| 00:06 | Okay, so we're good. Okay there was a question on there that |
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| 00:18 | to uh actually this section and I know how I missed that one. |
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| 00:24 | a couple, there were three, were three questions in the test that |
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| 00:28 | I probably shouldn't have asked you but get them right, I'm gonna give |
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| 00:32 | extra credit. So in other words they whatever they're worth, you just |
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| 00:39 | get like signing your name to the , you're going to get some |
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| 00:45 | Okay. Um So we're gonna look different types of Lysistrata graphic units uh |
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| 00:54 | of con contacts between the strata graphic its which is really something we should |
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| 01:00 | know but but sometimes it helps to reminded, we're gonna say a little |
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| 01:05 | about sedimentary faces, de positional strata, graphic, filming plates are |
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| 01:11 | together and some things on photographic because we're gonna do bio strategic fee we |
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| 01:20 | to understand this particular And of course of the key things is with the |
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| 01:28 | . Graphic units follow the law of . Hey I'm gonna sit down because |
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| 01:37 | got this thing they follow the law superposition. So the ones on above |
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| 01:44 | are they're gonna be younger than the below. And of course one of |
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| 01:49 | ways that we know there has been , structural deformation is if that's upside |
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| 01:55 | if you have some kind of an bed or something like that, it's |
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| 01:58 | know it's structural, it's not it's deposition or strata graphic um The units |
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| 02:06 | based up in on what we call strata type, It's the type of |
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| 02:12 | is usually an outcrop er four. um since the oil industry collects a |
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| 02:18 | of data there there are people that do strata types with with log |
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| 02:26 | which is kind of outside the realm the academic definition of it. And |
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| 02:32 | cuttings, it's rarely done in the industry. Uh But uh geologists in |
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| 02:41 | North Sea for certain do a lot it in some other countries. Due |
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| 02:45 | a lot of times europe and certain of Asia are very big and using |
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| 02:50 | api the I don't know why the oil industry doesn't seem to get the |
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| 02:56 | for strata graphic classification. So and course has a lot to do with |
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| 03:03 | there's problems sometimes that they don't quite because there they're not adhering to some |
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| 03:10 | the rules and regulations that keep you making certain kinds of these things. |
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| 03:17 | Let the strategic fee of course is solely on the little logic characteristics. |
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| 03:25 | of them deal with individual components and of them have to deal with the |
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| 03:29 | rock characteristics like ferocity. Uh could something where packing could be something but |
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| 03:37 | component would be more or less the and then some of the other hole |
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| 03:43 | things would be things related to relevant structures and uh and that sort of |
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| 03:52 | . And uh it's independent of time not strata graphic position. So that's |
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| 04:01 | it's called the, a lot of think that those photography is just |
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| 04:05 | but it's not because, because it's by a superposition. So, |
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| 04:14 | where something is in a relative time is an important component of a strata |
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| 04:21 | unit, which is defined by, , primarily the, uh, the |
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| 04:32 | . Okay, um, Alice strategic is something, uh, it's sort |
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| 04:40 | strategic fee that's created by outside essentially like sea level rise, sea |
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| 04:46 | fall. And, uh, the Alice photography comes in is before we |
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| 04:51 | sequenced photography, uh, we we saw paleo, climate changes from |
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| 04:57 | to place, but we didn't actually sedimentary structures or strata, graphic architecture |
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| 05:04 | , um, a lot of these terminations of beds that we've seen |
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| 05:09 | And they're, they're often we think by horses outside, like the ice |
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| 05:16 | , which creates sea level rise, , expansion of a oddly enough, |
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| 05:25 | expansion of a basin can create a in sea level, whereas slowly, |
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| 05:34 | , forming oceans with high peaks but bands of magma you can actually |
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| 05:44 | It's counterintuitive. Let me just write on the board. Have you had |
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| 05:54 | on plate tectonics? Yeah, just real, real quickly. |
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| 06:07 | yeah, that's pretty good. This just gonna be developed, uh, |
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| 06:28 | spreading ocean basin. You can have broader and pushing it up always. |
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| 06:40 | a pretty, so in this see slow, so smaller, some |
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| 07:16 | out in this direction strategies so much so consequently and of course uh you |
|
| 07:44 | , whether there's a lot of sunlight what are we seeing now? There |
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| 07:47 | be an impact on Alistair photography in near future or probably will be it's |
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| 07:55 | glaciation, but it's because we have much C. 02, we're having |
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| 07:59 | warming, the ice sheets are melting it's dropping. It's taking more uh |
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| 08:05 | water and putting it into the I think uh most of the fresh |
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| 08:10 | is is groundwater glaciers. And if glaciers melt At some point in |
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| 08:16 | I think it's around 15% of the amount of water on the planet. |
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| 08:21 | uh so if it's all in an sheet, sea level rocks now, |
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| 08:27 | though there's not a little it's not glacial period coming anytime soon, it's |
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| 08:34 | actually in a period of time when should be rising as a so that |
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| 08:40 | be an ally outside photography is is , then we're going to see different |
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| 08:49 | patterns along the coast than what we see. Okay, the main types |
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| 08:57 | with the strategy graphic units. Um the some is simply something that's three |
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| 09:06 | mass of rocks mythology. So it be but uh normally here we're talking |
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| 09:17 | , so it's probably gonna be a of rocks that has some characters and |
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| 09:24 | one of those characteristics, so much the fundamental strata, graphic unit is |
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| 09:37 | formation and uh once we've defined a somewhere based on certain traits and characteristics |
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| 09:46 | divide it up into members. And can be made up of beds and |
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| 09:50 | can be made up of. So might wanna read I don't want to |
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| 09:56 | the whole slide, you can take look again in particular. Really got |
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| 10:03 | because people started Mexico. So somebody needs started out and people decided |
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| 10:33 | some of them were something like Now. Absolutely, absolutely. That's |
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| 10:51 | this is a group. This is apprised of a number of formations and |
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| 10:58 | lot of times the groups latest to sort of a called sacrifice clothes of |
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| 11:29 | are associated with bob the salt flows should be salt. Um I didn't |
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| 11:42 | everywhere. Okay, so uh it's . Yes, that's part of the |
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| 11:58 | flows out that's also and in fact to the things in cash flows uh |
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| 12:12 | on uh somebody. And also we there was an event just spread out |
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| 12:27 | everything sort of and uh even when didn't know at the ages of the |
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| 12:37 | , they made really good points before a salt lake. Yeah, happens |
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| 12:49 | a small basin, S. It also creates. Okay, that's |
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| 13:13 | of it. Yes, for Okay. And so here is just |
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| 13:25 | chart again, I would uh ask to take a closer look at |
|
| 13:32 | It would have helped to answer one the questions that for some reason I |
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| 13:35 | to remove and replace it with something . And uh here you can see |
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| 13:42 | D. Member member, but these units, the more resistant and less |
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| 13:51 | beds will be beds and um we're and Megan Megan. You are an |
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| 14:02 | , right? And this is something really gets to engineers, Engineers like |
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| 14:08 | to be well defined. Okay, can tell you a bit. Typically |
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| 14:15 | easiest way to put it is if go back, you hear the |
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| 14:26 | the most thing we have is like little, it's like like a sheet |
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| 14:31 | paper which is where that bunch of things are not. And uh those |
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| 14:39 | typically make up members within and although formations are very so there might have |
|
| 14:50 | you see things that might be like , that events or it would be |
|
| 14:55 | to be like this with a bunch them. What quickly? So really |
|
| 15:03 | you look at an outcrop, there's thick, massive sandstone, It's |
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| 15:10 | 200, that's still a bit. uh you know, in engineering, |
|
| 15:16 | like that things very specifically declined we're trying to there's a lot of |
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| 15:27 | doesn't do anything precise system, Simple. And uh and it's not |
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| 15:41 | but in order in terms of this this is broken down smallest Accumulation |
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| 15:51 | these. Mix of this, usually accumulation of these mix ups that sometimes |
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| 15:57 | big and uh for example, you eliminated stuff one bed and then the |
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| 16:04 | one was massive. See all what typically makes rocky, it's |
|
| 16:20 | First of all help like what are going to see in Samsung's that would |
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| 16:31 | them but we see some respect. sometimes sometimes we think like this, |
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| 16:41 | they're like and a fine scale. can also brought this lots of small |
|
| 17:08 | , a lot of that has to with the fact that everything in strategic |
|
| 17:12 | is pretty much based uh is controlled gravity and uh fluid flow of some |
|
| 17:20 | whether it be uh uh rain or or wind, Wind and water tend |
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| 17:29 | be the things that move it. The only exception to that is ice |
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| 17:33 | move and creates completely different kinds of that could happen. Okay so here |
|
| 17:40 | can see uh this is a formation there's another formation down here. This |
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| 17:48 | has some traits that allow them to it up into members. Uh somebody's |
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| 17:53 | this into one formation. Someone could along later and say why this should |
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| 17:59 | a different member here. The lower . In the upper one you might |
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| 18:02 | it the lower and the upper maybe upper is is a member and the |
|
| 18:06 | is another member. There's a hierarchy it. And then over here you |
|
| 18:11 | see that there's different types of bio , graphic units that sometime coincide with |
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| 18:17 | formations and sometimes they don't, it's nature is not perfect. Okay. |
|
| 18:28 | when we look at things that are bigger than um these little stray photographic |
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| 18:33 | , like what's what's a group or couple of groups. Uh when we're |
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| 18:38 | at Krone strata graphic record, uh have things that could be called a |
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| 18:44 | a sub stage for crimes photographic than stage. So stage might include multiple |
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| 18:53 | in multiple groups. You can if you have multiple groups, you're |
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| 18:59 | have a lot more formations which you have a stage that's mostly just two |
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| 19:05 | or three formations. But a lot times the stage can be a group |
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| 19:09 | the Midway formation finally became in terms in the Midway group, you get |
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| 19:22 | lot of, it's no longer considered formation and uh nor in scale it |
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| 19:36 | a lot more than just what we normally would consider a formulation. Uh |
|
| 19:44 | stages turn into series, series into , systems into your thumbs. And |
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| 19:52 | normally kind of means thing. So an era thing. And so you |
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| 19:56 | kind of get an era, an is a term for a period of |
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| 20:00 | time. It's an era. it's something that falls within that period |
|
| 20:05 | time. It's a thing. do you guys know what uh a |
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| 20:13 | of them is? And when we um on christmas sort of, sometimes |
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| 20:41 | see these lines right here called right inside too states it's a town and |
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| 21:31 | so it's a in an era is thing which is a rod inside of |
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| 21:42 | error which is a measure of What thing is in between last |
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| 21:57 | It's a thin layer of my Okay. Megan. Did you turn |
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| 22:06 | your exercises? You can give them me in the morning. Okay that's |
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| 22:18 | . Okay so rock units you know laid down in relative time and also |
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| 22:26 | time which a lot of people don't . But certification is monster and that's |
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| 22:37 | important point. Time units are linear never stop. Time keeps ticking sentence |
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| 22:50 | down something producing yes in terms of events members formations and groups and then |
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| 23:04 | stages and stages. Okay so how do strata graphic correlation around the world |
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| 23:13 | with these different types of timescales and we made what we do what we |
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| 23:20 | started doing as scientists is uh and is a very philosophical and conceptual thing |
|
| 23:31 | the way. Uh When for example this was pointing to the U. |
|
| 23:37 | . When William smith we like to Billy smith. When William smith first |
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| 23:44 | up with some of these principles along others. Uh He and of course |
|
| 23:53 | smith came up with final succession because went down into a mind shift and |
|
| 23:58 | saw fossils fossils fossils, fossils fossils they were all different. Okay so |
|
| 24:05 | was seeing different things. Uh and also saw different mythologies and he noticed |
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| 24:11 | lot of times the fossils and the thala jeez kind of matched uh you |
|
| 24:15 | , something that was a marine and marine fossils in it. Uh He |
|
| 24:20 | to another, well not all the across the continent but somewhere right next |
|
| 24:24 | the, well the mine shaft that was in, he saw the same |
|
| 24:28 | of things and that's kind of how got started out. So with with |
|
| 24:33 | very simple diagram from a physical geology really has profound concepts uh displayed in |
|
| 24:43 | . And basically uh the way we out the global scale is people went |
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| 24:48 | around the world and looked at rock . They looked at strata, graphic |
|
| 24:55 | and they looked at what was similar them and what appeared to be the |
|
| 24:58 | in terms of bio strategic fee and . And uh and here um I'm |
|
| 25:06 | sure this is the same sort of stuff is paleozoic. The green things |
|
| 25:10 | probably be Mesozoic and the the beige orange is things are gonna be the |
|
| 25:17 | zone and and even in here you see a little bit of grayish. |
|
| 25:25 | anyway, this uh people, you looked at outcrops here and saw say |
|
| 25:31 | units, they saw these units and similar to William smith sing from from |
|
| 25:37 | nearby. Well to another mind shift another. Mineshaft, we saw these |
|
| 25:44 | globally. The scientific community started putting these sequences together so that they |
|
| 25:51 | you know here, I only have through four, but here I have |
|
| 25:54 | through seven. And sometimes when they did it, they didn't know that |
|
| 26:00 | had different units here, but they these and these, which they knew |
|
| 26:05 | on top of those and due to , um you know, because of |
|
| 26:13 | , these had to be younger than , that had to be younger than |
|
| 26:18 | , and seven had to be younger six. And therefore in a very |
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| 26:23 | way they were able to see that was section here that was still paleozoic |
|
| 26:29 | , but it was younger than these over here in uh up in the |
|
| 26:36 | center of the United States, there's lot of paleozoic stuff underneath the |
|
| 26:41 | And uh and then over here, this is like in Argentina, there's |
|
| 26:47 | little bit of uh I think maybe north of that, but but here's |
|
| 26:53 | Mesozoic, here's some Mesozoic over where you were getting a lot of |
|
| 26:58 | and cretaceous things in europe. And again, Somebody saw this and they |
|
| 27:07 | around the world and they picked up and they hear six and 7, |
|
| 27:12 | able to connect there and to make long story short, you end up |
|
| 27:16 | something that looks like this and that's whole time. Everybody see that |
|
| 27:25 | Uh no, no, not but uh we're gonna get to what |
|
| 27:32 | on the test, which I shouldn't asked, There's three questions on there |
|
| 27:39 | for some reason, I don't know I read through the whole thing and |
|
| 27:43 | don't know why I didn't spot I think I was tired or |
|
| 27:47 | Uh Oh, the one that you , are you thinking about? The |
|
| 27:53 | is um what's the best way to boundaries? Yeah, for for doing |
|
| 28:05 | other words? Uh you know, that's it's really good that you kind |
|
| 28:13 | picked up on that because because these right here, what we're talking about |
|
| 28:21 | and this this is bigger than uh a stage, but it gets important |
|
| 28:26 | stages are sorted out first, because are bigger than these units are gonna |
|
| 28:32 | bigger than stages. Anarch will be here at at some .5, a |
|
| 28:39 | youngest age here is gonna be So it's very important to just |
|
| 28:50 | Okay, so you're you're catching which is good in spite of your |
|
| 28:58 | overworked and sometimes tired professor, you're thinking, which is good. I'm |
|
| 29:11 | sure mega was thinking some stuff like too. Let's see. Um So |
|
| 29:17 | , here, you can see the , the eras and of course you |
|
| 29:21 | an E on them and them instead of doing the same thing, |
|
| 29:25 | do periods and Epics, okay. uh you can see here that it |
|
| 29:33 | a little bit of confusion confused, because as we went through the rock |
|
| 29:39 | , um this tertiary thing uh sounded the third thing in the fourth |
|
| 29:46 | but really, in terms of the breakdown of the strata graphic column, |
|
| 29:51 | got the old thing, the middle and the later thing. And so |
|
| 29:58 | tertiary, you know, we don't a secondary, we don't really have |
|
| 30:02 | primary and a secondary that are at scale, this is something bigger. |
|
| 30:06 | there's really 123 and then things should broken up in here. So, |
|
| 30:11 | scientist, we all struggled with It was really hard to make our |
|
| 30:15 | . Uh And so, and on here, you can see the air |
|
| 30:23 | . The system, the series. when we started thinking about eons, |
|
| 30:30 | okay, now I got to get to go back. Well, there |
|
| 30:44 | leave it alone. It does okay, so we started out with |
|
| 30:51 | things, but we ended up getting an eon FM. Uh and that |
|
| 30:59 | became something that there's an E. here, it's basically life biology is |
|
| 31:13 | . This is all before biology. this is really maybe more, you |
|
| 31:19 | , before we're able to see, know, there are things, there |
|
| 31:25 | some things down here that appear to not. This is mostly uh this |
|
| 31:37 | mostly based on when we first can seeing things that somebody walking in the |
|
| 31:45 | . Nowadays we know about some of this amount of time but still this |
|
| 31:52 | this has always been called the those what the are so we had to |
|
| 32:00 | up with the and um and so if you take a look at this |
|
| 32:12 | of the diagram, I forgot there's 2nd 1 here, see there's |
|
| 32:18 | but then you put on this and tertiary has been broken down into the |
|
| 32:24 | . These things really are smaller than things because we do have ethics in |
|
| 32:30 | and uh we kind of looked like with scene really tertiary, but we |
|
| 32:39 | to have a breakdown here basically approximate in terms of changes in life and |
|
| 32:48 | to make it for alien gene. always had these but we didn't didn't |
|
| 32:54 | rid of that tertiary. So uh the strata graphic sense, these are |
|
| 32:59 | periods uh these are ethics over here they put that in there because the |
|
| 33:05 | was kind of something in between history bigger than a period smaller figure. |
|
| 33:19 | uh the symbol for sk and uh this um this used to be the |
|
| 33:33 | . T. Boundary called or you do it the other way around say |
|
| 33:41 | . K. But normally normally when say an interval going well you see |
|
| 33:53 | different that moment, this time is in this direction in academia, we |
|
| 34:02 | to keep it so like if you you had uh say you were studying |
|
| 34:12 | unit that was you want to say seen through your scene but happened and |
|
| 34:26 | me like like this is monday and . Don't say Tuesday to monday. |
|
| 34:34 | , so that's that's why we're Okay. And so here it is |
|
| 34:39 | Nia Gene and the police Gene. this is this is what's going on |
|
| 34:43 | . And here, you can see series in the epics here and the |
|
| 34:49 | by the way, is divided into upper, middle and lower, which |
|
| 34:54 | called the the dog or the And the I can't think of what |
|
| 35:00 | bottom one is right now. My escapes me, but it's it's off |
|
| 35:05 | chart. So it's okay. My fell off just like this target. |
|
| 35:13 | . But then we have these stages the stages. If you remember back |
|
| 35:21 | , the stage is the strata graphic . The litas strata graphic, or |
|
| 35:26 | strata graphic version. Rather of what ages. And so this is |
|
| 35:31 | And this is uh rock units better scale. So this is a relative |
|
| 35:39 | over here, pronto strata graphic. this is geo chronological. This is |
|
| 35:44 | time. It's always very confusing and sure it's very confusing. Sometimes two |
|
| 35:53 | . But just looking at a unit rock, we have a system that |
|
| 35:58 | time. We have a system that measures time in a relative sense with |
|
| 36:07 | and then one that's just rock Okay. Now when you look at |
|
| 36:17 | chart, you look at the stages the stages. Stages. When we |
|
| 36:29 | at rocks at this unit, this where we start playing fossil assemblages |
|
| 36:33 | real time. And so the stage connection is really important. Um This |
|
| 36:44 | where it gets fine as you can here, that these boundaries at some |
|
| 36:58 | in time. These simple, simple boundaries of something that's just an age |
|
| 37:04 | in it. There was a stage deposited during a certain age. You |
|
| 37:10 | these boundaries are similar. There's nothing special about any of these boundaries other |
|
| 37:17 | sometimes it tells you the boundary between in the rock record and an epic |
|
| 37:25 | time. So the stage has become important. This is where this is |
|
| 37:30 | we really tied the fossils to that . And this is where we try |
|
| 37:36 | tie the geo chronological is in these . Does anybody want to guess what |
|
| 37:42 | yellow bands are? Right? those are those are golden spikes. |
|
| 37:55 | silly name, but it's that's what call this means that we're pretty sure |
|
| 38:01 | got a good handle on this We haven't quite got tied down and |
|
| 38:08 | a reason for that. This is so a lot of times these times |
|
| 38:18 | a chance this will change when somebody at another outcrop and figures out for |
|
| 38:24 | . That might change. They have to do with this. They have |
|
| 38:27 | to do with the geo technology that to do with and uh it bothers |
|
| 38:36 | a whole lot. Just look like same amount of time, but they're |
|
| 38:40 | given the scale, they're not the , just part of it, like |
|
| 38:45 | the same thing. And but that's chart just so people can see the |
|
| 38:56 | of the boundary where we think it today. So there's algorithms that change |
|
| 39:01 | things based on radio. There's also in these rock methods have changed the |
|
| 39:11 | . So sometimes these have to change we haven't got black Sweet. Sometimes |
|
| 39:20 | have to change them because we've recalibrated way or the algorithm that we used |
|
| 39:26 | calculate it from whatever the isotope The radium metric, isotope is that |
|
| 39:32 | using it to caliber. Okay, just an example of uh there but |
|
| 39:43 | are different types of zones here, zones. Sub zones based on the |
|
| 39:51 | in the uh the fossils are you know, people are plotting them |
|
| 39:56 | they're in here and there's some that that helped them find this boundary. |
|
| 40:01 | something might help them find that See here, there's something for that |
|
| 40:08 | . Lots of things are helping them up with that. But here is |
|
| 40:12 | one of those things. Okay, gonna see the top of the center |
|
| 40:18 | IAN. But if I go back this chart, it's below this |
|
| 40:25 | Uh but the ceremony in an Algerian is right about it. Strong. |
|
| 40:36 | , so the point that you can , I'm trying to get you to |
|
| 40:41 | is that it's within these stages. were trying to tie the fossil record |
|
| 40:47 | to the rocks. And when we that tops the bio events, bio |
|
| 40:58 | , the bio zone start to have differently in front of them. And |
|
| 41:04 | chromosome is actually a bio geo because using the rocks in the bio strategically |
|
| 41:17 | . Okay, this is what that question was about. Where do you |
|
| 41:22 | do you draw the line? And this can be really, really complicated |
|
| 41:30 | . And sometimes I wonder why, know, may not make a lot |
|
| 41:36 | sense to you. But the problem as you saw in the diagram |
|
| 41:51 | um all of this photography and bios is based on an outcome. |
|
| 42:05 | so if I have different units of I have different units um to make |
|
| 42:15 | create those strata types, uh and the others in the other diagram, |
|
| 42:21 | can see there was a boundary to and because of that, you don't |
|
| 42:34 | like this is the outre Yeah, think is the whole stage should go |
|
| 42:42 | here the outcrop that you have to . It doesn't. And the same |
|
| 42:49 | here, you can see there's a but down here, somebody defined it |
|
| 42:54 | this one and this one and when look at it, you look at |
|
| 42:57 | bias from here, That age is . In other words, there's time |
|
| 43:05 | and this one is another one like where there's a gap. So you |
|
| 43:10 | quite figure that. Yeah. In words have new stages like this. |
|
| 43:20 | . Five here. Come on. . And the outcrop, we think |
|
| 43:39 | this stage that goes to that Yeah, absolutely. Sometimes other times |
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| 43:57 | on top of yeah, never left something left. So, but this |
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| 44:21 | one stage at one stage and that's try to define um, stage is |
|
| 44:36 | this case you don't know where it . They're probably, you know, |
|
| 44:43 | something younger than this and something older that somewhere else somewhere. Huh? |
|
| 44:56 | we have to buy us that Fine spark. That's quite true. |
|
| 45:19 | think should be about. Thanks. way of looking at it. Just |
|
| 45:26 | have lots of in terms of time , yep, secrets. That's why |
|
| 45:49 | seeing it in the project because it's . Okay, boundary find here, |
|
| 46:01 | older than the top of that. right, get this. Trying to |
|
| 46:13 | that. I think we found that it's critical trying to come up with |
|
| 46:21 | time. That makes sense. Based what you've seen in other words, |
|
| 46:30 | even have these two something like We're pretty sure it doesn't that's why |
|
| 46:46 | is okay, so the best thing we try to do is is boundary |
|
| 46:53 | type. So that it's based on outcrop that goes across the boundary. |
|
| 46:59 | that can show us that we've got deposition possible. So if somebody would |
|
| 47:12 | no problem, this be able to got here that was probably worked hard |
|
| 47:32 | . Yeah. You know, it's now and then I talk to people |
|
| 47:37 | they think they're the only ones that being overloaded, but everybody's being overloaded |
|
| 47:42 | days. And you know, computers supposed to make our jobs easier. |
|
| 47:49 | think they just made it created a . So here is, here's what |
|
| 47:54 | is how a lot of these systems started. Like this is where the |
|
| 47:59 | was this all sorts of issues right . This was all they had in |
|
| 48:03 | day and when they need to. and Mark and that was it. |
|
| 48:08 | know, they didn't have all this it's taken a lot of work to |
|
| 48:14 | it in uh to figure out where all these boundaries are. And that's |
|
| 48:19 | the geologic timescale, which you think be constant is not constant because because |
|
| 48:29 | grow out of neighborhood new sections. and so make a long story |
|
| 48:37 | the timescale is science. And because science, more observations make it better |
|
| 48:44 | make it more accurate, just like I often find that seismic geologist |
|
| 48:51 | you know, seismic T. T. F. Business get upset |
|
| 48:56 | we change the scale and they don't that they also change their interpretations when |
|
| 49:02 | get better tools, when their algorithms migration. A thing called migration that |
|
| 49:09 | gonna learn a little bit about for processing techniques that might filter out noise |
|
| 49:15 | that sort of thing. They get imaging, get better imaging, you |
|
| 49:19 | better interpretations and they're definitely different than two D. Like a three |
|
| 49:23 | Seismic uh, volume is going to you a better image than something. |
|
| 49:28 | was too easy. People were able find oil and gas with two |
|
| 49:32 | people today probably would have a harder because they have this better tool and |
|
| 49:38 | used to the better tool. But again, science advances in technology advances |
|
| 49:44 | in a positive direction. And unless start making bombs out of ST Igra |
|
| 49:50 | , unfortunately, that's not what we . Okay. And this is just |
|
| 49:56 | confusing thing. And here you here's the unit trying to tell you |
|
| 50:05 | use you because you don't always see whole in this case part of the |
|
| 50:11 | . But here it just happened to really good extensive outcome. It makes |
|
| 50:19 | a whole lot easier uh to uh see what the unit strategy type this |
|
| 50:27 | have been. But you can see whole unit, you don't always see |
|
| 50:31 | top of the bottom of the and why you need to uh defining so |
|
| 50:40 | you can have a boundary strata type see it. You see this |
|
| 50:51 | uh make sure you had actually had whole thing. Okay, now another |
|
| 51:03 | uh that's important is a strata type strategy types by definition, there's there's |
|
| 51:12 | uh U. S. And they let four way believe system in the |
|
| 51:25 | . K. And the people around seeing believed in what we did on |
|
| 51:33 | . So they have cuttings and locks they did it with this and often |
|
| 51:42 | a see a complication in the United strata type. It's a tight |
|
| 51:58 | So that type log and it will often it's not a it's possible difference |
|
| 52:08 | log the reel type, block, type log, which is what the |
|
| 52:13 | is, tells you something about the of the units that you see in |
|
| 52:18 | rock record and what makes up those in there. So that will be |
|
| 52:21 | description of this inflection to the that inflection to the right. Uh |
|
| 52:28 | you don't want to use resistive Um for that because just influence but |
|
| 52:36 | you know, you may have a log that does something here that can |
|
| 52:40 | you to find the boundary to. so they've taken what we did on |
|
| 52:44 | with outcrops and cores and figure out way to do with with logs in |
|
| 52:50 | Denmark. UK. All that sort thing. But those are type |
|
| 52:54 | they're telling you that this formation uh Here's the the brand, there's. |
|
| 53:14 | the broom is the first one at bottom here and then there's an |
|
| 53:18 | G E N. T. And all they all match up with the |
|
| 53:21 | , They don't all do that, this is a little bit older |
|
| 53:29 | And the point is that's what that's what a real type plug |
|
| 53:34 | It's not what an oil personal it's based on script. Well described |
|
| 53:43 | defined. Um and specified characteristics of traits of these logs. And in |
|
| 53:52 | relative sequence that you can see repeated of the things they also do is |
|
| 53:58 | realize that sections can change a little from to the next. So they |
|
| 54:05 | , I can't read this either, this is telling you which which unit |
|
| 54:11 | there's a type log in which in in other words refers to the strata |
|
| 54:21 | , but it's a little bit different that you can, so that by |
|
| 54:26 | you can not only say this is it should look like, you can |
|
| 54:29 | say this is what it could still the same. And that's a type |
|
| 54:35 | reference and here's uh just an outcrop showing something like that. Normally I |
|
| 54:47 | this after petroleum geology and you haven't petroleum geology making it has some, |
|
| 54:53 | should know this what happens to me since they don't worry about it having |
|
| 55:07 | laws. I have a section like . I'm just gonna make script. |
|
| 55:15 | you kind of get back here. maybe a well over here as the |
|
| 55:33 | in it. Shoot me this. that's fine that there's another section |
|
| 56:00 | It goes like that. So, your first log is the first |
|
| 56:13 | But found section younger than this on other side. Take that section. |
|
| 56:28 | it in there. So do a exercise. And by the way to |
|
| 56:40 | exercise, I have a lot of too. So I give them a |
|
| 56:47 | love is actually this section. it becomes longer as possible in this |
|
| 57:00 | longer. That's impossible publication. this part this part of this. |
|
| 57:26 | , here, it's part of Well here at section having together, |
|
| 57:40 | the way, I'm looking at, might have but 15 five section. |
|
| 58:03 | is just showing you an outcrop. , this was from paper I did |
|
| 58:07 | long time ago until because these are drawn graphics and uh they still look |
|
| 58:16 | . But this was a this was member of a formation in part of |
|
| 58:24 | group. And uh and it was the Midway. Okay, and here's |
|
| 58:32 | another one over here. Uh, was there's another outcrop with defense formation |
|
| 58:47 | . So strata graphically this goes similar here, photographically. This would go |
|
| 58:52 | . And that's how I describe this formation formation. South Carolina. |
|
| 59:00 | that's its composite. But the type of this, I have to pick |
|
| 59:06 | of these and one of them was type locality of the section. This |
|
| 59:17 | a round, remember this was the down here, but this would be |
|
| 59:27 | of the definition member. I don't that. So because the other crops |
|
| 59:41 | small there And see here on this this is actually inaugural. I got |
|
| 59:52 | section but we have a ribs could be anything. You have ribs |
|
| 60:04 | in the world. Yeah, the one has a bigger part of the |
|
| 60:12 | formation as most of. Oh I that one that's around Spirit. And |
|
| 60:28 | one, this one is strata graphically it. So that's not bottom of |
|
| 60:43 | . The life of the ground Okay, here here's a really interesting |
|
| 60:58 | too, by the way, this where this hard ground is where for |
|
| 61:03 | years people pontifications but Miss Miss it's in the day. So this |
|
| 61:13 | section is still photograph is higher, what this was supposed to be. |
|
| 61:29 | the cretaceous is way that still haven't . So that's one of the things |
|
| 61:34 | did eight years. And here's just uh collective strata types or composite of |
|
| 61:44 | Williamsburg formation which is younger than the in the last slide. And it |
|
| 61:50 | up with a diagram like this and is just to show you here's the |
|
| 61:53 | mingo group that there's a lot of missing in the section. Uh the |
|
| 61:57 | types ended up being these little auger in different places uh that made up |
|
| 62:04 | much of it as we knew. again, there's a lot of erosion |
|
| 62:08 | this area between deposition events. And a lot of time is missing. |
|
| 62:14 | you have to be really, really . So my strata types are not |
|
| 62:18 | up so that you could, you actually get a stage boundary there within |
|
| 62:22 | . And we know that from places stage boundaries were set and calibrated to |
|
| 62:27 | fossils because it's kind of, it's of like um on a global |
|
| 62:37 | we go around and try to figure the whole section and then when you |
|
| 62:41 | locally and figure out what part of whole section, it's kind of the |
|
| 62:46 | . In other words, you start with a section and you add them |
|
| 62:49 | . It's almost like machine learning and get a section, you think it's |
|
| 62:54 | , then you correlate it to another and another section, just like I |
|
| 62:58 | showing you there, I mean you making a global composite. Okay? |
|
| 63:04 | this is just um this is a proof, It's pretty much northwest |
|
| 63:12 | which goes uh more or less from in south Carolina to the coastal zone |
|
| 63:20 | offshore out here. And these logs you see are water wells have really |
|
| 63:26 | water wells and no natural gas there's no high performance production reading because |
|
| 63:34 | happened. So they have a lot nuclear power plants which are really scared |
|
| 63:39 | , all these gamma and receptivity logs water wells have freshwater and saltwater but |
|
| 63:51 | we got cuttings from some of the and other ones. You can see |
|
| 63:56 | little dark things to show up here something there and something there those are |
|
| 64:01 | be, most of those are gonna outcrops and something that looks a little |
|
| 64:05 | longer is this thing which is which inaugural hole to help me find |
|
| 64:20 | So we have everything in position. , Pretty much five ft five |
|
| 64:36 | you know, and more or less has just, it wasn't pounded like |
|
| 64:48 | doesn't have a catch and sometimes this everything up sticky like more like so |
|
| 65:01 | that pulled up all we have to is And uh when we would drill |
|
| 65:14 | things start these drills a lot of near the biggest outcrop we could find |
|
| 65:19 | then we went below the outcrop and we did that it was, it |
|
| 65:23 | 1-1 tie with the outcrop. This really good. Okay, there's a |
|
| 65:31 | of different types of strata, graphic , ones that are, we call |
|
| 65:36 | ease. Um there could be non erosion but you can't see it, |
|
| 65:42 | un conformity where you can see see in other words, there's some kind |
|
| 65:47 | surface. Then there are things where talking about geological time, which is |
|
| 65:52 | hiatus and that's that can be us significant. A very significant break. |
|
| 66:01 | dia stem is a small break in . And then there's an apparent |
|
| 66:05 | it'll surface, which is something that you know, looks like a |
|
| 66:17 | Remember when I told you in that ? Uh a lot of that's a |
|
| 66:31 | stretched it out, Therefore it's not service, but it looks like one |
|
| 66:54 | . Okay, some context or abrupt gradation, als and there's different types |
|
| 67:01 | gradation. All uh one could be like progressively gradual and another one could |
|
| 67:10 | um you know, the context uh are going like this. So you |
|
| 67:32 | that so you don't see anything and it could just be finding upwards four |
|
| 68:03 | . So there's different types of trade . This one to you call this |
|
| 68:24 | . So give me another problem. to something else. Like then there's |
|
| 68:44 | thing called a correlative conformity, which something we'll I'll explain later in more |
|
| 68:54 | . Um But as such, we angular in conformity is what's an angular |
|
| 69:00 | conformity. And can you tell me you draw uh for me up |
|
| 69:08 | you think? No an angular in . Okay, I'll go one in |
|
| 69:21 | deprivation. Remember my sediments are late something like that? Still it's around |
|
| 69:46 | like that. Hands on top of . This is actually the first type |
|
| 70:01 | true because I'm part anyway. Um and we look at sentiments, aren't |
|
| 70:27 | ? So you have a flat surface this. Mhm. This isn't a |
|
| 70:39 | one looks like because this is Yeah. So this looks like also |
|
| 71:01 | the platform. Oh yes, this okay. And then then we have |
|
| 71:32 | types of surfaces. And I just you final forms terminating on the flat |
|
| 71:38 | in the basin in uh and you also get uh different types of lapping |
|
| 71:45 | on. And I think I have diagram coming up to that but here's |
|
| 71:49 | dis conformity where it's relatively flat but don't see a whole lot of erosion |
|
| 71:55 | it. Really good erosion surfaces are more dramatic than something. But during |
|
| 72:06 | existence of variations, make a it's much more resistant in general. |
|
| 72:18 | is this is relatively that's what's so . There's no angularity to it. |
|
| 72:33 | the other types of laps that we have which have have to do more |
|
| 72:38 | uh strata, graphic architecture related to rather than tilting. Uh This this |
|
| 72:48 | just showing you different types of uh looks like an angular and conformity uh |
|
| 72:54 | it in some ways could be Uh But it's probably a channel cutting |
|
| 72:59 | some strata that are dip dip either in this direction or uh well they |
|
| 73:05 | dipping in that direction. But it either be tectonic or it could be |
|
| 73:12 | and here's a surface where like there's beach and sea levels rising and it |
|
| 73:17 | laps on lap on lap, keep these things coming here's a down |
|
| 73:23 | Which is what I showed you with client forms over there and this is |
|
| 73:27 | lap which is a combination. I when this book came out, I |
|
| 73:32 | this thing 400 times and I still figure it out. Um until I |
|
| 73:38 | the significance of the thick line is surface they're talking about because this diagram |
|
| 73:46 | me looks an awful lot like What they're trying to point out is |
|
| 73:50 | boundary above versus the boundary below. things that are tilted. Okay, |
|
| 73:56 | other words, here's things lapping at top. These are things lapping at |
|
| 74:01 | bottom. This one is lapping at bottom but sideways it's moving sideways, |
|
| 74:08 | all have different, this is This is pro gradation and regression. |
|
| 74:14 | is erosion after probably pro gradation and sure what's going on here, but |
|
| 74:20 | been truncated by by uh by and course we can see all this |
|
| 74:29 | graphic architecture now which everything is But take take a section here. |
|
| 74:41 | go out of the wall, back the all of this photographic architecture. |
|
| 74:49 | primary secrets of sequence. I cut section like this. I would see |
|
| 74:59 | fat layer here of came out here be the same thing. So whenever |
|
| 75:10 | did sequence. Uh huh. Or you can this this would be |
|
| 75:24 | tip line one from back here, maybe this is the deposition of it |
|
| 75:34 | here. We're going from up to sentiments sometimes though they do, they |
|
| 75:48 | climb when you get a transgression and when you get in these beds right |
|
| 75:54 | . And we're gonna get, we're get beds. Can't see the |
|
| 75:58 | You can't always see the detail you're have. That's coming up here like |
|
| 76:08 | that are online translation. That's why the service five underneath engine. This |
|
| 76:23 | the maximum flooding service coming here. is the transgressive service basically you're seeing |
|
| 76:29 | this, this is red because that's of the estuary a lot of times |
|
| 76:46 | , you know, this is a month. So they really try to |
|
| 76:49 | you to do, you know, laughing here. But what I often |
|
| 76:54 | is there are sections where you get that other words, this is gonna |
|
| 77:02 | on, this is gonna be, that size. Uh, probably it's |
|
| 77:20 | completely filled up. Start with a bottle. That's it. There were |
|
| 77:45 | system. Okay. I think we to take a break. Thank |
|
| 107:05 | I have a good ta. Utah really good. You still out |
|
| 107:12 | Okay. Yeah, he's a good . Okay. Um, but |
|
| 107:20 | this fellow Arthur Holmes 1965 said this place all the scattered pages of earth |
|
| 107:27 | with proper chronological order, but it's easy at all. Especially one of |
|
| 107:36 | pages is a resident page above it see page below. It may be |
|
| 107:41 | base seat. Uh, so, , several pages below it, maybe |
|
| 107:46 | resident. And so being able to the timing right. Uh Well it's |
|
| 107:52 | how it's how I was able to a big oilfield in the North Sea |
|
| 107:57 | nobody else was finding big oil fields the North Sea. And uh and |
|
| 108:03 | that was in a Jurassic Samson then the which is has has always been |
|
| 108:11 | since they started growing there because a of them are strata, graphic |
|
| 108:18 | And then the and the chart We I believe I mentioned this |
|
| 108:24 | but I met did I mention you about the chalk play in this |
|
| 108:31 | Okay let's say this because it comes in a lecture tomorrow or maybe or |
|
| 108:36 | uh at the end of the Okay so um so there are these |
|
| 108:43 | defined strata, graphic divisions. And it's made up of the G. |
|
| 108:51 | . S. P. The global , graphic sections and points. And |
|
| 108:55 | points are the golden spikes. And are the boundaries that we we think |
|
| 109:03 | we've got it down to where we the whole the whole chunk of time |
|
| 109:06 | the rock. Uh It's important to all means of measuring elapsed time in |
|
| 109:13 | rock record. A lot of people do. Uh Pete Copeland, I |
|
| 109:19 | know what he's gonna say exactly but as any scientist and I'm the same |
|
| 109:25 | whatever they do seems to be more . And uh but the thing |
|
| 109:30 | is that I think we need to all that and use all the tools |
|
| 109:34 | we have. I think even even reflectors sometimes are almost like ash beds |
|
| 109:46 | that The rocks that were deposited at event have compacted and and the water |
|
| 109:57 | much the same, whereas the bed above it significant, but just above |
|
| 110:02 | may have compacted and do water a less. And that creates the contrast |
|
| 110:09 | the seismic velocity that gets you a and, and I think that's why |
|
| 110:14 | see times. And of course you see timelines like this. Yes, |
|
| 110:25 | one of these kind of is a risk, especially in the large. |
|
| 110:34 | just a little so all of these here difference actually it's right. See |
|
| 111:05 | things erupted. De positional futures and act very similar to timelines and they're |
|
| 111:16 | high precision because because it's, it's , you know, one of those |
|
| 111:21 | films, it's compacting kind of sort what we call pini contemporaneously about the |
|
| 111:27 | time. Then between decline of there's a gap in time which separates |
|
| 111:33 | one above it and below it to you can see something the size |
|
| 111:41 | Okay, and, and here here can see uh we already talked about |
|
| 111:45 | chart and I think I explained it well uh as to why again, |
|
| 111:51 | lectures are designed for a class that out over semester and you know, |
|
| 111:57 | might have been last Tuesday that we about, the last lectures have to |
|
| 112:01 | it back up again. But as , uh the main point of this |
|
| 112:09 | the spikes to these spikes where we these little um yellow lines were still |
|
| 112:15 | what that boundary should be here, example, between the galleon and Erlangen |
|
| 112:22 | uh I know you guys are not familiar with timescales as I am. |
|
| 112:29 | remember when I started working at the , uh the guy that I was |
|
| 112:34 | for said don you know, I most people don't know what the titanium |
|
| 112:37 | , do you know when it And I just took a wild guess |
|
| 112:40 | said, I think it's close to legacy boundary depends on because the legacy |
|
| 112:46 | Miocene boundary actually moved around because we sure whether the top of the legacy |
|
| 112:53 | here or down here and one time even thought it might be at the |
|
| 113:01 | . So these kinds of things have through time and it's just getting finer |
|
| 113:04 | finer tuned and more and more solid grad stein and others 2012, Um |
|
| 113:13 | four years they published a new So they published one in 2016 And |
|
| 113:19 | published one in um one in I actually did a research project in |
|
| 113:26 | , but my data wasn't integrated with yet For Pemex. And so I |
|
| 113:30 | the 2008 scale to integrate my bio graphic data timescale. And Pemex was |
|
| 113:38 | working With a 1995 scale which which good in 1995. But now it's |
|
| 113:46 | its reservoirs all causes all kinds of . And here again is here's like |
|
| 113:54 | boundary, a boundary defined stage And uh and this happens to be |
|
| 114:02 | really important one. This is the senior scene thermal maximum. And uh |
|
| 114:09 | is when uh The Delta 13 is uh going going pretty much negative on |
|
| 114:20 | really high negative layer. In other there's a lot of organic uh carbon |
|
| 114:27 | in the system and this is this like a C. 02 event that |
|
| 114:31 | see now with global warming. But was this was due to uh other |
|
| 114:42 | type things that were happening to the at that time. Some people attribute |
|
| 114:48 | volcanic stuff which would be uh from from the deep part of the uh |
|
| 114:57 | the earth and not terrestrial in Uh But uh but there are other |
|
| 115:04 | things drawdowns in the gulf of Mexico have had something to do with it |
|
| 115:09 | it would have exposed, believe it not, a lot of oil fields |
|
| 115:13 | have started leaking into the gulf of would be if there was an oil |
|
| 115:17 | there was actually a water level. down in the gulf of Mexico. |
|
| 115:21 | didn't have to dry up all the . It just had to be drawn |
|
| 115:24 | a little bit and that draw down have when you take petroleum geology, |
|
| 115:29 | hear about um membrane seals that actually . And if you if you reduce |
|
| 115:38 | pressure above them, they'll eat And uh And from the confining pressure |
|
| 115:46 | from no Leeks two leeks. Just to gas and oil. And if |
|
| 115:51 | remove a certain amount of the water from the sediments in the gulf of |
|
| 115:57 | at some point, they'll they they may not, they may only |
|
| 116:00 | leaking gas, which is, which a particular type. But if you |
|
| 116:05 | more, they'll start with oil or may be nothing started and so on |
|
| 116:10 | so forth. So all this Geothermal organic material could have been brought |
|
| 116:18 | the surface and turned into cr And it is well known that there |
|
| 116:23 | a lot of surface fires at this in time too. For some |
|
| 116:27 | people looking at soil preference. here's one of the things that happens |
|
| 116:35 | industry a lot and it's it's a correlation. And um just see, |
|
| 116:46 | , this is the plank tonic for zones. They have zones to find |
|
| 116:55 | they do is they went at the the bottom and stretched out, try |
|
| 117:00 | make that fit golden spikes don't work Bolling spikes are not, you |
|
| 117:06 | you don't like if there's a change a time scale change could be here |
|
| 117:16 | there, you can use it. is how this is how the scales |
|
| 117:20 | done now, directly to this. terms of each one of these uh |
|
| 117:30 | one of these stages over here uh this like for example, one might |
|
| 117:37 | stretched, the other one might It's not a it's not a even |
|
| 117:43 | . You know that something might have stretch like this a little bit in |
|
| 117:47 | . Something may have to stretch like . Another stage might actually have to |
|
| 117:52 | If you take the whole time scale all of these high podiums based on |
|
| 117:57 | 1995 scale. This is what we'll see that none of these lines |
|
| 118:07 | that. You know, they're not up because they stretch this right Rather |
|
| 118:11 | looking at what happened in the time uh one of these zones shrunk and |
|
| 118:18 | that zone trunk and that trunk and it did that, you can see |
|
| 118:22 | bigger uh changed it a little bit changed but it didn't stretch the whole |
|
| 118:31 | . Have you ever seen those uh ? Yes, that was relative to |
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| 118:56 | stage that may have expanded and one may have shrunk not, it's not |
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| 119:04 | that, does that make sense? . It's it's simple, but sometimes |
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| 119:12 | hard to grasp another way to put is, you're really screwing up. |
|
| 119:21 | people don't understand that when you try explain it to himself. So I'm |
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| 119:25 | to tell you and this this was same thing in the nano fossil |
|
| 119:28 | And I could go sit there and you the details, but I think |
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| 119:31 | get the point right, okay. you have to you have to do |
|
| 119:36 | . And uh before we got to we are today, there were all |
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| 119:42 | of ways they were developing timescales and of it had to do with geology |
|
| 119:46 | the beginning, none of it had do with radio metric dates. But |
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| 119:50 | they first started out, they were maximum thicknesses of sediments. Um and |
|
| 119:56 | assuming that stages were all equal. when I worked in the Jurassic of |
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| 120:02 | North Sea with BP, they used zones and they made all the ammonites |
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| 120:07 | one million years each. And I'm like, no, please tell |
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| 120:15 | And uh one person and and this in the Mesozoic. So one time |
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| 120:21 | geologist had done, why do you with this in the tertiary? But |
|
| 120:27 | disagree with this all the time in message. It's simple. It's So |
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| 120:31 | take a scale and it's doing the thing. Of course, like one |
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| 120:36 | zone might actually be this much 10 million the next one, maybe |
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| 120:42 | a million. The next one, two neighbors. They made them all |
|
| 120:47 | million year. And of course we go to the rock record and |
|
| 120:51 | emanate a with Dinos is a and I think with dinosaurs. But if |
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| 120:58 | stretch it like like this like a like an accordion or shrink it down |
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| 121:03 | an accordion this way where everything is million years, then the timescale is |
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| 121:10 | brutally abused is all I can It's just like what I just showed |
|
| 121:15 | you tied everything to one fossil and your zones all up and down like |
|
| 121:21 | when really you know the zones are defined in the, it could be |
|
| 121:26 | really well with bio horizons and using most of the time scale. Not |
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| 121:33 | an assumption that each ham and I because they didn't have anything else. |
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| 121:41 | you get into the giraffes, when get into the Jurassic you lose the |
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| 121:45 | atlantic is a good clock. The of the sea floor in the south |
|
| 121:50 | is a really good clock because it a slow spreading constance based on what |
|
| 121:55 | been able to figure out is very . Doing radio metric. So the |
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| 122:01 | that got the bio strata graphics fossils top up at a certain point in |
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| 122:09 | in the rock record can be tied to the spreading of the sequel, |
|
| 122:13 | is like it's like a clock just up like this. Get out of |
|
| 122:21 | . The stuff at the bottom is same age. That's when it started |
|
| 122:25 | stuff at the bottom line here is too long and that whole stretch of |
|
| 122:31 | near the bottom is a clock and how they, that's how they tied |
|
| 122:36 | lot of in the first place. um this constancy of spreading and sea |
|
| 122:44 | segments which was a big certain part the north, the south atlantic became |
|
| 122:49 | important for all of this. And it's also related to uh uh polar |
|
| 122:56 | . That's good. Polar reversal is in and you know the north pole |
|
| 123:01 | the south pole and then back And uh that was like clockwork with |
|
| 123:06 | fossils and they're able to figure that too. So they saw it laterally |
|
| 123:11 | the most recent sediments to the first when that ocean closed settlements were laid |
|
| 123:19 | and spread way out millions of years . And as you come up that |
|
| 123:24 | you're getting younger and younger and younger to where you get to wear the |
|
| 123:28 | for spreading right now. And uh a vertical section. You see the |
|
| 123:33 | thing in a vertical section, you a core. You see the stuff |
|
| 123:36 | the top is the same age as stuff. Next layer is the second |
|
| 123:40 | lap surface, it's like uh I this is important enough unless you really |
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| 123:52 | involved in something like this. You realized how did it's important. |
|
| 123:59 | So you have see more like this this is what bridge this is say |
|
| 124:07 | american. This is when it opened . Okay this was a little bit |
|
| 124:27 | . That's great. So now you this, can you see the polar |
|
| 124:41 | ? Uh huh. But yes, this. This also reflects that so |
|
| 125:05 | it's a little bit more complicated than , but that's basically you have this |
|
| 125:11 | conveyor belt that's moving in a certain and figure out the time and that's |
|
| 125:16 | reason we get some places. So when we start getting into the |
|
| 125:36 | we don't have anything to really tie . And you know, people think |
|
| 125:41 | metric days are real easy, they to have something like that to be |
|
| 125:46 | to calibrate their algorithm. Otherwise, don't know, it's like the algorithm |
|
| 125:53 | something like this. The algorithm is okay, it's gonna be exactly this |
|
| 125:57 | at exactly this time. This many of years. A lot of the |
|
| 126:01 | has to be tied to something That's that's doing like this. So |
|
| 126:05 | can see we can see the igneous at different periods of time. |
|
| 126:14 | And here's another thing uh and let's if I can see it on |
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| 126:23 | Okay, this this is in thousands years. So you can see there's |
|
| 126:30 | um this is time across here time way too. And this is depth |
|
| 126:42 | the, well, this way time the section is getting younger, like |
|
| 126:46 | younger strata, younger strategy, younger . And here we've been able to |
|
| 126:51 | um to the um to solar radiation , the SAP propels using, using |
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| 127:02 | figure out the SAP propels our big first and when the sun's radiation based |
|
| 127:09 | the position of the earth most of time it was higher, there were |
|
| 127:13 | things happen and you get more and organic material. So they're able to |
|
| 127:18 | these things that are called saP propels big organic things uh like like barbs |
|
| 127:23 | the lake and so every so many of years you get one and they |
|
| 127:30 | able to tie it to that and were able to tie the nano fossils |
|
| 127:34 | see here this is Pleistocene. middle late, well, it's |
|
| 127:39 | late Middle pleistocene. There's placing down and we have some of these down |
|
| 127:44 | the Pleistocene. And uh we were to tie the nano fossils to this |
|
| 127:52 | . Um and that's what these, black dots are tied to the SAP |
|
| 127:57 | To uh to get bio strata um, resolution. That's less than |
|
| 128:05 | years. And john auditorium when he , I don't know whether he still |
|
| 128:11 | because I keep telling him he's He says that it's the bios photography |
|
| 128:15 | , it's too coarse to really be good. That's not true. I |
|
| 128:22 | lots of reservoirs with finer grain uh particular uh, in his defense, |
|
| 128:30 | a lot of companies and a lot very few people, there's a lot |
|
| 128:33 | companies that are ignorant of all of . Certain companies were doing this kind |
|
| 128:37 | this level of work and not all what we did got punched. And |
|
| 128:42 | I've gone to meetings where people would at me because they didn't believe we |
|
| 128:47 | as much data as I said, would tell them what we got 800 |
|
| 128:51 | over here. We've got this many . We've got this many fossils. |
|
| 128:55 | has that much information, but we Because we had 80 people do For |
|
| 129:03 | good 15, 20 years. here's what I'm talking about. You |
|
| 129:08 | to use everything. And this is is what peter is going to be |
|
| 129:14 | here from, from the metric And this is what I'm trying to |
|
| 129:20 | you with soprano strata, graphic Uh and put these things to |
|
| 129:29 | There's some crude calibration of this with and then this gets find it's quite |
|
| 129:36 | reasoning. But then you get you uh finer scale precision by correlating this |
|
| 129:43 | into that calibrating. He come up a really good geological and barbs and |
|
| 129:53 | light system. Sam principles is always you some of those 1000. Then |
|
| 130:05 | can have uh there's some certain types produced and uh thing that bothers. |
|
| 130:23 | but anyway, uh and so so have all these different things. We |
|
| 130:29 | absolute ages. We have we have have we have a lot of different |
|
| 130:37 | and when we tie those, I even put versus up here that asked |
|
| 130:45 | to do and then there's astronomical Funny thing about these astronomical cycles. |
|
| 131:02 | know these astronomical cycles actually tighten the belt where we had and these little |
|
| 131:14 | to the south and uh when they forget which one of these it is |
|
| 131:23 | one of these cycles, one of parts of the was thank you. |
|
| 131:39 | uh some cycles like chalk like this first cycle title to some part of |
|
| 131:52 | was an algorithm in the southwest of . Horrible fall here. Service bye |
|
| 132:23 | alone stretching and run into problems or . It's really it's really hard sometimes |
|
| 132:34 | need to explain it but I I and I think you guys have caught |
|
| 132:39 | . Think you're catching it. Uh One of the things uh well |
|
| 132:48 | have a whole semester. It's easy do this. And sometimes even with |
|
| 132:51 | professional masters there's a thing called timescale and you can google it. |
|
| 132:57 | S. C. R. Say creator then you can actually download this |
|
| 133:03 | yourself and it's updated all the And so if you need a strap |
|
| 133:11 | , the easy part that you can an update Strat column any zone you |
|
| 133:16 | . It's got all this stuff. When I was at Amoco jim ogg |
|
| 133:21 | at Purdue and he was we actually paying him a lot of money to |
|
| 133:27 | any kind of data that have anything do with geologic time in your |
|
| 133:32 | I mean, all sorts of dinosaurs. Uh, nano fossils. |
|
| 133:41 | sorts of stuff. He's putting in spreadsheets, spreadsheets would start out and |
|
| 133:46 | stages and then fish like a button that box. And it would take |
|
| 133:51 | to another sub sub sub set, was a different spreadsheet. And it |
|
| 133:57 | give you the forums another one when click that would give you the nano |
|
| 134:01 | . Another one that you clicked, it happened to be in the necessary |
|
| 134:04 | give you the dinosaurs was down in paleozoic that would give you the trial |
|
| 134:09 | . It was just amazing. And and he pulled all this. |
|
| 134:13 | I don't think anybody in the world ever collected so much data. And |
|
| 134:16 | he started using the Excel spreadsheets back probably 1970 something. And uh And |
|
| 134:26 | late in the 70s, like But by the time we're getting into |
|
| 134:31 | 80s, you know, yeah, already had these big spreadsheets and then |
|
| 134:34 | the software and then he built this and so you can see this online |
|
| 134:39 | you can see you can have it up global reconstructions at the time so |
|
| 134:45 | you can kind of look across if you're working in a different |
|
| 134:48 | You can kind of see what the the tectonics were like when, when |
|
| 134:52 | were working on that section for your . Uh, here's a uh this |
|
| 134:59 | the sad thing is I can't I even read this but um um I |
|
| 135:06 | this is um oxygen isotope curve relative P. D. B. Which |
|
| 135:13 | the P. De Belem night there a bell um night P. |
|
| 135:15 | Formation which was a cretaceous formation. wasn't where it was supposed to be |
|
| 135:21 | and on the south Carolina coastal And that became the global standard for |
|
| 135:28 | the worm Mesozoic which is way down and then the cooling uh santa's okay |
|
| 135:37 | up here. What's happening is we're to get these spikes and um I |
|
| 135:54 | sure but this might be that's close the definitely in the family gene years |
|
| 136:14 | the or if I had if I read these magnetic reversals I could tell |
|
| 136:17 | where it is. But if that's it it's another one right down here |
|
| 136:22 | which I think it is because I I don't think I think we're still |
|
| 136:25 | the I think this is a legacy that's the scene and you get down |
|
| 136:30 | , the boundary is down here, can see it's getting hotter and hotter |
|
| 136:33 | hotter. This is a later spike the thermal maximum is down here somewhere |
|
| 136:38 | the failure and here's here's how it . Um I'm not gonna go through |
|
| 136:48 | but this kind of shows you how get there and you just start out |
|
| 136:52 | the first panel and you just kind give it a range and easiest, |
|
| 136:56 | don't know all your stage, Like just, millions of, you |
|
| 137:06 | here's this is close to the, is just above the in the, |
|
| 137:12 | above the cretaceous tertiary boundary and uh is now the And this is getting |
|
| 137:22 | into 10 million, so it's in , so um and then then you |
|
| 137:29 | a the research, for example of is gets a literature and trying to |
|
| 137:41 | out how to be hardest, especially you don't have a lot of photographic |
|
| 137:50 | , but sometimes you can like you see the zones of change and uh |
|
| 137:55 | tie the zones, the bio graphic zones will tie. The problem |
|
| 137:59 | if you if you don't, you , and stretch them a little bit |
|
| 138:04 | , you know, like they have an uneven stretch stretch that relates to |
|
| 138:08 | happened with time because that plot that showed you showed you where the zones |
|
| 138:13 | the earlier ones, like these, are showing these zones recalibrated to |
|
| 138:23 | This is show me From 1995 these the same zone and uh you have |
|
| 138:37 | published instead of this zone, you know that that now at this time |
|
| 138:51 | this this is a a list where can pick out all these data sets |
|
| 138:57 | fly. Um If you pick something only occurs in the santa's OIC and |
|
| 139:03 | looking at something santa's OIC, you'll it. But if you pick |
|
| 139:07 | you're working in the center zone, you fix some of this data that's |
|
| 139:10 | in the paleozoic And it'll tell you out of the time range for |
|
| 139:14 | So, I mean, you can't a mistake, but it won't it |
|
| 139:18 | penalize. So all of these I'm trying to get us all of |
|
| 139:24 | curves can be plotted. You can can even get um gulf of Mexico |
|
| 139:30 | plotted on this curve. It's got got the information for that. And |
|
| 139:42 | a generated plot where somebody's picked certain that they want to see. And |
|
| 139:49 | they picked the, the paleo mag and the chromosomes that go with the |
|
| 139:56 | mag reserve reversals. And you and it's tied directly. The chromosomes |
|
| 140:04 | tied directly to the zones that either or don't fit it. But it's |
|
| 140:08 | little bit high, a little bit . It's got in the right |
|
| 140:14 | And here's one where more information has plotted out. Um This is |
|
| 140:20 | third order sea levels curve. This the second order. And this is |
|
| 140:25 | first order. You know, the , the major ones that have to |
|
| 140:28 | with plate tectonics. And uh uh next layer is large basin all ships |
|
| 140:36 | stuff like that. And then this what we see on passive margins through |
|
| 140:47 | . And um, this is another , it shows you like the zones |
|
| 140:51 | it, the plot up and when there's a cursor that allows you to |
|
| 140:57 | move it and pull a line right to there and you can see exactly |
|
| 141:01 | many millions point, whatever it And what type of marker do you |
|
| 141:06 | this is? You know, we looking at biomarkers, right? Or |
|
| 141:12 | events. What type of bio event it? No, it's a |
|
| 141:21 | Remember I told you I said I something like this but is slightly different |
|
| 141:30 | you something like this. This seems is its extinction doesn't go up. |
|
| 141:43 | goes down here, son, this tell you the exception. This is |
|
| 141:49 | first appearance in time. Just the extension, they get to the |
|
| 142:10 | That would be 20, you And if you get in, if |
|
| 142:16 | if you actually look at something like , you'll you'll actually be able to |
|
| 142:21 | interpretations that your advisor never made before you didn't realize this kind of information |
|
| 142:26 | available. If you don't know how read that, it means nothing to |
|
| 142:31 | . But if you know how to it, you can use it. |
|
| 142:33 | think I said tops because it seems that religion that In the oil |
|
| 142:42 | Okay, this is academic. This 100% academic. But having said that |
|
| 142:49 | can get charged that will tell you the tops are okay. But |
|
| 142:55 | when they do zones, they like they do official academic, they like |
|
| 143:02 | use cases when we do, we use. So um yeah, you're |
|
| 143:12 | to think a zone would be a because that's what we do industry. |
|
| 143:20 | . It's been almost a half I mean an hour. Do you |
|
| 143:23 | want to take another break? A shorter one? And Okay. I |
|
| 152:04 | the thing running again. Okay. we're going to talk about the graphic |
|
| 152:09 | methodology. I know I've been mentioning off and on in the composite standard |
|
| 152:14 | you build from. And also that it's very similar machine learning sort of |
|
| 152:21 | analog since uh building a database that collecting new data every time you drill |
|
| 152:30 | well or do another outcome. And and so did this At least |
|
| 152:39 | 20 years with 80 people and consequently figured out a lot. And and |
|
| 152:47 | you you can imagine that if you all these data sets in the machine |
|
| 152:53 | your and your artificial intelligence comes up an answer. Um and you |
|
| 152:58 | even with the machine it takes a to put it in and all |
|
| 153:03 | Once you've done it, you can of look back at it and see |
|
| 153:09 | how you gonna cut points. It have been right. I don't know |
|
| 153:14 | first because it's never been done I never had that. I never |
|
| 153:18 | that step. That it's an um process like machine learning where you or |
|
| 153:26 | build from experience and that's that's what does, It builds from experience. |
|
| 153:32 | people um have said it's a theoretical but it's really an empirical, it's |
|
| 153:39 | on observations and it's it's a way integrating all those observations uh from you |
|
| 153:49 | it could be a well in Australia with a well in in the North |
|
| 153:55 | . And it's something that you know when people do strata graphic work, |
|
| 154:00 | know, they're specialists in the North , they're specialists in north west shelf |
|
| 154:04 | Australia versus the southeast shelf of Australia . But just imagine if someone is |
|
| 154:12 | this stuff together all over the Like one of those diagrams I just |
|
| 154:15 | you earlier where you know they started with sections in different parts of the |
|
| 154:21 | and very crudely pulled them together. if you had a mathematical tool to |
|
| 154:26 | you really truly integrate them? Uh by millimeter inch by inch by just |
|
| 154:32 | an ex wife and that's what it . Okay. Um So we're gonna |
|
| 154:39 | gonna start talking about this I think of the time we're not gonna get |
|
| 154:42 | this but we'll try to get through much as we can and uh and |
|
| 154:46 | try not to to be uh too because I think we're doing okay on |
|
| 154:52 | with with what's left and what we to do tomorrow. And so I |
|
| 154:58 | of wanna go through the origin of methodology and the types the types of |
|
| 155:05 | standards in precision. Uh some of really interesting things relative to the oil |
|
| 155:14 | that you can do with a graphic graph. You guys have already done |
|
| 155:19 | exercise. So you probably did, you did you get something out of |
|
| 155:24 | those graphs? Did you kind of how it might be a useful thing |
|
| 155:27 | have? So you kind of what doing is, you know, normally |
|
| 155:34 | happens in this photography only what happens so geologists that um very much time |
|
| 156:03 | it. I was kidding. Okay that's what they see. No. |
|
| 156:35 | . I've got the file, shall ? How much you number geologist time |
|
| 157:01 | important. Uh huh sustained. You don't know about actually the |
|
| 158:01 | It's fun. It's pretty big. by the way on exercises and you |
|
| 158:07 | wanna especially information that's when we get . Absolutely. Uh that's perfectly fun |
|
| 158:23 | me, exercises are designed for people work to work together and try to |
|
| 158:30 | it out and we don't have a of people in this group, there's |
|
| 158:33 | two of it. So if you don't get along it's it's gonna not |
|
| 158:38 | good. But if you wanna if wanna you know like uh one of |
|
| 158:45 | could decide to do, there's there's parts to the environmental exercise. You |
|
| 158:52 | one of you could do this this and others could do another part and |
|
| 158:55 | you could get together and figure out happened. And sometimes we do it |
|
| 159:01 | a team grade but uh the only with team grades is sometimes I realize |
|
| 159:08 | done all the work and somebody's done little of the work. and even |
|
| 159:12 | with five people with two people, gonna be really hard to cheat. |
|
| 159:17 | mean you cheat on the other person terms of not helping because I guess |
|
| 159:22 | gotta help me earn it. If know, if you don't help |
|
| 159:26 | how can I help you? So that's what I want to see |
|
| 159:32 | . If you can if you can it on Zuma and personally. |
|
| 159:37 | So um so we're gonna talk about you can do with the grasshopper and |
|
| 159:40 | about kind of how it works and it works and uh and how it |
|
| 159:45 | to buy opera knowledge in other How can we tell time with fossils |
|
| 159:54 | the process. It's a process of and it's iterative uh considerate of recalibration |
|
| 160:05 | uh of your database. Because because time you do it you're kind of |
|
| 160:09 | out where your database is right and it's wrong, where it's close where |
|
| 160:13 | far off where it's just a little and here I wrote down, I |
|
| 160:19 | this already. Uh but the composite is a database. And it's actually |
|
| 160:24 | empirical strata graphic model because it's built observation. It's incorrectly called the theoretical |
|
| 160:34 | . um First person that came up this was sal and Sean 1964 and |
|
| 160:41 | became the chief geologist of America which why we ended up doing this. |
|
| 160:46 | uh and then somebody by the name FX Miller and 77 wrote an important |
|
| 160:51 | on it and pray tell Calibrated it 018 Delta 18. Uh Can hurt |
|
| 161:03 | a a Windows application called graph We had something on a mainframe that |
|
| 161:09 | very expensive to develop and created a database but eventually got put on uh |
|
| 161:18 | workstations so that you can handle the a lot easier. And then uh |
|
| 161:25 | person uh did something called supplemental graphic where they added geological events to their |
|
| 161:32 | standard which which is important. And G smith started showing how you can |
|
| 161:41 | it to tie it two by two and make bio chronology. And then |
|
| 161:45 | was a big volume that came out S C. P M. As |
|
| 161:48 | special publication on it. and uh did research from 1965 to 1999 when |
|
| 161:55 | merged with it and BP gave it away only to realize that was a |
|
| 162:00 | mistake and they hired people back to on and then um 1987 through 2019 |
|
| 162:10 | lot of based on applications have been with composites standards including time depth |
|
| 162:17 | People call them time depth curves but really composites standard graphs. And uh |
|
| 162:24 | so it kind of goes on like . There's some alternative correlation routines um |
|
| 162:33 | and large other than these these good . Uh he ended up working at |
|
| 162:42 | , he was an intern and he some of these programs for us and |
|
| 162:46 | um and his father was a big at Amoco but he stopped doing that |
|
| 162:53 | he was doing stuff in windows that put it on a pc and do |
|
| 162:58 | lot of stuff that way. And really figured out ways of economizing when |
|
| 163:03 | did it. Our graphs were all . So like one graph was thousands |
|
| 163:09 | data points, even a line, know, uh the line was a |
|
| 163:14 | line but where it was white, was the white pixels. So the |
|
| 163:18 | pixels, black pixels, you it's it's a lot of data just |
|
| 163:21 | one graph. Whereas the other guy using something like uh power point in |
|
| 163:27 | programming where all I was doing was he drew a line that captured the |
|
| 163:33 | . So with a small amount of you could do a lot of work |
|
| 163:37 | it because and then you could just the graph right on top of a |
|
| 163:43 | background and power point or whatever you to do to be white or |
|
| 163:47 | So you can make a nice graphics a small amount of space. |
|
| 163:53 | But then these guys came up with that used parametric statistics to some extent |
|
| 163:59 | and cask didn't It was non but the other ones were and |
|
| 164:04 | and they really overlooked the value of , things I'm going to call raise |
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| 164:11 | and depressed tops. Uh, they're you something geological is happening. But |
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| 164:17 | you average it out, you get information out of it all. It's |
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| 164:21 | almost like a mindless error. It's you're making a mistake because you're not |
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| 164:30 | your mom. Okay. And I you this. And of course this |
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| 164:37 | kind of what it is is uh made sections all around the world. |
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| 164:41 | they were very detailed. We found people in the literature sometimes with, |
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| 164:47 | just say these say these are just . Someone might tell us responses in |
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| 164:58 | stage but not wearing what we were for. It was exactly by the |
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| 165:05 | , the meter, the inch however want to measure where was that fossil |
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| 165:10 | this one? And where was it that one? Because what we're finding |
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| 165:14 | when we would go to these it would tell us fossil X. |
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| 165:19 | in this section and it was in section. But then we found out |
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| 165:24 | X was right here was in here it never went below there. And |
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| 165:32 | we when we saw it here, knew that we were seeing this whole |
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| 165:36 | . But we didn't know what was on over there. So we had |
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| 165:39 | fossils under their uh, that, we could see in the section. |
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| 165:44 | then where did it come in over . Which has the bottom of the |
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| 165:48 | . So we're actually able to tie together in other words. Um, |
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| 165:53 | way a lot of bio strategic fee reported and published, You couldn't tell |
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| 165:59 | in this state if this was a where in the stage that was or |
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| 166:04 | better where in the formation No, would just, they would just |
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| 166:08 | you know, like a bed or formation. They'd say these are the |
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| 166:12 | that came out of, we started things. But by excuse me. |
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| 166:20 | the scalp ticket no scalp ticket is approves. No, but I was |
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| 166:31 | , okay. Yeah. Um, ticket that happened death and the depth |
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| 166:39 | good. That's, that's what we're about. Problem is I wanted to |
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| 166:46 | exactly where the next thing I didn't anything about. Mm But maybe what |
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| 167:01 | reason why target skeletons. Uh, did some wells the area, |
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| 167:13 | stick and move to another field And came out of here and only |
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| 167:26 | Then maybe only 60%. Eventually they down to a shortlist of things and |
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| 167:33 | short over and then you have because of the other things for example. |
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| 167:48 | this is the ground. I'm saying this here. Say this is the |
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| 168:11 | . See you same here. So 16% it's deep. Right? Those |
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| 168:52 | problems, consistency. Right. This this it's 40%. Certainly tickets are |
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| 169:17 | so later on Still. It's always a select certain one on the government's |
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| 169:28 | . Yeah. Sorry. Something something. This was a natural process |
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| 169:41 | history. And uh in other very thoughtful ignorance. You know, |
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| 169:52 | gonna we're gonna sort this out and have to remember, you know, |
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| 169:57 | then they were didn't have huge databases I've had to work and they didn't |
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| 170:02 | all the variables and what they meant might. And again, if you |
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| 170:08 | you've had any statistics, you probably come up with a statistical model to |
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| 170:13 | that. And you'd be really wrong . And that's the problem because because |
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| 170:19 | are discrete events, they're not, like um like human beings, we're |
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| 170:24 | about this. You know, even we see people that are short, |
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| 170:27 | are calling, you put the numbers , there's not that much difference between |
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| 170:31 | ratios of our phones From one person . But if you made it an |
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| 170:39 | , you could think, you there must be different species. You're |
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| 170:43 | , you know, there's there's so about us that's exactly like any, |
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| 170:50 | , you know, I took some in biology and even even cats are |
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| 170:54 | similar to us in terms of bones things. So the point is is |
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| 170:59 | , you know, until you've seen lot of so salt wells life. |
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| 171:10 | had no idea faces, right. uh, and those, those guys |
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| 171:21 | pushing their stuff when I was, know, working on my fifth year |
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| 171:26 | the industry, you know, they still pushing them like, I hope |
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| 171:30 | retire soon. But, but that's kind of the way it |
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| 171:36 | So it's really important to, to this empirical data and no foot for |
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| 171:42 | where things are. Now. Once done that, you can then look |
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| 171:48 | a published paper and you can find mountain of good information in the published |
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| 171:53 | if they were doing things and they taking great records, maybe they're only |
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| 171:59 | forums and they picked out zones based on forums. So they're missing tiny |
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| 172:04 | of the point, we're getting the part of the point that you can |
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| 172:08 | that data and another well published and can put it together without having to |
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| 172:12 | out and collect yourself and uh, Amoco wasn't sure because we hadn't seen |
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| 172:20 | . And so then we went out we were collecting samples all over the |
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| 172:23 | , which is a great job to . And sometimes like we were doing |
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| 172:28 | work, we had a helicopter and a, that's a pretty neat thing |
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| 172:32 | have. And we even um, time when we're working in uh |
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| 172:39 | we landed landed in um some I can't think of the name. |
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| 172:46 | , there's a, there's a resort . Uh, yeah, yeah, |
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| 172:56 | think it was in Utah, it's , that sunshine resort. But Sundance |
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| 173:03 | Sundance the movie. And uh, movie stars had created this great |
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| 173:11 | So it was a little bit away our field area. So when it |
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| 173:14 | to be lunchtime, we were geologists our rock hammers covered head to toe |
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| 173:19 | dirt. And we landed in a and I thought, I said to |
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| 173:26 | planets and I think they're gonna let in dress like this. He |
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| 173:29 | you landed in a helicopter. They're to come out here and treat you |
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| 173:31 | well. And uh, and they . But anyway, so you put |
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| 173:40 | together like this again. But now , you're, you've gotten to the |
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| 173:44 | where, you know, you, got things foot for foot and, |
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| 173:47 | uh, and instead of just having at these boundaries, you have lines |
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| 173:52 | through the section and here is, a, there's a plot of some |
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| 173:59 | the key outcrops that we, we around the world just for what we |
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| 174:05 | our center and you'd have to have numbers to see where they were. |
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| 174:11 | of these numbers. Here's 29 there's 30, there's, there's 30 |
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| 174:22 | them. I think there's 30 of all the way across here. |
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| 174:30 | and um, these things Rollers, world had Every fossil in the |
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| 174:38 | five ft sometimes in need europe, did it meters, but it would |
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| 174:44 | like when care from you too. uh and when we did that we |
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| 174:50 | able to not only were we able not only prices where the environment is |
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| 174:59 | that we're also able to type This face has changed here by the |
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| 175:24 | uh we put our sin and by way, I don't know if he |
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| 175:29 | does but for a long time he teaching in downtown, it's kind of |
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| 175:34 | here. But anyways the uh we this, we did one for the |
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| 175:42 | started out doing a global one for aliens, the lower paleozoic, the |
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| 175:46 | paleozoic because that's a lot of time out it doesn't work well in the |
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| 175:51 | because the rock record is really hard get to the levels that we see |
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| 175:56 | the cretaceous in the Mesozoic and the . Okay. So anyway, um |
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| 176:04 | were a lot of different types of standards and I did a lot with |
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| 176:12 | standards. But the global and hemispherical were like this. You know, |
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| 176:24 | were key sections and sections and western of the United States uh D. |
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| 176:37 | . Drilling the sdp drilling projects that some of these big sections. You |
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| 176:43 | , we would pick them, we we would get in and work all |
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| 176:46 | them and that was the global But while we were doing that we |
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| 176:51 | out there were some there were some in a particular part of the world |
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| 176:55 | had a top right here. It consistent all over that regional area. |
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| 177:00 | so we started to subdivide it we start with it. So we |
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| 177:04 | a global, we ended up with global ones because we kept refining |
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| 177:08 | We had a global and then we looking at it. Okay. How |
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| 177:12 | that different in the North Sea? is it different in West africa, |
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| 177:17 | is it different in the gulf of ? What localized? Remember I told |
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| 177:22 | you the rooms that uh, we're be Mexico, that's the issue. |
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| 177:42 | , it's all these different parts of world. We realized that we had |
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| 177:50 | ton of really valuable information that is than 100% system. But if you |
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| 178:02 | looked at submarine here use the 40% sanctions time differences from Okay. And |
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| 178:30 | , and for example, in the , the North Sea is what we |
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| 178:37 | , uh, even though the North was closer to the, it's still |
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| 178:48 | separated and that, so that yeah, has species and good research |
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| 179:15 | thing where example, same time on things. Yes. Yes. Now |
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| 179:45 | really, all these things over the setting is out of here from |
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| 180:06 | , uh, until the implications that they work, they work really more |
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| 180:30 | this, that it's kind of like and there was a mountain. I |
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| 180:36 | , you know, the whole continent between action. Uh, so that's |
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| 180:43 | why we ended up with, we of call them local, so they'd |
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| 180:47 | major basins too many basins for We had one that was just the |
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| 180:51 | gulf of Mexico. We had one was shallow water and uh, which |
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| 180:59 | that problem right there. It's and central grabbing basin, uh, Jurassic |
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| 181:06 | the North Sea. So I built one. But uh, what I |
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| 181:10 | here, the calibration ones were ones we were tying the bios photography to |
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| 181:15 | of the geo chronology because when you a well that has, you can |
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| 181:21 | it quickly for foot with all the are gonna get a really solid |
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| 181:27 | And that's what we did. And the company emerged unfortunately. But equally |
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| 181:38 | I think it would have been much off by itself at the time, |
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| 181:49 | yes. Uh, I remember, understand, but uh, they're doing |
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| 181:58 | . You're outside. Okay. not for that. But anyway, |
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| 182:05 | , these are the numbers of medical . We had It kind of originally |
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| 182:13 | 27 global and calibrations and you when I say 27 some of those |
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| 182:21 | the failures of, some, some in different parts of the, and |
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| 182:27 | of them are a little bit we had 27 of them at this |
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| 182:33 | in time. This would mean there only one. There's a yes, |
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| 182:48 | globally. Um he tied a lot the local standards to uh, can |
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| 182:57 | make that reversal in the so that gonna I'm gonna let you guys go |
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| 183:07 | the day. What time is it your clock? 508. Okay. |
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| 183:21 | oh 5 12. You're trying to in british english, Right. |
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| 183:41 | that was a little bit of the , but expectations. I |
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