| 00:01 | All right, let's see. it's actually working. Great. |
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| 00:07 | see one person. Hi, there go. All right. You guys |
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| 00:12 | to start your first day of That's actually your second day. But |
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| 00:15 | you guys ready? You're like, don't know, just warning you guys |
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| 00:20 | the front row. Uh This is . I'm Shamu. You're in the |
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| 00:24 | . So, so you'll give my attention usually. Um This is uh |
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| 00:29 | MP one if you don't know, don't know what's going on over in |
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| 00:32 | two. Uh Here's the general gist the orientation. So, uh you |
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| 00:37 | got the email, you guys watched videos, right? Did you watch |
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| 00:39 | videos? Yeah. Ok. Um of the things we're gonna do today |
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| 00:43 | we're going through the lectures is I kind of pause every now and then |
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| 00:47 | , hey, remember that thing in lecture where I said, watch for |
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| 00:51 | . Here's a transition just to make life easier. So you can kind |
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| 00:54 | get a sense of what's going All right. But here's the gist |
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| 00:58 | you don't know what's going on in class and that is a terrible there |
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| 01:01 | a terrible burn in that uh right? I mean, you all |
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| 01:05 | the yellow in the middle of Ok. That's not just my eyes |
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| 01:08 | bad. Ok. Uh Anyway, uh go watch the videos, |
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| 01:14 | familiarize yourself with how the uh uh websites uh kind of organized. Uh |
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| 01:19 | can kind of see it's very, specific in terms of how I describe |
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| 01:22 | course being done. If this is first day and you registered like yesterday |
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| 01:27 | get in the class, go watch videos. Uh There's an assessment that |
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| 01:31 | says, hey, did you watch videos? You understand what you're responsible |
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| 01:34 | in the class, answer that it's for like two weeks and you can |
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| 01:38 | it as many times you need to you get a perfect score. Uh |
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| 01:41 | the idea if you don't know how study or you think, you know |
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| 01:44 | to study, but you really So we basically everyone go watch a |
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| 01:48 | on how to study and how to . This is for your sake. |
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| 01:51 | telling you once you know how to and how to study school becomes |
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| 01:56 | you work less, you learn which is really the goal, |
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| 01:59 | And you get the grades that you , right? But if you think |
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| 02:02 | can beat the system doing what you've doing for the last, I don't |
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| 02:06 | , 18 years, you're gonna find really, really quickly that it doesn't |
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| 02:10 | . It may not be this It might be in a class a |
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| 02:12 | from now. So, learn how study so that you can be |
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| 02:16 | I want you to achieve your How many you guys are planning on |
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| 02:19 | into a career of like nursing medicine general? Yeah. Do you see |
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| 02:25 | you're all here because you want to into, into a profession that is |
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| 02:30 | , very restrictive in terms of the of people going into it. |
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| 02:34 | Lots of people want to go few to do it. So once you |
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| 02:37 | how to learn, it makes it lot easier to reach those goals. |
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| 02:41 | right. So that's kind of the , uh, public service announcement. |
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| 02:45 | we're gonna do today is we are jumping straight into the material that you've |
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| 02:49 | read and you understand, of that coming into class re pre reading |
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| 02:54 | not for you to know everything. just to give you a sense of |
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| 02:57 | we're gonna go and to kind of some ideas of, oh, this |
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| 03:01 | , what is he, what he's be talking about today? That's why |
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| 03:05 | pre read. All right. And guarantee you over the course of your |
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| 03:08 | , you're gonna get some really crappy . Hopefully, I'm not one of |
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| 03:12 | . Right. Hopefully, that's a , all right. So, understanding |
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| 03:16 | to find information on your own becomes , very valuable, especially in our |
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| 03:22 | area that we're going into. So starting point today is really kind of |
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| 03:26 | , the foundation on which everything in MP you're gonna need to know. |
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| 03:31 | right. And in fact, this first unit, many of you are |
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| 03:33 | be sitting there going when he's going start talking about anatomy. Because truthfully |
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| 03:38 | we're gonna do is we're going to to get everybody on the same |
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| 03:41 | Some of you have been exposed to at some point in your life. |
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| 03:45 | you took an anatomy class in high , maybe you took this class another |
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| 03:49 | at another institution or maybe from me Dr Gill and said, wait, |
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| 03:52 | don't want to do it this semester you and you left. So there's |
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| 03:55 | to be stuff that's familiar you. what we want to make sure is |
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| 03:59 | understand, everybody understands when we go unit number two that we're all on |
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| 04:04 | same page and we don't understand stuff this is the foundation, see, |
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| 04:08 | is organized, scientists in general, to throw things into boxes when we |
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| 04:14 | things apart. We're like, how do we understand in this |
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| 04:18 | So we're going to just start throwing into boxes. And the very first |
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| 04:20 | we're going to do is we're going break things down to its lowest level |
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| 04:24 | build it, build it right back to its highest level. And that's |
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| 04:27 | this pyramid is trying to show it's actually kind of flipped. The |
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| 04:30 | should be the smallest thing and then most organized thing should get on the |
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| 04:35 | , but that's not how this artist it. And so all we see |
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| 04:39 | is that the basic understanding the building of anatomy starts at the chemical |
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| 04:45 | If you've ever wondered why you have take chemistry. It's not because we |
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| 04:48 | to torture you. It's because to biology, you need to understand |
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| 04:54 | Now, we're not asking you to and become analytical chemists, right? |
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| 05:00 | chemistry. And you're gonna hear me on the chemists over and over in |
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| 05:03 | class because they deserve it, But what you're going to find out |
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| 05:08 | that like organic chemistry, if you have to take it is really a |
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| 05:11 | class so that you can just understand names of chemicals. All right, |
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| 05:15 | doesn't feel like it when you're taking . But when you have like five |
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| 05:18 | past, you're like, oh, I understand. And so what we're |
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| 05:23 | to be looking at first in this is just some basic biomolecules because you |
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| 05:27 | those biomolecules to start building the very smallest level of life, which |
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| 05:33 | called the cell. And so we're to look at the cell too. |
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| 05:36 | in fact, in this lecture, going to kind of just do the |
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| 05:40 | overview of many of these structures. we go from biomolecules. Biomolecules are |
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| 05:45 | the legos that build cells. And what we're going to do is we're |
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| 05:48 | to take cells of which there are types, there's about 300 different types |
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| 05:52 | cells in your body that we've And as we get better and better |
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| 05:56 | identifying the molecular level of things, start realizing that there's actually more cells |
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| 06:01 | that. All right, just to you an example that you don't need |
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| 06:04 | know. But like, so I've in a department of immunology. That's |
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| 06:08 | my background. It just happens to where my phd happened to come |
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| 06:12 | I'm a reproductive biologist. It's really . So I'm not gonna try to |
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| 06:17 | it. All right. But like big picture in immunology is like, |
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| 06:21 | have T cells and there are helper cells and there are cytotoxic T cells |
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| 06:25 | it's just one type of cell, T cell. All right. So |
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| 06:29 | a couple of years ago, I like, trying to prepare a lecture |
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| 06:32 | T cells for A MP two and looked up T cells just to make |
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| 06:36 | I understood there are 40 different types T cells now. And it's because |
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| 06:41 | gotten better at finding out what's unique each of these. All right. |
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| 06:45 | we're going to understand basically what are biomolecules that make cells and we're going |
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| 06:49 | take cells which are the basic building of life and we're going to build |
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| 06:55 | from that. And then tissues are just taking like cells, cells that |
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| 07:00 | similar to each other and creating larger . And then we have four basic |
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| 07:05 | of these. We're going to use four basic types of tissues and we're |
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| 07:09 | to build organs. Now, organs probably what you're thinking of. |
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| 07:13 | hey, I'm taking anatomy class, going to learn about these organs and |
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| 07:15 | like, yes you are. But need to understand the tissues and the |
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| 07:19 | that are involved in those tissues. understand why that organ is doing the |
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| 07:23 | that it is, why is a , a heart and why is the |
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| 07:26 | , a stomach? Right? So why we have to understand these lower |
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| 07:30 | . And then what we're going to is we're going to take organs and |
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| 07:33 | organs that are involved in the same are kind of mashed together to produce |
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| 07:38 | organ systems. Now, an example an organ system that you're already familiar |
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| 07:42 | is the digestive system, right? heard of the digestive system, you |
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| 07:46 | what are some structures in the digestive ? Colon? Oh Wow. We're |
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| 07:50 | deep here. We got a I was going like stomach. That's |
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| 07:54 | the easy one. But it starts your mouth, right? You've got |
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| 07:57 | mouth and you've got your esophagus, teeth and your tongue are part of |
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| 08:00 | digestive system. You've got your small , the large intestine which consists of |
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| 08:05 | colon. So that's kind of dividing up. And there's parts here throughout |
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| 08:10 | all work together to turn a cheeseburger the small little pieces, parts that |
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| 08:15 | body actually wants the mo the biomolecules that it can provide energy and building |
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| 08:22 | for your body to survive. And anything it doesn't want that digestive system |
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| 08:26 | going to get rid of stuff. so starting with that cheeseburger to poop |
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| 08:31 | all the stuff in between is being by organs that are working together to |
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| 08:35 | the job done. Right. So can start seeing, we're getting more |
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| 08:39 | more complicated as we go along. it's very easy for us because we |
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| 08:44 | at biomolecules and go, oh, are scary and complicated. They're |
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| 08:48 | But what we're doing is we're taking things and making things much, much |
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| 08:52 | complicated. And then with an organ , what you're going to do is |
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| 08:57 | where you get your organism. And this class is focused on humans. |
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| 09:00 | right. It's human anatomy and And so what we're going to be |
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| 09:04 | is we're going to be looking at structures that ultimately give rise to these |
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| 09:09 | that give rise to you. That's big gist of the class. And |
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| 09:14 | course, the class is broken up two semesters. So this is A |
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| 09:17 | P one and it's the least interesting the two. I apologize. That's |
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| 09:22 | the nature of the class. It matter where you take it. All |
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| 09:25 | . So we'll work here working on very specific things. We're going to |
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| 09:29 | at the skin, we're going to looking at the musculoskeletal system, we're |
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| 09:32 | be looking at the nervous system and when you go and take a and |
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| 09:36 | , that's when you do all the that's probably interested you or made you |
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| 09:40 | in the subject matter in the first . We're gonna deal with the heart |
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| 09:44 | the kidneys and the respiratory system. we're gonna be dealing with the digestive |
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| 09:48 | and the reproductive system, you and the endocrine system, these are |
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| 09:52 | ones I can think of off the of my head. All right. |
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| 09:55 | that's a MP one and a MP in a nutshell. We're looking at |
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| 09:58 | organism that is uh formed by these which are made by organs, organs |
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| 10:05 | constructed from tissues, tissues, from and then cells from the biomolecules. |
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| 10:12 | all those first couple levels through the , what we're going to be kind |
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| 10:15 | doing in this first unit? why are living things, living |
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| 10:21 | What are these organ systems doing? it basically boils down to these four |
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| 10:26 | right now. Again, this is simplified version, right? What are |
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| 10:32 | doing? Well, we are making and we're consuming energy, right? |
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| 10:36 | those are kind of the big So this allows us to do |
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| 10:41 | All right. That's the simple way think about it. So, what |
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| 10:44 | describing here in a fancy word is metabolism, right? Metabolism isn't the |
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| 10:50 | where it's like, oh, I eat more or less and not gain |
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| 10:53 | , you know, or gain That's not what it is, |
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| 10:57 | it can apply to that. But what metabolism is, is the sum |
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| 11:02 | all the chemical reactions that are taking in your body. All right. |
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| 11:07 | here's that whole chemistry thing again. chemistry just keep popping its ugly head |
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| 11:12 | . All right. Now we have term, there's two different types of |
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| 11:16 | in a very generic sense. We an opportunity to build stuff and we |
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| 11:21 | an opportunity to break things. All , when I'm building things, the |
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| 11:25 | of metabolism that I'm using is called natural. All right, then when |
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| 11:30 | breaking things down, that's catabolism. there are kind of two terms that |
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| 11:34 | should kind of be familiar with and easy way to remember this is think |
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| 11:37 | people who use steroids like to build muscle, right? They use anabolic |
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| 11:43 | . So there is the term anabolic from anabolism, I'm building muscle. |
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| 11:48 | right. So that's the first thing living things do is that they produce |
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| 11:54 | and they consume it. The second they do is they grow and |
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| 11:58 | So these two things are kind of together because growth and repair kind of |
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| 12:01 | similar mechanisms. So like if your has broken something, it's going to |
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| 12:06 | the same mechanisms it uses to build up. All right. Now, |
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| 12:11 | we talk about growth, what we're is we're, we're going to either |
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| 12:15 | in size or what we can do we can say we're increasing in |
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| 12:20 | All right. So we'll see here just a moment when cells, when |
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| 12:24 | life began. All right. So dad's sperm and your mom egg came |
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| 12:29 | and created a individual new cell and new cell started off dividing and all |
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| 12:35 | cells that were, there were all same and then almost within a couple |
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| 12:40 | divisions, about four or five some of those cells started differentiating and |
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| 12:46 | , right? So that's how quickly happens, you know, but the |
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| 12:50 | here is that this growth process results a specialization as well. We are |
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| 12:57 | organisms. The reason my kidney is than my stomach, which is different |
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| 13:01 | my heart is because of the All right. So that's a characteristic |
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| 13:06 | living things have even single cell organisms that ability to grow. And then |
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| 13:12 | they have damage occur to them, can repair it. So the damage |
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| 13:15 | , we're talking about malfunctioning cells, ? So, pathogens pathology is when |
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| 13:22 | aren't doing what they supposed to do we repair though, that's what our |
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| 13:27 | system is responsible. For as an , the other thing is we are |
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| 13:33 | . If anything in the last couple days have told us that the environment |
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| 13:38 | us changes a lot. Right. we were in our twenties a couple |
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| 13:43 | days ago today, we're in our tomorrow. It should be in the |
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| 13:48 | and then it drops back down into thirties again. Yay weather, |
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| 13:54 | But the truth is, is what we do? We adapt to our |
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| 13:59 | , we adapt to the food that us, we adapt to pressure and |
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| 14:05 | and stuff that adaptability is something living do, nonliving things can adapt. |
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| 14:11 | just are all right. So that is the ability to sense what's going |
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| 14:18 | around us. So the change in environment and not just like the |
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| 14:22 | I mean, that can be both and external. So change that |
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| 14:26 | we adjust and modify the activity of cells and tissues and organs to respond |
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| 14:32 | that change. And the term stimuli to the change. So if you |
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| 14:36 | up and you look at these it was a little brighter than looking |
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| 14:39 | at me, right? And so eyes adjusted to the brightness of the |
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| 14:44 | , that would be an adaptation, other type. And we're gonna try |
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| 14:47 | get to this at the end of class is homeostasis. Homeostasis is simply |
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| 14:51 | ability of an organism to maintain a internal environment. Despite the fact that |
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| 14:57 | environment is changing around them. again, that change, when we |
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| 15:01 | environment can be both internal or And again, temperature is the easy |
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| 15:05 | to look at. It might have 20 degrees. Right. But your |
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| 15:10 | body temperature was still 98.6 degrees. . Now, how did you maintain |
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| 15:16 | if you went outside with a what did you start doing? Started |
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| 15:21 | . Right. You started producing more , right? And then you went |
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| 15:25 | and blasted the furnace up to about degrees so that you'd warm up and |
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| 15:28 | you started sweating, right? So that adaptation or adaptation with regards to |
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| 15:37 | . The last thing is reproduction. right. So reproduction here refers to |
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| 15:41 | of two things. It can refer replication of cells for the process of |
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| 15:46 | and development. So think about what were uh probably in sixth grade. |
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| 15:51 | just about to start puberty, You went off in, in the |
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| 15:54 | , came back and for the your voices, well, sixth |
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| 15:58 | nothing happened. Sorry about eighth That's when your voice has changed, |
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| 16:03 | ? But girls, you went off then you came back in seventh grade |
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| 16:07 | you all of a sudden had shape parts that guys didn't understand and it |
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| 16:12 | very confusing time for everybody. All , you grew from someone who was |
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| 16:16 | this tall, to a person that about this tall. I love to |
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| 16:20 | the story of my best friend who a big giant blueberry of a |
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| 16:24 | All right. So can you picture blueberry person? Nice and round and |
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| 16:28 | not exaggerating. He really was. put him on his side and you |
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| 16:30 | roll him? All right, he off to summer camp, came |
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| 16:35 | He said, hey, Doctor because that's what he called me. |
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| 16:37 | , Doctor Wayne, how you Good to see you. And I |
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| 16:40 | at him, I'm like, who you? He had actually gone through |
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| 16:45 | proper puberty where literally he went from to carrot, right? So that's |
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| 16:50 | proper male form, you know, hair, big up top, big |
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| 16:55 | walking around. I mean, iii was totally blown away. All |
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| 16:59 | So again, why does this Well, because we replicate ourselves to |
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| 17:06 | bigger and multiply and divide or multiply become more specialized? That'd be the |
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| 17:12 | level and that's occur in terms of . Do you need something a little |
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| 17:16 | easier to remember? Instead of Think about when you go out and |
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| 17:19 | sunburned or just um you know, outside, you have your layers of |
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| 17:24 | , right? And they peel off a sunburn. So your skin is |
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| 17:28 | replicating. So the dust that you in, this is me grossing you |
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| 17:32 | out is all the dead skin cells have sloughed off our bodies. |
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| 17:37 | All right. And then the other is the fun Bauchi a bow. |
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| 17:40 | . Type of reproduction where we take and they make new organisms. |
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| 17:44 | That's where my specialty is both in degree and in my family, I |
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| 17:49 | four kids. Ok. And it's more fun because I'm just gonna tell |
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| 17:55 | now because I'll refer to it I have two sets of twins. |
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| 17:58 | , yeah. And my wife was twin and her sister who's not her |
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| 18:02 | also had twins. So it is of those fun little run in the |
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| 18:05 | things. Ok. So these are things that living things do. So |
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| 18:09 | just gonna give you an example of thing that is not a living thing |
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| 18:11 | we think is a living thing. do not count as living things. |
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| 18:16 | right, they are incapable of reproducing reproducing themselves. They are dependent upon |
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| 18:22 | host organism to allow them to overtake machinery and produce those viruses. Viruses |
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| 18:29 | incapable of reproducing on their own, is kind of cool. But they |
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| 18:33 | able to do a bunch of those different things. All right. So |
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| 18:38 | we skip over biomolecules. Why? chemistry is boring and we'll come back |
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| 18:42 | it and give it a whole lecture its own. Ok. So this |
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| 18:45 | again, us just running through Notice here, what am I doing |
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| 18:49 | I'm transitioning from an intro to a , right? Remember. And so |
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| 18:54 | why I'm saying when you're listening to talk, whether it's me or somebody |
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| 18:57 | , listen for transitions, watch for that will tell you a new idea |
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| 19:01 | a new topic. This might be that's important. Not necessarily always going |
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| 19:06 | be important, but sometimes it All right. So cells are the |
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| 19:10 | unit of life. It is the level of life. So, whether |
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| 19:14 | a multicellular organism or a single cellular , this is the lego or the |
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| 19:19 | block of life. All right. in this picture, what we're looking |
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| 19:23 | is a cell from a eukaryote. would be something like us. We |
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| 19:28 | multicellular, multicellular eukaryotes. So we a unique style of cell, whereas |
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| 19:35 | have prokaryotes, this would be a cellular organism. You do not need |
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| 19:39 | be able to distinguish them. I'm asking you to know the difference between |
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| 19:42 | and just trying to show you it matter if you are a single cell |
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| 19:46 | multi cell, you have a lot the ve very similar things. All |
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| 19:50 | . So we're focused over here. right. So this is a generic |
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| 19:56 | that says all cells contain these certain , which we'll go to in another |
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| 20:01 | . All right. So here inside cell, we have all the machinery |
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| 20:05 | need to maintain homeostasis. All So homeostasis you're going to see is |
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| 20:11 | major theme in physiology. So remember class is anatomy and physiology. Anatomy |
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| 20:17 | structure physiology is function. So when talking about how organs and tissues |
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| 20:25 | we're really kind of coming right down this and saying, what's going on |
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| 20:29 | at the level of the cell, are three basic shared components of all |
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| 20:34 | cells in your body. They have membrane. So that's basically the, |
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| 20:40 | structure that defines the outside of the . It's what separates the inside machinery |
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| 20:46 | the outside stuff. All right. what we've done is we've, we've |
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| 20:51 | a unique compartment. So this is the cell becomes a unit of |
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| 20:55 | Think about your own home. All . Is your bedroom separate from the |
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| 21:01 | , is it? Yeah. So in the kitchen, do you |
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| 21:05 | in the kitchen? No, not purpose, at least. Right. |
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| 21:10 | you cook in the bedroom? Please that in the way that I mean |
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| 21:15 | OK. No, you don't cook the bedroom, right? You have |
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| 21:21 | an environment that's unique for a right? In each of those particular |
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| 21:28 | , right? And so that membrane like the walls to your bedroom and |
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| 21:32 | walls to the kitchen, it separates two spaces from each other so that |
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| 21:36 | can have unique activity taking place All right, all cells have genetic |
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| 21:43 | in them. All right, doesn't use all that genetic material, but |
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| 21:48 | cell in your body and I'm going say this, even though there are |
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| 21:52 | that you don't need to know about cell in your body shares the same |
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| 21:56 | material. It has all the same . So, if I go inside |
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| 21:59 | cell that's inside the heart versus a that's inside the skin, I would |
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| 22:04 | your entire genome in each of those cases. All right, clearly the |
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| 22:10 | and the, and the skin do different things. Would you agree with |
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| 22:12 | on that? Yeah. But all instructions to tell that cell what to |
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| 22:16 | are found within your genome. And each cell has the genetic material to |
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| 22:22 | an entirely new cell. All And then the other thing that all |
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| 22:27 | have is it has the go in all the organelles and mater and the |
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| 22:33 | and all the machinery is going to found. All right, we just |
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| 22:36 | that the cytosol fluid. So it's plus stuff. We're not going to |
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| 22:40 | about the stuff today. All we'll get to the stuff in a |
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| 22:43 | of days. All right. So fluid, genetic material and a |
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| 22:48 | Now I'm just going to sneak over to the Pro Kario just to show |
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| 22:52 | that it has all the same All right. So all cells have |
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| 22:55 | , all your cells have these, we can go look at the bacterium |
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| 23:01 | , right? And say, do you have all those same |
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| 23:04 | Are you a cell? Do you this? And it's like, |
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| 23:06 | so see I have my nuclear this yellow space here with all the |
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| 23:10 | , pretty little dots in it. side is all that is the same |
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| 23:14 | that you see over here that has the little stuff in it. And |
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| 23:17 | of course, there is a membrane is the dark purple structure. I |
|
| 23:23 | that's purple. I can't really Um, not all the stuff on |
|
| 23:26 | outside. All right. So you see it doesn't matter if you're a |
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| 23:30 | cart or you car out a you have the same stuff. All |
|
| 23:34 | . Now, what's unique once you getting into the eukaryotes and, and |
|
| 23:39 | just going to use humans as the , you'll have other stuff. So |
|
| 23:42 | can see in here we got these , these are what we, you'll |
|
| 23:45 | the term membrane bound organelles, there'll other types of structures found as |
|
| 23:50 | And then the unique thing is something refer to already is that in a |
|
| 23:57 | cell, for example, versus a cell, even though they have the |
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| 24:01 | same genetic material, there is regulation the gene level that makes sure that |
|
| 24:07 | genes that make that skin cell be skin cell are turned on and |
|
| 24:11 | the machinery to turn it into a cell are turned off. Whereas over |
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| 24:15 | in the heart cell, what you is all the machinery that allows it |
|
| 24:19 | be a heart cell turned on and the machinery that allows it to be |
|
| 24:22 | else are turned off. Ok. even though they have all the |
|
| 24:27 | all the code to make things specific things are being turned on and |
|
| 24:32 | in your prokaryote. That's your organism well as your cell. So basically |
|
| 24:38 | whole whole genome is, is All right. So I've already alluded |
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| 24:43 | this or I've already said this is you started off life as a single |
|
| 24:48 | , you, one cell turned into cells, two cells turned into |
|
| 24:51 | turned into 88 turned into. And is where it gets weird 12 or |
|
| 24:56 | somewhere in there. That's where the starts happening. And what we're talking |
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| 25:01 | here is this differentiation process. And this is just a real simple model |
|
| 25:05 | kind of show you it is hey, your muscle cells and all |
|
| 25:08 | other cells in your body all come the same source. And what we |
|
| 25:12 | to is the source cell is what refer to as a stem cell. |
|
| 25:17 | if you hear stem cell research, they're saying is what we're trying to |
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| 25:20 | is we're trying to get a cell to its very basic starting block. |
|
| 25:24 | then we want to be able to it and differentiate it into the direction |
|
| 25:28 | want it to go. One of 300 plus different types of cells that |
|
| 25:32 | found in the body. All Now, typically what we say is |
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| 25:38 | this process of differentiation, to get unique characteristics, to make all these |
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| 25:44 | types of unique cells is irreversible, is why stem cell research is such |
|
| 25:49 | big deal is because people are desperately to figure out how do I go |
|
| 25:53 | ? Right. This would be akin saying I've gone through college and gotten |
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| 25:57 | degree. Now, I wanna go the way back to kindergarten and start |
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| 26:00 | over again. How does that All right. Now, there are |
|
| 26:04 | that work and there are different systems are functional, but we haven't really |
|
| 26:09 | it out perfectly just yet because the does appear to be irreversible. All |
|
| 26:14 | , doesn't mean that it won't It just means we haven't figured it |
|
| 26:17 | entirely. All right. So what say is that very early on in |
|
| 26:22 | when you're in those really early stages that the individual cells can be |
|
| 26:28 | All right, what we say is totipotent toti total potent mean the ability |
|
| 26:33 | become anything. So you can imagine , I've got my single cell, |
|
| 26:37 | divides into two divides into four. I can tease those four cells |
|
| 26:42 | they're still in that totipotent stage and can keep going if you've seen identical |
|
| 26:47 | , that's what happened at some those cells very early on divided apart |
|
| 26:52 | they are basically clones of each And you can actually replicate that process |
|
| 26:57 | many times as you want to in laboratory, not in real life because |
|
| 27:00 | wants to give birth to like six that are all identical? No |
|
| 27:03 | OK. Um But the idea is I tease them apart early enough, |
|
| 27:08 | still at that totipotent stage where they differentiate into everything in their own unique |
|
| 27:14 | . All right. So as the are beginning to form during embryogenesis, |
|
| 27:20 | the process of development, that's when start differentiating, becoming really, really |
|
| 27:25 | . Just as an aside, for , the stem cell that gives rise |
|
| 27:31 | your muscle cell also gives rise This is so sad to say your |
|
| 27:35 | cells, all you have to do turn on a specific gene and it |
|
| 27:40 | one direction or the other. Which do we want it to go |
|
| 27:45 | right? But your body also needs . We'll learn that a little bit |
|
| 27:49 | . All right. So this differentiation is what gives rise to the specialty |
|
| 27:57 | of the cells. So that when become tissues, they're able to do |
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| 28:01 | specialized functions of those particular tissues. right. So cells become tissues and |
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| 28:09 | said a tissue is simply a group cells of like function. So they've |
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| 28:14 | through the differentiation process, they're hanging together, they're creating these larger |
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| 28:19 | And what we're gonna do is we're to use them to create a common |
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| 28:23 | for a larger structure. There are basic types of tissues, we have |
|
| 28:29 | , connective tissue, muscle tissue, tissue. All right. And how |
|
| 28:35 | approach this in the class. it's you're going to feel like |
|
| 28:38 | we stop and start a lot. like this class is like the latter |
|
| 28:44 | units. So if there were four , the latter two units is focused |
|
| 28:47 | solely on the nervous system. So we talk about nervous tissue, we |
|
| 28:53 | spend like a day talking about nervous . And then we spend a lot |
|
| 28:56 | time talking about what it does. right, when we talk about the |
|
| 29:00 | , we have like we're talking about , that's like one day. So |
|
| 29:04 | you're gonna see, feel like these things are weighted really differently, |
|
| 29:08 | in a very generic sense. And is what we're kind of focusing on |
|
| 29:11 | . Generally speaking, what do these tissues do? Well, epithelium for |
|
| 29:16 | most part covers stuff, connective tissue the most part supports things. All |
|
| 29:22 | , it's like a glue, all , nervous tissue. What does it |
|
| 29:25 | ? Well, it plays an important in controlling things in the body and |
|
| 29:29 | muscle, what does it do? , it promotes movement, right? |
|
| 29:32 | just locomotion, but just movement in body. And when you look at |
|
| 29:36 | organ system, what you'll find is generally speaking, they'll take all four |
|
| 29:40 | these different types of tissue types and them in different concentrations, different |
|
| 29:46 | So that that tissue can do something . All right. Or the, |
|
| 29:50 | organ can do something unique. there are cases where you won't |
|
| 29:54 | like in the brain, there is muscle. All right. And that's |
|
| 29:58 | that you don't have to have all , but generally speaking, you'll see |
|
| 30:02 | four. All right. So we're kind of go a little bit deeper |
|
| 30:06 | to kind of paint the picture. then, uh, in a couple |
|
| 30:10 | lectures, when we come back to , we're gonna go a lot |
|
| 30:13 | All right. So this is us the toe in the pool. All |
|
| 30:17 | . So we're gonna go over uh, these very, very |
|
| 30:21 | So, epithelial tissues or epithelium is term we use. Can I time |
|
| 30:27 | for a second? Because I just about that. I know I talk |
|
| 30:30 | . If there is a question, be afraid to stop me. It |
|
| 30:34 | is the best way to put the on my mouth. So I cut |
|
| 30:37 | . He's talking so much. I'm ask a question. That's, that's |
|
| 30:40 | fine. I'm not gonna be offended . I'm not expecting you to walk |
|
| 30:44 | of here with 100% knowledge, you , or understanding you should be able |
|
| 30:48 | stop me and ask questions. Is ok? I know it's scary to |
|
| 30:52 | professor questions in a class of 400 . I'm stupid. I don't know |
|
| 30:56 | going on. Trust me. If don't know, there's at least, |
|
| 31:00 | know, 40 other people who don't . Ok. That's perfectly fine to |
|
| 31:04 | . All right. And if you it all, you wouldn't have to |
|
| 31:06 | the class. So, there you . All right. So, what |
|
| 31:10 | they have here? Well, we're primarily about sheets. If it's a |
|
| 31:14 | system, we're dealing with sheets of . All right. And what these |
|
| 31:18 | is they're going to cover the surface your body. So when we talk |
|
| 31:21 | integument, integument is the fancy word saying skin. So you can |
|
| 31:25 | oh, when I look at my , I'm looking at epithelial cells, |
|
| 31:28 | pretty easy. But when I look organs, typically they're gonna cover the |
|
| 31:35 | and the inside of your organs. right. So a blood vessel, |
|
| 31:39 | example, the inside tube that is . All right. So they're covering |
|
| 31:46 | a tissue. Typically. What they're do when you see eithe is they're |
|
| 31:50 | provide uh secretions and they're gonna, have the ability to absorb material. |
|
| 31:56 | right. Now, again, it's be uh depending on where you |
|
| 31:59 | I'm just gonna use the skin because easy. I mean, think about |
|
| 32:02 | is something you secrete on the surface your skin? Sweat. That's a |
|
| 32:06 | one. How it up on your . What do you got there? |
|
| 32:09 | the nasty greasy stuff. Yeah. there, there's some real simple examples |
|
| 32:13 | secretion. All right. And then . If you've ever taken lotion and |
|
| 32:18 | it on your skin. It's not sitting on the surface of the |
|
| 32:20 | What happens? The skin absorbs right? So this is an example |
|
| 32:25 | the two abilities that epithelium can And there are better examples of |
|
| 32:31 | But I think for our purposes right , that's good enough. All |
|
| 32:35 | The other thing that they do is they exhibit unique polarity. Now, |
|
| 32:40 | you hear polarity, you probably think , right? Like oh there's positive |
|
| 32:44 | negative charges and that's not what this . It means they have different or |
|
| 32:49 | sides to them. All right, gonna use a model of a human |
|
| 32:53 | demonstrate polarity. If I were to me in half from top to |
|
| 32:58 | would my left side look exactly like right side? I mean, if |
|
| 33:02 | just look at me just am am a mere image from left to |
|
| 33:05 | Yeah, kind of sort of OK. So I don't have polarity |
|
| 33:10 | , right? But if I cut in half this way, does my |
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| 33:13 | look like my bottom? No, different. That's polarity. And this |
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| 33:19 | is expressed in epithelial cells because if facing outward to the surface, I |
|
| 33:24 | to be able to secrete things or things through there. And then on |
|
| 33:28 | bottom side, I need to connect something and allow materials to move into |
|
| 33:33 | out of the body. So those sides have to be different from each |
|
| 33:38 | . And that's what the polarity refers is the difference in the stuff on |
|
| 33:42 | surface side versus the difference of the of the body facing side. All |
|
| 33:48 | . So the structure facing the surface what is referred to as the apical |
|
| 33:53 | . Or if you're thinking of like , like a digestive tract or a |
|
| 33:56 | vessel, when you make a tube inside of the tube portion, this |
|
| 34:02 | right here, that's referred to as lumen. Ok. So if I'm |
|
| 34:07 | outward, that's apical or if I'm the inside of the tube, that |
|
| 34:11 | apical. All right. And then other side is collectively referred to as |
|
| 34:15 | basal lateral side, basal from base lateral for the sides. So here |
|
| 34:22 | the basal lateral. So basal is here, lateral there jam together you |
|
| 34:28 | a new word, basal lateral. right. So you can see |
|
| 34:32 | does the apical look different than the lateral side in the picture is one |
|
| 34:37 | and has like little tiny fingers or , you know? All right. |
|
| 34:42 | the reason for that is to create surface area. So I can create |
|
| 34:45 | absorb down here. I'm connected to . What do you think I'm connected |
|
| 34:49 | ? What does the picture tell What am I connected to connective |
|
| 34:53 | Do you see how language comes? right, connected to connective? All |
|
| 34:59 | . So there's your epithelium muscle we'll to when we talk about the uh |
|
| 35:04 | and typically when we talk about the , we really talk about one of |
|
| 35:07 | three types. All right. So gonna primarily talk about skeletal, but |
|
| 35:11 | are three different types of muscles. cartoon show you structurally they're very, |
|
| 35:15 | different from each other. All they're job is to create one of |
|
| 35:19 | types of movements, locomotion, which you moving your body around or they'll |
|
| 35:25 | materials through the body. So for , the heart is made up of |
|
| 35:30 | . It's called cardiac muscle. Is heart moving you around the room. |
|
| 35:35 | . What is it? Moving it's pumping, it's acting as a |
|
| 35:39 | . So it moves fluid through your . All right. So notice motion |
|
| 35:44 | have to be locomotion. All So because it re uh uh deals |
|
| 35:49 | a lot of, of action, lot of activity. It's going to |
|
| 35:53 | highly vascularized. It needs to have fuel and the oxygen to allow it |
|
| 35:57 | do the job that it does. right. So you'll see that muscle |
|
| 36:01 | is very, very uh bloody. right. A lot of vasculature. |
|
| 36:06 | right. The three types we have muscle. This is voluntary. It |
|
| 36:11 | one that plays a role in locomotion we say voluntary. What does that |
|
| 36:15 | ? It means you control it. wave at me. Hi. Uh |
|
| 36:19 | , see you all chose and then are the people who are too cool |
|
| 36:22 | school, who are like, you make me do that, you |
|
| 36:24 | So that's voluntary. You have control that. So skeletal muscle, you |
|
| 36:31 | cardiac muscle. On the other and smooth muscle are involuntary muscles. |
|
| 36:36 | slow down your heart can you, can't do it right now. Your |
|
| 36:42 | can respond in terms of the number contractions based on uh you know, |
|
| 36:48 | interaction with your environment, but you no control to make it speed up |
|
| 36:52 | slow down. All right, we're put you in an embarrassing situation. |
|
| 36:55 | of that cute guy or that cute that you're really, really interested. |
|
| 36:58 | they come up to you and hey, how you doing? What |
|
| 37:00 | your heart do? It starts beating fast, doesn't it? Right. |
|
| 37:05 | you're sitting there trying desperately to will to shut up and stay in your |
|
| 37:09 | because please don't let this person know I like them, right? You |
|
| 37:14 | make it slow down. It's just to all the feelings that you |
|
| 37:18 | All right now, cardiac muscle is to the heart. All right. |
|
| 37:23 | looks a lot like uh skeletal but it's not, it's very different |
|
| 37:28 | then smooth muscle while it's an involuntary , it's very, very different in |
|
| 37:32 | and it's going to be found in hollow organs. So a hollow organ |
|
| 37:36 | simply anything that has a space in . So like the digestive system, |
|
| 37:40 | organs, respiratory system, cardiac these are all hollow organs, renal |
|
| 37:45 | . We'll get into them as we along. But basically anything that has |
|
| 37:48 | tube that's associated with it, that's hollow organ, nervous tissue. Uh |
|
| 37:54 | are more than two types, but kind of focus in on the two |
|
| 37:58 | cell types. The first is the . The neuron is the exciting one |
|
| 38:02 | that's the one that sends electrical signals allows your body to um respond to |
|
| 38:09 | . All right. So this is responsible for long distance communication is the |
|
| 38:14 | we kind of think of it. right. So how does it |
|
| 38:18 | Well, you're gonna send it it's gonna process information, then it's |
|
| 38:22 | send a signal that's the gist of and we will spend plenty of time |
|
| 38:25 | about them. Uh That's good So the other type of cell are |
|
| 38:30 | glial cells. Glial literally means So these are the cells that act |
|
| 38:35 | connective tissue in the nervous system, they're not connective tissue, they actually |
|
| 38:42 | multiple functions and they are neural in . In other words, they are |
|
| 38:47 | nervous tissue. All right. how do we distinguish glial cells from |
|
| 38:53 | ? Glial cells don't transmit information. are the support cell neurons transmit and |
|
| 39:00 | the last type of tissue um that dealing with here is connective tissue. |
|
| 39:04 | this is a really truncated version because a lot of different types. And |
|
| 39:07 | just tried to throw two up here to show you how diverse connective tissue |
|
| 39:13 | be. All right. So, my slide, you'll usually see me |
|
| 39:16 | connective tissue as CT because I'm Um It's just whenever you see CT |
|
| 39:22 | think connective tissue. All right. , their job. Connective tissue, |
|
| 39:26 | says the name, it connects So it's a support tissue. It |
|
| 39:30 | you to build structure. All So that's kind of the big |
|
| 39:35 | Your cartilage in your body is connective . Bone is connective tissue. All |
|
| 39:39 | . The things on which the epithelium is connective tissue. And then you |
|
| 39:44 | things like blood and it's like what blood is a connective tissue. |
|
| 39:48 | And the reason blood is a connective is because if you look at the |
|
| 39:51 | of all the connective tissues, they from the same location. All |
|
| 39:55 | So embryonal embryo uh embryonic, they related to one another. All |
|
| 40:02 | So what we do is we basically at what are the cell types that |
|
| 40:05 | found in the connective tissue? What of fibers are found in there? |
|
| 40:09 | is the stuff in between everything? is the matrix? And then that's |
|
| 40:14 | we classify connective tissues. All And it's ultimately that matrix that defines |
|
| 40:20 | function of the connective tissue. So can kind of see here. This |
|
| 40:23 | just the general overview we will go all the big families of connective |
|
| 40:29 | And what we're going to do is going to take each of these |
|
| 40:31 | And what we're going to do is can make organs out of them. |
|
| 40:34 | right. So you can see, have two or more tissues. So |
|
| 40:37 | you have one type of tissue, don't have an organ yet, you |
|
| 40:39 | to have at least two of these make an organ. And what we're |
|
| 40:42 | at in this picture here is your . So you can see here's my |
|
| 40:46 | and I'm looking at the internal uh of that stomach and it's not for |
|
| 40:52 | to memorize, please. I'm just to point out this is where you |
|
| 40:55 | see all four of those tissues. you can see out here the, |
|
| 40:59 | pink part right here. That's The yellow part everywhere you look that |
|
| 41:04 | connective tissue you see here and all stuff down there that's I'm gonna call |
|
| 41:11 | orange to look orange. Yeah. . OK. OK. OK. |
|
| 41:16 | you say ochre? Oh OK. . You're in big trouble. |
|
| 41:20 | But this stuff down here that's, muscle. All right. So that's |
|
| 41:24 | of them. And the one thing don't see in the picture, the |
|
| 41:27 | didn't draw it because it'd be too are the nerves, but there are |
|
| 41:31 | associated with this layer. There are associated with that layer. And so |
|
| 41:36 | essence, it's there, we just have it in the picture. And |
|
| 41:41 | how these things are related to each . The concentrations of these particular tissues |
|
| 41:47 | their arrangements give rise to the unique of the stomach, which is responsible |
|
| 41:52 | protein digestion specifically in the digestive All right, it's different than the |
|
| 41:59 | intestine and it's different than the large and it is different than the esophagus |
|
| 42:04 | the mouth. Now, all those still have tissues, all four of |
|
| 42:10 | , but they're structurally very different. , what do we get out of |
|
| 42:16 | ? What did we say? What next? You guys remember? |
|
| 42:20 | Good. Thank you. Paying So now we're gonna look at systems |
|
| 42:25 | part of me showing you this slide to show you that you're walking into |
|
| 42:28 | class with some walking around knowledge. right. So you may not call |
|
| 42:33 | these things, but you're familiar with . So these are the three systems |
|
| 42:37 | gonna talk about in this class. have the integument, that's your |
|
| 42:41 | your hair, your nails and sweat and your oil glands. All |
|
| 42:44 | And their job functionally speaking is to your body. All right, they |
|
| 42:51 | as the barrier between the external environment the internal environment. That is our |
|
| 42:57 | here. It regulates body temperature. right. So that would be the |
|
| 43:03 | , then we move down to the system. All right. So this |
|
| 43:06 | thing right here is trying to show nervous system. And again, it's |
|
| 43:09 | a great picture, but here we're with the brain and the spinal cord |
|
| 43:13 | all the nerves in the body. so what we're dealing with here is |
|
| 43:18 | in data or input from our processing that information or sending it up |
|
| 43:25 | the nervous central nervous system, processing and then responding to that. If |
|
| 43:29 | ever touched something hot, right? a stove, please don't do |
|
| 43:33 | Or if you're like my eldest son he was two years old, goes |
|
| 43:37 | to a metal slide in the middle a Houston summer and puts both hands |
|
| 43:42 | the slide. What did, what he do? Burned his hands and |
|
| 43:46 | moved it away, right. So would be detecting stimulus, right? |
|
| 43:52 | stimulus, responding to the stimulus, the hands away and then the musculoskeletal |
|
| 43:58 | , that's just a fancy way for two systems that are unique, but |
|
| 44:02 | work together for a common purpose. so this is your bones, |
|
| 44:07 | The skeletal muscle and then the things connect them. And so you can |
|
| 44:11 | of see all the connective tissue, cartilage, the tendons and whatnot. |
|
| 44:15 | that's job. The musculoskeletal system together movement. Well, partly it also |
|
| 44:23 | an important role in supporting and The only thing protecting your digestive |
|
| 44:28 | your abdomen are the muscles of the , right? But up here we |
|
| 44:34 | bone. All right. I got bone sitting right here in the middle |
|
| 44:38 | my chest. What's it? Protecting heart? But it won't protect a |
|
| 44:43 | heart. I'm sorry. That's the joke of the day, I |
|
| 44:48 | All right. So basically, it al it plays an important role |
|
| 44:52 | protection. It also plays a important in producing the blood cells and the |
|
| 44:59 | cells are part of connective tissue. it's kind of this larger structure and |
|
| 45:05 | gonna be taking place inside the And when we get to the |
|
| 45:07 | we'll talk about that. All But you can see these systems are |
|
| 45:11 | just limited to, to like the little thing, they have usually multiple |
|
| 45:16 | in that. And then in A P two, you'll cover all these |
|
| 45:20 | like for example, a respiratory which is your nasal passage and trachea |
|
| 45:23 | lungs and some other structures. And allows you to move air in and |
|
| 45:28 | of the of the lungs. And what you're doing is you're bringing air |
|
| 45:32 | specifically oxygen near to the blood So that, that oxygen can be |
|
| 45:38 | throughout your body because all your cells oxygen, even the little cells in |
|
| 45:43 | little toe. And so it's going get a lot faster if we can |
|
| 45:47 | that oxygen not passing through the which it does just really, really |
|
| 45:52 | and very slowly. If we breathe in and out, we can bring |
|
| 45:55 | right up next to the blood which then allows us to deliver it |
|
| 45:59 | far in distant places in the Cardiovascular system is your heart, your |
|
| 46:03 | vessels and the blood, what we're here. Well, we are moving |
|
| 46:09 | , including gasses, but nutrients and throughout the body. So your cells |
|
| 46:14 | the fuels and the oxygen and they're produce the process waste. And so |
|
| 46:18 | we doing is we're using the blood and the blood as the means to |
|
| 46:22 | this material around. And the force we're creating is through the heart. |
|
| 46:26 | then what we're going to do is going to get rid of the waste |
|
| 46:28 | we're going to use up the fuel the oxygen by those cells. And |
|
| 46:33 | the goal of the cardiovascular system in nutshell. We have the immune system |
|
| 46:38 | the lymphatic system, which is what that's supposed to be representing right |
|
| 46:42 | This is what's protecting you against right? Um It also allows you |
|
| 46:49 | uh uh collect things that shouldn't be from the blood to be returned back |
|
| 46:54 | the blood again. Now you'll get that a little bit later. Um |
|
| 46:58 | structurally, we have lymphoid tissue. , think of your tonsils, uh |
|
| 47:04 | . If you've heard of that, , you may have heard of lymph |
|
| 47:07 | and then the immunocyte are the, immune cells and there are lots of |
|
| 47:12 | endocrine system is not really a system all, it's just a bunch of |
|
| 47:16 | structures in the body that all collectively , um, hormone secretion. |
|
| 47:24 | that's its functionality, right? And the, the, there are parts |
|
| 47:29 | the brain that are similar to parts the, uh, uh I'm just |
|
| 47:33 | use the gonads down here. The . They, they're, the similarity |
|
| 47:37 | that they produce hormones and they govern your body behaves and how you respond |
|
| 47:42 | your environment. So it's like the system, but it does. So |
|
| 47:46 | chemical, it communicates through chemicals as to electrical signals. All right. |
|
| 47:51 | so there are a lot of different , but we're not gonna go through |
|
| 47:54 | all in terms of what they control , metabolism, reproduction. So all |
|
| 48:00 | fun stuff. And then finally, have the urinary system, urinary |
|
| 48:05 | kidneys down to the bladder. And , the urethra, what we're doing |
|
| 48:10 | is we're taking blood, we're processing blood, taking out the things the |
|
| 48:13 | doesn't want and removing them from the . So we call it blood conditioning |
|
| 48:18 | the term that we use with regard the digestive system. Here's your digestive |
|
| 48:24 | starts with the mouth ends with the . It's one big long tube with |
|
| 48:27 | areas that do different things. But , what you're doing is you're taking |
|
| 48:32 | , you're breaking it down, you're the materials that you want to keep |
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| 48:36 | you're allowing the remaining material to be . And lastly, we have two |
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| 48:42 | system, one reproductive system for the , one reproductive system for the |
|
| 48:47 | All right, represented by these two . All right. So here these |
|
| 48:51 | the structures again, I don't want go through them all. But their |
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| 48:54 | is to produce the gametes, uh steroids. So they serve as part |
|
| 48:58 | the endocrine system. And then what we're doing is we're bringing those |
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| 49:03 | tog together so that we can create organisms. So that's your body in |
|
| 49:09 | nutshell, right? Those nine systems 9123, someone probably go back and |
|
| 49:15 | them. I think it's nine, might be 12. I don't |
|
| 49:17 | Um those systems make you all And so it's important to be familiar |
|
| 49:25 | aware of those structures even though we're focusing on those three. Now, |
|
| 49:34 | you've taken science classes, you probably I should ask. Are there any |
|
| 49:39 | at this point? Does this all pretty straightforward? Do I follow the |
|
| 49:43 | a lot? Yeah. All If you've taken a science class |
|
| 49:48 | you've probably noticed that it has its language, especially those damn chemists. |
|
| 49:52 | mean, when you got that three five dash, you know, in |
|
| 49:57 | , da da, da da And you're just like, can you |
|
| 49:59 | English? No, because chemists need have a specific language to describe stuff |
|
| 50:06 | this is true in anatomy as So I want you to go back |
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| 50:10 | time, we're gonna go back about 100 years ago. It's taboo to |
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| 50:16 | a human body. All right. is, it is wrong because the |
|
| 50:22 | is a, a sacred thing, ? And so if you go and |
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| 50:28 | cutting open a body, you are desecrating something that is good. That's |
|
| 50:33 | idea. All right. But during age of enlightenment, people, |
|
| 50:37 | I wonder how this body works. wonder what's going on. You |
|
| 50:41 | where do babies come from? You , let's start digging around. We'll |
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| 50:45 | find corpses because people die all the and we'll, before they start |
|
| 50:49 | let's start digging around and start figuring what's going on. So this is |
|
| 50:53 | what the field of anatomy is starting is in this, in this kind |
|
| 50:58 | prohibited environment. And scholars spoke in one of two languages, the two |
|
| 51:04 | dead languages that we don't use Latin and Greek, right? And |
|
| 51:09 | you are, you're an Italian and digging in graveyards and you're pulling out |
|
| 51:12 | bodies of people. And you're kind just trying to describe what you're doing |
|
| 51:17 | you have a colleague, somebody who's the exact same thing up in |
|
| 51:21 | And so what you want to do you want to have a common |
|
| 51:24 | right? To be able to describe . And the other thing you want |
|
| 51:27 | do is you want to make sure doing everything the same way, see |
|
| 51:31 | I'm dissecting my organisms with butt face down in a crouching position that's |
|
| 51:36 | going to do you any good. I'm describing what I'm seeing in a |
|
| 51:41 | to you, if you're dissecting a that's lying on the table, stomach |
|
| 51:46 | , right. So we need to some common language to help us understand |
|
| 51:52 | it is that we're looking at. so as we're going along, understand |
|
| 51:56 | the language that we're using was established that we have a common, a |
|
| 52:02 | language. All right. So if start calling things do hickeys, you're |
|
| 52:07 | gonna understand what it is. I'm about if you call the thingy, |
|
| 52:11 | ? Does that make sense? So the first thing that we did |
|
| 52:16 | you need to understand that there is common anatomical position. So you wanna |
|
| 52:22 | about it like this, even though always show a living person standing |
|
| 52:26 | going look at me, I'm standing this. No, that is a |
|
| 52:28 | person on a table. All That is the common position. Person |
|
| 52:33 | dead palms outward. That is the position, but we don't like to |
|
| 52:38 | about dead things. So it's a standing up arms out like so that |
|
| 52:43 | forward facing, this is not This is correct. So you always |
|
| 52:47 | to give yourself a high five or like that. All right, if |
|
| 52:52 | look at this body, we have main reg regions. The first main |
|
| 52:56 | is what is referred to as the region. All right. So it |
|
| 53:00 | from axis right. So where is axis? If you were trying to |
|
| 53:07 | an axis of something, what would be, would it be on the |
|
| 53:10 | or would it be central, central ? So the axial region is the |
|
| 53:15 | region. It consists of your head your torso. All right. And |
|
| 53:19 | net connecting them. All right. , there's an easy way to remember |
|
| 53:23 | . Your axis is consists of all parts you need to be alive. |
|
| 53:27 | right. So do you need to alive? I mean, would |
|
| 53:30 | do you need your arms to be ? Do you need your legs to |
|
| 53:33 | alive? It's helpful. But do need them? No. OK. |
|
| 53:38 | those are not part of the Do you need your torso to be |
|
| 53:42 | ? Yeah. Do you need your if I remove your head? Are |
|
| 53:45 | cool? No, maybe if you're worm but not as a human? |
|
| 53:50 | . So the axis is head through body centrally located. The appendixes are |
|
| 53:57 | things that hang off and dangle. fact, if you know what your |
|
| 54:00 | is, you now understand why it's an appendix. It's a dangly thing |
|
| 54:03 | hangs off your large intestine, your are appendices, your legs are |
|
| 54:09 | And so that's the appendicular regions of body. All right. So those |
|
| 54:13 | the two big regions. And then course, we can dive down deep |
|
| 54:19 | we can see that there are very regions in these areas. Now, |
|
| 54:24 | I throw up a picture like it is not your job to memorize |
|
| 54:27 | single pieces part that you see OK. I'm showing you this is |
|
| 54:32 | you can see now that we're using to help us focus in and identify |
|
| 54:37 | structures. And there's some of these you already know. So you may |
|
| 54:42 | heard for example of the planter region your foot, you may not have |
|
| 54:47 | planter as my foot, but you had planter wars, haven't you? |
|
| 54:51 | say no, no. I I know what you're talking about. You |
|
| 54:54 | , a planter's ward is right? a wart that's found on the bottom |
|
| 54:57 | the foot. It's not named after . It's named after where it was |
|
| 55:01 | a wart on the bottom of your . So that's planter's ward. All |
|
| 55:05 | , your armpits. That's the axial . OK. Here's an easy |
|
| 55:09 | Where's your pubic bone in the pubic ? OK. You know that |
|
| 55:15 | I know that many of you are . Look again, you guys are |
|
| 55:19 | going to health care, right? here taking the class just because you |
|
| 55:22 | nothing better to do and you just like fun. One person good on |
|
| 55:26 | . You guys get gold stars. right, cool. I hope you |
|
| 55:29 | fun. It's you too. I you have fun. All right, |
|
| 55:32 | this is gonna be fun stuff But part of the thing you got |
|
| 55:35 | get used to if you're planning on things is we're gonna talk about pooping |
|
| 55:39 | peeing and all sorts of dirty All right, these are the |
|
| 55:42 | the things that make you blush. is what this class is about. |
|
| 55:46 | planning on physical therapy. Couple of , you guys comfortable with your |
|
| 55:51 | you better be because first couple of after the first, the introductory |
|
| 55:55 | you get to touch one another, talking bicycle shorts and sports bras. |
|
| 56:00 | do I know this? My wife's physical therapist, she's not comfortable with |
|
| 56:04 | body, but she became very comfortable her body after the first week |
|
| 56:07 | hey, let's touch each other. right, you just have to, |
|
| 56:12 | ? You are going into a profession you are literally dealing with bodily function |
|
| 56:17 | if you're uncomfortable with naked pictures and like that, you're gonna have to |
|
| 56:20 | over it quick. All right. pubic area, right? Axiliary |
|
| 56:28 | OK. That's another one. Here's really fun one, the chin. |
|
| 56:33 | would I call the chin? It's mental region. Why? I don't |
|
| 56:37 | . It just is. Maybe because go, hm. Here's an |
|
| 56:41 | I don't know, I, I know. Here's an easy one. |
|
| 56:45 | this part called? And then it's sides temporal, right? So we're |
|
| 56:51 | learn if you don't know what temporal , we'll get to that because we're |
|
| 56:54 | see temporal multiple times. But it's are your temples, right? So |
|
| 56:58 | comes from temporal, temporal means Why do they call it the temporal |
|
| 57:03 | ? This one? I do know because when you start getting old like |
|
| 57:08 | , where do you first start So it starts showing time passing. |
|
| 57:16 | man, you're gonna find out most these things are, are pretty straightforward |
|
| 57:21 | you think about it. It's oh, that's why it's called |
|
| 57:24 | All right. So as we go , you're gonna start learning some of |
|
| 57:29 | and so just pick it up and like, OK, that's just a |
|
| 57:31 | term that I have to have to . All right, but I'm not |
|
| 57:34 | sit there and go. Here's a . What's this region? What's this |
|
| 57:37 | ? I'm not doing that. All . What I am doing is I |
|
| 57:41 | you to understand that you are made of a bunch of cavities and cavities |
|
| 57:45 | not the things that you find in teeth. All right, cavities are |
|
| 57:51 | spaces within the body. Did you the transition there from, from anatomy |
|
| 57:56 | this? See, this is what telling you look for those types of |
|
| 58:00 | ? All right. So cavity is hollow area in the body. |
|
| 58:03 | what we say is that a true is something that is fluid filled. |
|
| 58:07 | typically, when you're talking about this , there is fluid in that space |
|
| 58:11 | what you'll hear sometimes is a potential . Um Meaning that something that is |
|
| 58:16 | filled up but there is fluid in area. All right. Now, |
|
| 58:20 | cavities are named for the bones that them. And so we have two |
|
| 58:25 | cavities here. We have one that's the front and one that's in the |
|
| 58:28 | , the one that's in the back called the dorsal cavity. The one |
|
| 58:30 | in the front is called the ventral . So you should know dorsal and |
|
| 58:34 | as we go along. Easy way remember this, think about a fish |
|
| 58:38 | a shark or a dolphin. And that big thing in the middle of |
|
| 58:41 | back called a dorsal fin? So you ever get lost, just think |
|
| 58:45 | the dolphin, you'll remember that it's , oh yeah, he told me |
|
| 58:47 | think about dolphins and sharks dorsal All right. So that's the |
|
| 58:52 | All right. Now, the reason exist here is because you began life |
|
| 58:55 | a tube after you moved past a of those cell stages. And you |
|
| 58:59 | looking like an organism, you start as a tube and all vertebrates start |
|
| 59:03 | like that where you start off as tube structure. And so the dorsal |
|
| 59:08 | is filled with the structures that give to the neural system. And so |
|
| 59:14 | we have here is we have two cavities in this larger dorsal cavity. |
|
| 59:19 | one cavity is called the brain cavity the cranial cavity. All right. |
|
| 59:24 | so that is the part that is the brain. And then we have |
|
| 59:28 | spinal cavity. So you can see descending down here, that is what |
|
| 59:33 | housing the spinal cord. So that's too hard. And then the ventral |
|
| 59:38 | is this large structure that sits in front. This is what's going to |
|
| 59:42 | your viscera, your guts is what up all these other structures. All |
|
| 59:48 | . And if you look at this , you can see it's actually divided |
|
| 59:51 | two things really three if you get . But the top part is what |
|
| 59:56 | referred to as a thoracic cavity. we recognize the division of the thoracic |
|
| 60:00 | from the next cavity below it because is a membrane there that is a |
|
| 60:06 | and it's called the diaphragm. All . So above the diaphragm, we |
|
| 60:10 | the thoracic cavity. And then below , we have the abdominal pelvic cavity |
|
| 60:16 | we just combine those two terms, call it abdominal pelvic. All |
|
| 60:21 | Now, within the thoracic cavity, see that we can divide it up |
|
| 60:27 | more. And so we have two that sit on the side. These |
|
| 60:31 | called the plural cavities. They each contain a lung. All |
|
| 60:37 | And what we have surrounding each of lungs is a double sided membrane. |
|
| 60:42 | right, now, it's not really to see in the picture. In |
|
| 60:45 | , you can't see it in the . But you can imagine this structure |
|
| 60:48 | a membrane that has one side that's to the lung and the other side |
|
| 60:52 | next to the thoracic wall, the outside of the body. All |
|
| 60:57 | And so between that, those two , that's that space is filled with |
|
| 61:03 | and the membrane that makes up those walls, it's called cerus membrane. |
|
| 61:07 | the fluid inside is called cerus And so we call this plural |
|
| 61:13 | the pleura because it is covering the . That's the name. Now, |
|
| 61:20 | have special names for those membranes. remember we said double sided membrane, |
|
| 61:24 | part that's next to the lung is to as the visceral membrane. The |
|
| 61:31 | that is next to the thoracic wall called the parietal. Now, there's |
|
| 61:37 | easy way to remember this. All , your guts in your body are |
|
| 61:41 | to as the viscera collectively. All . So when we talk about your |
|
| 61:46 | , that's viscera, we talk about liver viscera. When we talk about |
|
| 61:51 | , your s you know, small , what is it viscera, |
|
| 61:55 | So the structures that make up these organ systems, they're collectively referred |
|
| 62:01 | as the viscera. So the part near the organ is the visceral, |
|
| 62:05 | part that's away from the organ is parietal. And that's going to be |
|
| 62:09 | . All the time. All So we have a plural cavity and |
|
| 62:12 | plural cavity. And as you can , we have the space in between |
|
| 62:17 | . So that space in between them referred to as the media sty. |
|
| 62:22 | right. So the space in between media, the middle part. So |
|
| 62:26 | just kind of this plural and then have this space in between and then |
|
| 62:30 | the media stum, that's where you're find the pericardial cavity, perry next |
|
| 62:37 | cardia heart, next to the heart . You see how the nomenclature |
|
| 62:43 | There's, it's really if you ever lost, take a step back and |
|
| 62:46 | , can I figure out what this actually means? I'm going to tell |
|
| 62:49 | this probably every other class. All , I'll go back and look at |
|
| 62:53 | word. All right. Now, , the pericardial cavity has the ses |
|
| 62:58 | , the Sears membrane, the part the heart would be called the, |
|
| 63:02 | her parietal. This and the part from the heart is the parietal. |
|
| 63:07 | as you see, it's gonna be no matter where you are. All |
|
| 63:10 | . Now, within the mediastinum, area that contains the pericardial cavity, |
|
| 63:14 | is where you'll find other structures. for example, your esophagus travels through |
|
| 63:18 | , the trachea travel through it, thymus is found in there. So |
|
| 63:22 | not an empty space. There are inside this cavity, but it doesn't |
|
| 63:28 | the Sears membrane that the pleural does the pericardium has when we get down |
|
| 63:32 | abdominal cavity. So the abdominal pelvic , we take those two halves. |
|
| 63:37 | the way I want you to just about this in really, really basic |
|
| 63:40 | is the abdominal cavity contains much, of the digestive system. All |
|
| 63:46 | And it extends upwards a little bit that there are parts of the rib |
|
| 63:51 | which are normally when you think about ribs, they're covering your chest, |
|
| 63:55 | they come down and they protect some the structures in the abdomen. All |
|
| 64:00 | . So it's partially protected. But you get down to the pelvis, |
|
| 64:04 | are no ribs. The pelvic cavity primarily the reproductive organs. Now, |
|
| 64:10 | I say that, understand that you know, human males, their |
|
| 64:15 | structure, their gonads are actually outside the pericardium or sorry, the the |
|
| 64:20 | cavity. But we just kind of for them that, yeah, |
|
| 64:23 | they're there. All right. So cavity, reproductive structures, abdominal cavity |
|
| 64:32 | structures. For the most part, things that are important in your body |
|
| 64:37 | usually covered by bone. Like think the thoracic cage. What's protected the |
|
| 64:43 | ? What's protected lungs? All digestive system, stomach protected. No |
|
| 64:51 | is protected. Kidneys are protected. right. And then when you get |
|
| 64:56 | to it, when you get down the pelvis, what's protected males? |
|
| 65:00 | . Ladies, uterus and ovaries are protected. All right. So they |
|
| 65:07 | structures in these cavities that are protected the bones that surround them. |
|
| 65:18 | continuing on, we're gonna look a bit at the nomenclature. All |
|
| 65:22 | So if you look at the abdominal cavity anatomist, again, we want |
|
| 65:26 | be specific as to what we're pointing and talking about. So we use |
|
| 65:30 | to make things as easy as And if you look at the abdominal |
|
| 65:34 | region, you'll see that what we is we have nine divisions which you |
|
| 65:38 | just do a tic tac toe and of put that up there. And |
|
| 65:42 | once you start looking at this, gonna see that we use terminology. |
|
| 65:46 | really want to sip here to help terms of our description. So we |
|
| 65:52 | descriptives. So you'll use things like and lower and left and right to |
|
| 65:56 | of if there's paired stuff to be to distinguish between those two things. |
|
| 66:00 | right. And so those are the of the descriptives that you kind of |
|
| 66:03 | here, right. So that would the left and the right and then |
|
| 66:06 | might be prefixes that can serve as . So this is where you're gonna |
|
| 66:11 | to start learning a little bit of these are. So hypo means |
|
| 66:14 | epi means above. And so when word is, begins with EPI just |
|
| 66:18 | it's above something. So there has be something that you're looking at. |
|
| 66:22 | epi, you know, and so this particular case, we have epi |
|
| 66:28 | . All right. So what is ? Well, gastric is coming from |
|
| 66:33 | actual structure, right? So gastric to your belly. So if this |
|
| 66:40 | your belly, right? I if you went to a little kid |
|
| 66:43 | said, where's your belly, what they do? They'd go right? |
|
| 66:47 | is not really a word we use anatomy, except in this kind of |
|
| 66:51 | . And it says if this is , what would be above the |
|
| 66:54 | Well, this region right here, above the belly, right? So |
|
| 66:57 | where the name comes from. And you start looking at these, these |
|
| 67:00 | making sense to you. So we hypo which means below chondritic. |
|
| 67:05 | what's a hypochondriac? That's someone who it, right? Yeah, |
|
| 67:09 | so that's not the word that we're for here. So, Chondra, |
|
| 67:13 | example, is the the the base for cartilage. All right. |
|
| 67:20 | again, this is the first day the anatomy. I don't expect you |
|
| 67:22 | know stuff like what my ribs are of up here. My ribs are |
|
| 67:27 | of bone, but they're connected by . And then when you get down |
|
| 67:31 | , what you have is you have lot of cartilage before you actually get |
|
| 67:34 | some real bone. So hypo right? That's what that's saying is |
|
| 67:39 | the cartilage or underneath the cartilage. this would be the left, |
|
| 67:44 | this is my right side, To you. It's my right because |
|
| 67:48 | gotta look at the body as it's , right? So this would be |
|
| 67:53 | well, I'm sorry, I got backwards, sorry, this is |
|
| 67:56 | So right, left, right, , left hypochondriac regions and then you |
|
| 68:02 | see some other ones here. Uh refers to the ilium, the bone |
|
| 68:06 | that lumbar refers to just this region the back. So that's the lower |
|
| 68:11 | region. So that would be what comes from where those terms come |
|
| 68:14 | And so you can all see, all of a sudden that when I'm |
|
| 68:17 | at my anatomy, I just need kind of understand what the words |
|
| 68:22 | I'm gonna promise you this, we're get into the nervous system and there's |
|
| 68:26 | be words that are like 10 and words, right? I mean, |
|
| 68:30 | gonna be like this long and you're look at them and you're gonna go |
|
| 68:32 | , uh, and I'm just telling right now, just stop and look |
|
| 68:36 | really in the nervous system, the they name stuff is where does it |
|
| 68:40 | and where does it end? So basically referring to one structure over here |
|
| 68:44 | another structure over there. And so two words are basically telling you this |
|
| 68:47 | the highway between those two points. guys lived here in Houston for most |
|
| 68:52 | your lives. Let me, let see the people who've lived here in |
|
| 68:56 | . All right, have you ever of Almeda Genoa Road? Yeah. |
|
| 69:01 | is Almeda Genoa? What two places they connect Almeda and Genoa? The |
|
| 69:07 | roads on either end of that All right. There are dozens of |
|
| 69:13 | like that in Houston. So you already see you already experienced this stuff |
|
| 69:19 | the time. You just need to that experience now to the anatomy |
|
| 69:24 | So, this is what an anatomist . Are you guys planning on being |
|
| 69:27 | ? Anyone here planning on being an ? There's like no one. |
|
| 69:31 | Yeah, that's what I thought. not an anatomist either. This is |
|
| 69:35 | you guys would be doing. So in the health professions, patient |
|
| 69:40 | into the, er, do you to sit there and go? |
|
| 69:42 | That is in one of the nine that's left, right? Ok. |
|
| 69:45 | . No, no, no. wanna be specific and quick and dive |
|
| 69:49 | in. So what they do is just do a simple crisscross, |
|
| 69:52 | lower left, right? And that's you get names there. They're |
|
| 69:57 | very quick. So you can see because there's four parts, upper and |
|
| 70:02 | left and right. Easy peasy. . So what you learn in your |
|
| 70:08 | classes, this is not the last class you'll take no matter which field |
|
| 70:11 | planning on going into, you're gonna it again because trust me, the |
|
| 70:16 | schools want you to teach you what want to teach you all right |
|
| 70:21 | this is common terminology. I'm not to go through all of these, |
|
| 70:26 | you should be familiar with most of , right. So, superior versus |
|
| 70:30 | , that's up versus down cranial coddle towards brain coddles towards the butt. |
|
| 70:36 | right, towards the rear. You see this term sometimes, but it's |
|
| 70:41 | more rare, rostral refers to towards nose. It's not in this |
|
| 70:46 | The ones that I think of that particularly hard are um uh distal versus |
|
| 70:51 | . All right, proximal means near distal means far away from. And |
|
| 70:56 | there's always gonna be a frame of . Typically, the frame of reference |
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| 70:59 | to the the the core of the . All right. So if you |
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| 71:04 | my arm, my elbow is proximal to, I mean to towards my |
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| 71:11 | relative to my fingers which are distal away, right? So that's where |
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| 71:16 | might see proximal and distal being Um Another one is um uh let's |
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| 71:22 | here. Um No, it's not this list. Um Oh yeah, |
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| 71:29 | it down at the bottom, deep superficial. Again, if you get |
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| 71:33 | , superficial is near the surface, is further away or internal. If |
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| 71:38 | wanna uh remember, this is really . Think about your friends, |
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| 71:42 | Do you have friends who are Yeah. You know who I'm talking |
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| 71:47 | . You pictured somebody when I said . Can you think of your deep |
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| 71:50 | ? Yeah. People that you can in because you get down, down |
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| 71:55 | dirty. Yeah. So superficial are the surface. Deep deed is |
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| 72:04 | We have some body planes as All right. So again, there's |
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| 72:09 | anatomical position that we described. You just like so and what this is |
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| 72:14 | it says if I take your body slice it in half, I can |
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| 72:18 | it in half in one of three ways. All right, I can |
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| 72:21 | it down the middle, that's left right. I can slice you right |
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| 72:24 | which up to uh versus uh top versus bottom and can slice you |
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| 72:30 | this direction, front versus back. each of those have terminologies, |
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| 72:34 | So if I'm slicing you front versus , now, it doesn't have to |
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| 72:39 | specifically right in the middle of the , you can actually slice off the |
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| 72:42 | of somebody's nose, right? And still front versus back. But if |
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| 72:48 | do that, what I'm doing is am cutting you like, so do |
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| 72:52 | see how from this angle? You see that? And what we're doing |
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| 72:56 | we call that Coronal? All Now, when you hear Coronal don't |
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| 73:01 | of the beer, although that's All right, Coronal ref is from |
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| 73:07 | Latin, which means crown. when you think of a crown, |
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| 73:11 | think of, you know the king or the tiara, the princess |
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| 73:16 | right? Which goes like this. I want you to think about what |
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| 73:21 | were, crowns are like what you on the Statue of Liberty, that |
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| 73:26 | that radiates outward, it's supposed to rays of intelligence and power and |
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| 73:32 | That's what it does. And so is basically that. All right. |
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| 73:36 | it's dividing the front from the And what you're doing is, is |
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| 73:42 | the crown as the radiation that All right, transverse, transverse is |
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| 73:48 | you would do is if you cut in half in a magic half during |
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| 73:51 | magic trick, right, that's top bottom. And again, if I |
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| 73:55 | you here, that would be a cut, right. I'm separating your |
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| 73:59 | from the rest of your body, ? If I cut you at the |
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| 74:02 | , that's still transverse, all And then the next one is |
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| 74:07 | which is left to right. So , what you'd see is like what |
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| 74:11 | see in the picture here is if cut you directly in half and created |
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| 74:14 | mirror image, that would be mid , that's a term that's often |
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| 74:19 | but it is a sagittal section. could cut you here, right, |
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| 74:23 | your arm from the rest of your that's still a sagittal. OK. |
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| 74:27 | it's left to right. And that's easy way to remember. These is |
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| 74:30 | to bottom, front to back, to right. And, and using |
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| 74:34 | terms, there's another type of uh that we don't refer to because it's |
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| 74:38 | and gross. But you may see someplace and that is called an oblique |
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| 74:44 | . All right. Oblique means at strange angle that we're not defining. |
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| 74:48 | right. So if I cut you this, that would be an oblique |
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| 74:54 | . All right, if you work radiology and look at images, you |
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| 74:58 | see oblique images and they're just harder deal with because top to bottom, |
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| 75:04 | , to right front to back. easy stuff. All right, we're |
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| 75:09 | down to the very ba uh to very bottom here we're releasing in about |
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| 75:13 | minutes. I know you're like, ? Yeah, I'm the guy that |
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| 75:15 | up all the time and I'm still for five minutes afterwards. All |
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| 75:19 | So the last little bit here deals this question of homeostasis. All |
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| 75:24 | So what is homeostasis simply is it's physiological principle that says a body's ability |
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| 75:31 | maintain constancy or stability, despite the that the environment surrounding that body is |
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| 75:38 | . And again, the environment refers both internal and external. All |
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| 75:42 | So this is a dynamic state of . So that means it's constantly, |
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| 75:47 | like standing in the middle of a totter or seesaw, right where you're |
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| 75:52 | there trying to create balance, even one side is going up and one |
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| 75:55 | is going down, you're constantly moving shifting to keep things balanced. That's |
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| 76:00 | homeostasis is. All right. We that a body, body is home |
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| 76:05 | homeostasis is homeostatic balance when all the are adequately met, right? And |
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| 76:12 | is going well functioning smoothly. What guys are interested in, what you |
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| 76:17 | chosen this field for is that you're in pathology. Pathology is when things |
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| 76:23 | not going well, when things are up. And what you're trying to |
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| 76:27 | is you're trying to achieve homeostasis, ? That's why you are probably in |
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| 76:34 | class is because I wanna get people be in homeostatic balance. Now, |
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| 76:40 | little image right here, these two are the exact same. You get |
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| 76:43 | pick your, your, your OK. And what this is really |
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| 76:47 | trying to show you is how homeostasis . All right. So what we |
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| 76:52 | is we say the thing that we're at is the variable. So if |
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| 76:55 | talking about temperature, temperature is the , if we're talking about uh blood |
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| 77:00 | , that would be the variable, stimulus is simply the change, |
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| 77:04 | So if you're looking up here at light and your eyes dilate, that's |
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| 77:08 | more light is coming in. So stimulus is the brighter light. |
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| 77:13 | So it's a change. And then we have to have in order to |
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| 77:17 | change is you need to have some of sensor or receptor in the body |
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| 77:21 | is able to recognize that specific So for example, your eyes detect |
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| 77:26 | , is there anything else in your that detects light. So if I |
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| 77:30 | a hole in your brain or in skull, and I put a |
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| 77:33 | would your brain know that light is on it? No, because it |
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| 77:37 | the receptors. The only place where receptors for light detection are located are |
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| 77:42 | the eyes. All right. A is simply the thing that interprets what |
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| 77:48 | receptor is, is experiencing, So the receptor takes the signal and |
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| 77:54 | tells the controller, hey, I something changing and then the controller |
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| 78:00 | hm, when change occurs in this direction, the response should be |
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| 78:04 | And so what it's going to do it's going to cause change in your |
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| 78:08 | . The easiest way to think about is with temperature. If it gets |
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| 78:12 | , I have receptors that detect the , right? So that tells my |
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| 78:17 | system, hey, you're getting So what do you need to do |
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| 78:20 | order to reduce the higher temperature you to sweat? So then it sends |
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| 78:25 | signal down to the effect or the that causes the effect. In this |
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| 78:31 | case, it would be the sweat and it would say, hey, |
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| 78:34 | glands start sweating and then that sweat absorb the heat and move the heat |
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| 78:40 | from the body and your body cools . So what is, what are |
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| 78:43 | doing? We're balancing ourselves around that range that we're most interested in. |
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| 78:48 | that range is referred to as the point. All right. Now, |
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| 78:52 | is showing you blood glucose levels, you could use this to show the |
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| 78:56 | thing and just follow the thing what detecting the sensor is detecting and it's |
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| 79:01 | for you to be within this particular . If I go out of |
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| 79:05 | what happens? It tells the controller change, that effector talks to or |
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| 79:09 | controller talks to the effector and it around and adjusts the response to bring |
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| 79:16 | thing back into range. Last two really simple. How do we do |
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| 79:23 | ? We'll use a mechanism. So is the mechanism that homeostasis uses. |
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| 79:27 | is not homeostasis. We can use feedback. Negative feedback is the most |
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| 79:31 | mechanism of regulation. If things I'm going to turn things on that |
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| 79:37 | it go fall, it goes the direction. So the variable change in |
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| 79:42 | feedback moves in a direction opposite of change, right? So again, |
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| 79:47 | temperature, I get hot. What I want to do? I want |
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| 79:51 | get colder, right? So that's in the opposite direction. That would |
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| 79:56 | negative feedback. Most common type of feedback, the weird one that your |
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| 80:02 | uses, that is far more It's not as common, it's used |
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| 80:06 | very specific locations is positive feedback. is where the variable enhances the |
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| 80:13 | All right. So this is the rolling down the hill. All |
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| 80:17 | Yeah. Mhm No. So, let me get you. That's still |
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| 80:29 | because if it's too low, then wanna move in the opposite direction. |
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| 80:33 | right, positive feedback is moving in same direction. All right. So |
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| 80:38 | gonna use an example that's not gonna everybody because you guys are probably most |
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| 80:42 | you are too young to have experienced . But you've given birth, you |
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| 80:45 | a baby and you are breastfeeding. right, baby begins to suckle milk |
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| 80:50 | released through the nipple, right? sucking says, hey, make more |
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| 80:57 | because the baby is feeding. So positive feedback is, you know, |
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| 81:02 | I'm getting the stimulation right? So making milk and I'm gonna make more |
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| 81:07 | and I'm gonna keep making milk until baby stops suckling. So in a |
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| 81:12 | feedback loop, the thing that turns the system is outside the system. |
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| 81:17 | does a baby stop feeding when it asleep and then you're no longer producing |
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| 81:24 | . Yes, ma'am. No, not. I mean, I'm glad |
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| 81:31 | are thinking about this. So like said, this is a rare |
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| 81:35 | Typically we'll see these in like hormone , right? So we're trying to |
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| 81:40 | things, make things bigger. so why vomiting is not? So |
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| 81:45 | are you trying to do? You're to get rid of something out of |
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| 81:47 | body. So what you're doing is doing the reverse of putting something |
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| 81:51 | That's why. All right, when come back, we're going to continue |
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| 81:55 | then we're going to jump into the . Yeah. Sorry about all the |
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