| 00:28 | Yeah. Yeah, No problem Um let's um start the basic |
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| 00:40 | We've we've seen this before. So to make a mental note tomorrow thursday's |
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| 00:45 | then next backwards, which will show . Uh So that reminds me. |
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| 00:51 | for the answer keys for these always up to the Tuesday afternoon following this |
|
| 00:58 | deadline. So, um so there's um key is visible. So look |
|
| 01:06 | it, you have questions, let know. Uh no smart work this |
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| 01:11 | , but there will be, I two assignments due next sunday the |
|
| 01:16 | So just a heads up um other , Let's see what we got uh |
|
| 01:25 | . So they will finish up, we'll probably have a little bit |
|
| 01:30 | probably the part of the gel. and motility may not get to |
|
| 01:34 | but uh the main thing here is there we go. So monday. |
|
| 01:40 | monday is that flipped classroom chapter four one. And kind of that class |
|
| 01:44 | , which is nothing to be scared . Just what you're gonna do is |
|
| 01:48 | of prepare on your own right. video lecture has been up all week |
|
| 01:53 | for that for that material electron So whatever it is you do in |
|
| 01:59 | of studying, just do that before . And monday's session will be heavily |
|
| 02:07 | questions just to kind of see how do. Okay. And, you |
|
| 02:12 | , interspersed with, you know, slides that covers some content uh |
|
| 02:18 | So, um so we'll do that monday and we'll have one of those |
|
| 02:24 | you have just to kind of mix up a little bit the let's see |
|
| 02:31 | else the uh class schedule so that to tomorrow I guess technically at midnight |
|
| 02:40 | . So if you're wanting a particular you may need to stay up till |
|
| 02:45 | tonight. Okay? Um But there be multiple slots you can sign up |
|
| 02:50 | on both those days so but remember can't sign up for anything unless super |
|
| 02:57 | . So make sure you do that uh turning point data. So if |
|
| 03:01 | look on blackboard you've seen that the couple of weeks have been wiped out |
|
| 03:06 | now it's replaced with monday's session So you'll see points there for for |
|
| 03:13 | but again remember uh you've got basically days to play with where you don't |
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| 03:19 | to, it's not gonna count against if you don't show up and do |
|
| 03:23 | quicker questions. So um so do blackboard uh to make sure that if |
|
| 03:31 | were there and you were using the or the clicker that you are seeing |
|
| 03:36 | you're supposed to be saying that that is functioning and so you can at |
|
| 03:40 | from that standpoint make sure you check if you have an issue um do |
|
| 03:47 | there was lots of help for contact support. You can go in |
|
| 03:52 | They're actually in the building next to in Cbb building their house in there |
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| 03:58 | you can get one on one help you need to for any kind of |
|
| 04:02 | issues. Okay um let's see uh there wasn't any any questions about this |
|
| 04:09 | of stuff or anything. Okay. will also be uh I do have |
|
| 04:17 | well let me find not wanting to but I'll let you know next week |
|
| 04:22 | so for the time being it's just you know prepare prepare for monday, |
|
| 04:27 | know and uh but don't be freaked about it. Okay. You know |
|
| 04:33 | go through it's meant for you really get help with that material. Okay |
|
| 04:38 | and do look over before you come certainly. So uh so today we're |
|
| 04:44 | get through most of the rest of three. Um So this was just |
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| 04:49 | of basic summary the stuff we've talked about at this point. So over |
|
| 04:55 | remember we're looking at the pro periodic um these structures that consists of so |
|
| 05:02 | kind of take the approach of from outside in really. So what's kind |
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| 05:06 | on the outside? Um So envelope , what's the membrane made of |
|
| 05:12 | from the transport, basic transport Um Then looked at the cell |
|
| 05:20 | right? The bacterial cell wall, negative, gram positive and the differences |
|
| 05:26 | . Then we ended with the what might call a typical cell envelopes because |
|
| 05:34 | every bacterias pains with the gram Alright. There's a number that don't |
|
| 05:43 | there's many to do of course but something that I kind of have variations |
|
| 05:47 | the typical very negative and positive Okay so we look at that. |
|
| 05:53 | typical types of micro bacteria which does type of light can. Okay but |
|
| 05:58 | has much more of this other These kind of very lipid, waxy |
|
| 06:04 | . Uh Look at michael plasmas. confuse mycoplasma micro bacteria. Mycoplasma lacks |
|
| 06:15 | relaxed so well. Okay. And RTK which are also prokaryotes, they |
|
| 06:22 | even have a cell wall but their wall material is similar but not identical |
|
| 06:28 | this popular like can chemically similar but are some differences. So we call |
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| 06:32 | pseudo Mirian. Mirian or Mirian is . U. R. E. |
|
| 06:42 | . Is kind of an older name used to call so wall material by |
|
| 06:47 | . It's more commonly called like But they mean the same thing. |
|
| 06:52 | . But the pseudo Miriam's what they the so um so the last So |
|
| 07:01 | of this is kind of split into parts. So it's kind of last |
|
| 07:03 | of part one. Uh So we're the most external part of the cell |
|
| 07:11 | looking at these structures. So a of slime layer and biofilm. Okay |
|
| 07:18 | the capsule and climate are certainly structures the single cells. Okay, the |
|
| 07:25 | is a collection of material that's covering whole massive centers. Okay um so |
|
| 07:34 | the capsule, so contrasting capsule and versus the Slam there, capsule and |
|
| 07:42 | are both gene included products. there's genes specific for their synthesis. |
|
| 07:51 | , slime layer is not slime layer more like metabolic byproducts that may be |
|
| 07:59 | . Uh Just kind of stick to cell, right? You can grow |
|
| 08:04 | on certain ones on very high sugar and they will uh take from that |
|
| 08:11 | material and basically we're hanging loosely around exterior. So basically that's what we |
|
| 08:17 | it um for the cell that has , it can offer some protection of |
|
| 08:24 | . Um but it's not a necessarily consistent thing. Right? It's it's |
|
| 08:29 | to say again. Typically a metabolic kinda just hangs around the cell whereas |
|
| 08:35 | capsule it's tightly bound and as you see the capsule here tightly bound to |
|
| 08:42 | cell. Again, gene encoded um often the religious factor many pathogens will |
|
| 08:49 | a capsule. So the meningitis bacterium a capsule. The bacteria that causes |
|
| 08:55 | most common form of bacterial pneumonia has very thick capsule. Um many up |
|
| 09:02 | so capsule by covering kind of the with the capsule. It makes it |
|
| 09:09 | easy figures of ties. So this your main infection fighting cells, how |
|
| 09:18 | do their thing is to fake status engulf captains and it's it's harder to |
|
| 09:23 | that when the capsule this president um so again very organized structure, tightly |
|
| 09:33 | slam layer, not jean. Certainly associated with the south biofilms in our |
|
| 09:41 | a of course a aggregation of millions cells. Okay, but the mouth |
|
| 09:48 | itself is kind of the glue that it together is a probably Sacha ride |
|
| 09:55 | can be somewhat protein in nature um that is synthesized by itself. So |
|
| 10:02 | are in the process of biological It's a as we'll see later, |
|
| 10:07 | a stepwise process. Okay. Um it's not just a random association |
|
| 10:13 | cells coming together to form a It's a it's a species specific phenomenon |
|
| 10:20 | And in the orchestrated process. So genes turned on at certain times to |
|
| 10:25 | about the biofilm formation. Okay. one of the one of those genes |
|
| 10:31 | turned on after the biofilms kind of to become established. You have lots |
|
| 10:37 | cells present. Then they initiate the of that exhaust polymer matrix material which |
|
| 10:43 | highly polished saccharine nature. And that's kind of like I said kind of |
|
| 10:47 | glue that holds everything together. But course it encompasses millions of cells inside |
|
| 10:52 | thing. Um That's okay, these all structures biofilm, the material making |
|
| 10:59 | the biofilm uh capsule. It's They're all on the outermost periphery of |
|
| 11:05 | cells in fact. Um No questions that. So uh here's a |
|
| 11:13 | So this is a question we had last time. This is one of |
|
| 11:17 | , let's see how you can see you answer it before we talk about |
|
| 11:20 | stuff we talked about all these So let's see what we get |
|
| 11:25 | Okay exactly. Remember the session D. If you have the |
|
| 11:33 | Mm hmm mm hmm. Okay, put the timer on and as always |
|
| 12:12 | can always talk amongst yourselves if you . Okay. About this stuff. |
|
| 12:18 | about Super Bowl teams that are about in a couple of weeks, anybody |
|
| 12:25 | Cincinnati by the way, But it persistent. Okay. Mhm. |
|
| 12:39 | deposit for briefly and the stragglers jump . Okay, here we go to |
|
| 12:50 | beep. Alright, just got Alright, so let's see what we |
|
| 12:55 | here. Um So michael bacteria Well, I just showed the picture |
|
| 13:01 | ? It has pepper black cat layer . Um gram positive bacteria. It's |
|
| 13:09 | negatives that possess the endo toxin. , so a micro bacteria do have |
|
| 13:15 | look like in So that's that's the question coming up. That's false. |
|
| 13:21 | uh gram positives don't have it. the gram negatives that have the endo |
|
| 13:28 | the quick assets. Again, only grand positives. Right, so gram |
|
| 13:32 | have the liberal protein that the grand don't but I am positive have high |
|
| 13:37 | acids grab negative stuff. Again, is oh engines associated with the gram |
|
| 13:45 | that old policy aka right part of of the LPS layer. Um This |
|
| 13:50 | not a gram positive caucus. It's gram negative one. Ok. Remember |
|
| 13:57 | gram negative has three layers outer membrane wall here. So. F. |
|
| 14:05 | the correct answer here. Okay so one needs approved questions about that. |
|
| 14:13 | . So this question we're going to twice. So the first time we're |
|
| 14:18 | to talk about these things Very And so take a look at this |
|
| 14:24 | . Let me reset. Okay, ahead. Take a look at those |
|
| 14:30 | see what you come up with. this is the question uh in a |
|
| 15:28 | . Yeah, we put the timer . Mhm. Mhm. Hey, |
|
| 15:59 | . It head counts about 125 or . Six seven eight. All |
|
| 16:09 | here we go. 321. so, well, oh that will |
|
| 16:18 | will be saved. Will come back this question later. I will say |
|
| 16:23 | um there is a choice here. is false. I'll say that. |
|
| 16:29 | , so F would not be a answer here. Alright, so, |
|
| 16:36 | our cells and other eukaryotic cells. set of skeleton is a very um |
|
| 16:45 | , highly organized structure, multiple Um micro tubules. And you you |
|
| 16:52 | need to this is only for comparative , so don't need to I'm not |
|
| 16:55 | test you on eukaryotic single skeleton only comparison. So um micro filaments, |
|
| 17:03 | like acting for example, is a filament responsible for a certain type of |
|
| 17:08 | . I'm approaching contract, contracted Right? Active. Um micro tubules |
|
| 17:16 | different types of motion as well as the eukaryotic flagellum the spindle. And |
|
| 17:21 | closest has micro tubules involved. What ? The intermediate filaments um they anchor |
|
| 17:32 | in the cell. Okay, so very complex structure now it was found |
|
| 17:37 | maybe about 20 years ago that precarious have components of the site of |
|
| 17:43 | Not extensive like this and not organized they do have a set of skeletal |
|
| 17:49 | homologous to some of these structures. for pro carry its uh their function |
|
| 17:56 | function of elements in them is really shape, formula sound. Um And |
|
| 18:05 | particular you know, cell wall synthesis um division of the cell. So |
|
| 18:11 | was kind of the area in And so they were found out looking |
|
| 18:18 | mutants. This is bacillus which is rod shaped bacteria. Uh You see |
|
| 18:24 | non meeting form on the left on right, it's kind of rounded up |
|
| 18:29 | a ball and so that M. . E. Is a set of |
|
| 18:33 | development that serves to kind of help shape of that rod cell. And |
|
| 18:38 | it also is involved in cell wall . So without with what they meet |
|
| 18:42 | a defective component, it does not like a bacillus of course because that's |
|
| 18:48 | of the first hint how this may evolved in the shape of the cell |
|
| 18:52 | other functions. And so Uh we that there are three types of elements |
|
| 19:02 | uh a common one to all cell is this F. Tsz. Okay |
|
| 19:11 | the fine is the center of the . Right as you see here, |
|
| 19:16 | helps facilitate uh expectation expectation is the of how to sell divides following replication |
|
| 19:24 | the chromosome. Um The uh rod cells like the cells will have that |
|
| 19:32 | well. So you can see it in the middle, right? That |
|
| 19:36 | Tsz? But it also has the R E B. And so you |
|
| 19:40 | it's like it's like a scaffold, ? These little arc shaped pieces like |
|
| 19:46 | little scaffolds that are bringing about cell synthesis. Okay. And then these |
|
| 19:52 | eventually connect up okay, into a strength of petrol I can around the |
|
| 20:00 | . Okay. Um and again, R E B is only in rod |
|
| 20:05 | cells. Okay. But they but F Tsz that ring in the middle |
|
| 20:10 | present in all shapes. Okay, it's part of the expectation process that |
|
| 20:16 | cells undergo. Okay now curved or shape cells like this have this uh |
|
| 20:24 | skeletal component chris sentence or C R . S. Right on one side |
|
| 20:31 | the cell. Okay. And And changed my ink on one side of |
|
| 20:38 | cell. And so that helps to of curve that cell. But you |
|
| 20:42 | it also has All three components, ? That has the MRE. |
|
| 20:47 | And it has the F Tsz Okay, so rod, what is |
|
| 20:52 | or not is gonna have that A R. B. For helping |
|
| 20:56 | its cell wall synthesis. Okay. a curved sell uh you probably may |
|
| 21:04 | familiar with the bacteria that cause cholera was a comma shaped cell so it |
|
| 21:10 | fit in that category. Um So so these these elements are about uh |
|
| 21:18 | in september nation division itself. So synthesis can provide some protection to the |
|
| 21:24 | as well. Okay um so here talking about cept asian. Okay so |
|
| 21:32 | talk about getting a replication shortly. the life of material sell or you |
|
| 21:37 | any procure real cell as it begins as a culture begins to grow is |
|
| 21:44 | um cells will actually kind of that a little bit during optimal growth. |
|
| 21:49 | divide rapidly and associate a little liquid . Um as well of course rapidly |
|
| 21:56 | the they're getting replicated and they'll reach size where they will then begin to |
|
| 22:02 | eight. We call it split into . And so that's the process you |
|
| 22:07 | occurring where the pinching of the cell on both sides here and here and |
|
| 22:15 | meets up in the middle. Okay in that middle graphic here. Okay |
|
| 22:22 | having synthesis of cell envelope material on halves as the current as it goes |
|
| 22:30 | from opposing sides. So it pinches this but there's synthesis of cell long |
|
| 22:35 | cell envelope material on both sides. And it's against the that element that's |
|
| 22:42 | the middle of F. Tsz helps facilitate that. Okay as you see |
|
| 22:47 | portion of it right here. Okay this complex is what synthesizing cell wall |
|
| 22:55 | um tell envelope material as it's traveling the middle of that cell. And |
|
| 23:03 | at the same point in time it of constricts as well. But this |
|
| 23:07 | Tsz, what kind of constricts And then synthesizing cell wall. So |
|
| 23:15 | good material on both halves. Until finally it's complete. And then |
|
| 23:19 | have your two cells just about the here. Okay. And so this |
|
| 23:26 | we call the debate zone, is whole thing? Okay, and |
|
| 23:32 | it's ftse is kind of a scaffold this thing along as the seller splitting |
|
| 23:39 | two. Right? So because we already created to complete cells this of |
|
| 23:45 | , you know, we have to form new cell envelope material or it's |
|
| 23:50 | . Okay. And that's what helps this. Okay. And so cells |
|
| 23:55 | divide Well, cox oid cells like can divide in different planes. |
|
| 24:01 | So if they divide basically in one like this. Okay, that gives |
|
| 24:10 | either diplo caucus, so you can cells that are in pairs or in |
|
| 24:14 | change. Okay, let's streptococcus. it divides in two planes perpendicular to |
|
| 24:21 | other. Well then you get what's a tech transformation. Okay. Or |
|
| 24:27 | of apes or signing? There's some types that that's what they look |
|
| 24:31 | Okay, um or if you're a of caucus. You you divided in |
|
| 24:37 | planes? Okay, forming clusters Okay, so you know that morphology |
|
| 24:44 | all about. What are the Ways of dividing relative to each |
|
| 24:51 | Right? one plane, multiple planes planes will have. Okay, um |
|
| 24:59 | , so nucleotides. So when we're about the nuclear order now we're gonna |
|
| 25:05 | inside cell in the cytoplasm. What's on protect um So nuclear Lloyd don't |
|
| 25:12 | nuclear thyroid. So the Suffolk oID kind of means like it's light but |
|
| 25:18 | not exactly like it. Okay. an asteroid for example is kind of |
|
| 25:24 | a planet but it's not okay. a nuclear wade is an area. |
|
| 25:31 | just think of it as an area the criticism of the cell occupies in |
|
| 25:35 | side of plastic. And you can that appearance produces kind of a grainy |
|
| 25:42 | and this kind of light ish color the cytoplasm. Everything is kind of |
|
| 25:46 | whitish. Their light and color used chromosome. The chromosome can be um |
|
| 25:52 | obviously it's large but it can be up in certain in certain spots that |
|
| 25:56 | be unwind in certain spots. Um all about what's going on in terms |
|
| 26:01 | gene expression, right in order to the gene, you have access to |
|
| 26:06 | . So it'd be equivalent. So of course is happening. But there's |
|
| 26:10 | that aren't being expressed. So this be wound up. So you'll see |
|
| 26:14 | like this. Okay. And portions it's more open. Okay. Uh |
|
| 26:21 | have the green beads there are DNA proteins of various kinds. They help |
|
| 26:28 | the molecule. Uh you have attachments to the inner part of that cytoplasmic |
|
| 26:37 | that kind of helps stabilize it as . Okay. And in particular these |
|
| 26:42 | kind of the points of attachment to of help hold in place. Um |
|
| 26:47 | if you see that this chromosome is bound by its own membrane, like |
|
| 26:54 | your chromosomes are no nucleus here. . It's just the program is spread |
|
| 27:01 | throughout the cytoplasm. Okay. Um , the one thing to make mention |
|
| 27:09 | is right here. So there's a sequence. Right? And all chromosomes |
|
| 27:16 | already sequence you have your chromosomes having replication is initiated. Okay. And |
|
| 27:24 | for precarious oats with their single um it's a way for the cell |
|
| 27:31 | kind of keep track of the chrome during replication. So, by binding |
|
| 27:36 | the story, it does so in middle. Right. So remember also |
|
| 27:42 | F Tsz component will will eventually show there as well during reputation. |
|
| 27:48 | And so um so the story or this begins, it's kind of how |
|
| 27:59 | cell holds onto it at that And we'll see that we're doing |
|
| 28:03 | it will ensure that when the cell into that each half of the cell |
|
| 28:08 | a each half of the cell gets copy of the chromosomes before it becomes |
|
| 28:12 | cells. Right? So it's kind by holding on to it in the |
|
| 28:16 | of the glory. It's a way it to kind of guide the DNA |
|
| 28:22 | that both both let themselves get Okay. And you'll see that here |
|
| 28:26 | a second the coiling sort of the is coiling and uncoiling depending on it |
|
| 28:33 | being replicated as it's being expressed. so D. N. A. |
|
| 28:37 | race is involved in the calling and of D. N. A. |
|
| 28:40 | fact so the D. N. . Is a dynamic medical records department |
|
| 28:49 | . Okay. Um now but of certain because procurers have have one chromosome |
|
| 28:58 | remember that makes them hap Lloyd. so they're happy Lloyd organisms. One |
|
| 29:05 | . Okay Now we'll see mentioned in three and we talk about genetics and |
|
| 29:11 | genetics that there can be a partial . Okay So it may acquire |
|
| 29:18 | N. A. Via different mechanisms in that process may acquire one or |
|
| 29:24 | copies of genes that already has and that makes it a partial deployment but |
|
| 29:31 | can happen. Okay. But but would typically consider bacteria is happening. |
|
| 29:39 | . Um Alright so transcription translation. I mention this only because not at |
|
| 29:47 | process of of of these two things the way in which it happens because |
|
| 29:54 | no nuclear membrane in the bacteria. so we're in ourselves the processes |
|
| 30:01 | We have transcription in this nucleus translation . Right But not so in |
|
| 30:11 | And so for the moment just don't on what's going on out here but |
|
| 30:15 | inside. So this yellow blob Okay, so the red blobs are |
|
| 30:23 | . Okay. The black strand is . N. A. Okay, |
|
| 30:31 | you can see the DNA throughout the here. Okay. The blue |
|
| 30:37 | M. R. And S. . And then the gold is play |
|
| 30:43 | . Okay. So we got multiple going on here at one time. |
|
| 30:47 | . And that's really key to this process. So the polly robinson formation |
|
| 30:53 | the binding of multiple aneurysms to a transcript and then the subsequent translation of |
|
| 31:01 | into protein. Right. So here looking at a gene is being transcribed |
|
| 31:07 | the transcription translation process. Right? gonna make a R. And a |
|
| 31:10 | of a gene and then we're gonna that RNA into a protein. |
|
| 31:16 | So when it commemorates brings about transcription that messenger RNA. Okay, can |
|
| 31:25 | translated again. Let's see. We'll about this in chapter three. But |
|
| 31:34 | the transcript of course can be So that's brought about by ribosomes that |
|
| 31:40 | buy So one thing to mention And know this for example one. But |
|
| 31:45 | to kind of help you understand the of course has what's called a reverse |
|
| 31:52 | binding site. R. B. . For short. Okay. And |
|
| 31:56 | gonna be so this is gonna be five prime and the molecule and the |
|
| 32:02 | prime end is down here. Remember all nucleic acids RNA or DNA |
|
| 32:06 | identified By five and 3 provinces do chemistry of of the molecules. And |
|
| 32:15 | the five prime ministers all have derived own binding site. That's what arrivals |
|
| 32:19 | look for and binds to. so if it's exposed then it will |
|
| 32:24 | that, it will buy into it it binds and then begins to |
|
| 32:28 | Okay, so as it moves and of course this site will be |
|
| 32:35 | Right then another one can come in that's what happened. So it keeps |
|
| 32:38 | in and in which is why the um transcript is full of ribosomes. |
|
| 32:46 | you know it's pie peptide chains differ length because this guy at the end |
|
| 32:52 | almost done. All right, so pipe peptide chain is almost complete. |
|
| 32:56 | it's this this length or this guy here is only about halfway through. |
|
| 33:01 | , so we're in the process of synthesizing the pipeline. So um this |
|
| 33:08 | happens because we don't have any separation the processes. There's no nuclear membrane |
|
| 33:13 | these things separate transcription translation all occurs . Okay, the so out back |
|
| 33:22 | back now out to here. Okay these components. Right. The |
|
| 33:27 | R. P. Stands for signal particle because you know proteins made proteins |
|
| 33:34 | the cell have they have different they need to work many of them |
|
| 33:40 | course work in the cytoplasm, some in the membrane, some maybe work |
|
| 33:45 | the cell. Okay. So for that go to the membrane or outside |
|
| 33:49 | cell? There has to be a to sort out those proteins so that |
|
| 33:54 | go to the proper location. And that's what this is all |
|
| 33:59 | The srp Okay, so these recognize proteins recognize sequences that's let's say out |
|
| 34:06 | , this is hypothetically this poly peptide . There's a a signal sequence right |
|
| 34:12 | . Okay. And that's what one these S R. P. S |
|
| 34:17 | recognize. Okay, because it tells that that's a protein that has to |
|
| 34:22 | that's going to be in the membrane work outside. So only those types |
|
| 34:25 | compounds that city. So that was people recognize it. Bring it to |
|
| 34:30 | to the cell membrane site as you here and finished synthesis at that |
|
| 34:38 | So it goes in the membrane. right. Um from for proteins, |
|
| 34:46 | work in the membrane or outside. , but back to the bigger |
|
| 34:50 | which is this coupling of transcription Right, polly polly zone party rivals |
|
| 34:56 | . Same thing. Okay, so question here is what is the implication |
|
| 35:02 | this? Why is this such I even bring this up in the first |
|
| 35:06 | . What what is the implication of ? Right, so, think of |
|
| 35:12 | don't do that. Right. We genes will get the transcript and those |
|
| 35:16 | those transcripts egg's nucleus and they'll be outside And typically in the indo pacific |
|
| 35:23 | . Okay, so uh what's which is gonna synthesize proteins faster bacteria for |
|
| 35:36 | , Nigeria of course. Which will we talk about unit a unit of |
|
| 35:42 | in one minute, which will produce proteins to bacteria, forgiven jean bacteria |
|
| 35:47 | UK area bacteria. So that's the . This is all a part of |
|
| 35:53 | things we're gonna we have and are to them. I have a question |
|
| 35:59 | day one. I think it was why have our bacteria, bacteria has |
|
| 36:04 | so successful that they've been around for billion years. All right. Um |
|
| 36:11 | small size. Right? Their ability grow fast um mutations can occur at |
|
| 36:18 | rate faster than us. Okay, they can produce lots of generations very |
|
| 36:25 | and and very quickly among the people mutations and those are those that are |
|
| 36:31 | . Will be selected for, Because they grow so fast because generations |
|
| 36:36 | fast. This can happen relatively Okay, just look at antibiotic resistance |
|
| 36:41 | much President that is. Right. um it all ties together small |
|
| 36:48 | small chromosome. Um if you're if rapidly dividing and growing, you've got |
|
| 36:55 | have a lot of protein synthesis going . Right. Because that represents |
|
| 37:00 | right? That's gonna produce biomass living material. Right? So to do |
|
| 37:05 | at the grocery date, they can Okay, it means you gotta have |
|
| 37:11 | of protein synthesis and do it Right. And that's this enables that |
|
| 37:15 | happen by coupling both processes basically. , protein. Maybe you can't sustain |
|
| 37:22 | high growth rate. Right. And they're small, the small chromosome, |
|
| 37:27 | don't have to do a lot to fast either. Okay. Um so |
|
| 37:31 | all ties together the uh There's one point. I'll think of it. |
|
| 37:39 | questions about this. Mhm. um and of course, one thing |
|
| 37:45 | didn't mention is we talk a little about this before metabolism. Their metabolism |
|
| 37:49 | so diverse. Right? They can lots of different things that we |
|
| 37:52 | Right. Little tropes and all other of things. Right. So that |
|
| 37:57 | them to to adapt in different Um Okay. So just contracting cell |
|
| 38:03 | between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Okay. so number one, while it already |
|
| 38:11 | says vision is not mitosis. Um the end products are similar, |
|
| 38:19 | they're the same. Right? They close. Right, So official xerox |
|
| 38:24 | . Right. Most of mitosis in way as well because you're producing identical |
|
| 38:30 | self. But the way you get the end product is very different. |
|
| 38:34 | ? So, we know that in common among both processes, of |
|
| 38:39 | is to obviously replicate the chromosome. . And then to be able to |
|
| 38:44 | sure each daughter cell gets a copy that. Right? So we copy |
|
| 38:49 | and then each daughter cell gets a a copy. Okay, So, |
|
| 38:54 | you carry out that can be a bit more complicated because They have multiple |
|
| 38:59 | , we have 46. Right? a deployed cell. Um, so |
|
| 39:06 | not a trivial thing. So you to be able to make sure 23 |
|
| 39:12 | . Right? So you get 23 and that they replicate all replicate. |
|
| 39:17 | then that each daughter cell gets chromosomes through 23. Right? So, |
|
| 39:22 | hence we go through the phases. ? The pro fes meta phase and |
|
| 39:26 | phase tele phase. So, we a copy of the chromosomes we see |
|
| 39:31 | . And we have anybody. Remember old sister chroma tides and among and |
|
| 39:38 | non central committee is uh that that . Remember that? Okay, |
|
| 39:45 | the And then we have segregation nuclei . And then we end up with |
|
| 39:51 | cells. So brokerage boats, obviously have copies of the chromosome and then |
|
| 39:58 | see, I remember that it holds to that. It will go along |
|
| 40:02 | that story sequence. Okay, In chromosome. And then when it gets |
|
| 40:09 | , all right, it will hold to each chromosome pair at the |
|
| 40:14 | Like So we'll see this in the slide, like So that's that's its |
|
| 40:19 | of being able to segregate and Okay, so there because there is |
|
| 40:24 | there is no psychotic spindle or any that stuff going on here and no |
|
| 40:29 | or any of that stuff. So it kind of holds on to |
|
| 40:32 | repair of the chromosome like that then splits into two and ensures that each |
|
| 40:37 | gets a copy. Right? And we have Two clumps. So |
|
| 40:41 | of course, is very different. in eukaryotic cells, 10-24 hours, |
|
| 40:46 | know, the fastest growing cells would those likely. And for us the |
|
| 40:53 | of a fetus. So from two, baby developing a mother's |
|
| 40:58 | those are really rapidly dividing cells. we're talking on the order of maybe |
|
| 41:02 | hours to eight at that stage. It's the fastest, but Most of |
|
| 41:10 | are even longer than this in terms division. Okay. But certainly for |
|
| 41:15 | average time. 15 to 20 minutes two hours. Yes. And they're |
|
| 41:21 | to be outliers. There's some that longer than two, but you |
|
| 41:25 | for most there within this range. . So you can produce the bacteria |
|
| 41:29 | produce 20 generations and 8, 8 10 hours. It takes a human |
|
| 41:36 | years to do that. All So you can see kind of rapid |
|
| 41:40 | growth and comparison there. So, so again, this is strictly just |
|
| 41:45 | kind of comparative purposes. So, gonna look at um verification not the |
|
| 41:52 | and bolts of of Okazaki fragments and the details you already forgot through |
|
| 41:58 | This is more just kind of overview a couple of unique features here. |
|
| 42:05 | , so again, begins with the sequence. Right? That's where strands |
|
| 42:10 | . So, I've already separated the here at the story. And once |
|
| 42:15 | separate strands, you didn't wanna actually two forks. Right? Um So |
|
| 42:21 | fork is where you have The strands on one side. Right? But |
|
| 42:28 | haven't yet separated the they're about ready separate the strands and copy it. |
|
| 42:34 | ? So you have to folks created . Each fork will have a reptile |
|
| 42:38 | . Right? So each replica zone to DNA polymerase molecules. Remember, |
|
| 42:47 | polymerase synthesizes DNA. So you have there. So each representing complex has |
|
| 42:54 | of these, Right? Because you're two strands. So P. |
|
| 42:59 | L. For short and the same here. Right, So DNA |
|
| 43:03 | two of those DNA polymerase molecules stuck along with other components. You need |
|
| 43:08 | copy DNA. And um this will will then proceed in opposite directions. |
|
| 43:14 | we've copied some new DNA already synthesized DNA. And then we proceed to |
|
| 43:20 | in this direction. This way that . Okay, that's that bidirectional |
|
| 43:28 | Um And they will come to a , There will be a terminator sequence |
|
| 43:34 | the process ends. Okay, you'll to formed molecules chromosomes. Um But |
|
| 43:43 | soon as this story is copy, ? So we have a copy here |
|
| 43:49 | we'll have a copy here. So then that will be held on |
|
| 43:54 | you by the cell. Right. we see that here. So here |
|
| 43:59 | one story here is here and there's other one. So as soon as |
|
| 44:04 | part of the chromosome gets copied So hold on to that. Okay |
|
| 44:09 | the way to segregate those those chromosomes then it proceeds to copy, |
|
| 44:15 | So we have the loops, loops are getting bigger. Right? Here's |
|
| 44:22 | here's one right? There is the copies for me. Okay, Here |
|
| 44:26 | the terminator sequence where it ends. . And then before we even the |
|
| 44:35 | round of reputation. Okay, you that that's what the triangles are meant |
|
| 44:40 | rectangles are meant to show before we finished the first round, we've already |
|
| 44:46 | on the next round. Right? this replication will bring about, You |
|
| 44:51 | , two cells. Right? But it's already going, oh okay, |
|
| 44:55 | gonna I'm thinking ahead to what we're have four cells already. Right? |
|
| 44:59 | one that gives to two years Right? So it's kind of like |
|
| 45:02 | looking to the future here and probably the two eventual to next copies for |
|
| 45:09 | when there will be four cells. again this is why, you |
|
| 45:13 | you can grow so fast, it do it do it in this |
|
| 45:16 | Okay. Um and so then also the blue dots here are the components |
|
| 45:24 | the ftse Z that come together to that Ziering and that's where you have |
|
| 45:32 | synthesis of envelope material and the segmentation . Right? And we'll have to |
|
| 45:37 | cells. Okay, so um let's me just quickly show this animation. |
|
| 45:51 | Okay, there we go. So is let me shut him up. |
|
| 46:02 | , so all right. I mean for a little bit. There we |
|
| 46:08 | to the chromosome and let's see the sequence and then you copy that. |
|
| 46:16 | , so make a copy uh as as we copy the tories then there's |
|
| 46:22 | binds and holds them to the inner of that membrane. And two replication |
|
| 46:27 | form. And here comes the OEMs. Okay, as we |
|
| 46:32 | Right, It's a little slow. we go. Okay, there are |
|
| 46:36 | reptiles owns Each with two DNA Polymerase . So um you see there and |
|
| 46:44 | we begin to proceed in that bidirectional . Okay, As we see, |
|
| 46:54 | we go. Um so the loops getting bigger. That's these are the |
|
| 46:59 | copies that are forming, Right? these two guys are moving toward the |
|
| 47:04 | sequence. And so um we see right here that now We're already starting |
|
| 47:17 | the next round of replication. So this is this this up |
|
| 47:21 | This will give us going to two and up here in the next |
|
| 47:25 | So it's like 1-2-4. Okay, , this is why growth can proceed |
|
| 47:31 | quickly and again, growth proceeding under conditions. Right? When the cell |
|
| 47:39 | it has everything it needs to eat temperature is just right and everything is |
|
| 47:43 | to do this very very rapid. exponential growth of course we talked about |
|
| 47:50 | . Right. Is is that very growth face? Okay so um and |
|
| 48:00 | there's also you don't see it of is there's you know proteins being synthesized |
|
| 48:05 | well and that's going on while this going on too. Any questions? |
|
| 48:16 | . Okay. So polar aging. what is this about? This is |
|
| 48:21 | it's really a function of cell Okay. Um particularly in the context |
|
| 48:29 | of rod shaped cells that doesn't have be just rocket but it's easy to |
|
| 48:34 | of see it in rod shaped Um So it just has to do |
|
| 48:40 | but it still divides right? 11 . That cell is actually the one |
|
| 48:47 | the actual physical division. Okay. because the way segmentation works, remember |
|
| 48:54 | that's When division occurs then you create poles. Right? So we call |
|
| 49:00 | new because they have now just have received new envelope material. Right? |
|
| 49:06 | that you can call that new compared the other end. So that's so |
|
| 49:10 | cell just came out of cell division that's exactly what happened. So it |
|
| 49:15 | have been split. Substation would occur this side to create a new poll |
|
| 49:22 | and then we call the other one older people. Okay. And so |
|
| 49:26 | can get an accumulation, you know a as a culture of bacteria grows |
|
| 49:31 | to be a a portion of types will be will get older as the |
|
| 49:37 | grows longer. But then there's also accumulation of more older pulls in the |
|
| 49:43 | in the culture. Okay. Now the what's the deal about the pole |
|
| 49:48 | the cell? Well um as cells um the proteins in that cell will |
|
| 49:59 | in function. Okay. And they old proteins that tend to kind of |
|
| 50:06 | their Uh three dimensional shape. They tend to aggregate together. Okay. |
|
| 50:13 | and the net effect is to have collection of proteins don't function. |
|
| 50:17 | Okay. And of course that eventually a toll on the cell. The |
|
| 50:22 | will not remain viable for very long these bad proteins kind of tend to |
|
| 50:28 | as to sell ages. Okay. they tend to collect at the old |
|
| 50:33 | and that's where the kind of non or dysfunctional proteins are collecting at accumulate |
|
| 50:39 | the old pole of the cell. . So you can see differences in |
|
| 50:45 | behavior, so to speak. And one of the effects is of |
|
| 50:51 | it leads to cell death. But in some cases for disease causing types |
|
| 50:58 | can have different responses in exposure to . All polls social polls for some |
|
| 51:09 | that mycobacterium is example. Your book of this can happen. Listens to |
|
| 51:15 | . Okay. And I'm not exactly why but they're still working on it |
|
| 51:23 | they do see that effect sometimes um uh but it's not something that's necessarily |
|
| 51:31 | . Just just a forming an old just a function of the cell division |
|
| 51:37 | . So but within that population uh will be resistant to certain types of |
|
| 51:45 | . Okay. Um Other kind of differences. So because you think of |
|
| 51:52 | right okay well it's the same on ends but no we just see that |
|
| 51:56 | can be different but also certain other . So like an endospore formation comes |
|
| 52:03 | mind. Right? So these can on one end of the 7th. |
|
| 52:08 | in all cases but in many cases do as you see here right there |
|
| 52:13 | british. Um The unit here is indoor sports? Okay. And it's |
|
| 52:19 | one end of the cell uh Oops sorry uh is one that has |
|
| 52:28 | morphology. So when you have um poll where there's growth tends to occur |
|
| 52:37 | one end and not the other. you can kind of get this non |
|
| 52:41 | growth. It's called metamorphic. Let just go ahead and just to show |
|
| 52:45 | an example of that. So here see they're not all uniform. That's |
|
| 52:50 | characterizes polymorphic. They're playing more of type. So you can imagine a |
|
| 52:57 | rather cox would sell all the cells circles, right? Or it's a |
|
| 53:02 | . All the cells are rocked okay the metamorphic type there's no uniformity, |
|
| 53:07 | like different shapes so often like they them irregular forms may have kind of |
|
| 53:14 | of branching form. So that characterizes metamorphic type. So it kind of |
|
| 53:20 | growth from the poles creates this and can see um as well all the |
|
| 53:27 | shapes of bacteria, bacterial types and types whether it's a proxy in different |
|
| 53:35 | or for the rhythm or rod shaped regular types. These are all functions |
|
| 53:42 | of of growth. Uh Or from plane of division is kind of how |
|
| 53:50 | forms arise. Okay. Uh Carlo is one that's a you can kind |
|
| 53:58 | go into two modes uh a motel where it has a flagellum on one |
|
| 54:02 | . And that that in itself is poor difference gentlemen. One in um |
|
| 54:09 | not on the other end a in case of stock. So you can |
|
| 54:13 | between having a stock which kind of it in place or which allows it |
|
| 54:19 | move right and whether it has one the other it's really a nutrient driven |
|
| 54:26 | . So in in a area of nutrients it will stick it will stay |
|
| 54:32 | and be stationed over the stop. it can we have all this food |
|
| 54:37 | if it's nutrient depleted it's gonna want find food. So then it turns |
|
| 54:41 | stock into a joke and move so kinda goes back and forth. But |
|
| 54:45 | point here is it's on one end the cell, not on both. |
|
| 54:49 | we have that asymmetrical difference. Um the. Okay so let's go back |
|
| 54:58 | this question again. We've gone through points and let's see how are you |
|
| 55:05 | the second go around. Okay. there there is. Remember I said |
|
| 55:12 | is a false statement. So don't F. Yeah. Okay. |
|
| 56:03 | I get the timer on. Just a note. Mm hmm. |
|
| 56:31 | Okay. For a second. That's about our headcount there. |
|
| 56:41 | here we go. 321. He is correct. He is |
|
| 56:53 | So e is false that information basically , replication does run ahead of division |
|
| 57:07 | . Right? So we saw that was already copying DNA chromosome. |
|
| 57:14 | well, well before two cells gonna and anticipating when four cells will be |
|
| 57:20 | . Right. So polar aging certainly to cell division ftse dissect ation certainly |
|
| 57:28 | american be one. So two forks created when you open the strands and |
|
| 57:34 | of each fork. Okay. Um questions. Okay. Yeah. So |
|
| 57:49 | In what organism? Exactly? that's why bacterial transcription, translation. |
|
| 58:00 | , no nucleus. That's why they all occur together. Yeah. Any |
|
| 58:05 | questions. Okay. All right. let's talk a little bit about some |
|
| 58:11 | the structures. So this take a at this one. Okay, another |
|
| 58:16 | of those before and after ones. revisit this again. But we're going |
|
| 58:22 | talk about these points within the time got left. Mhm. Okay. |
|
| 59:17 | got the clock on again. Time to go. 321. |
|
| 59:54 | keep a note of that. So previous one that we actually doubled doubled |
|
| 59:58 | second question twice As many people answered the second time around. So let's |
|
| 60:04 | what happens on this one. So structures. So we look at these |
|
| 60:11 | . There are various categories. Probably two main categories are what I call |
|
| 60:19 | related to their metabolism. Okay. others related to a storage. Yeah |
|
| 60:30 | storage. For the first of We'll look at the kind of metabolic |
|
| 60:38 | that relate to the the autotrophs. ? So remember your auto tropes in |
|
| 60:43 | . So two categories right? Those can use light energy, photo photo |
|
| 60:49 | tropes and those that use And they're compounds and oxidized thesis for energy. |
|
| 60:55 | ? That's the Okay, so both those get their carbon from SEO to |
|
| 61:02 | fixing the ceo to to make organic . Okay we talked about this |
|
| 61:07 | So um so there are some organized organized structures specialized structures that relate to |
|
| 61:16 | metabolism. Okay, so the pilot . So you've likely heard of bitcoins |
|
| 61:21 | the context of plant cells and Okay, so we're not talking about |
|
| 61:26 | here. These are bacterial photosynthetic types have folding of their membrane right side |
|
| 61:35 | the membrane folding. That's the stuff full of photosynthetic pigments. So these |
|
| 61:41 | what we call the Okay so in it doesn't form an organ l |
|
| 61:47 | Okay just membrane folding stuff. Full these photosynthetic pigments. Okay. The |
|
| 61:54 | are protein uh covered structures. Okay are full of this enzyme ra |
|
| 62:05 | Okay. Short for close by phosphate fox Alice basically what it is. |
|
| 62:14 | takes co. two And attached it another molecule. It's the co two |
|
| 62:19 | . So our troops are very vigorous doing this will have these zones which |
|
| 62:26 | basically uh sio two fixing structures. and so you'll find them. You |
|
| 62:33 | find them in both photos. Water . Put a lot of perfect bacteria |
|
| 62:38 | little trophic bacteria. Okay another structure strictly quality fire and quality photo |
|
| 62:51 | Our gas vehicles. Right? So water light hitting water will be refracted |
|
| 62:58 | order to find the optimal depth to able to absorb their level of light |
|
| 63:05 | . They will want to adjust their . Alright. To be optimal in |
|
| 63:09 | of absorbing light and the gas factors promote that and allow that to |
|
| 63:15 | Okay so you often see that in photo auto traffic bacteria. Okay um |
|
| 63:24 | other structures most of these but not all but one on this one are |
|
| 63:30 | storage. Okay so meta chromatic Granules it's inorganic phosphate phosphate palmer. Uh |
|
| 63:41 | cell that you see there uh stains methylene blue staining purplish. And because |
|
| 63:49 | produce a lot of these uh monochromatic . The way it's utilized is really |
|
| 63:55 | to clip off a phosphate group and attach it to A. D. |
|
| 63:59 | . To make a teepee. That a quick energy store for where to |
|
| 64:04 | energy quickly. Um The so you're with starch in plants like Virginia and |
|
| 64:14 | how you store glucose polymers as a a glycogen in your muscles. I |
|
| 64:22 | . Thank you. I will in 15 minutes. I'll be there be |
|
| 64:26 | that. Uh So glucose polymers. ? So bacteria of course have those |
|
| 64:36 | well. So sulfur Granules, our by product. Right? So |
|
| 64:43 | Two s. So little trophy, could take this oxidizes to form elemental |
|
| 64:49 | . And then these will show up the little yellow blobs in the |
|
| 64:54 | Okay. And um they tend to rather insoluble. So they kind of |
|
| 65:00 | hold onto them in the cell like . And there's actually material species that |
|
| 65:05 | can differentiate on those that have the metabolism. But one type holds onto |
|
| 65:10 | Granules. Teletype lets them go. but this this one that's holding on |
|
| 65:14 | them um loop it. So fat . So ph B. Is um |
|
| 65:23 | polymer. There's also other variations of uh the main unit is right |
|
| 65:32 | Okay so it makes polymers of this lipid molecule and well then just clean |
|
| 65:40 | off and use it as an energy . Okay let's see what else there |
|
| 65:45 | full of these PHP Granules. All little blobs here is PHP palmer's. |
|
| 65:53 | so um now the many new zones neither a food storage. Not a |
|
| 66:04 | storage, not an energy storage, not a food source. Okay. |
|
| 66:09 | um not really a metabolic byproduct But what it is it's thinking as |
|
| 66:14 | compass, it's like the bacterial compass you will. Okay so it will |
|
| 66:20 | themselves towards magnetic north if you're in northern hemisphere for the magnetic south if |
|
| 66:26 | in southern industry. Okay. And it's meant to two as a way |
|
| 66:31 | the cells to orient themselves in These are aquatic organisms. Right? |
|
| 66:38 | so a the orientation to magnetic north south is toward north and south but |
|
| 66:45 | . Okay. So as it shows illustration here and we're going northwards Northern |
|
| 66:52 | but down okay. Down toward north down towards south. And that's the |
|
| 66:58 | because this is all about this kind the way it uses oxygen. |
|
| 67:05 | We'll learn later. There are various bacteria these oxygen. Some can't use |
|
| 67:10 | all. Some are killed by But some have these variations. And |
|
| 67:14 | the micro profile uses oxygen but at much lower concentration than atmospheric mothers. |
|
| 67:23 | ? The um error can't use it lot. Right? So there are |
|
| 67:31 | but generally auction levels of water vary terms of depth, most higher at |
|
| 67:38 | top of the water column less or below unless you go lower the |
|
| 67:45 | So it allows them to find the depths of oxygen levels for them that |
|
| 67:52 | optimal for them. And that's what does. Okay. Um so moving |
|
| 67:57 | a level down which may be somewhere or here, depending on this, |
|
| 68:03 | micro profile or an arab. So what that's what that's all about |
|
| 68:08 | Okay. The um collides with brad , attachment. Okay, primarily. |
|
| 68:18 | that can be specialized pilots. Is some pilots and maybe the same |
|
| 68:25 | Same component partner cover me. Um so for every I tend to be |
|
| 68:33 | numerous like this guy. Okay. um tend to be less in |
|
| 68:41 | more specialized functions typically. Ok, brian about attachment, pillai that |
|
| 68:49 | but often about grabbing onto something, it toward itself. Um In different |
|
| 68:56 | you can have a kind of motion that as we'll see the sex pilots |
|
| 69:01 | see that in conjugation, drawing two together, the north shape and |
|
| 69:06 | Um other types of pilots that will bring fragments of DNA into the process |
|
| 69:11 | transformation. So it varies. So tend to have more specialized functions and |
|
| 69:18 | less in quantity compared to february. The uh stock, we saw that |
|
| 69:25 | in the context of the polarity of . The stock and a lot more |
|
| 69:32 | to the surface. Not super common back here. There's a few few |
|
| 69:37 | that have that um but there's many course have pillai of different types. |
|
| 69:44 | , now the twitching motility just to that briefly. Okay, the that |
|
| 69:52 | . So there's we're talking about different of motions of magnetism gives you that |
|
| 69:59 | downward toward magnetic poles. North and . Gas fractals can move cells in |
|
| 70:05 | water column up or down a I can can produce a type of |
|
| 70:11 | as well called twitching motility. And so what it is is really |
|
| 70:17 | pill. I can problem arise so can add pilling units to make it |
|
| 70:23 | or we can take them off diploma . And so that's kind of the |
|
| 70:26 | the smooth motion occurs by either extending politicization or retracting through deployment. |
|
| 70:32 | Okay, so here you see a that will plagiarize right extending and it |
|
| 70:39 | get bigger. Okay, so you getting longer rather. Okay, and |
|
| 70:44 | been an attachment point at the Okay, then the cell will |
|
| 70:49 | Memorize, right, retracting, take off, make it shorter and as |
|
| 70:55 | does, so it moves right? you can see if we look at |
|
| 71:02 | so there it is in one right? And then it moves in |
|
| 71:06 | direction because the action of that pylon . So it gives you kind of |
|
| 71:13 | you can see over here as It problem arises attaches, it could |
|
| 71:19 | to be over here this way or way and then move in that |
|
| 71:25 | Okay, maybe even move back this . Okay, so just depicts um |
|
| 71:32 | the motion is twitching because uh it on a surface. Right? So |
|
| 71:38 | talking about motion. Surface is key it's sticking itself. The pilots are |
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| 71:46 | to the surface and then lose the along. So it's kind of like |
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| 71:50 | of it as a growing a boat land where the doors are pillai. |
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| 71:56 | pillai touches the ground and you you know, be it's difficult, |
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| 72:01 | you could move the boat that right? But something of yours is |
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| 72:05 | and they're kind of it's kind of jerky kind of motion that sticks |
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| 72:09 | then retracts sticks out, right? it kind of gives us not smooth |
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| 72:14 | , but it is moving in the . Okay? But it's all about |
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| 72:18 | , right? It's a gel on movement in a maintenance would make it |
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| 72:23 | , multiple directions, But this is the surface, right? Without with |
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| 72:28 | called twitching motility. Okay, um many questions about that, So |
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| 72:36 | gonna stop there and we'll finish up fluid gel um next time. And |
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| 72:41 | the flip fast |
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