| 00:12 | mm hmm. Yeah. Yeah. folks, welcome. Um Today uh |
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| 00:48 | are starting unit three. So uh of the things we'll talk about |
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| 00:53 | we've heard about before, particularly in to 14 regarding um different nitrogen components |
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| 01:02 | how they're involved in either honorable preparation a terminal except er or little trophy |
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| 01:09 | a source of electrons. Um We're of we're gonna look at that in |
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| 01:14 | context of ecological sense. Okay, we'll see the maestro and triangle |
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| 01:21 | We'll go through one of those sides little more detail. Um But in |
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| 01:30 | to that we'll start with um uh water cycle but more in the context |
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| 01:38 | E. O. D. Which talk about. Okay, so of |
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| 01:45 | this week, well actually starting tomorrow if you have of course you still |
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| 01:49 | questions, I'm available email or through you want to meet the uh team |
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| 01:58 | office hours tomorrow, I can meet those hours is fine. Uh Let's |
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| 02:04 | , weekly quiz. So there is smart work assignment due this week, |
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| 02:07 | there is a weekly quiz that's just to cover. It was like a |
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| 02:11 | of questions on today's stuff that's what's be on the quiz. Uh so |
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| 02:16 | course um aside from the, you , the little bit of the overlap |
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| 02:20 | were doing today that relates to The the Material today is not specifically |
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| 02:29 | the exam, of course this is be on exam three. So uh |
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| 02:36 | the day begins the next unit and three relatively short I guess probably like |
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| 02:45 | weeks or so which ends mid The exams mid april but will begin |
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| 02:51 | started for here with the we're talking medical microbiology aspects of that to end |
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| 02:58 | semester with. Okay so um so um look at Uh start here. |
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| 03:09 | so one thing is by no means recovering all of 21 and 22 |
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| 03:16 | Okay one section. And of that the portion of a section in chapter |
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| 03:23 | And two sections and 22. Also necessarily entirely. Okay so I just |
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| 03:31 | I have talked to have talked about and stuff you've been doing for the |
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| 03:38 | couple of weeks in you know more a maybe real real world context to |
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| 03:43 | degree. Okay. And um so but as you're going through this, |
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| 03:51 | sure that you are aware that this all we're covering in these two |
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| 03:55 | Right? So don't stray off into stuff. Okay. Obviously if if |
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| 04:01 | want to for your own but uh time but you're not gonna be tested |
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| 04:06 | things outside these three sections. So like I said we'll go through |
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| 04:12 | the water cycle more in the context how uh wastewater treatment. Okay. |
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| 04:18 | of the basics of that and uh of the pitfalls of having what's called |
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| 04:25 | B. O. D. Okay uh and then the last half is |
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| 04:31 | on the nitrogen cycle importance of that particularly in in that one side of |
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| 04:37 | triangle, the nitro fixation side. so we'll get through there. So |
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| 04:43 | talking about the water cycle which is I'm sure you're quite aware of because |
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| 04:47 | basically the basic terms precipitation falls on um basically gravity for the most part |
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| 04:56 | it eventually to nearby streams, ponds, oceans. Um And uh |
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| 05:05 | course then evaporation uh from the bodies water into the air and then returning |
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| 05:11 | through precipitation. So obviously that completes whole cycle. Um But our interest |
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| 05:16 | more in as water is traveling uh picking up various nutrients that are in |
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| 05:24 | right? Either on top of and water or through soil, picking up |
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| 05:29 | course lots of organic material along the . So and that runoff as I |
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| 05:36 | immensity ends up into various bodies of . Okay and so that can be |
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| 05:43 | issue if there is discharge of material or unknowingly that can increase these levels |
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| 05:52 | D. O. D. K. And then we'll see how |
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| 05:53 | can have an impact environmentally. So um and so in particular what happens |
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| 06:04 | and again it's all due to the activity. So what we're talking about |
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| 06:07 | is the things we've already talked about right aerobic respiration. Okay um that's |
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| 06:15 | activity is what leads to oxygen depletion in these aquatic environments when you have |
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| 06:22 | run off the B. O. . Containing water into these areas. |
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| 06:26 | And we'll see the effects of Um So let's start with what gov |
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| 06:33 | . Right so take a stab at question here. Okay. Um you |
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| 06:38 | have guessed I haven't mentioned directly but can probably guess what refers to. |
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| 06:43 | so you have four water samples subjected be of the analysis. Okay. |
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| 06:49 | sample has the lowest blvd? So was looking at the axis here um |
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| 06:55 | per liter of resolved auction. So looking at the parameter here is oxygen |
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| 07:00 | in the same way the rate of depletion and that can tell you something |
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| 07:06 | the sample. Ah And this is kind of analysis that your local wastewater |
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| 07:13 | systems, right? All of us we live, you know in in |
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| 07:19 | various subdivisions across town. Each subdivision kind of their own wastewater treatment |
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| 07:24 | You probably have heard of uh your relatives parents would have, you speak |
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| 07:34 | mud taxes. Right? These are utility district taxes that support these |
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| 07:39 | Okay. And they are they you in in residential areas a single plant |
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| 07:45 | accommodate serve 150 200 homes. Um but the missing account analysis they |
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| 07:54 | on a regular basis. It's O. D. Analysis. So |
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| 07:58 | see what we got here. Um it is going to be better. |
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| 08:09 | . The uh amount of beauty refers organic material in the sample. Okay |
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| 08:17 | to um lots of organic material is down aerobic respiration. So auctions the |
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| 08:25 | except for auction source comes out of water. Okay. So what auction |
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| 08:29 | depleted the more B. O. . More again material in the |
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| 08:33 | the faster the rate. Okay so . It's gonna have the highest |
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| 08:38 | O. D. Right? And B. Is next C. |
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| 08:41 | The least. Okay. Yes. . You said that it's kind of |
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| 08:48 | with how much biological material that is the so aren't certain kinds of biological |
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| 08:56 | more demanding oxygen wise than others? It can be like uh facts uh |
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| 09:04 | fats as a source versus carbohydrates perhaps it's a total content. So water |
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| 09:10 | going to have a variety of different in it. Oh it can vary |
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| 09:13 | if it's a but wastewater treatment samples have a variety of organic material in |
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| 09:18 | different sources. Yeah. So is not possible to have like something that's |
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| 09:25 | and the more oxygen demanding is not right term? I think so it |
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| 09:32 | be um it's gonna the bacteria in was gonna be a mixture of lots |
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| 09:36 | stuff. We're gonna chew down that . So it's a matter of what |
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| 09:41 | the types of things that may be there? Maybe it's a fat heavy |
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| 09:45 | for example. That may slow it that slowdown is not because of the |
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| 09:50 | to inspire and to it down it's of the solid ability of the |
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| 09:54 | So there may be an issue with that can get that might limit the |
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| 09:58 | . But you know it's always about sample generally. You know it's that |
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| 10:04 | be an issue but maybe but but are all kinds of companies beyond wastewater |
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| 10:10 | systems that have these plants right? kinds of manufacturing facilities have plants as |
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| 10:15 | that will take care of their ways they discharge it into public waterways. |
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| 10:19 | so there's gonna be more specific in of the types of materials that are |
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| 10:23 | there that may have the effect you're about. Okay yeah yeah. So |
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| 10:34 | so let's uh look at here. so B. O. D. |
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| 10:42 | auction man again correlates to the amount organic material present and from the axis |
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| 10:51 | the graph. So let me show . So milligrams of the premier results |
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| 10:56 | dr so that may be a quantity not sure sure. Okay well what's |
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| 11:01 | mean in terms of oxygen? What's a lot And what's a little. |
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| 11:04 | right. So if you have a like of raw sewage that can have |
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| 11:09 | value of an excess of 600 mg leaders. Um Now in terms of |
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| 11:17 | on aquatic environments. Okay the level Saturation air saturated water has eight mg |
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| 11:27 | . So in order to have an on aquatic life you got to get |
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| 11:31 | around five or less. Then you to impact uh fish for example. |
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| 11:37 | these organisms that of course have a higher oxygen demand being complex eukaryotic organisms |
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| 11:45 | type then it won't take a lot begin to negatively affect them. |
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| 11:52 | So it doesn't mean when you because you have these areas that have these |
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| 11:56 | kills, did you run off of bot and talk about how that |
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| 12:01 | But it's not like the the oxygen the water is going to zero. |
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| 12:05 | doesn't have to you can just go to maybe The value there was like |
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| 12:10 | bluegrass clear of oxygen or water. that's enough to to cause cause |
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| 12:15 | Okay. Um and so the photo on the upper left shows what you |
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| 12:24 | see in wastewater treatment uh a lab a wastewater treatment facility. So here's |
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| 12:30 | probe oxygen probe to have several containers samples. Typically what's done is to |
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| 12:37 | a wastewater treatment plant we're gonna of have material coming in, material going |
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| 12:41 | . It's continuously running right? And gonna take examples of different points to |
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| 12:47 | how the system is working right now seeing a reduction of D. |
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| 12:51 | D. And you'll measure samples and reflected the various rates of of of |
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| 13:00 | activity basically. So but you can't what you might call more fancier systems |
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| 13:06 | can do this continuously. That's what is. Okay so you have the |
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| 13:11 | sample coming in into this tank here's deal program that comes and goes back |
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| 13:15 | so it's operating continuously giving with continuous . And of course these things are |
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| 13:20 | controlled um and and give you of immediately feedback on how the system is |
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| 13:29 | . Um Now so when we look um areas where you may have excess |
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| 13:37 | . O. D. Organic material put into the water system, Mississippi |
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| 13:43 | is one example of course spans the entire United States north and south, |
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| 13:49 | almost in the middle of the country of. Um And of course that |
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| 13:55 | is going through various types of urban areas etcetera but also through um |
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| 14:03 | of agricultural areas. Okay and big agriculture uses fertilizer. Okay. And |
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| 14:11 | excess fertilizer and then that can be problem when rainfall can cause run off |
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| 14:17 | the excess fertilizer is not used into of water. And that can lead |
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| 14:24 | than uh these nutrients nitrogen phosphorous in as well as knowingly or unknowingly dumping |
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| 14:32 | pollutants into the water by chemical companies of course yield me too growth, |
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| 14:41 | growth of microorganisms. Okay so normally are pretty much in balance for the |
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| 14:47 | part or nitrogen and phosphorus and lots different kind of very limiting. |
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| 14:53 | So when there's an influx of these will cause microbes to to really grow |
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| 15:01 | during these times and that can be . Okay. And so um what |
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| 15:07 | happen is and so you see the oil spill from 10 years ago. |
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| 15:12 | oil slick, you see there on right um Of course that's organic material |
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| 15:17 | certainly food for bacterial types. And the again aerobic respiration right? Will |
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| 15:24 | auction out of the water, lowering levels. Uh that would be |
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| 15:29 | to aquatic life in the area. . So uh you see there's this |
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| 15:34 | here, this was of course So a couple of decades ago. |
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| 15:39 | the area off the coast of Louisiana where was what we call these hypoxic |
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| 15:44 | , areas of low um auction levels necessarily completely devoid of life but likely |
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| 15:53 | solution types that can live there probably be like bottom dwellers. I'm guessing |
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| 15:57 | maybe can tolerate of lower oxygen Okay. But certainly an impact on |
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| 16:04 | ecosystem there now. But again it's a book respiration, right? But |
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| 16:11 | that are there and have the source grow exponentially and as a result of |
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| 16:14 | activity auction almost low. Right? Now when we look at um |
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| 16:24 | let's take a take a stab at one as we look at eutrophication. |
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| 16:31 | . And um this is the process kind of talking about. But um |
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| 16:39 | it's a stepwise process with one group there, another group proliferates. And |
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| 16:44 | all kind of happened in the stepwise triggered by influx of nutrients and this |
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| 16:57 | a process you've probably familiar with occasionally would be outbursts of algae in the |
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| 17:07 | off the coast where these allergy types ones that produced these toxins. And |
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| 17:13 | that what's called the red tie. I guess I think it's what it |
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| 17:16 | called. These are products of these of phenomenon. Mm hmm. If |
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| 17:48 | not sure, it's okay. We're go over here in a second. |
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| 17:53 | right. Yeah. Okay. So is diy. Right. So let's |
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| 18:07 | through. So a actually resulted in decreased and content. Ultimately, that's |
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| 18:15 | difficult effect of this. Uh initially actually initially increases the content of photosynthetic |
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| 18:21 | of allergy cyanobacteria actually bloom. They it bursting growth. Um once they've |
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| 18:31 | up all the nutrients that made them in the first place, then they're |
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| 18:35 | and they die. Okay. And that's what bacteria feed on to create |
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| 18:40 | . D high loads of aerobic bacterial . Okay, so let's just look |
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| 18:46 | it here. The next slide. , so we've got uh this could |
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| 18:54 | again, it could be agri stream through a farmland, uh where you |
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| 18:59 | have fertilizer runoff. Remember fertilizer contains and phosphorus and these nutrients are generally |
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| 19:06 | in the environment. Right? So you provide the excessive these these will |
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| 19:10 | my probes to really burst in terms growth rates. And so in water |
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| 19:16 | course you have a lot of allergy bacterial types and others. And uh |
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| 19:26 | only need an influx of nitrogen Remember photosynthetic types of sunlight. You |
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| 19:32 | they're in water right electron donor. Just give them some C. 02 |
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| 19:39 | will be available. But then given influx of nitrogen phosphorus then they'll really |
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| 19:45 | growth. Okay And so it can so much that it creates this matte |
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| 19:51 | map of growth on the surface of body of water. And um this |
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| 19:59 | they call us an algal bloom. obviously that excessive growth can be |
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| 20:05 | So the nitrogen phosphorus that was dumped well nice to be depleted. And |
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| 20:10 | now this massive growth can't grow anymore it dies. Okay so now that |
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| 20:15 | food for those typically in the So these header trophic bacteria live in |
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| 20:20 | sediment it's at the bottom and they then begin to feed on that food |
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| 20:27 | . All right so this is where the aerobic respiration kicks in and uh |
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| 20:35 | oxygen levels in the water. Okay hence you get these fish kills. |
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| 20:40 | . Um This has been documented in and certainly the pacific in the Northeast |
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| 20:47 | States there have been instances of these fish kills and elsewhere all do really |
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| 20:52 | these influx of nutrients. Um Any about that. Mhm. Yes it |
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| 21:02 | looks back to it being normal Right. Yes it will eventually eventually |
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| 21:09 | back to um um sustainable levels of . Both as the uh Hetero tropes |
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| 21:17 | will deplete that their food source. we'll come back to normal eventually, |
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| 21:21 | , but there you will have fish belly up on top of the water |
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| 21:25 | sure. And not necessarily because you have a huge dump of material into |
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| 21:33 | if it's like a pollutants being dumped by a company that can be more |
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| 21:37 | than you think americans go very fast so we'll return back to normal. |
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| 21:42 | Yeah, that timeframe, yeah, gonna probably be a little slower. |
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| 21:45 | , absolutely. Right. Um Of a number of factors play into that |
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| 21:51 | is um you know how much stuff dumped in, how much activity |
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| 21:56 | How far back does it have to from from where it was at |
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| 22:00 | So yeah, but yeah, eventually will come back to normal, so |
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| 22:04 | will adjust any other questions. so All right, so this is |
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| 22:14 | example of the kind of um uh the one lower. Lower right |
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| 22:21 | you typically see in residential areas um I mentioned, not only are these |
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| 22:28 | the purpose of wastewater treatment, but and um supplying clean drinking water, |
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| 22:36 | many manufacturing companies have these as well they produce typically harsh chemicals as a |
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| 22:44 | of their process and before they can that into nearby streams and rivers and |
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| 22:52 | ? They have two reports treated Okay. And uh they will often |
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| 22:59 | from an economic standpoint sort of constructing of these structures, We'll dig lagoons |
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| 23:05 | the ground. So like a man pond if you will these agreements will |
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| 23:09 | where they will discharge the waste and can have kind of these floating things |
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| 23:14 | top of the water that will help aerate and mix mixed water. One |
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| 23:19 | the things kind of the one of couple of things when you when you |
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| 23:25 | at wastewater treatment is for for optimal you a when a knockdown beauty reduced |
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| 23:35 | levels of organic material and then you your promoting microbial growth. Okay. |
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| 23:42 | is um you also need to promote settling of materials, the water being |
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| 23:52 | . Okay so it's gonna likely come to the system looking like brown |
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| 23:58 | Okay, but you weren't leaving looking clear. Okay so the combination of |
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| 24:06 | activity breaking down and through plus settling that out. Okay so remember that |
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| 24:13 | only the the the non cellular chemical making a bot okay, proteins. |
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| 24:24 | what have you okay are contributing blog so do so too do the individual |
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| 24:32 | themselves. Right? We're all Right? So individual cells are also |
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| 24:39 | . O. D. So that's the wastewater treatment system you don't want |
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| 24:43 | get course break down all the organic but you also want to have the |
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| 24:47 | settle out because that contributes to bot well. So you don't want them |
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| 24:51 | . So you want you want to your samples, your water coming |
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| 24:55 | Right? So sediment tape knocking down and sedimentation are the keys here. |
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| 25:02 | , so to promote to promote um respiration, what do you gotta |
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| 25:09 | You gotta mix things up right, air in there. Ok, so |
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| 25:14 | these kinds of systems that are rather , you can see the tank |
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| 25:18 | Okay, that um this up here both a ramp, we can walk |
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| 25:26 | an example if we need to underneath have kind of this big blade blades |
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| 25:33 | just rotates and mixes everything. It reads it. So you get |
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| 25:40 | going okay? And so that's key promoting the aerobic restoration. Okay. |
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| 25:46 | so you can see kind of structures in these tanks there there these are |
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| 25:51 | blades that will rotate, mixing and here's another kind of angle on |
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| 25:58 | And so so different treatments. So you materials as flow comes into the |
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| 26:06 | . Having seen these things in you're be amazed at what comes into |
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| 26:12 | thing you can have like tires, animal carcasses. What happened? |
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| 26:19 | so you have to have a way filter that stuff out obviously. And |
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| 26:22 | kind of the first rough filtration, you will is this preliminary treatment which |
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| 26:28 | these kinds of solid debris and large like this. Okay, and then |
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| 26:33 | down to more final filters, screens you will to uh remove uh insoluble |
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| 26:43 | in case that second primary treatment and secondary treatment is where the action |
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| 26:48 | Right? This is the microbial activity occurs to you. Lower. Okay |
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| 26:54 | again you want to promote marriage. . And so Senator treatment will do |
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| 27:01 | . So you see there's there's gonna through typically through mixing. Okay. |
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| 27:06 | you can have bubbling action going on well. Um You may you may |
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| 27:11 | may not have a tradition of This is where anaerobic digestion will likely |
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| 27:16 | . Okay you can have that activity on as well. So what we're |
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| 27:21 | to just focus on the oration secondary that that that are common to all |
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| 27:29 | systems. Now the tertiary treatment this certainly for facilities that um I'm gonna |
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| 27:37 | this water for to make clean drinking . You're going to disinfect you know |
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| 27:42 | pathogens and things by adding chlorine. ? Chlorinated water. Uh Some use |
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| 27:47 | in combination with UV light as well disinfect. So these are certainly part |
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| 27:52 | the process. It was going to used for that purpose as drinking |
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| 27:57 | Okay so here's another picture of So again uh the preliminary and primary |
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| 28:07 | here uh so the clarification this is the sedimentation is going to going to |
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| 28:12 | . Okay so activated sludge. Think that as just the act of |
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| 28:19 | Right because we have a culture of that are um doing the work. |
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| 28:24 | ? So we refer to as activated and so it can be recycled. |
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| 28:30 | as it breaks down bot and it out that can be recovered. It |
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| 28:36 | be reused over and over. So this is not a system that's operating |
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| 28:41 | ? 24/7. Right? And so actually a sludge can be used over |
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| 28:47 | over again. Okay if there is upset which invariably occurs at some |
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| 28:53 | okay because maybe waste is coming in that may contain some some slightly toxic |
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| 28:59 | that the cells can't handle. And they'll take a hit. Alright. |
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| 29:04 | so that will cause the system not be operating optimally. Okay there's different |
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| 29:10 | you can do. And in my life I worked for a company that |
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| 29:14 | part of the business was wastewater We we grew up particular types of |
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| 29:19 | to to add two systems when they're periods of distress uh well and nutrients |
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| 29:25 | help them recover. Okay. Um you can also um actually this treatment |
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| 29:33 | treatment systems certainly our proximity to each around Houston you may have a functioning |
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| 29:39 | that's working well maybe a couple of away. You could and it is |
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| 29:44 | . Go over to them and say let me have some of your activated |
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| 29:48 | . It was pumping into a a truck or something for you and you |
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| 29:51 | it back to your place that's not fully and dumped somebody at it. |
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| 29:55 | it's just like you're not just sitting and you're not seeing them pop it |
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| 29:58 | there, right? It'll get So that's an option as well. |
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| 30:03 | can also manipulate. Um So this all all flowing right? So you |
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| 30:08 | you can adjust flow rates of these . Maybe you have something that's not |
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| 30:13 | right? Well let's flush it Let's just crank up the florida so |
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| 30:17 | can get rid of that bad stuff then return back to normal. There's |
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| 30:20 | engineering non biological engineering thing you can as well. Okay. But the |
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| 30:26 | is to have healthy activated sludge microbes there chomping down that bot and they're |
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| 30:34 | out right? That's the other thing promote. Okay so it is obviously |
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| 30:39 | an ecosystem unto itself in here. ? Combination of bacteria and protozoa zones |
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| 30:45 | are which are important to the process well. So so yeah bacteria doing |
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| 30:52 | the heavy lifting of knocking down be zones have their role as well. |
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| 31:00 | so so the organism organism is really the work and hear what were called |
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| 31:05 | tropes. Okay these are types that on really decaying matter. Okay. |
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| 31:12 | subheading or the same thing as Composers. Okay feeding on decaying |
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| 31:18 | Okay. Um and so here's kind a cross section of protozoan types. |
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| 31:24 | see a wastewater that and things like are your water bears, they're called |
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| 31:33 | stops are fixed in position by these . If you will have like Celia |
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| 31:39 | are rotating and taking food in. may have things that are crawling along |
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| 31:46 | that amina will be present. Those have done which where people work for |
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| 31:53 | long time. They can look at sample of wastewater under a microscope and |
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| 31:59 | can tell something about the health of system by you know our protozoan is |
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| 32:04 | . Which types are present. I tell you things about the age of |
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| 32:10 | system. The health of the I am not that experience in that |
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| 32:17 | this room hearing from others that um zone is going to be more sensitive |
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| 32:23 | upsets than will be bacteria. So hint that you may see a knockdown |
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| 32:27 | in protest zones could be a indicated maybe not right with your system. |
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| 32:34 | something maybe toxic. And gotten in because they will be the first ones |
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| 32:37 | . So anyway, there these are of markers you can use to kind |
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| 32:41 | see is the system working right? . So um so here's a |
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| 32:48 | So why are predniSONE is important So so again, the key here |
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| 32:54 | sedimentation. Right? Promoting settling. how do we do that? So |
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| 32:59 | treatment bacterial growth that promotes this are that are called filament. This |
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| 33:05 | Right? Very long strands. Let just show your pictures here on the |
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| 33:11 | right here. So you see some of these types. These are filament |
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| 33:17 | here. There are several species of . These types are more kind of |
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| 33:22 | like types of bacteria called Procardia. . And so by performing these filaments |
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| 33:28 | it's kind of branched growth. That's comes together. That plus the production |
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| 33:34 | these uh these polymer materials. We about this before ph b starch. |
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| 33:40 | . These are produced the kind of coalesce everything. Right? So, |
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| 33:45 | you create these these what we call , fellow CS. And so you're |
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| 33:52 | to promote good block formation. And because forming these flocks will be |
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| 34:02 | settling my gravity just settle out. . And so within these flocks of |
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| 34:07 | you can trap zones and back other and they settle out. Okay. |
|
| 34:14 | , um So what are the So is the bacteria? The primary ones |
|
| 34:20 | down blog. What's the likely role the protozoa wins? They're one of |
|
| 34:27 | main wild guess I'll take anything what to be doing. There's no wrong |
|
| 34:37 | something. Anything. Give me What are pros owns doing? What |
|
| 34:43 | the pros always eat? Stop what of stuff. What's the most likely |
|
| 34:51 | they're reading on that slot. That's the bacteria. But the But |
|
| 35:00 | that's the target. Are those So gonna have painting? Because I said |
|
| 35:06 | not only does the organic material, chemical constituents of the organic material contribute |
|
| 35:13 | bot. So did the individual Okay. So you don't want you |
|
| 35:21 | have great settling. Okay. All . so you can have great |
|
| 35:31 | right? This may go sediment making clear solution. But you've got these |
|
| 35:38 | here, right? You don't want hanging around because that's that's part of |
|
| 35:42 | B. O. D. so you got the pro zones help |
|
| 35:46 | those out right? And proper zones also settle out ah being larger but |
|
| 35:53 | they will get caught up into the as well. Okay, so um |
|
| 35:59 | that's what I'm trying to promote. good A ratio really of these filaments |
|
| 36:03 | types protas owns right to get good . Okay. And so um if |
|
| 36:11 | have too much, Right? So if this becomes a big, just |
|
| 36:16 | up a second, if it becomes big um and accumulation Of these flocks |
|
| 36:27 | one big mass. That's not good . Okay, so you want these |
|
| 36:32 | somewhat individual units that settle out these . You don't want to have one |
|
| 36:38 | massive thing blob. Okay, because will not sell, in fact it |
|
| 36:44 | trap gasses that are forming, it make like a a scummy foamy layer |
|
| 36:48 | top. Right? And that's not either. Right? That's called what |
|
| 36:52 | called bulking. Okay. And that's good. Okay, that's not conducive |
|
| 36:57 | settling either. So that's where you too much of this limited types. |
|
| 37:03 | , so it's a balance. And and that's a one of those |
|
| 37:07 | You can control kind of through flow , you can kind of increase the |
|
| 37:11 | rate to get rid of that Okay so then come back to normal |
|
| 37:15 | there's lots of things you play with you're trying to keep these healthy system |
|
| 37:19 | . Okay. And so um the so here on the right is uh |
|
| 37:29 | done a lot from treatment systems to the quality of their settling and |
|
| 37:34 | right? So it's starting at the at T. Zero. There's two |
|
| 37:39 | and especially just a graduated cylinder and just pour it in and you have |
|
| 37:43 | stopwatch and then you see over time we're going over time. Is it |
|
| 37:51 | ? Right? So you see the on the right, it's getting |
|
| 37:55 | more clearer faster than one left. representing a time point Further down the |
|
| 38:01 | in the previous one. But nonetheless that's kind of the thing you're looking |
|
| 38:05 | . Is there's good settling occurring, ? If it's if it's not selling |
|
| 38:08 | all then you obviously have problems but to fix that but it's very common |
|
| 38:15 | a parameter is called SV. I volume index. Don't even know |
|
| 38:20 | But that's uh one of the other that we used. Um So it's |
|
| 38:30 | wastewater treatment portion finished. Any question that. Okay so again I guess |
|
| 38:38 | goes on nonstop and you're around your uh to to uh as well as |
|
| 38:46 | places too knock down being in the systems drinking water or to be able |
|
| 38:53 | discharge safely into bodies of water. . Um Okay, so here's a |
|
| 39:00 | of questions that relate to the next . Okay, so we'll go through |
|
| 39:04 | cycle and some aspects of that. , so there's two questions coming up |
|
| 39:10 | . So the conversion of nitrate to is called. This is something we |
|
| 39:16 | overlap. We talked about this in chapter 14. Oops. Sorry, |
|
| 40:13 | , winding down here. Okay, let's see. So we get D |
|
| 40:22 | a consensus. Let's look at the one. Yeah. So ammonia, |
|
| 40:27 | ion, which in the end product which process or processes, where would |
|
| 40:35 | be an end product? Not that . Yeah. Mhm, mm |
|
| 41:18 | Mhm. Mhm. Alright, so for the 1st 1 is correct. |
|
| 42:02 | , so for the second one who E. As an eagle? Mm |
|
| 42:08 | . So, I know that 23 did. So which of the 23 |
|
| 42:13 | there? Who's 23 who answered? . Who answered E. Come |
|
| 42:21 | All right, let me just look names then. Okay, so who |
|
| 42:24 | come on to hazard. E. sakes. All right. What what |
|
| 42:28 | what to choices. Okay, so E. So what are the |
|
| 42:40 | yep. Not to mention fixations, . What's the other one? That's |
|
| 42:47 | the E. Is the correct but not mention fixations. One. |
|
| 42:50 | the other? Yes modification. I just tells you that the answer. |
|
| 42:58 | , That and that. Okay, modification means to produce ammonia and you |
|
| 43:04 | that through um breakdown of proteins Um And so um National cycle which |
|
| 43:13 | mentioned here and there throughout the Uh And it also also in |
|
| 43:20 | So let's get this out of the . So nitrogen of course has a |
|
| 43:25 | of different oxidation states. Biological adam biological compounds. Okay so from the |
|
| 43:35 | oxidized most reduced. Okay up here . Right to least reduced or most |
|
| 43:49 | form down here. The nitrate. so we saw in 14 how these |
|
| 44:01 | more reduced forms are used as the by with the trophy for oxidation. |
|
| 44:07 | ? Ammonia oxidizing nitrite nitrite to And then using these more oxidized forms |
|
| 44:15 | on down to nitrogen as terminal except right for anaerobic respiration. This is |
|
| 44:24 | remember assimilate. And so the nitrogen and nitrogen components some processes are a |
|
| 44:31 | story. They hang on to Some are dissimilar story. Let go |
|
| 44:34 | it. Okay. And the identification one that is the similar party. |
|
| 44:40 | so um but again remember here the of an election cycle. Okay. |
|
| 44:48 | driven pretty much only by bacterial Okay. All sides of the |
|
| 44:54 | All right. To their the importance it is for sustaining producers. Remember |
|
| 45:03 | ecosystem what's the foundation of plants and ecosystems algae santa bacteria in the |
|
| 45:11 | And so what are these photo autotrophs well sunlight water C. 02. |
|
| 45:17 | . They can't make their N. P. So they rely on microbe |
|
| 45:22 | activity for this. Okay and so and of course we indirectly our answer |
|
| 45:31 | um require that because we feed on animals that require these things. Okay |
|
| 45:38 | or we eat these plants directly. So um and so in terms of |
|
| 45:45 | mattresses into the atmosphere. Okay this appeared into back into the environment. |
|
| 45:55 | done through primarily through symbiotic relationships between and certain bacteria and plants. Okay |
|
| 46:05 | artificial way to do this which is done and the way fertilizers are still |
|
| 46:09 | is this haber bosch process. Okay hydrogen gas to form and that occurs |
|
| 46:18 | extremes of temperature pressure using metal Okay whereas that same not the |
|
| 46:25 | The reactions are still theology but the that do this do so obviously ambient |
|
| 46:33 | at atmospheric pressures. Right So um it is how the bulk of the |
|
| 46:40 | in the environment gets into usable forms our environment. Okay So So all |
|
| 46:49 | sides here. So again you have um what are called free living nitrogen |
|
| 46:56 | bacteria that do it on their own supply their own nitrogen source for |
|
| 47:03 | But the most more significant activity comes these types that have associations with specific |
|
| 47:11 | . We'll talk about that here in second. So that of course brings |
|
| 47:15 | into from the atmosphere into terrestrial and ecosystems. Okay then um in the |
|
| 47:23 | of ammonia. Okay and Luther trophy will do notification. These bacteria utilize |
|
| 47:33 | as a electron source oxidized forming nitrite nitrate which can then be assimilated. |
|
| 47:43 | And then the application is what allows to escape back into the atmosphere. |
|
| 47:51 | remember that that kind of triangle. organisms are using the nitrogen compounds as |
|
| 47:57 | except ear's right, anaerobic respiration. the ones over here notifications are using |
|
| 48:05 | as a source electors oxidizing component. so um so a modification metabolism of |
|
| 48:18 | sources. So we of course can it out breakdown of protein. We |
|
| 48:24 | ammonia. Uh It can be some these reactions can be a similar |
|
| 48:29 | Summer dissimilar story. Right. But know proteins contain amino acids which contain |
|
| 48:35 | groups. So you break those down that's released. That's the source of |
|
| 48:39 | family. Okay. Um that can you know when decomposition occurs it can |
|
| 48:46 | high and ammonia as a byproduct. can have effects in terms of ph |
|
| 48:52 | of Monique is basic And so you have effects that way in the |
|
| 48:57 | Um particularly in um in uh fish in fish tanks have to constantly constantly |
|
| 49:05 | check in terms of ph right? of fish waste. Right? You're |
|
| 49:10 | contained tank. Fish waste occurs. what causes upset from ph in the |
|
| 49:15 | tank. Right? So you know you have to have ways to get |
|
| 49:18 | of that stuff. And so you actually use Nike refining bacteria to get |
|
| 49:24 | of it. Okay. And to the system back to normal. Um |
|
| 49:31 | let's look at different sides of this here. Okay With nitrogen fixation |
|
| 49:36 | Right, so this side over Okay, so um so this will |
|
| 49:46 | a similar story process. The end will be utilized by the organism. |
|
| 49:53 | like I said, the more significant here is with those that have mutual |
|
| 49:59 | with plants. Okay. Things like plants, peanut plants, alfalfa, |
|
| 50:08 | clover. These are all kinds of that have these associations. Um But |
|
| 50:16 | are free living types. As I , I don't have the associations they |
|
| 50:20 | fix into but their contribution is minimal to the other types. Okay, |
|
| 50:27 | what you can see which you may be aware of this, but these |
|
| 50:32 | genera of bacteria, Klebsiella, Clostridium . These are widely different bacteria. |
|
| 50:40 | , gram positive gram negatives, thorough bacteria can different species can carry this |
|
| 50:48 | , election infestation out. Which means is a this is a process that |
|
| 50:54 | was likely transferred to these different types what we're going to talk about next |
|
| 50:58 | , which is horizontal gene transfer. transferring genes between species. So because |
|
| 51:05 | such a diverse type of species that this one property. It was likely |
|
| 51:10 | by that. By that mechanism. . And so um the nitrogenous is |
|
| 51:18 | enzyme. So it's a process itself very energy expensive, right? Like |
|
| 51:24 | Https to carry to convert one Um and uh and he is very |
|
| 51:34 | to oxygen. Okay, so you that organisms that do this particularly the |
|
| 51:40 | types, they compartmentalize the process to it away from oxygen. Okay, |
|
| 51:47 | the charge and this is very susceptible that. Okay, so you're gonna |
|
| 51:52 | to have a couple of things for to function a keep oxygen away. |
|
| 51:57 | have lots of energy available to do . Okay. And so um the |
|
| 52:05 | nodules are part are really the compartmentalization of the process in symbiotic type. |
|
| 52:11 | the nodules are aware this activity occurs from oxygen. Okay, um and |
|
| 52:19 | see little knobby things here are the on the roof. Now, in |
|
| 52:26 | the synthetic bacterial types cyanobacteria. They of these can also carry out natural |
|
| 52:33 | and then again they compartmentalize the So but every so these are the |
|
| 52:39 | ists where national fixation occurs only that's in these structures in between. Are |
|
| 52:47 | vegetative cells. So we heard that before in the context of indoor |
|
| 52:51 | you have vegetative cells. You have sports. Right? So these are |
|
| 52:55 | vegetative cells, your normal functioning cells ? With all the properties of that |
|
| 53:01 | these are differentiated terraces. So remember course that these are oxygen. IQ |
|
| 53:08 | . So they're gonna release oxygen. you want to keep that away from |
|
| 53:11 | nitrogen fixation process. So that's why compartmentalized in these hetero cysts. |
|
| 53:18 | And so um so looking at the of these symbiotic types. Okay so |
|
| 53:27 | it's it's not a random association is specific between material species and plant |
|
| 53:33 | And um there's chemicals being that are the whole thing, chemo attractants that |
|
| 53:40 | bring these together. Okay. And here is a cross section. All |
|
| 53:46 | begins and occurs within the roots of man. Okay, so in the |
|
| 53:54 | will be back east bacterial types will attracted to a particular species to these |
|
| 53:59 | hairs. Okay. And these chemicals nod factors or promote and initiate the |
|
| 54:08 | . Okay, very important is the effect of these root hairs. |
|
| 54:16 | that's what initiates this infection process. . It was called in veteran |
|
| 54:23 | All right. So will migrate The cell type in the plant and |
|
| 54:28 | root and then differentiate into these back roids. Right? So the back |
|
| 54:34 | is the differentiated form of these cells the plant. The plant root. |
|
| 54:43 | . And again he's become like a a nitrogen fixing compartment within the within |
|
| 54:48 | plan. So um the uh So let's look at kind of a |
|
| 54:57 | up of that here. So again energy needed is a lot not just |
|
| 55:03 | teepee but N. A. H. As well. Right? |
|
| 55:06 | represents a lot of energy. You to do this. Okay. and |
|
| 55:11 | here close up of a back droid of a room. Okay so here |
|
| 55:19 | the tragedies. Okay. And Two comes in the future is in |
|
| 55:25 | reacts with nitrogen enzyme plus lots of in the form of a TP to |
|
| 55:31 | ammonium ions that the plant will Okay. Um But within the back |
|
| 55:38 | also is aerobic respiration goal. That's what's gonna generate your https to |
|
| 55:43 | this. Okay so the problem is is a part of the process. |
|
| 55:49 | ? So uh a plant product is leg hemoglobin that comes from the plant |
|
| 55:58 | that will bind like hemoglobin in our . It binds oxygen. Right? |
|
| 56:04 | this helps you control the levels of that the enzymes exposed to. Okay |
|
| 56:12 | it will allow auction of course to as a terminal except for reparation. |
|
| 56:16 | ? Because that's what's gonna generate all A. T. P. |
|
| 56:18 | Okay. But you don't want you want it to diffuse so much into |
|
| 56:24 | so that it poisons the next certification . Okay so like hemoglobin is what |
|
| 56:33 | that to happen. Okay. Um of course obviously the symbiotic relationship and |
|
| 56:40 | bacteria have fed their fuel, they ammonium for the plant and both are |
|
| 56:48 | from this association. And so uh he was just various pictures. You |
|
| 56:54 | nodules on the soybean roots here. The uh and so these will be |
|
| 57:02 | just give you a picture. Let's back up one. So these will |
|
| 57:06 | the modules, you see that seem be external to the root. Part |
|
| 57:10 | it is as they kind of get , that kind of bulges out |
|
| 57:13 | And that's what you're seeing on the root hairs. Are these bulges but |
|
| 57:17 | a portion of it is interior in in the plant roots as well. |
|
| 57:21 | you can have a party in and hanging out as it kind of gets |
|
| 57:24 | . Okay. And that's what you here. Okay. So all of |
|
| 57:29 | is this is visible to the naked outside. There's a part of |
|
| 57:32 | The tip of it is in the root. Okay. Uh this is |
|
| 57:37 | the individual cell would look like. not that's not a bad steroid |
|
| 57:41 | Okay. Um and these are a of back towards within the root. |
|
| 57:47 | um so one of the things about plants is the soybean plants. And |
|
| 57:52 | types of the associations they can live kind of nutrient poor environments. |
|
| 57:58 | Plants can grow and kind of sandy . That's not very nutritious uh where |
|
| 58:04 | plants won't grow, but they have own nitrogen source with them. So |
|
| 58:08 | able to to inhabit these areas. . Um now the let's see what |
|
| 58:18 | anything about nitrogen fixation. So 19 notification. Right. So we talked |
|
| 58:26 | this already a lot. So this is little trophy. Right, |
|
| 58:31 | these bacteria are using this as a of electrons oxidize it feed their electron |
|
| 58:36 | system. So there's two types. type. I don't believe there is |
|
| 58:41 | type that carries out both reactions split two groups. So nitro Simonas carries |
|
| 58:47 | the first one which is ammonia and . And then nitro factor nitrite and |
|
| 58:53 | . Um And so those that are vigorous with this activity is notification will |
|
| 58:59 | these membrane folds that you see And they're stuffed full of these night |
|
| 59:05 | . Yeah enzymes. Okay. The this is one that's not in your |
|
| 59:11 | . I wanted to add it just show you that nitrate can also go |
|
| 59:18 | route which is what is in a story route. Okay, so nitrate |
|
| 59:25 | to ammonia which then gets incorporated into acids. Okay, this is what's |
|
| 59:30 | a similar story nitrate reduction. Um and so um Mhm And so |
|
| 59:39 | we talked about how you know in of this material can lead to um |
|
| 59:46 | over production. So you can get lot of nitrate. A lot of |
|
| 59:51 | . Those can only city, they they can alter the soil ph or |
|
| 59:55 | aquatic systems. The ph there. it is something to be aware |
|
| 60:00 | Okay. Um now the the identification also talked about. Okay, so |
|
| 60:09 | this is that side of triangle that anaerobic respiration using these nitrogen compounds that |
|
| 60:16 | more oxidized forms as criminal except Okay. And so it does lead |
|
| 60:21 | of course the loss of nitrogen from environment. Hence the stimulatory. |
|
| 60:27 | Um now one of the things is areas where you have you know |
|
| 60:33 | O. D. Run off and saw how an excess of that can |
|
| 60:37 | to lots of variable respiration initially that oxygen. Then it becomes anaerobic. |
|
| 60:44 | . And that can trigger than lots deny petrification. Okay. And so |
|
| 60:50 | danger there is the production of this . Okay, N. 20. |
|
| 60:57 | is a worst greenhouse gas than Two. So we talked about a |
|
| 61:02 | of things other than C. 02 a greenhouse gas. There's um previously |
|
| 61:06 | methane from methanol genesis is the worst gas. And then now n. |
|
| 61:12 | a byproduct of the notification. Okay um so the um let me just |
|
| 61:20 | over to this slide here, I'll back to that. So here is |
|
| 61:24 | example of of the coast of Okay so we have hi B. |
|
| 61:29 | . D. Contributed likely through run of the pollutants of some sort of |
|
| 61:36 | that are feeding more organic material into oceans. And then uh root respiration |
|
| 61:43 | , reduces oxygen levels and then we a zone of hypoxia lower oxygen |
|
| 61:49 | Okay And then that can trigger the . So here's the application steps. |
|
| 61:57 | . And so we started with Right? Black grab mine nitrate nitrite |
|
| 62:06 | high. And then as identification ticks Alright, becomes utilize nitrate and |
|
| 62:15 | It goes up and my arthritis then to into oh, that means to |
|
| 62:22 | up. And so into What was greenhouse gas. Okay. And then |
|
| 62:28 | course that can be um shown reduced them to end too. |
|
| 62:33 | And then then leaves the environment. , so um again, this process |
|
| 62:39 | triggered by what we've talked about The High BMB creates the situation of |
|
| 62:44 | oxygen levels and then this can kick and identification. Okay. Leading to |
|
| 62:52 | release of of in two of the gas and and actually being in the |
|
| 62:59 | . Okay, So because this is terrible desperation, this is going to |
|
| 63:03 | under conditions of low or no Okay, that will be promoted in |
|
| 63:08 | situations. Let's just go back to I skipped over here. Okay, |
|
| 63:15 | alternate routes, this is a another . This is um that's this is |
|
| 63:23 | . Rather change that. This is torrey. It's similar Torrey. Check |
|
| 63:33 | . Mhm. This similar tori. , um so this is the instance |
|
| 63:40 | ammonia is actually leaves the system. here this is where nitrate is used |
|
| 63:45 | a terminal except er Okay, so not, it doesn't become assimilated. |
|
| 63:50 | uh reduced to ammonia and then leaves system. Okay, But it It |
|
| 63:57 | on the oxidation of hydrogen gas to the introduction of nitrate. Okay, |
|
| 64:03 | it's little trophy because we're using H2 our energy source anaerobic of course because |
|
| 64:09 | using nitrate to aspire with. But it is a form where this |
|
| 64:15 | not used. It leaves the Hence the similar story. Um And |
|
| 64:22 | that and the notification the process up leads to loss of lecture from |
|
| 64:29 | Okay. Um and so Okay so animosity reactions. So for the longest |
|
| 64:37 | back up this process here de This was thought to be the primary |
|
| 64:47 | Which nitrogen was lost from environments on . Okay. Until about 10 and |
|
| 64:53 | years ago when this reaction was found called the animatronics reaction. Okay so |
|
| 65:00 | is using ammonium. Alright again as electron donor and nitrite being reduced to |
|
| 65:10 | to. Okay. And so this in the species plant Oh my |
|
| 65:15 | Okay that um is primarily a marine . Okay. So in prevalent in |
|
| 65:27 | large quantities in marine environments. So the vastness of oceans on earth. |
|
| 65:31 | . This is why it accounts for most of the end to being return |
|
| 65:37 | to the atmosphere. Okay, conversion ammonia connection gas. Okay. And |
|
| 65:43 | that's that is now known to be primary way in which connection is lost |
|
| 65:49 | earth into the atmosphere. I'm Um Okay so this there are the |
|
| 65:58 | processes we looked at in terms of cycle um Again just think of the |
|
| 66:04 | . Okay. One side will bring in to the environment through fixation forming |
|
| 66:10 | harmonia and then certain types will use as an energy source. Break it |
|
| 66:16 | a little trophy into nitrate. And those compounds were successfully reduced as terminal |
|
| 66:24 | ear's and honorable restoration to ultimately form which has lost. But then within |
|
| 66:30 | within like processes that are a similar to help hold onto the nitrogen, |
|
| 66:36 | are discriminatory. Get rid of Okay. But a obviously critical to |
|
| 66:43 | here on this earth. Um, questions? Okay. Yes. Uh |
|
| 66:54 | hmm. Is there any chance that could be like how? So so |
|
| 67:07 | know how there's some of the components the so would that not for that |
|
| 67:16 | the mandatory presence? I think it to do with I'm not sure what |
|
| 67:22 | mean by bypass because if in in where these planting my seeds are, |
|
| 67:27 | what they're carrying out. I'm not how the state will be processed into |
|
| 67:31 | gas. Okay. The way we about it is it's a bunch of |
|
| 67:37 | processes for different. Yeah. It depends on what's what's present and |
|
| 67:45 | Yes. Yes. And so within as well. There's a whole regulation |
|
| 67:50 | nitrogen. But then which is very . And so also has based on |
|
| 67:55 | need and whether they assimilated assimilated So that too. Yes. There's |
|
| 68:01 | question that that's it. We're done . Um, see you on |
|
| 68:16 | Yeah. Uh so I was doing of the homework and some of the |
|
| 68:43 | answers were kind of contradictory to like uh like that, can we |
|
| 68:51 | go off the slide and that's what's yeah, I have questions, but |
|
| 68:58 | I just get over stuff, so terms of seeing every single question |
|
| 69:04 | so I'm not, every online platform ones here that are kind of so |
|
| 69:11 | , but you always go |
|
