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| 00:30 | gonna replace that with uh maybe a of uh Louis Pasteur or something. |
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| 00:37 | , y'all know who Louis Pastor OK? All right. So uh |
|
| 00:44 | , usual stuff. This is class with one of these first slide, |
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| 00:49 | ? Uh Remind you of stuff. really nothing uh nothing uh assignment wise |
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| 00:57 | coming up uh soon, right? the first quiz of these quizzes is |
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| 01:04 | opens next uh Friday through Monday. The first smart work assignment is not |
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| 01:11 | until September 4th, I believe Uh So nothing this week, |
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| 01:18 | we just started, right? um but I'm sure some people may |
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| 01:24 | added this course in the last day today. OK? If that's |
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| 01:28 | you won't have access for a day two. But everything's on campus. |
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| 01:34 | . So if you can just uh you'll have access to everything. |
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| 01:38 | Remember that uh everything you're seeing here hearing is recorded. OK? |
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| 01:45 | and I put up the uh mod right in canvas called um lab. |
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| 01:52 | no le lecture lecture videos, Just go in there, click on |
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| 01:55 | link and it takes you to uh , that site you go to is |
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| 02:00 | video points. OK? And so the ones that do the indexing of |
|
| 02:04 | lectures. So you can make it for you to just see the stuff |
|
| 02:08 | want to see whether through keyword search whatever, right? So, and |
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| 02:13 | you'll have the whole list of recorded as they, um, increase throughout |
|
| 02:20 | semester, right? So, what else? So we got |
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| 02:27 | clickers, right? So I was in thinking that you could just bring |
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| 02:31 | clicker that's even unregistered or not have subscription. They can just use an |
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| 02:36 | to select ABC or. So I that out. So, but if |
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| 02:41 | do have it and you bring um, and I say clickers, |
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| 02:45 | , I reminds me, does is anybody in here using the old |
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| 02:50 | handheld clicker? Ok. Well, good because that's the only reason I |
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| 02:57 | in this little deal here on my . It's a receiver for people that |
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| 03:02 | these. Maybe I don't have to that. But everybody got the app |
|
| 03:05 | makes more sense. So, um , so when I say, I |
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| 03:09 | the mobile app obviously, so uh register it and new subscription if you |
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| 03:16 | to um again, use Canvas as portal for that, right? Uh |
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| 03:24 | a, there's a registration link for Solutions. OK? Uh We're gonna |
|
| 03:29 | , we got a bunch of questions . Nothing counts, nothing counts at |
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| 03:32 | . So if you don't have it , that's fine. Uh But uh |
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| 03:36 | will have some questions. So um . If you see entry user |
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| 03:41 | ignore and this is these in any I'm giving you about come straight from |
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| 03:47 | uh clicker. Ok. So I not uh this is what they're telling |
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| 03:52 | . So just ignore entry user Ok. So I will upload if |
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| 03:57 | are. If you got a add the subscription mobile app, I |
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| 04:04 | upload points tomorrow so that those of that have can rest assured. |
|
| 04:09 | Ok, everything's working fine, So, uh on the 31st or |
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| 04:16 | the points for the 31st are posted will all be gotten rid of. |
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| 04:20 | doesn't count for anything. It is for you to feel confident that |
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| 04:25 | your app is working. You can your point. That's really the purpose |
|
| 04:29 | this. Ok. Until until the . Ok. Uh What else? |
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| 04:34 | options? So, uh I was an email uh yesterday, I think |
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| 04:39 | a long list of tutoring stuff. , resources. Um I will just |
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| 04:46 | that in an email. So I um like I said, I email |
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| 04:49 | all twice a week. So tomorrow be that second email I'll send |
|
| 04:52 | it'll contain all that information. So if you're interested in that, |
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| 04:56 | can access it, then there's a of stuff there. So, um |
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| 05:01 | there's some career center I was told this as well. So it's, |
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| 05:06 | think relatively new may have begun last . Uh There's a on access. |
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| 05:11 | There's a little icon thingy for higher . Uh So six is a career |
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| 05:19 | and there's a slide they gave I'll post that on canvas as |
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| 05:23 | So definitely something to keep in mind I know. Um Let me say |
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| 05:31 | 400 people enrolled, I'll roughly say plus are want to become doctors, |
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| 05:42 | , optometrists, et cetera. You to be a to be down, |
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| 05:51 | ? But you're not all gonna get . I, I'm trying to be |
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| 05:55 | A O correct point. I'm saying is what I'm saying. That is |
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| 06:00 | gotta have a plan BC and OK. Yes, I'm not saying |
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| 06:06 | pursue your dreams. OK? But gotta do so realistically. OK? |
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| 06:14 | you know, it, it, just the numbers, you know, |
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| 06:17 | don't know if it's something like less 5% they're gonna get into, you |
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| 06:21 | to become professional school. So you have backup plans. All right. |
|
| 06:26 | what are your backup plans? you can work in the industry, |
|
| 06:31 | . Biotech company or something. But research isn't for anybody. |
|
| 06:35 | some people just can't stand to be the lab all day doing stuff. |
|
| 06:38 | . So, you gotta figure these out sooner rather than later. |
|
| 06:42 | I don't take what you're, I take a lab that, you |
|
| 06:44 | the labs you're doing in, on , like, aren't, aren't the |
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| 06:48 | of what you'd be doing in right? Because I worked in the |
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| 06:51 | for 12 years before coming here. take the lab, you're taking care |
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| 06:56 | the Great Salt in terms of, , this is the experience to be |
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| 06:59 | the real world um when you get for one. OK. But um |
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| 07:07 | beyond that, it is different. ? But you have to figure out |
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| 07:10 | you like doing that on a day , right? For, for |
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| 07:14 | right? What else can you Well, you can be uh if |
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| 07:18 | have kind of a business marketing bent you, you can uh yeah, |
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| 07:24 | the lab industry supported by vendors, ? That sell everything right? From |
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| 07:32 | , pipe pits, consumables sector, ? So you can be a sand |
|
| 07:37 | is an option. I'm just giving some examples. OK. So the |
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| 07:41 | is have think uh think about it , ABC and D options. |
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| 07:47 | So um and if you think research be your thing, get an |
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| 07:54 | right? See if you really do it working in a lab. Like |
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| 07:58 | is gonna be a much more realistic than the labs you take for a |
|
| 08:02 | , right? Go into some professor's and, and do that and then |
|
| 08:06 | see if you like it or Ok. So anyway, uh but |
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| 08:10 | uh career fair will give you those options as well in terms of internships |
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| 08:15 | things like that. Ok. So last thing uh I'm assuming one or |
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| 08:22 | of us have been involved in a where this has happened, right? |
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| 08:28 | been experiencing a cop? Ok. this semester. Holy cow. |
|
| 08:34 | So I'm, I'm assuming most of are familiar. So um what will |
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| 08:39 | is one or one or two or who will come up here and do |
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| 08:46 | for tiktok, right? Is that's what it is, right? |
|
| 08:48 | they do some kind of goofy So um if it happens, you |
|
| 08:54 | , for you, I'd say boo something like that. Um I can't |
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| 09:01 | to physical violence but so all I do is say please leave and I |
|
| 09:08 | uh police, ok. You can uh police as well. Probably listen |
|
| 09:12 | you rather than more than it was me. So um you and, |
|
| 09:17 | , and this, and this um auto term one, we're in auto |
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| 09:22 | two, these are prime targets. is where these mostly happen uh in |
|
| 09:28 | 100 there's another one in the big, big classrooms is where this |
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| 09:32 | happen. Ok. So anyway, like you said, we already started |
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| 09:36 | one of these, I guess, this week. So it could |
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| 09:41 | All right. So we just to with it. Ok. Um All |
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| 09:47 | . Any questions before we get All right. So, uh |
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| 09:53 | ok. So the slides, uh posted all the slides from number |
|
| 09:57 | So chapter. So for 1, 13, 14, 5 and 22 |
|
| 10:07 | ? So five and 22 are super um five, more than 22. |
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| 10:14 | but 22 is only covering a couple sections out of that. Chapter 13 |
|
| 10:19 | 14. There are more, there most of those chapters. Uh chapter |
|
| 10:24 | , most of most of one, can always just print out the uh |
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| 10:29 | review sheet, right? And just that value while you're reading the book |
|
| 10:33 | make sure it's sticking with what's on review sheet topics, right? And |
|
| 10:38 | reading stuff that I'm not even Ok. So, and all these |
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| 10:42 | start with like uh learning objectives. kind of convinced them here because I'm |
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| 10:46 | gonna go through each one blow by . You can look at these, |
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| 10:50 | of course, it's a gold free . But what, you know, |
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| 10:53 | chapter one every microbe course starts with . It's, it's, here's what |
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| 11:00 | are, right? And so here's they do, here's what they're |
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| 11:04 | Ok. And all the kind of stuff and we'll go as the rest |
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| 11:08 | the semester, um of course, back to some of these things. |
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| 11:13 | so the other point I make is this will be interspersed with questions |
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| 11:19 | There may be some different, different I throw in that you may not |
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| 11:24 | directly part of the lecture notes, don't worry about it. Ok. |
|
| 11:30 | is not changing. I'm just trying , my job is the content doesn't |
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| 11:35 | change that much from semester to but it's my job to go |
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| 11:40 | you gotta be and present, spruce up for you and hopefully we don't |
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| 11:47 | asleep. Ok. So, uh that's my job. So I sort |
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| 11:52 | try to do that and then I about stuff and go can you try |
|
| 11:56 | this time and, and whatever, the content is not changing. It's |
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| 12:00 | how I presented it. But regardless you see up there will be available |
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| 12:05 | you, right? I typically call like extra slides or something like |
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| 12:08 | If you want to see them, have it posted. But again, |
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| 12:11 | not gonna change the core content that's in the election. OK. So |
|
| 12:16 | see something different, don't reach OK. So, um so like |
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| 12:20 | said in this chapter, we're basically , what microbes, what are they |
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| 12:26 | uh some of the players uh involved uh my, my don't worry about |
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| 12:33 | and stuff. I'm not gonna ask what, what date did you pass |
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| 12:39 | discover the theory of, of OK. Germ theory. Excuse |
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| 12:45 | No, I not gonna ask. silly. I'm not gonna ask date |
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| 12:49 | . So don't worry about that. . I may ask, make reference |
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| 12:52 | certain scientists. OK. Uh but um I don't have one list |
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| 12:59 | Yeah. So, so let's start a super easy basic question, |
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| 13:05 | So unlike most fields, says biology much his Oh yeah, what's that |
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| 13:18 | gonna be? Went through that You go wow, you see that |
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| 13:23 | of that and you walk and you be a micro for the most part |
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| 13:29 | . And so the microscope right? microbiologist, OK? From something very |
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| 13:36 | looking that we first started with that's labels microscope, two modern microscope we |
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| 13:42 | in lab electron microscope um force Um That is relatively last 10 |
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| 13:50 | You are making a probe, you put a probe in a solution, |
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| 13:54 | actually see molecules and stuff with so cool. And there's other, there's |
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| 14:01 | state contrast and con and bla bla so lots of different developments of microscope |
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| 14:06 | the past 20 years. OK. just the what I call the modern |
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| 14:11 | , OK. And really the advancements the microscope and the technology from way |
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| 14:17 | in the 16 hundreds to now, from the 1500 the early 20th |
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| 14:23 | That influenced how we look at them rather how we group them, what |
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| 14:28 | call different types. Identification has changed , in terms of how we've improved |
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| 14:33 | microscopy. OK. So the first of this, um uh so there's |
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| 14:38 | be some historical stuff obviously and with all micro called um and uh but |
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| 14:49 | before then, unknowingly, right, used microbes, beer, wine, |
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| 15:01 | cheese bread, uh lots of right. Of course, they, |
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| 15:05 | didn't know what was doing causing this occur, right? We of |
|
| 15:09 | know microbes, various types. Um uh the um obviously the the ones |
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| 15:18 | get the most attention, I the microbial world, those that cause |
|
| 15:22 | , right? And kind of local you see or, or news microbes |
|
| 15:28 | times of 100 back, right? if, if I park anything, |
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| 15:35 | right at the end you come out saying, OK. Wow. All |
|
| 15:39 | . I know we got these 100 they're mining compared to the ones that |
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| 15:46 | good girls, right? And, that is really is, you |
|
| 15:50 | a big disparity, many more are for us. We rely on them |
|
| 15:54 | our own survival. OK? But it's had the bad ones that seem |
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| 16:00 | be an impact. Millions killed um COVID-19 million, more than a |
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| 16:06 | died from that. So obviously, are there are they uh some of |
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| 16:11 | have very negative impact. So, so we use microbes throughout the, |
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| 16:17 | know, the last 200 years, years, um models for study, |
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| 16:24 | different processes. That's how we figured , you know, the, the |
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| 16:28 | do, right? I mean, RN a um protein synthesis and how |
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| 16:34 | works uh gene expression and meanings of . Um DNA technology, being able |
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| 16:41 | mix and match genes and put them . This is all in microbial |
|
| 16:47 | OK? Particularly bacterial and viral OK. So, um uh and |
|
| 16:54 | , right, we'll talk more about next time. Uh is, is |
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| 17:00 | as I said before, our life on it and then I'll hopefully be |
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| 17:04 | to show you why that is So uh if you haven't just |
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| 17:08 | I am pro bacteria. OK. , and that's most of us, |
|
| 17:14 | may have said this last time, most of the um our focus in |
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| 17:18 | is bacteria, archaea virus. Bio because you get, you get |
|
| 17:27 | new periodic systems in your other bio , right? So here you kind |
|
| 17:30 | get the exposure to what parrots are about. Um So in terms of |
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| 17:36 | and Van Lew Hoek, really the there is is in terms of um |
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| 17:45 | hook, was looking at tissues, ? Of various types of animals and |
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| 17:50 | , et cetera. OK. So at these under a microscope, |
|
| 17:55 | Um Man actually was looking at So OK. And so he was |
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| 18:03 | to do that with this really primitive you see there. And um |
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| 18:09 | and I don't know uh anything about grinding, you know, make the |
|
| 18:14 | for, for microscopes or glasses or have you. But apparently with a |
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| 18:19 | at this, you could get something uh I think 300 nearly 300 with |
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| 18:27 | , with that device remarkable to Uh But I see bacteria. |
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| 18:33 | So, and he's also very secretive it. He didn't let the people |
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| 18:36 | how he did this but uh eventually figured out. But nonetheless, so |
|
| 18:41 | kind of kicks off then the whole er, of microbiology. Um Here's |
|
| 18:47 | question. Let me go open. right. And so here, let |
|
| 18:51 | pause that for a second while you , OK, I want to read |
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| 18:56 | those. So um we'll learn, this hundreds, right? Um |
|
| 19:10 | you uh put some pond water, ? The pond water, you can't |
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| 19:14 | anything in it, but you give some, then you're gonna match up |
|
| 19:18 | your hold down what that would do somebody seeing for the first time, |
|
| 19:27 | know, again, it 1600 You think something that the devil made |
|
| 19:30 | ? And it's like, oh my , what is this? Right? |
|
| 19:33 | that led, led us down the for a while in terms of the |
|
| 19:36 | where they, where do they come ? Right. So, um all |
|
| 19:41 | . So here uh let me turn on. So, uh this kind |
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| 19:48 | relates to kind of the power of microbes in our environment. |
|
| 19:55 | So I'm gonna guess always guess what answer on these. I'm gonna say |
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| 20:06 | say that it's 90%. OK. see if I'm right. Yeah, |
|
| 20:21 | than 90% but the majority for OK. So yeah, none of |
|
| 20:25 | are free. OK. So um , you, you always give that |
|
| 20:31 | associated with the micro found everywhere. it's not that they're prescriptive, they're |
|
| 20:37 | . OK? Uh The microbes that on you in and out outnumber your |
|
| 20:43 | self by about 10, 10 to , right? So you, you'll |
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| 20:48 | more. Oh the microbe in your cells, right? The microbiome and |
|
| 20:55 | very microbes supply uh 50 to 80% the earth when you think of uh |
|
| 21:04 | um bacterial photosynthetic pipes, right? of action in our atmosphere. |
|
| 21:15 | Um Micros convert uh more than like convert 90% of nitrogen from earth's atmosphere |
|
| 21:26 | usual forms, right? And that's of the main, obviously, both |
|
| 21:30 | these ce V are important in the of these chemicals they produce the option |
|
| 21:35 | breed, right? So um and of the molecules that contain nitrogen in |
|
| 21:42 | DNA proteins, right? And all uh is one of those forms that's |
|
| 21:48 | scarce on the environment, they're pretty . So you don't really see excesses |
|
| 21:53 | it. OK? But as is the case, man, woman, |
|
| 22:00 | come in and affect the balance. . That's where you can be very |
|
| 22:08 | . Ok? In a number of ways. Uh we'll talk about that |
|
| 22:12 | but um the point is um right? Are wonderful. Things are |
|
| 22:18 | crops that we uh some water, ? And they're good to go. |
|
| 22:25 | . But what they can't do is their own uh in nitrogen phosphorus is |
|
| 22:31 | they need as well. So you on those minerals in the soil. |
|
| 22:36 | are what are the primary drivers of these elephants? Right? So without |
|
| 22:43 | , you only have your plants without . Those of us that are, |
|
| 22:46 | , are strict carnivore, but don't meat. But you're out of love |
|
| 22:51 | because the, the, the meat eat is eating that plan, |
|
| 22:56 | So it all connects. OK. , um and lastly f right. |
|
| 23:04 | , no, we have only maybe point. There are ways to figure |
|
| 23:11 | what's out there without having to culture . OK? And we'll discuss that |
|
| 23:17 | a little bit. OK. So we're gonna get kind of get into |
|
| 23:20 | definition of what a microbe is. right. So let's take a look |
|
| 23:23 | this one. OK. So what consider a microbe? OK. These |
|
| 23:28 | here, uh sea monkeys already heard sea monkeys. That was a |
|
| 23:38 | So sea monkeys, um I didn't they were, I mean, I |
|
| 23:43 | those when I was a kid back a comic book and buy these things |
|
| 23:46 | look for like a buck, See, like who, you |
|
| 23:49 | have some of those so that the , right? All they are |
|
| 23:56 | right? Li shrimp. They like tiny. Ok. Um, the |
|
| 24:01 | and they're still making these things. the guy is like a millionaire a |
|
| 24:04 | times over from selling Brian shrimp, monkeys. So, uh, so |
|
| 24:10 | where you buy and marketing, Can come into play, right? |
|
| 24:12 | rich. Um OK. And ok. Um H is all the |
|
| 24:50 | ? Ok. So we have to into this. Ok. If you |
|
| 24:55 | uh a you are correct. Monkey pox is the microbe in this |
|
| 25:01 | . OK. So we'll go through there's, there's because you have to |
|
| 25:05 | that in biology, right? Uh everything fits necessarily in its own little |
|
| 25:14 | , right? There's always gonna be rare. OK. And the definition |
|
| 25:21 | what's a microbe can create that? . So we'll, we'll go through |
|
| 25:27 | , right? So generally, uh obvious things, right? Oh, |
|
| 25:31 | look at this one. I forgot had this in here. Let's look |
|
| 25:33 | this one too. OK. um, microscopic. So you have |
|
| 25:40 | sample under a microscope, it's a right over shaped one by 10 |
|
| 25:45 | no discernible organelles. So what is most likely to be? Yeah. |
|
| 26:01 | if you have a sample from environmental from MARS that maybe something you, |
|
| 26:06 | think about hm. OK. I'm count down here. I'm seven. |
|
| 26:20 | . Remember we stay some count. you want to see if you get |
|
| 26:23 | points uploaded? All right. So if you answered G who are the |
|
| 26:35 | ? Yeah, I turn A so is correct answer. OK. So |
|
| 26:39 | is the kind of the size realm , of pro Caros. That's what |
|
| 26:46 | and archaea are pro caros. So um so obvious things like what |
|
| 26:52 | requires a microscope to be a cure I have a no brainer there. |
|
| 26:57 | ? Uh Usually it's an entity that's so the numbers, it's a micro |
|
| 27:10 | and uh replicate within this environment, energy um and survive that way. |
|
| 27:18 | ? We don't call things like the skin tissue, right? Or your |
|
| 27:24 | tissue cells that make up your own . We don't refer to those as |
|
| 27:27 | , right? Because they're part of larger agency, they can on their |
|
| 27:32 | outside the box, right? So that reason, but there's an exception |
|
| 27:38 | that as well, right? Which why this is asterisk and that's |
|
| 27:43 | right? So viruses, we do microbes, you know, electron microscopes |
|
| 27:49 | , right? But you have particular of living, so to speak. |
|
| 27:56 | . Uh We'll talk about that in second. So even with the definition |
|
| 28:01 | what I'm calling a microbe sailor right? Lives can live survive on |
|
| 28:05 | own that um have um certain arrangements themselves and where to go like, |
|
| 28:15 | the coccus micrococcus and clusters. Um the, the species itself is still |
|
| 28:22 | micro. OK. Um And it be other arrangements of these cells as |
|
| 28:27 | . OK. But you should, know, be familiar with the size |
|
| 28:32 | here. OK. Uh, pros and materials. I just generally |
|
| 28:38 | pretty, this again, there's always be some variations, there are pros |
|
| 28:43 | can be under a micron in There's a few, right? So |
|
| 28:48 | just gonna have some outliers in each , but for the most part, |
|
| 28:52 | good, pretty good range of OK. Um Now is there, |
|
| 28:58 | you have a, could you have microbe that's um smaller state than 10 |
|
| 29:10 | ? Do you have something smaller than ? You could say no is, |
|
| 29:22 | let's say 10 I I'm sorry, bad. I meant to say 10 |
|
| 29:33 | , sorry, not my me, Na Na later. Yes. So |
|
| 29:46 | 10 narrow it. Yes. You we just look at the uh we're |
|
| 30:00 | nanometers right here, right? Should 10 nanometers. Boy, I don't |
|
| 30:07 | you couldn't be a um I think be a car cell because look at |
|
| 30:12 | structures of a mitochondria or chloroplast. things are gonna be bigger than that |
|
| 30:16 | size, right? Um uh RBIs actually are borderline, they're probably only |
|
| 30:25 | . So you have to be able fit the essential, the same half |
|
| 30:30 | a cell that size there is gonna a, OK. Uh In terms |
|
| 30:34 | what can fit in it, Because you have to have the |
|
| 30:37 | right? Chromosome, uh um bio cetera. So that some of these |
|
| 30:44 | structures are, are too big to in something that size. So they |
|
| 30:48 | , there can certainly be a lower . OK. All right. They're |
|
| 30:53 | heavy on questions at the beginning OK. So, uh which is |
|
| 31:00 | regarding microbial types. OK. So get algae, bacteria virus or key |
|
| 31:05 | proto when you carry, right? these are the, the micro uh |
|
| 31:11 | most time on. But uh you know what the other types are. |
|
| 31:21 | , so terminology doesn't throw you right . Like this is one term we'll |
|
| 31:29 | about a lot like hitter troph. is that? OK. Um The |
|
| 31:36 | , I think we know what that . Yeah. So um let's |
|
| 31:51 | Mhm OK. All right. Let's down. I had to read it |
|
| 32:01 | to make sure I knew the answer . 10,010. All right. 1 |
|
| 32:28 | G. All right. So what the two that are true? B |
|
| 32:36 | B and F? Yeah. all right. Um So what, |
|
| 32:48 | ? Yes, thank you. Uh I've been teaching it for so |
|
| 32:53 | . Hetero auto thing is something that have to keep growing in the |
|
| 32:58 | OK? Especially when we get the , right? 13 and 14. |
|
| 33:02 | you are heter trope, you're hetro , why do you close off the |
|
| 33:06 | of you eat? What? so it's not in terms of, |
|
| 33:19 | , nothing for them, for Why are you? Yeah, you |
|
| 33:31 | like. So what's, what's the do you sound like? Was the |
|
| 33:38 | of the anglo across the park? two, you're out of choice. |
|
| 33:58 | more complex. Sugar, fat That's what you eat, you. |
|
| 34:06 | . So, um, we'll come to that time and again in the |
|
| 34:10 | , in 13 and 14. So, um anyway, so, |
|
| 34:15 | , b and uh for the only choices here, OK. So you |
|
| 34:20 | basically phototropic. All right. So two protozoans are heterotrophic. Um uh |
|
| 34:28 | carry out uh archaea are found in habitats, typically, not always, |
|
| 34:36 | let's just kind of look at some these different groups. OK. |
|
| 34:40 | uh we can kind of classify in of cellular versus a sailor, a |
|
| 34:44 | , of course, are viruses and don't consider themselves. OK. Um |
|
| 34:51 | , among the CYO types, these groups, OK. The bacteria here |
|
| 34:57 | then among the ace type um All right. So I'm gonna, |
|
| 35:05 | need some fun and mushrooms, Uh these certain modes. Um And |
|
| 35:16 | um OK. Here is the I think we have basic Rios, |
|
| 35:22 | ? So you should know that um might lack of organelles and proo pros |
|
| 35:29 | have one single circular chromosome. UO mostly in your multiple chromosomes. Um |
|
| 35:37 | , uh, is very diverse in of metabolism. Ok. Um We'll |
|
| 35:42 | into that, uh, classified as . OK. But not all of |
|
| 35:51 | sit that. Well, you have in your, in your gut. |
|
| 35:55 | . But a lot of them do , are, seem to inhabit these |
|
| 35:59 | different extremes of temperature and ph and . Ok. So, among a |
|
| 36:04 | , so you have viruses, we have entities called viro and prime. |
|
| 36:09 | talk about those later. But these basically um thyroids are just rnarn A |
|
| 36:18 | the unit, the is protein, a protein. That's it, it's |
|
| 36:23 | very, very basic structure. All . So viruses are a little more |
|
| 36:29 | . OK? Um And so let see here. OK? So the |
|
| 36:34 | is basically a little sack carro protein contains a genome but not a whole |
|
| 36:41 | else. OK. So um arch we can, you can take all |
|
| 36:48 | archaea and pretty much put them in , in three groups, right? |
|
| 36:53 | we got the and he, he so, right? So the temperature |
|
| 37:03 | ? From a and super extreme the hybrid cloud, right? Some grow |
|
| 37:10 | boiling water um fan, right? talk and we'll talk about these, |
|
| 37:16 | three groups in different contexts in this , about when we talk about they |
|
| 37:22 | unique uh membrane and stable or high advantage if you talk about in the |
|
| 37:32 | of those sort of treatment. And a couple of other areas. Um |
|
| 37:37 | you can also combine um featured by , I mean to be a fan |
|
| 37:44 | and the. So you can be the and also be a the |
|
| 37:50 | So you, you have these combinations different uh are talking about in the |
|
| 37:56 | of photosynthesis. They have a unique of photosynthesis, different way different from |
|
| 38:02 | type of OK. So they can very high salt. You see them |
|
| 38:07 | the there's naturally occurring bodies of water are very salty. The red |
|
| 38:12 | red salt lake, obviously. But um the uh uh when, when |
|
| 38:20 | use seawater for they manufacture salt. they have shallow pools of seawater that |
|
| 38:25 | get very uh concentrated and you'll see often growing here. They have like |
|
| 38:31 | , a purple appearance. So it's obvious you're going to buy your |
|
| 38:36 | And so um viruses, right? we call it the aid sailor. |
|
| 38:43 | talk more about viruses in uh few yet. But um they on that |
|
| 38:52 | though, is it living? Is not? OK. So what's the |
|
| 38:57 | that they are? Mhm Thinking about terms of what discouraging violence that |
|
| 39:13 | What's the, what's the environment for ? Mhm You know, in the |
|
| 39:20 | the environment that cell, they host for most of their, so |
|
| 39:27 | their environment is cell, then you say OK, it's not this, |
|
| 39:32 | worth reproducing but you, but outside that environment, it's not Ok, |
|
| 39:39 | not reproducing. Ok. So, it really alive? Yeah. I |
|
| 39:45 | , I'm sure on that door handle there as far as the virus is |
|
| 39:49 | on there. Ok. Um, know how, how long they stay |
|
| 39:55 | ? Right. And by alive, mean, is just gonna be sitting |
|
| 40:00 | and the door handle now when you it and will that virus can be |
|
| 40:06 | to, uh, migrate to your , its specific host cell and |
|
| 40:12 | Then, yeah, it's, it's like suspended animation, right? Until |
|
| 40:18 | finds its host, then it quote alive, right? So it's kind |
|
| 40:21 | the nature of a virus. And viruses have various um oh, |
|
| 40:29 | that they're viable and may be able still infect it to, but it's |
|
| 40:35 | outside of the house. Um I COVID has been said so much. |
|
| 40:39 | think he can survive on a countertop weeks, I think. Right? |
|
| 40:45 | If you, of course, you , you can hang out in the |
|
| 40:49 | . So viruses vary depending on their of, of uh whether so typically |
|
| 40:54 | like uh HIV and those that cause S those are more susceptible to drying |
|
| 41:01 | and not surviving outside their host. are more robust. It just |
|
| 41:06 | Ok. But again, when they're the host, it's like you can |
|
| 41:10 | do anything but they still be, fact. So, but they are |
|
| 41:16 | , we still call them microbes. . All right. So here we |
|
| 41:21 | in kind of some variations, So you kind of just Oh |
|
| 41:33 | And so definition of microbes are OK? You can have what we |
|
| 41:38 | super size cells, right? Thom . OK. Um That's that, |
|
| 41:45 | , that's a bacterial cell. They just grow, they, they |
|
| 41:49 | up with gas, OK? Um if you're gonna identify it, you |
|
| 41:55 | still be looking in. So you this but the resource for really all |
|
| 42:01 | Caros, the book you go to see what have I got. |
|
| 42:05 | is called man, right? And contains the whole all the known. |
|
| 42:14 | because this is still for micro, this variation right? On the bacterial |
|
| 42:22 | you like, it's just, it's this, I think she just said |
|
| 42:28 | . Oh, so that's a, is actually a single cell OK? |
|
| 42:35 | , right? We call them see sometimes. OK? And how we |
|
| 42:42 | the fills up with cytoplasm, And it's full of nuclei if you |
|
| 42:46 | even know this full of nuclei, ? If you burst a bubble and |
|
| 42:50 | nuclei will pop out and then they to form individual more bubble, |
|
| 42:56 | Apparently it's a, it's a, a, it's a nuisance that those |
|
| 43:00 | have aquarium type of deal with. . So I guess it's like don't |
|
| 43:04 | the bubble, right? Let you it. All right. But um |
|
| 43:08 | again, example of something that's, don't need a microscope to see |
|
| 43:11 | OK. But for other algae you do. OK. Um I'll come |
|
| 43:16 | to probably buy a margarita in a . So, uh communities, |
|
| 43:23 | Uh If you have microscopic, but congregate aggregate together it can be such |
|
| 43:33 | large assemblage of microbes and there's so , it just becomes visible to make |
|
| 43:38 | out, right? A colony on plate, a biofilm. OK. |
|
| 43:44 | The biofilm itself is not, it's up of my call me out of |
|
| 43:51 | , not in microbe, but it's up of, right? So it's |
|
| 43:54 | of that um think of it that . OK. And I already mentioned |
|
| 43:59 | cells that are in tissues, Like a a muzzle cell isn't the |
|
| 44:04 | , OK? It's part of a , OK? Tissues, tissues, |
|
| 44:09 | , right? Uh micro animals, ? The sea monkeys, right? |
|
| 44:13 | are actually the brine shrimp and when uh put them under the right |
|
| 44:18 | the eggs hatch and it'll be right you see the microscope, but it's |
|
| 44:23 | a multicellular organism just like these things water bears. OK. So uh |
|
| 44:31 | , not microbes. So, so but you know, so just be |
|
| 44:37 | of, of the difference. Um Let me just show you, |
|
| 44:44 | want to show you just for information . OK? Uh Very interesting because |
|
| 44:49 | you look at Margarita, here's a organism, right? And here's a |
|
| 44:54 | section of it, right? So a cell, right? Micro |
|
| 45:01 | micro cell you know, of any living thing depends on these molecules |
|
| 45:09 | do stuff. Right? And with proteins, right? So, uh |
|
| 45:18 | are made in the cell, they do their thing and because they diffuse |
|
| 45:23 | the cell, so the cell all right. But if you're a |
|
| 45:28 | huge cell, you can't rely simply making proteins here, they'll refuse and |
|
| 45:34 | whole is they will function. what do you do if you're a |
|
| 45:39 | cell like this when it does, actually has it's, it's chromosome and |
|
| 45:47 | multiple copies of it. All And the copies are housed in these |
|
| 45:53 | here throughout the whole length of the . So that's so you get a |
|
| 45:57 | synthesis occurring all along the cell, ? So the whole, then the |
|
| 46:03 | cells happy, right? Because you rely on something the to supply all |
|
| 46:08 | uh because it's so big. But we have the like this, then |
|
| 46:12 | works right? For a big OK. I thought that was |
|
| 46:16 | So anyway, what this guy does a preview to metabolism coming up in |
|
| 46:20 | little bit is um this guy uses two S and hydron sulfide oxidizes it |
|
| 46:30 | sulfur elemental sulfur at the same So as it does this, this |
|
| 46:36 | becoming oxidized. That means what's being begins with an E electrons, |
|
| 46:46 | So electrons and then these go to nitrate reduction to night trite. |
|
| 46:57 | And so this is the way it right in our system. You will |
|
| 47:04 | replaced by what we're gonna have for today and we're gonna have for lunch |
|
| 47:13 | , you know? Oh, what sandwich? So the sandwich take the |
|
| 47:18 | of H two S, right. ? You need to break it down |
|
| 47:22 | electrons from it. All right. . But uh you're gonna use that |
|
| 47:30 | source. You eat as electrons and you follow it too to what, |
|
| 47:37 | takes the place of hno three in system? Hello? Oxygen, |
|
| 47:45 | So yeah, so you breathe right? And then in your system |
|
| 47:49 | takes electrons formed water, right? this guy breaths they know three, |
|
| 47:54 | ? Anaerobic, right? That what do, there's more aros on this |
|
| 48:00 | than there are arrows by far. . This is one way to do |
|
| 48:04 | . And that's that. So this thing fills up. Oops that's not |
|
| 48:09 | , fills up at nitrate. That's reason why it's so big and it |
|
| 48:12 | three fills up with the gas and can use it as a like a |
|
| 48:18 | tank, right? Super tank. it's back is a scuba tank full |
|
| 48:23 | nitrate. So you use that to and survive, right? And so |
|
| 48:28 | see how elemental sulfur accumulates um sulfur Granules, I covered it up |
|
| 48:37 | here. So that's the byproduct of oxidation. OK? So I'm not |
|
| 48:44 | set you a vial Margarita metabolism, ? But we're gonna visit, obviously |
|
| 48:48 | these concepts, right? And 10 to 14. OK. So |
|
| 48:57 | . Don't, don't be scared. right, I'm gonna try to make |
|
| 49:01 | palatable. OK. Um The point there's lots of, there's more things |
|
| 49:06 | metabolize this way than, than metabolize us to be honest. OK. |
|
| 49:11 | uh we're not unique. Um So my, like my, |
|
| 49:24 | So you, you were exposed to back in fifth or sixth grade, |
|
| 49:32 | would assume, right? And taxonomy how we group organisms and whatnot. |
|
| 49:38 | so with microbes, it can be little bit complicated, particularly with back |
|
| 49:42 | pro Caros because they don't reproduce right? A big portion of, |
|
| 49:48 | know, species, species are defined uh essentially production is often a part |
|
| 49:56 | the definition of a species, But that doesn't happen with bacteria. |
|
| 50:02 | OK. So you rely on, had to rely on for the longest |
|
| 50:08 | . What are their features? What the metabolic features? What can they |
|
| 50:12 | , what they produce these kind of , these kind of similarities and |
|
| 50:16 | OK. And of course DNA, discovering DNA and then being able to |
|
| 50:21 | and manipulate, study DNA in the or sixties, seventies. And then |
|
| 50:27 | use that as the standard figuring out between organisms. OK. How similar |
|
| 50:34 | their DNA? OK. Especially since been able to come out with sequencing |
|
| 50:39 | rather quickly these days and especially among , bacteria particular, you have small |
|
| 50:46 | , you can do this relatively, quickly. Ok. So, um |
|
| 50:51 | looking at DNA similarities to classified organisms so historically, OK. And you |
|
| 50:57 | , 1600 um and for anything, could be classified as a plant or |
|
| 51:05 | animal, that's what people could see and animals or actually another category that |
|
| 51:10 | more like rocks and things like that in, right? So, um |
|
| 51:14 | was like if it was like like they put it in that |
|
| 51:17 | but mostly everything was plants or right? And so fungi, fungi |
|
| 51:22 | also in the plant kingdom, So then in terms of the |
|
| 51:27 | right? Uh eight mid 18 when all microbes were located that the |
|
| 51:36 | blasted through, I was studying It was still an era. |
|
| 51:42 | And I didn't study microbiology in 18 . That was early eighties. |
|
| 51:48 | So um the uh uh so advancements in micro what new drives? |
|
| 51:57 | . And so within about 40 50 later, then they looked at one |
|
| 52:06 | and go OK. There's these two cell types, caros and E |
|
| 52:12 | OK. So what would at that that that instruments would have been |
|
| 52:24 | Which one, which kind of microscope microscope is what is developed in the |
|
| 52:32 | ? So there, of course, that thing, you could, you |
|
| 52:36 | see a nucleus, you could see organ else you could see that these |
|
| 52:41 | two very different cell types, And so now we have to |
|
| 52:45 | Um, and so basically this group with the name. Uh, so |
|
| 52:54 | name was retained the EOS in Moro was put out are Kingdom. |
|
| 53:02 | So, cos then, so the stuck with those that were the other |
|
| 53:09 | . That's so, um, then in the sixties, he used to |
|
| 53:14 | and pulled out a fun guy. realize they're not plants, if anything |
|
| 53:19 | to drive our laid up and your grows. Ok. So, |
|
| 53:24 | now that stayed pretty much like this these, with these kingdoms uh up |
|
| 53:30 | the seventies. Ok. And it wasn't until the eighties when it was |
|
| 53:36 | realized that there were actually two groups pro and so the use of the |
|
| 53:47 | was ok. So just to refresh up, two units are small. |
|
| 54:00 | smaller one, the price is is the, it's called the, |
|
| 54:06 | the term of mass. So bigger value is a bigger basically, |
|
| 54:10 | So, um, the, that you, so not the party itself |
|
| 54:16 | the remember that, yeah, jeans being you close the pros, |
|
| 54:24 | But there are certain uh certain modules the, the gene codes for an |
|
| 54:31 | A, the RN A is And that's true for transport DNA, |
|
| 54:38 | . Um certain other types that the A, right? And so looking |
|
| 54:43 | the DNA gene for the, that's what we're using DNA that codes |
|
| 54:50 | that R A. OK. And that became um and that was |
|
| 54:57 | All right. So uh uh now of one of those, he was |
|
| 55:07 | that lab, he was him and P I were the ones that discovered |
|
| 55:10 | . So he uses this technique. . And so this term molecular |
|
| 55:17 | right? So the choice for this the molecule to look at, |
|
| 55:22 | it's gonna be kind of a dumb . But I, so let's say |
|
| 55:29 | wanted to look at his history, at the history of transportation and human |
|
| 55:40 | . You had to take one feature all the forms of transport and went |
|
| 55:45 | back. What's that exactly? A ? A man probably had a car |
|
| 55:56 | a wheel on it. OK? that wheel you, so you will |
|
| 56:02 | back in the test uh a a , a a chariot, right? |
|
| 56:09 | Roman Times. Um certain, so writing to me but things like the |
|
| 56:22 | like, but that you can look , you know, it's a horse |
|
| 56:33 | car from the 10,000 VC or right? So we have we go |
|
| 56:38 | and tie these two specific times and that goes Z Maranggo, you can |
|
| 56:47 | a lot of changes to a wheel time, right? It to change |
|
| 56:51 | like the the actual thing mechanism to it spin better or something like |
|
| 56:56 | but you're not gonna make it into square, right? That's, that's |
|
| 56:59 | it is so similar. Don't you tinker too much? What does it |
|
| 57:05 | ? It, it is responsible for you make proteins and if a cell |
|
| 57:11 | do that, it's dead, so can't think too much, you can |
|
| 57:13 | some changes. That's why we use answer they call it like. Does |
|
| 57:19 | make sense? So, um so is really kind of become the gold |
|
| 57:25 | , you know, you may have of the tree of life. |
|
| 57:28 | we're classifying all life is this is you OK. And so this just |
|
| 57:34 | you kind of a two dimensional picture that molecule, right? So when |
|
| 57:39 | looked at this, they can see pro caros that there were differences and |
|
| 57:46 | groups had uh crnas that were different the bacteria uh type of tone |
|
| 57:56 | This is this is the actual And so um and so this the |
|
| 58:01 | they would highlight when they do comparisons what's shown by the arrows here. |
|
| 58:06 | . Those are the areas that require more changes more rapidly than other |
|
| 58:12 | of the molecule. OK. So what they use for comparison. They |
|
| 58:16 | see. Wow, we got like different groups of then we have |
|
| 58:23 | OK. So huge at the OK. So that that part of |
|
| 58:31 | domain, OK. So three, ? And since found out that there |
|
| 58:42 | similarities between these two archaea and you that bacteria don't have OK. And |
|
| 58:50 | um and some of these are shown . OK. So we've got um |
|
| 58:57 | you make a mistake even though there's similar between A and cars, mostly |
|
| 59:03 | terms of the information uh transcription OK. There's some similar um but |
|
| 59:15 | they not that, that central characteristic a nucleus? OK. So they |
|
| 59:23 | have, they, that would that's what essentially makes them a pro |
|
| 59:26 | that nucleus. And uh of they're also very uh diverse. Like |
|
| 59:35 | we saw, uh Akea tends to kind of these um environmental areas that |
|
| 59:42 | call extremes of ph temperature and et . Uh Interestingly, uh one thing |
|
| 59:53 | not known for has not yet been is one that causes human disease. |
|
| 59:59 | no AEA that cause human disease uh in a way makes sense, although |
|
| 60:04 | do have some arch in our um none have been shown to cause |
|
| 60:09 | , but the vast, the vast of archaea tend to grow like an |
|
| 60:14 | temperatures or these weird extreme conditions that bodies don't have them. OK. |
|
| 60:20 | that may make sense in that But there is no archaea that causes |
|
| 60:23 | that we know of uh even in . OK. So um is uh |
|
| 60:34 | there um I kind of, I a question about just the image from |
|
| 60:44 | last Yep. Yeah. Yeah. there's still some debate. I, |
|
| 60:54 | think this has been redrawn since So that, that, that |
|
| 60:58 | that there would be a, you're used to seeing something more like where |
|
| 61:02 | should be a defined route. And I think that's, that's more |
|
| 61:08 | how it is. I think there's , there, so a lot of |
|
| 61:10 | taxonomy stuff is fights between different groups , oh, I think it's this |
|
| 61:15 | . I think it's that way. . So, sometimes how they resolve |
|
| 61:17 | is. Ok, we'll just draw this right to appease everybody, |
|
| 61:21 | So I think the evidence is mounted then. That, that in that |
|
| 61:25 | more like this where this is bacteria first. OK. Then uh a |
|
| 61:39 | and E caros later. OK. bacteria, the consensus for most is |
|
| 61:47 | bacteria split out first, they're the , right? Then IKEA and you |
|
| 61:52 | that that's a good question. So any other questions? OK. So |
|
| 62:02 | OK. In the theory uh yeah, so the history of, |
|
| 62:06 | microbes, of course, around with for the long, the first form |
|
| 62:12 | life to evolve uh new kaos. mhm No, no. And um |
|
| 62:24 | uh uh so of course, we look at and see in terms of |
|
| 62:31 | uh that is not as the fact there is a cell, right, |
|
| 62:41 | to the uh in folding of membranes , to cover its um chromosomes, |
|
| 62:47 | a nucleus, right? So we it pre eo but then having an |
|
| 62:52 | symbiotic relationship, which means symbiotic We all know what that is, |
|
| 62:55 | know, organs working together, so speak. Um but this an endo |
|
| 63:01 | intimate, you're inside, very intimately , right? So endo symbiotic relationship |
|
| 63:08 | when these rio cells engulfed a um respiring, aerobically respiring bacterium and |
|
| 63:21 | it, it uh formed a symbiotic with OK. And then shortly |
|
| 63:27 | the bacteria inside there kind of degenerates terms of OK, I need all |
|
| 63:33 | gene functions I used to have when was free living because I'm the host |
|
| 63:38 | a lot of its functions, But still retains the energy producing |
|
| 63:42 | right? So, and then eventually into a mitochondria. OK. And |
|
| 63:47 | similarly, with a photosynthetic bacterium, too becomes engulfed, right? And |
|
| 63:54 | over the time lose, lose many its functions but retains the photosynthetic, |
|
| 64:01 | . So, and it evolves into chloroplast, right? And we've looked |
|
| 64:05 | modern day uh uh etic cells, cells and animal cells and we can |
|
| 64:11 | the organs themselves or by the time have DNA in them, right? |
|
| 64:16 | whole chromosomes, but they have DNA them. Uh They have also, |
|
| 64:22 | . So these hotels used to carry some from the protein express are used |
|
| 64:28 | the. But um also that new during mitosis, the uh DNA got |
|
| 64:37 | replicate was so true due the organ now. Don't take that to |
|
| 64:42 | you can take a mitochondria slop on plate of the Petri dish and you |
|
| 64:46 | growing bacteria. No. Right. in the context of mitosis, they |
|
| 64:51 | . OK. So uh all that that um that before now. |
|
| 65:01 | Right. And so like I uh about three, almost 4 billion |
|
| 65:08 | ago, eos about 2 billion years . OK. So um hey, |
|
| 65:18 | uh OK. Genomes. So we'll more about this in the section on |
|
| 65:25 | . Uh We, we'll toward the of the semester, but you |
|
| 65:29 | they are easily Asian uh study that development of the cell grandpa or gram |
|
| 65:45 | . We'll talk about that later. you know, we know a lot |
|
| 65:48 | these organisms and about all types. uh we can see we can look |
|
| 65:54 | genomes, we can see, you , there's two mechanisms of inheritance, |
|
| 65:59 | ? You're gonna have uh a cell divides, right? And then of |
|
| 66:05 | , each cell is a copy of parent cell, right? So whatever |
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| 66:08 | genes are in the parent cell they end up in the daughter |
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| 66:14 | That's what we call vertical transmission, ? Like how you inherited your genes |
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| 66:17 | parents vertical and share genes with other in the population. All right, |
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| 66:26 | so OK, so you can have that transfer genes between types, |
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| 66:32 | not related to. And that 20% this genome probably received the keys from |
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| 66:41 | of these mechanisms of what we call gene transfer. So um so bacteria |
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| 66:49 | for doing that for materials in OK. That's why you often see |
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| 66:53 | feature bacterial type has spread to types are not even in the same taxonomic |
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| 67:01 | , right? Nitrogen fixation is one those right. You go take nitrogen |
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| 67:04 | the atmosphere and bring it in and it to ammonium, essential part of |
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| 67:09 | nitrate side, right? That feature is seen in things like bacteria related |
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| 67:14 | e coli and things related to something different still bacteria. But you know |
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| 67:20 | tells you, oh yeah, this have been transferred through one of these |
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| 67:23 | , right? So very common in . So that's how they get |
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| 67:27 | the sexual reproduce to generate variation like do. So they have these mechanisms |
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| 67:33 | generate this variation. OK. so we use the knowledge of genomes |
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| 67:38 | course to to pick out uh you , and we could be cultured from |
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| 67:50 | is or for micro biology is have a sample isolate or microbes, |
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| 67:57 | , archaea grow them up, study , right? But not everything, |
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| 68:00 | few. Actually, you have to you're able to do that, |
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| 68:04 | So what do you do? What you, what you do is you |
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| 68:08 | menos? OK. And so what is you take an environmental sample and |
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| 68:13 | basically just blow it up, take in there. Lysol cells and extract |
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| 68:18 | the DNA, right? You take the DNA in that with a. |
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| 68:22 | right, all the DNA is in , right? Then you use the |
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| 68:26 | of, of cloning gene cloning and take those fragments and you put them |
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| 68:32 | known pieces of DNA vectors. Mhm. Now you basically have a |
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| 68:40 | right of in sequence as you found that sample, right? So you're |
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| 68:46 | representing all the life that's in that . OK. And so we of |
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| 68:51 | , have large databases of information that been collecting for decades, right? |
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| 68:56 | we can see this here compare to we know. Oh Wow. |
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| 69:00 | It's, it's very similar to this . So it allows you to identify |
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| 69:05 | out there without having a culture which can't often do, right? And |
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| 69:09 | a reason for that. Um I'll I'll talk about that later, but |
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| 69:14 | can do different things with this right? You can use it to |
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| 69:18 | the DNA and see what it is similar to that's out there in the |
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| 69:23 | or you maybe you just interested in of the capabilities of the organisms in |
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| 69:28 | soil or it's whatever the sample right? They have some kind of |
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| 69:32 | they make that I can exploit and millions of dollars from or whatever. |
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| 69:37 | you can figure these things out using technique. OK. So the point |
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| 69:41 | you don't have to culture, Put it on a Petri dish because |
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| 69:44 | may not even grow or left it . It just depends. OK. |
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| 69:49 | um the OK. Any questions about ? All right. So let's look |
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| 70:00 | this kind of be the turning point . And so take a look at |
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| 70:06 | slide. What are these examples Ok. So you got a goose |
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| 70:23 | but apparently found on trees in this this piece of artwork that resemble geese |
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| 70:30 | some reason. And lo and they flop off the tree into the |
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| 70:35 | and become geese. Ok? And was actually a barnacle goose. |
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| 70:41 | On these other weird weird um OK. Dust creates fleas. Think |
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| 70:49 | Houston. Well, we haven't had and I can't remember how long, |
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| 70:53 | I guarantee you the next deluge of we get. What are you gonna |
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| 70:56 | ? Flopping around on your subdivision, frogs everywhere, right? So rain |
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| 71:03 | Houston dirt equals frogs, right? , uh I don't think so. |
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| 71:11 | , uh these of course, are of um is, it's not |
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| 71:21 | the opposite of biogenesis. OK. isn't actually even a, a |
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| 71:27 | the correct term is not here a generation. That's my combustion. |
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| 71:34 | Um uh 10 is think of the part of life occur without parents. |
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| 71:44 | popped up all of a sudden. . So the spontaneous generation comes |
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| 71:50 | take, think of microbes. And you discover microbes in the 16 |
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| 71:55 | . You go, oh my Where did these come from? That's |
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| 71:58 | kind of kicked off all these crazy . OK. So we'll um it's |
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| 72:04 | good place to stop folks. We'll talk about pasture and his antics |
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| 72:11 | time. Ok, folks. See see you Monday. Tuesday. |
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| 72:31 | with the biofilm. The biofilm is a micro but it's made up of |
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| 72:40 | . So anything that's made up like like the Petri dish with the colonies |
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| 72:45 | bacteria, the colony wouldn't be a . Got it. Thank you. |
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| 72:57 | is my first class. Um So said have access to the book and |
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| 73:06 | small uh Yeah. So what if not in ac a program? What |
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| 73:10 | gonna do is you still just access the canvas? But you'll be prompted |
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| 73:17 | say, ok, here are your . Exactly. So that's, |
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| 73:23 | that's why you gotta do. Yes. Correct. So, even |
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| 73:29 | you are in or not, if in, you would get an email |
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| 73:33 | them saying you have to go. . What bookstore is and it that |
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| 73:48 | . Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. . Yeah. Uh I got a |
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| 74:04 | about the specifically uh creating the human . Is that, is that? |
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| 74:11 | So it's like impossible for our I don't think it's impossible, but |
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| 74:15 | just, it just has not yet discovered yet. And the source of |
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| 74:18 | disease. Ok. So, from we know. Yeah. Yeah. |
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| 74:22 | right. OK. Right. There's no, no, I was |
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| 74:28 | |
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