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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - BIOL2301_lecture03_0829
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00:03 All right, good morning y'all. get that. Um See if that
00:08 . No, there. Um It's one that should be better. Is
00:15 better? Not echo back in the . You can hear me.
00:18 thank you. All right. Uh today we got a uh a couple
00:23 things we're gonna be covering. We're to uh this, we didn't cover
00:27 Thursday last week, which are the fluid compartment that shouldn't take us too
00:32 . We'll get through that. And majority of this lecture is going to
00:35 on the biomolecules. There's four basic just distinguishing between those important. We'll
00:41 through all those. And the last we're going to cover today is we're
00:44 look at enzymes and uh in a generic sense, what do enzymes
00:49 All right. Uh Once we understand , we're gonna have a uh a
00:54 or a basis on understanding how everything your body works even though it didn't
00:59 like it. Right. So that's of the idea. And so our
01:03 point is going to be here, I said, the fluid compartment,
01:06 kind of gave you the sense, . We kind of talked about uh
01:10 Thursday, your body has these different in it, right, that it
01:16 and creates unique compartments for unique things happen. And we can think of
01:21 terms of the organs, we can of them in terms of tissues are
01:25 that they do different things. But you grind down deep and start
01:29 you'll see that the body is actually shell for the most part that separates
01:36 up into two compartments. All there's places where we put fluids or
01:41 reactions can take place either inside cells outside cells. And we're talking about
01:47 the cell, we refer to this as the intercellular compartment and it contains
01:52 it intracellular fluid. And then on outside of cells, we have this
01:56 and this is where fluid is found that's the extracellular fluid see really,
02:00 complicated. I think I told you simple people, we need things for
02:04 they do or for what they look . So either inside water or outside
02:08 , right? That's basically what it . If you look at this,
02:11 the device point between these two things going to be the plasma membrane,
02:15 thing that makes up the outside of cell. So we think about
02:20 The first question we always have to ourselves usually is are we inside or
02:23 we outside of cells? Ok. , that doesn't seem like why do
02:27 have to care about this well being that each cell does its own
02:34 it does its own unique uh kind reactions and stuff. And so by
02:38 this compartment, it is creating the through which all those chemical reactions on
02:46 outside of the cell. That's also that there are specific types of reactions
02:50 can only take place there because of unique characteristics of the fluids.
02:55 they're similar, but they're different. , if you look at the extracellular
03:00 , the extracellular fluid is actually two as well. All right, we
03:06 when you look at the picture up . So you can see here is
03:09 cells, everything else is going to outside cells. And then here if
03:12 look at the outside of the we got stuff that's flowing in our
03:16 , for example. And then we fluid a compartment that sits outside of
03:20 . See your cells are not jammed right next to each other. So
03:23 there's no space in between them. actually is a little bit of
03:27 right? Very microscopic, all And this space between cells is called
03:33 in between space. The fancy word it is interstitial. So interstitial space
03:39 an interstitial fluid and then the fluid around in the blood in circulation is
03:46 to as the plasma. And what these two things apart is not uh
03:52 materials that make it up because they're the same thing. It's only one
03:56 and it's the presence of what are plasma proteins. Now that is a
04:01 . But I'm talking in terms of the other stuff of all the
04:04 if you look at the interstitial fluid you look at uh plasma, they're
04:08 the same, they're made up of the same stuff. The difference is
04:11 that plasma protein. Now, plasma are just proteins that are found in
04:15 plasma. They're all sorts of different . And the reason we care about
04:22 is because where those plasma proteins are where they're not directs the direction,
04:29 a terrible way to say it provides the the mechanics that tells water where
04:35 go. All right. So you've of this term before osmosis,
04:41 You probably memorized it at least if not twice or three or four
04:45 over the course of your life And most people kind of nod their
04:48 and go. Yeah. Yeah, got it. And really what osmosis
04:50 is diffusion of water down its rate it again a little bit later
04:56 more detail, right? But the is is that in order for chemical
05:02 to take place, they have to a watery environment with the right makeup
05:06 of materials in that water and water where there is material or where there's
05:11 water is. The other way you look at it. And so water
05:14 between the different compartments. It moves the intracellular fluid and the extracellular
05:19 I should do that backwards, intracellular and extracellular fluid, it moves between
05:23 interstitial fluid and the plasma. And thing that drives that movement is the
05:28 of the material that's found in So plasma proteins in the plasma pulls
05:33 towards the plasma and away from the fluid. And so water can be
05:39 out through forces but can actually be back in and water moves in and
05:44 of cells. So when you're dehydrated has your body and so that water
05:49 from places. So the first place going to come is from the
05:52 right? And so if there's less in the plasma, where is that
05:56 going to have to be replaced from interstitial fluid. And if you have
05:59 water in the interstitial fluid and in plasma collectively, that means you have
06:03 water now in the ECF than you in the intracellular fluid. So water
06:07 pulled from your cells and now you an imbalance and now you can't do
06:13 chemical reactions that your body is designed do. And so this movement of
06:19 is very, very important because it the proper working of the cells and
06:26 the function that they're designed for. this stuff is highly, highly regulated
06:31 it's regulated through multiple multiple systems. multiple structures and these are all chemical
06:38 and physical relationships that we're not going dive into. But generally speaking,
06:42 can think that the kidney plays an role in determining water and solute what
06:48 balances should be and regulated. There's four or five hormones that we're gonna
06:54 at over the course of A So A MP two primarily is where
06:57 see this, dealing with the question how do we control this? And
07:02 what we're really looking at is pressures are the hydrostatic pressures. That's the
07:07 pressures and then the colloid pressures which the pressures uh provided by the presence
07:12 the materials in the water. All , colloid is just the stuff in
07:16 water. So all of these things governing whether or not your cells are
07:21 proper balance and proper function and it boils down to are the compartments set
07:27 in such a way for them to that. Now, just to give
07:30 a sense, we're gonna come back this again. So I want you
07:34 think about neurons and muscles for a . One thing you know about neurons
07:39 no things about uh muscles is that electrically controlled. Do you guys know
07:43 if you didn't know that? You that now? All right. So
07:46 you guys know that everyone out I know that now, right.
07:50 . So what that means is that are ions moving back and forth between
07:55 compartments. There's an imbalance and that is reflected in the materials found in
08:02 intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid. , you are not electrically charged.
08:08 you agree with me on that? other words, if I touch
08:10 would I become electrocuted? No? . We are electrically neutral creatures,
08:17 ? Otherwise we would electrocute people. right. But if you look inside
08:22 cell, so like the intracellular for example, you don't have to
08:26 this today, but eventually you will you might as well start is that
08:29 has more potassium than the extracellular The intracellular fluid has more proteins that
08:38 negatively charged in the outside environment. right. And so what this does
08:43 that means if I have more of pro or more potassium, potassium wants
08:47 move out of cells, that would a current, right? I have
08:50 anionic cellular proteins, they can't So they create the inside of the
08:53 creates becomes negatively charged. And so draws positive charges into the cell.
08:59 so now what you have is you current and it's this current that our
09:02 and our muscles use to do the that they do the extracellular fluid.
09:08 the other hand, has more All right. So you can see
09:12 these two are the big boys sodium potassium are the ones that we care
09:16 . So we have more potassium on inside of cells, we have more
09:19 on the outside of the cells and going to move down their gradients.
09:24 right. And I've already mentioned the proteins being in the plasma, there
09:31 almost essentially no proteins in any And like I said, the reason
09:38 bring this up now is because they're play an important role in understanding at
09:43 two of the major systems that we're be looking at in this the nervous
09:48 and the musculature. So the other , if you just want to know
09:53 they are. So that is one you probably should start thinking about when
09:56 see that. What does it It's bicarbonate. All right, you're
10:00 , well, i it's weird, basically charge materials. It becomes
10:05 really valuable in digestion, the cardiovascular , the kidneys, all sorts of
10:09 , uh calcium and chlorine, but the big ones, potassium sodium.
10:17 right. So the key takeaway from this is that the body is divided
10:22 two parts, those two parts have characteristics and then one of those parts
10:27 divided into again, that would be in uh the extracellular fluid. All
10:33 . Now, having said all that we talked on Thursday, we introduced
10:39 idea that there's this hierarchy of hierarchy of organization in the body.
10:44 at the very bottom, we're gonna with the question of the biomolecules.
10:48 biomolecules? Because the biomolecules are, the cells are made of cells are
10:55 lowest form of living thing that we define in biology. All right,
11:02 the characteristic that we define. We the thing called cell theory. This
11:08 basically everything biology is about. There's theory which we'll get to that the
11:12 dogma genetics. And then we have theory, which is what is the
11:17 form of life. And so cell is very basic. Uh there's lots
11:21 , of basis for what we've done . I mean, so like the
11:24 step that were done, they, used to believe back in the 17
11:27 , that life was created spontaneously. uh if I had a piece of
11:32 and I put it on the table would form from it magically,
11:35 That was like the first experiment that did and they put a piece of
11:39 into a vacuum and then they let's see if life forms and it
11:45 , oh they didn't realize that fly landing on the meat and laying and
11:49 getting life, right? So it realized very quickly. There were experiments
11:55 in animals and experiments done with plants it came to that, oh,
11:58 order for life to exist, it be derived first from life. And
12:02 the first thing that we kind of was the fundamental unit of life or
12:07 from pre-existing cells. So, cells the fundamental unit. They are the
12:12 form. They're the very basic form living and they have to come from
12:15 living before it. Now, if want to ask the question, where
12:19 those cells come from? Where do cells come from? That's not this
12:22 . I encourage you to take other in biology to learn this because it
12:27 very complicated and it deals again with biomolecules and how they arrange themselves.
12:33 right. Now, each of these are able to produce another cell because
12:38 them, they contain hereditary information. have a, a biomolecule called DNA
12:45 that DNA allows them to encode a of all the information that so every
12:56 came from a cell before it that aware of and it can't contains within
13:01 , this biomolecule. Now, with in mind, what are these
13:08 How does a cell do the things it does to keep itself alive and
13:13 itself going? And how does it ? So there are four basic
13:18 All right. The nucleic acids, proteins, the lipids and the
13:23 If you want to make this really for yourself. Think cheeseburger, cheeseburger
13:28 of all those things. Carbohydrates. . Bread. All right. Protein
13:34 . If you're vegetarian, whatever that substitute is. All right.
13:41 Fats. Well, it's in the , right? It's in the
13:44 but it's also in the cheese. Right. And then nucleic acids,
13:50 that was living beforehand. Has nucleic , even Cheetos. Well, where
13:56 Cheetos come from? It comes from . I know horribly dyed orange,
14:01 still comes from a living thing. so these living thing or these things
14:09 all living organisms. All right, have distinct structures between them. So
14:14 one of the things we're gonna have be able to identify is what makes
14:17 one unique. Remember what I If it's named differently, it has
14:20 characteristics. So that should be your clue is how do I uh distinguish
14:25 thing from that thing? All they have distinct properties because of those
14:30 structures. In other words, they unique things. That's why they
14:34 The other thing is that of these of them have uh uh basic building
14:41 that allow you to make larger, complex flex things. All right.
14:45 a protein, for example, is we refer to as a polymer.
14:49 a polymer of a smaller sub unit a monomer that monomer. In the
14:53 of a protein is an amino we'll get to that in a
14:56 All right. So three of this is just like Sesame Street.
15:01 remember that Sesame Street. Did you watch Sesame Street? One of these
15:05 is not like the others. The one that's not like the others
15:09 the lipid, the lipid is the one that is in a polymer.
15:12 , nucleic acids are polymers, Are polymers. Carbohydrates can be,
15:17 , lipids are not polymers. That's weird one. All right. So
15:23 we look at them, what we're do, we're gonna say here's what
15:25 biomolecule is. This is the monitor the monitor from which it's derived and
15:30 the monitors are are the unique subunits have similar characteristics. You just use
15:35 and combine them again. If you to have a visual representation. Think
15:39 a Lego kit. How many different of Legos are there a lot?
15:43 like. That's good. Too many that I step on them.
15:46 But can you make pretty much anything a Lego kit? Yeah. All
15:50 . So it's kind of the same . You can't use Lincoln logs and
15:52 Lego kit is wrong wrong, Lincoln logs, build their own
15:57 All right. Now, if you this class at another institution, you'll
16:03 to spend a whole day talking about reactions. Yeah, I'm not
16:10 This is the only thing you need know. All right, the gist
16:15 this slide right here is look, are two basic types of reactions.
16:19 we're dealing with polymers and monomers, what we're gonna do is we're gonna
16:24 build something or we're gonna break something . Remember we talked about metabolism,
16:28 said there's an abol and metabolism. either going to build something or gonna
16:31 it down. If I'm going to something. What I have to do
16:36 I'm gonna take two different monomers. right, between them, they each
16:42 a unique uh chain. They have , or, or a reactive
16:47 They will each have a hydroxyl which is an alcohol group. That's
16:51 ohuc up there. And on the side of the molecule, they'll have
16:54 proton. And what you're gonna do you're gonna cleave off a proton,
16:58 gonna cleave off that alcohol group and gonna bring them together and form a
17:02 molecule of water. And in doing , what you've done is you've pulled
17:06 out of the reaction and now those molecules can come together with a little
17:11 of energy. All right. So I put in energy and break those
17:16 things off and form water, I convinced water, I had, I
17:21 made water. So that's the first of reaction. It's also referred to
17:26 a dehydration because why water has left reaction very basic. So this is
17:33 I build polymers. If I take monomer to a monomer, pull out
17:37 and add energy, I've now created polymer. All right. That would
17:43 in terms of the type of All right, if I take a
17:49 break that bond now, two unstable . So I have to stabilize
17:53 So what I'm gonna do is I'm take water, I'm gonna break water
17:56 half, I'm gonna jam on the group which is the alcohol I'm gonna
18:00 on the hydrogen on the other And now I've stabilized the two monomers
18:04 added water in when I do That's a hydrolysis reaction. See,
18:11 broke water, water is so, , is a molecule I break it
18:16 half, take the two halfs and it on there. And that's what
18:19 done there. So these two types reactions are what you're gonna see when
18:25 are making polymers and breaking polymers. when I make polymers, I'm taking
18:32 and putting them together or I have monomer chain and a monomer and I'm
18:35 it together. So, are you me? Is that easy chemistry?
18:42 hope much easier than let's learn all different names and crazy stuff. Different
18:47 of reactions. Uh Yeah, see you've done it, you know what
18:51 talking about? It's just like it's fun. So our first molecule we
18:55 to talk about is nucleic acids. right, nucleic acids are the largest
19:00 molecule in your body. All They're just long chains of these nucleotide
19:07 chained together to create this very long . And so this is something that
19:12 seen probably a dozen times a good alpha helix. If you have a
19:16 uh uh car with a Texas license it, go look at it in
19:20 right light. You'll see there are alpha helix on there, right?
19:25 don't know why they put DNA on license plates, but it's there.
19:30 right. Now, nucleic acids. isn't the only form. This is
19:35 . There are two major classes. have DNA, which is deoxyribonucleic
19:40 And then we have RN A which ribonucleic acid. I'll show you the
19:44 here in just a moment. what we have here is we have
19:47 series of monomers that are chained together the way along the length of one
19:53 those uh arms. All right. the other one, that's another
19:58 And when we're talking about these they're covalent linked to each other.
20:03 word means that they're bound together and takes a lot of energy to break
20:07 apart. Now, the monomer that interested in here is called a
20:14 A nucleotide is very basic. It off with a ribo sugar. All
20:19 . So this is our ribo It's a five carbon sugar in that
20:23 carbon sugar. The thing that distinguishes A from DNA is this uh uh
20:30 sitting off over here to the It's the number off the number two
20:33 . That's not important for you But basically, if it's RN A
20:35 has two alcohols, if it's that has one alcohol. All
20:40 So that's the distinguished, so it's OXY, it took away one of
20:43 oxygens. That's where it comes All right. But then what we're
20:47 have is we're having off to the , we have a nitrogenous base.
20:51 are five different types of nitrogenous And then on the other side,
20:56 have a phosphate. All right. these three components make up a
21:02 Now, of these uh nitrogenous there's five, there's two different classes
21:07 these, we have what are called permits and we have what are called
21:12 Pines. Now, DNA has in pure, uh, sorry, in
21:17 Prides has thymine and cytosine as that space. So you can have a
21:23 , thy thymine and cyto, that's DNA. A doesn't use thymine.
21:30 , it uses cell. There's notice they're fairly similar to each other.
21:34 right. But that was one of other characteristics that distinguishes RN A from
21:42 . Now, how do I remember one is? Which? All
21:45 My wife's an Aggie told you I think. All right, Aggies
21:52 pure. They'll tell you that over over again. Right? You're,
21:55 3% or blah, blah, blah, Aggie, Aggie,
21:57 Aggie, everything's Aggie, everything's That's their entire life. It's
22:03 All right. All right. If are pure Pines A G, do
22:11 have a better way, use the way? But that's how I
22:15 All right. So if A G the purines, that means C and
22:19 are permits. That's how I And if I'm in a substitute,
22:24 U for the T. Oh there's a UT in there. Oh
22:28 , I didn't even think about You do not have this slide and
22:34 apologize. But I was going over questions I have on the exam and
22:38 have an A TP question. So good if I ask you and explain
22:44 to you. Yes, ma'am. not the only difference, but that's
22:50 we're going with right now in terms the monomer, the nucleotide.
22:56 Well, no. Also remember you're instead of thine. So for
23:02 we have only one of the alcohols our, we have two alcohols and
23:06 for the nitrogenous base, if we don't use thymine, we use
23:11 in place. OK. So you think of that DNA has a GCTRN
23:17 has a GCU. OK? T, all right. So A
23:27 doesn't really fall in the class of . And that's why I think I
23:30 out the slide years and years But we got to know this.
23:34 right, you're gonna hear uses uses a TP over and over and
23:39 again in biology. So what is TP? It's a nucleotide. Does
23:42 look like what we just showed you the other slide? So I need
23:45 go back. So you can see, look, same thing.
23:49 difference is over here. See, an ad there's your nitrogen base,
23:54 your ribose, there is your first . So that would be a
23:58 And what we've done is in this , a TP we've added phosphates to
24:04 end, specifically two extra phosphates. , if you look at those
24:08 what you'll see is that this has negative charge that has a negative charge
24:11 that has a negative charge. What you know about the same charges?
24:15 , they repel one another, So they don't want to be with
24:18 other, they don't want to be to each other. They want to
24:20 far away from each other. So are bonds shown by the little red
24:25 lines here that are not particularly they're very unstable bonds. All you
24:30 to do is just give it a bit of nudge and it breaks and
24:33 releases energy. So this molecule is valuable molecule because it creates unstable bonds
24:40 can store energy. And so a is a way to move energy around
24:46 cell and to use energy by the . All right. And so a
24:51 , you can think of as a for the cell. That's why I
24:56 up the battery of the cell. right. So it's an unstable molecule
25:00 of those side chains over there, it's just a nucleotide. So the
25:05 thing that you see here is what the backbone of this? Now,
25:14 don't only play this and actually a has multiple roles beyond this,
25:18 If you're a biology major, you're go, oh my goodness. It
25:21 so simple, right? A TP . Got that. But it plays
25:26 roles. One of the things we're learn a little bit later in Neuroscience
25:29 the Neuroscience section is a TP serves a neurotransmitter, which is weird because
25:37 like, but energy, right? we don't need to know that
25:40 All you need to know is energy of those bonds. All right.
25:45 what we do with these nucleotides in of the biomolecules is we can make
25:49 of two molecules, we can make long strand DNA and we can make
25:52 long strand RN A. So what DNA DNA is a polymer with two
25:57 ? So basically, it's a long strand that's attracted to another polymer strand
26:03 comes together and forms this double polymer , right? It has a unique
26:10 . You can see over here, little three prime and the five prime
26:13 up here, there's a three So these two polymers are going in
26:18 directions. So here's my hand, my hand, they're going like
26:22 All right, that's their arrangement. it's what is referred to as anti
26:30 , they're parallel with each other, they're going in opposite directions. The
26:35 is formed because of an attraction between nucleotides. So you can see the
26:40 dotted lines here. All right, little dotted lines represent hydrogen bonding,
26:46 is a uh an attractive bonding. right, it's not held together by
26:52 , it's held together by attraction. what we have here is that specific
26:59 are attracted to other specific nucleotides, ? So Adine is attracted to thymine
27:07 uracil. And so you get a between those two cytosine is attracted to
27:14 or vice versa. So you get between those two. And so you
27:19 a lot of hydrogen bonds. And you do is you get this molecule
27:23 held together by a lot of attraction of that unique pairing. All
27:28 we refer to this as complementary based and because of the structure and how
27:34 stuff is, so you see how have that phosphate in between. What
27:37 forming here is between each of those along the ribose portion is you're creating
27:44 bond here and here so that you're that long shape, those are phospho
27:51 . And because of the way that molecules are shaped, it causes that
27:55 to start twisting itself. And this where you get that alpha helical
28:04 what we call the double helix. that's DNA in a nutshell. All
28:11 . Now, it is a unique because it serves as a hereditary
28:16 We're going to get to that in moment but how it's unique from Rnarn
28:19 doesn't form double helices. They stay the most part as a single
28:26 they still have a five prime and three prime. I mean, if
28:28 wanna five prime and 35 come it comes from the naming of the
28:33 . So carbon 12345. So the prime is from the five carbon,
28:38 three prime is from the three That's where it comes from. So
28:43 get single strands, there are no , right? You get the cells
28:50 . All right. Now, there still be an attraction within the actual
28:56 itself. And that's what this is to show you. This is an
29:00 of an RN A molecule called TRN . And so you can see here
29:04 one strand and you can see how kind of goes around, but there
29:07 an attractiveness between say the uh uh the cytosine. And so what they
29:13 is they find each other and go I'm gonna hang out with you and
29:16 they bend and twist the molecule to a shape. So this would be
29:19 two to each structure. You can it here, you can see how
29:22 helix cause it all twist out. if you do it in a space
29:25 model, then you can actually see it looks like. It has a
29:27 dimensional shape. Now RN A as general rule plays a role in building
29:36 , nucleic acids. On the other , or sorry DNA, on the
29:40 hand, serves as a molecule that information in its sequence. So between
29:45 two, what we have here is that looks like this inside the
29:52 The information that the cell needs in to be functional is encoded in the
29:56 of the nucleic acid. It doesn't what organism you are. If you're
30:01 inside a mosquito, a piece of , a fish, a human nucleic
30:05 or nucleic acids or nucleic acids. right, fish do not have different
30:11 acid. They have the same All right, they have the same
30:16 . What makes the things unique between of the organisms is the sequences of
30:22 DNA. All right. The sequences the uh nu- nucleotides. We said
30:29 this information is hereditable or heritable. right. What that means is when
30:34 cell is ready to divide and become new, it has machinery within the
30:40 that says, hey, um time take that DNA and let's make a
30:44 of it. So all your DNA copied and that's millions upon millions upon
30:50 of bases are copied. So that that cell divides each daughter cell gets
30:54 own, copy, it clones All right. And then lastly,
31:02 sequence encodes for the molecules that your needs the proteins, it needs to
31:09 the functions that it does. Those , these are your genes when you
31:12 the word gene, that's what you're about. And so that gene is
31:17 to be transcribed so that you can RN A and that RN A then
31:21 used that sequence of the RN A used as the blueprint to build the
31:26 . The way I kind of think this is the easy way to think
31:29 this is, you know, like construction site over here, there was
31:33 architect that came up with a plan designed the entire building and created blueprints
31:37 that building. Right? Would you agree with that? That's probably pretty
31:39 to understand, right. Do you they took the original blue blueprints out
31:43 to do the work? What do think? No, no, they
31:46 copies and they give out copies to different contractors? Ok. Your
31:52 Here's your instruction set for the That's what RN A is. It's
31:57 specific instruction set to make one not the whole plan. All
32:05 the other truth is is that not cell is gonna use every gene that's
32:09 your, in your um genome, cells use different genes. So cell
32:18 , all things come from living all cells come from other cells.
32:22 has heretical information. So that's like of the foundational principles of biology.
32:27 another foundational principle of biology. It's the central dogma genetics. And I'm
32:33 because, um, about 40 years , someone discovered retroviruses and basically blew
32:41 out of the water. So there an exception to this rule here,
32:45 this is, you can just take to the bank for the most part
32:48 here. It is basically DNA contains edible information and all the genes that
32:54 it uses that DNA uh as a from which we're going to create copies
33:00 specific instruction sets. That would be rnarn A is then used in the
33:06 step to make proteins. So if is the instruction, that instruction allows
33:10 to encode the proteins that do the your cell does. All right.
33:15 DNA begets rnarn, a begets the proteins does the things your cell
33:20 . That would be the central So what's a protein? Well,
33:28 far are we good with nucleic Got polymer. Got the monomers.
33:33 are the monomers called nucleotide, OK. All right. So our
33:39 biomolecule is a protein. These are uh images of random proteins I pulled
33:44 the interwebs. OK. Proteins are basic structural material of the body,
33:51 ? They are the things that your use to do, the things that
33:54 do. And here is a big list of some of those things you
33:57 see here are the classes you do need to memorize this list. It
34:00 shows you. All right. What structural? Well, it creates strength
34:04 the cell that strength is then used translated into tissue strength, right?
34:08 Storage, I can store up I can cause the cell to move
34:12 . There's different types of proteins that different things, right? They have
34:16 shapes and they have unique functionality in of what they are. They are
34:22 chains of amino acids. So, the monomer is or sorry, if
34:25 polymer is the protein, the monomer the amino acid, this is an
34:30 acid in a very, very basic . All right. So if the
34:36 of the, of the nucleotide, that's the monomer had three parts.
34:41 right, the amino acid has three . The name also tells you what
34:46 of the parts are parts are, an amino acid. So the first
34:50 is an amine group, the other is a carboxyl group. That's the
34:56 part. And the thing that makes amino acid unique and you can see
35:01 off, we're off of central carbon is that variable group, right?
35:06 r means it can be one of different things. Now, in the
35:10 of amino acids, there are 20 groups. In the case case of
35:14 , there are five variable groups, ? So we have a lot here
35:19 . You don't have to memorize what variable groups are. All right,
35:24 you take biochemistry, you not only to memorize them, you get to
35:26 how they're made. Yay. All . So it's this right here that
35:34 each amino acid unique from the other . This is the big chart to
35:38 you all the different types of amino that you don't need to memorize.
35:41 just gonna point out something to you . All right. So they've,
35:44 classified here. So here you can they're nonpolar versus polar. Polar means
35:48 attracted to water. Nonpolar means they're by water. And so you can
35:53 if I'm a protein that's in a environment. My protein has polar amino
35:58 that are going to point outward and will have non polar ones that are
36:01 inward. If I have something that's , it can be positively or negatively
36:07 charges are repelled by water or are attracted to water. So they'll
36:13 outward and then you have weird things these aromatic groups, these rings,
36:18 example, and that's gonna cause twists binds. And so part of the
36:22 that your proteins have unique shapes is of the characteristics of these unique amino
36:29 here. Now notice they're unique. mean, glycine and alanine are
36:33 You can see there's your R group now, they may have a similar
36:38 , but they are different. And they have different types of characteristics along
36:43 them. All right. So I'm kind of pointing that out. They're
36:46 just groups. So, amino acids proteins are polymers. How do we
36:56 them? We do the condensation All right. It's the same sort
37:01 thing we saw before. All right , the type of chemical reaction we're
37:05 to create is called a peptide And what I'm gonna do is I'm
37:09 cleave off a hydroxyl and I'm gonna off a hydrogen. I get the
37:13 from the carboxy end. All Now, this is a terrible picture
37:17 it should be, oh, the charge here is basically saying that hydrogen
37:21 between the two things. But basically gonna take that, oh, from
37:24 , I'm gonna take a hydrogen from immune group and I pull them out
37:28 I make water. So there's my . And then what I've done is
37:31 now attached those two amino acids And if you look at this,
37:36 I've created a peptide on one I still have an amine on the
37:40 side, I still have a So what I'm doing is as I'm
37:44 this thing longer and longer and I still keep the amine on one
37:48 , I still keep the carboxy on other. So we refer to the
37:51 side as the N terminus because it a nitro nitrogen. We call this
37:55 C terminus because it has a So you'll often see that being
38:00 But if you get a really long . So if this is a
38:04 you can see at the front I always have an on the back
38:07 , I always have a carboxy. then what's in between is the unique
38:13 of that amino acid or sorry, of that uh protein. So you
38:17 see all the RS are just representing variable groups, little purples represent the
38:23 bonds that have been created in this type of reaction. And each
38:27 what am I doing? The OK. So what if I want
38:31 break this thing? What am I pull out water or I'm gonna
38:37 sorry, I'm gonna add in water I'm going to pull out energy.
38:40 it's just the reverse reaction. What do I have up here?
38:46 so if it has this particular sequence is always at the front end,
38:51 is always at the back end, you're always gonna be reading in this
38:54 direction. Each of those amino There's 20 of them are just like
38:59 in an alphabet. How many letters in our alphabet? 26. Thank
39:03 . I always get confused sometimes. think it's 24. All right.
39:08 . How many words can you create 26 letters? Yeah, an infinite
39:14 . So, how many proteins do think could exist theoretically an infinite
39:19 All right. Now, is there infinite number? No, but we
39:23 , I mean, just think if gave you three letters like cat,
39:28 many words do you think you could it, cat? You go
39:32 keeping it simple. I can spell act. If you want to be
39:37 tack. If you played enough you'll find words that. But did
39:41 know you can spell tat tat? . So you can see if I
39:47 use them in many times, I create longer and bigger words,
39:51 And that's the same thing with, proteins. I just have the amino
39:56 , right? So you get different proteins because you have different combinations,
40:00 20 amino acids, different lengths, can have small proteins, you can
40:04 big proteins, lipids I said are weird ones. They are not
40:16 they all exist as is they are own monomer. All right. So
40:21 is a very, very diverse group fatty water insoluble, meaning they do
40:26 like water. All right, All right. They have uh carbon
40:32 , oxygen, carbohydrates are the It's just that in car uh
40:36 we're gonna have a very fixed ratio here you don't have a fixed
40:40 All right. Um Multiple functions. this is what you're most familiar
40:45 Oh, this is how I store nutrients or energy in the form of
40:49 . Uh You, if you haven't this, you will very shortly,
40:52 can make cell membranes out of They also serve as signaling molecules or
40:56 . And there's four basic classes. that's what we're looking at here.
40:59 is the aso glycerides, we have phospho lipids, steroids and the
41:06 I'm gonna go into a little bit detail for each of these just so
41:08 can see them, distinguish them. right. So in this picture,
41:12 looking at a triglyceride. All which is an ao glyceride. This
41:16 what, when you think of this is probably what you think
41:19 All right, butter oil are basically same thing. The differences in these
41:26 substances has to do with what, these long chains um exist.
41:32 a Trias glyceride is a glycerol It's a three carbon molecule. All
41:37 . So you can see here those three red dots represent the glycerol
41:44 . We'll see a better picture of in, in, in terms of
41:48 C three carbons in the next All right. And then off of
41:52 , each of those carbons, we're have a, a dier bond,
41:56 is basically a long fatty acid So the bond that holds that fatty
42:00 to the glycerol is the dier All right. So here's fatty fatty
42:06 , fatty acid. If those chains what are called saturated, meaning there
42:11 no double bonds, it's all single , then that chain is gonna be
42:16 and straight. You get a whole of straight things close together, they'll
42:21 up nice and tight and they become solid. So butter is solid because
42:27 filled with a bunch of fatty acids have saturated bonds. If you have
42:32 unsaturated bond, that means you created double bond, you're lacking the same
42:37 of hydrogens. All right. So bonds create kinks in the chain.
42:43 , if someone were to stand next me and my leg is sticking out
42:46 this. Can they get up nice close to me? No, there's
42:50 something preventing that from happening. And you can see here here, I
42:54 my kinks. So those molecules can't up close together. So the fats
42:59 more liquid in nature and that's what oil is. They have unsaturated
43:05 All right, in the fatty acid . Now, this type of fat
43:11 primarily used to store up energy in long fatty acid chains. All
43:17 there's a lot of energy between a and a carbon in it in that
43:22 of bond. All right, it's covalent bond. So it's a really
43:26 way to store fuel and that's what body does. That's how, why
43:29 have fats in our body or this of fat. So, how do
43:34 get to that fat? Well, I can do is I can break
43:38 bonds. All right. That would lipogenesis, right? So, if
43:42 making fats or sorry, wrong word it up. If I'm making
43:48 what I'm gonna do, I'm gonna my Glycerol. Here's my fatty acid
43:51 . Each of these chains has a of energy in them. If I
43:54 to make a fat, I'm going go through the process of lipogenesis.
43:57 is that dehydration reaction. Basically you can see the hydrogen, there's
44:00 hydroxyl, there's my water. And this is how I make fats.
44:04 right, when I want to break fat, I just do lipolysis.
44:08 break fats. And I'm just doing , I'm doing that hydrolysis reaction.
44:13 , we're not gonna talk about how do the change that's called beta
44:16 That's a lecture for another day. Digestion may be in a MP two
44:21 likely in biochemistry. But what you're is you are removing uh the carbons
44:25 by one. All right. So do we use this for, as
44:31 , long term storage also use it structural support, um cushioning,
44:39 Notice where fat deposits also insulation, have a small layer of subcutaneous fat
44:46 uh helps hold in heat in the . A phospho lipid is a lot
44:55 a triglyceride. Do you see how looks like a triglyceride? Right.
45:00 see we have our glycerol, 123 , we have one chain, two
45:06 so far, very similar. But we've done is we've gotten rid of
45:09 of the long chains. So missing long chain. And instead, what
45:13 we have a different unique head? right. This is what is called
45:18 phospho head. All right. It's polar head. Really? What it
45:22 . It's a phospho chain. And can see on the end that little
45:25 it means there's something up there that's that among each of the different phosphor
45:29 and there are about 5 to 10 them. I can't remember the exact
45:33 . All right. Now, why we care about this room?
45:37 fossil lipids are what make up the membrane of all your cells see their
45:43 is you have the fatty acid fatty acid chains are fat. So
45:48 hate water or water excludes them with . That does all the hating,
45:52 . So water said I don't want around. So phospho these fatty acid
45:55 go well, I'm gonna go hang with other fatty acids. And so
45:57 they do is they arrange themselves in a way that those fatty acid chains
46:02 , are pointed away from water. , this head up here because it
46:08 a charge and a little negative charge there is attracted to water and so
46:13 arranges itself and points to water. so if you get a lot of
46:16 , what they do is they arrange in these bi layers. And so
46:20 can see here there's the fatty acid , there's the polar portions and
46:29 these these um lipid bi layers are we make the walls or the plasma
46:36 of the cells. Now, these , what we refer to as being
46:40 paic M is a prefix we use make mean that it has dual
46:49 is both attracted to water and is by water. An amphibian, what
46:54 an amphibian? It, it spends of its time on water or in
47:00 part of its time on land, ? A frog is an amphibian,
47:04 ? It uses the same prefix A right. So just when you see
47:08 go there's dual nature to this And so this molecule is attracted to
47:14 and repelled by water. And that's it creates this unique arrangement when you
47:19 a whole bunch of them. So because without it, you wouldn't have
47:35 . Yeah. Say again the empty . What now? Yeah.
47:41 So the so ant Paic is just term. So Amy means dual nature
47:47 , you know, refers to its , right? So it is attracted
47:53 water and it's unattractive to water, ? So it's kind of like your
47:59 . It's you can think of it's love hate relationship I love but I
48:02 so because of that, it twists to arrange itself so that a portion
48:08 towards water and a point is uh portion is away from water. And
48:13 you can see here in this I have a whole bunch of these
48:17 , see how they're all arranged. red portions are the heads, they're
48:20 towards water out here, they're pointing water, the tails are pointing towards
48:27 other. They wanna hang out with other because not water. All
48:33 that's its amp Paic nature because of way that it's arranged. That's how
48:39 interacts with its environment is how you kind of think about it. I
48:46 this picture and everyone I show it freaks out about it. Ok.
48:50 news. Don't memorize anything on the . I mean, you will on
48:53 side. Ok. When we're talking steroids, steroids is another type of
48:59 . It's an important lipid, your body, your whole life right now
49:03 governed by steroids. Right? I'm even talking about the fun ones.
49:11 . Well, I like to show to you guys is to kind of
49:15 you up one, right? So want you to see how steroids are
49:18 . Steroids start from a fat called . You guys heard that fat,
49:23 ? You've been told cholesterol is bad you. Yeah, it's a
49:27 right? Your body desperately needs cholesterols multiple reasons. The least of which
49:32 this. All right. Part of reason you have stability in your um
49:38 membranes is because of cholesterol. So is important, right? But let
49:42 show you something this yellow area, are called the progestins. This right
49:48 , this pink triangle. Those are estrogens. You've heard of estrogens,
49:53 ? These right here are the the androgens. Another name from would
49:57 the testosterones would be an easy way call that. All right. And
50:01 over here, this is the purple . These are the mineral corticoid,
50:04 little green areas, the glucocorticoids. right. And so what these represent
50:09 the major players, the major steroids your body and it shows you the
50:15 in between are the enzymes that allow to go from here and to wherever
50:20 need to go. All right. the steroids are made uniquely by one
50:27 the right enzyme in the right place the chain of command. All
50:32 or missing an enzyme. So for , if you're making progesterone women,
50:37 all, you all make progesterone and stop at progesterone. All right.
50:41 that's because you are missing enzymes that you to progress to the other
50:46 but you also make estrogen. So you're making estrogen, you are basically
50:51 all the way through the process. other words, all the enzymes are
50:55 to allow that to happen. All now for the fun one.
51:01 a couple of years ago there was woman in the UK who is mad
51:04 men but it seems to be a thing. And she said, you
51:08 , it's unfair that women have to through pregnancy, men need to experience
51:12 . So what we should do is should inject men with progesterone. So
51:17 understand what it's like to feel right? Ok. Now, here's
51:22 stupidity of her thinking this woman never any biology. You all have taken
51:28 now. All right. So where I point, where did I say
51:32 testosterones were located right down here? do you get to the testosterones through
51:38 progesterones? If you give them in whole bunch of progesterone. What's gonna
51:44 ? They're just gonna make a whole of testosterone. Do you see the
51:48 in her thinking? Yeah. So part of the importance of knowing
51:52 biology and stuff like that is, know what happens when you start shoving
51:55 in your body? All right, is an example of that. So
52:00 her hope to bring justice to men hell yeah, look what, what
52:07 happen if we pumped you full of plays get estrogens. All right.
52:20 fact, that's how you make You make this stuff right here,
52:26 in a ion and immediately gets shoved to another cell and says, all
52:30 , make estrogen out of it. right, what we do is we
52:34 this and we go down and men that right now. I'm just pointing
52:39 out that steroids beget other steroidss. are all very, very valuable as
52:43 molecules. The mineral corticoid regulate water balance. The glucocorticoids are used to
52:49 stress, estrogens, progestins. Uh gotta get a new one. progestins
52:55 testosterone. These are what you're most with as the sex steroids. They're
52:59 ones that play an important role in well, puberty and how you produce
53:05 gas. I'm just trying to find , I got them. I know
53:09 have them. I put them in earlier. Yes. Take a couple
53:15 seconds. Here. There we All right. Anyway, so this
53:29 how you, how you govern a of the uh things in your
53:33 another uh signaling molecule um are the these you're probably not familiar with,
53:38 this is another type of lipid. the reason I'm showing you all these
53:41 is to show you that fats are just about energy, they're, they
53:46 for a whole bunch of different So the econo are derived from a
53:50 acid chain. It's called Arado When you hear a Raonic acid,
53:54 do you think of spiders? I know where the name comes from,
53:57 I think of spiders too. All . So I hear Raonic but it's
54:01 but it's, you know, But what you do is you get
54:05 whole bunch of different types of So tell me if any of these
54:08 a bell prostaglandins. Yes. How about prostacyclin? No. How
54:15 thromboxane? No. How about Leuco ? No, you're sitting, I
54:21 know what the hell you're talking Pros prostaglandin. You're like,
54:24 I mean, I've heard of that but all the ones I don't
54:26 but these are all molecules that are , very valuable for different things in
54:30 body. For labor contraction. That be prostaglandin inflammation. Uh that would
54:35 the thrombo and the leuco trine blood thromboxane. These are molecules that are
54:41 valuable to keep you alive. All . And they're signaling molecules and they
54:47 from a fatty acid chain. All . So it's just another form of
54:52 molecule. And then we have the . You're familiar with wax. Ever
54:57 your finger in your ear and just around for a little while. See
55:01 people are, I'm not gonna admit it. Yes, you have.
55:04 know you have. Maybe not a . Maybe you went and got that
55:07 tip and you rolled it around for minutes because it felt good.
55:11 All right. All right. What you pulling out? You're pulling out
55:14 . All right. It's a fatty chain. It's a long chain of
55:18 . You can see what happens. do that ester bond again. It's
55:21 be water coming out. So it's dehydration reaction. What do you
55:24 You get this long fatty acid That looks really, really interesting.
55:29 what a wax is. All It's protective. So, lipids have
55:35 structures. They have different things and do unique things, but there are
55:39 monomers. OK. The last of biomolecules are the carbohydrates. This is
55:51 we live for. Right? Sugar by passed out M and
55:57 Right. Right. Now everyone would happy, wouldn't they? Yeah.
56:03 . All right. Carbohydrates are your sugars and their polymers. All
56:09 So the monosaccharide is the monomer. right. These are the simple
56:13 You'll hear those oftentimes um all sugars have a basic ratio. So,
56:20 are have a fixed ratio of one two hydrogens, one oxygen in some
56:26 . All right. So typically the are anywhere between three and seven
56:30 So you just put a three there'd be three carbons, six
56:33 three oxygens. If it was it would be seven carbons, 14
56:37 , seven oxygens. It's a nice ratio. So when you see that
56:41 , you're like, that's a That's really easy and straightforward. All
56:44 . So the monosaccharide, that's a sugar. We usually typically think of
56:49 hex, the hexose. Those are six carbon sugar. So you've heard
56:53 glucose? Yes. Right. It's galactose maybe. And fructose you've heard
56:59 , right? So those three are the like the ones that you hear
57:03 the time. But like we saw little bit earlier, we saw
57:06 That's a five carbon sugar, But when we're talking about the
57:10 we're gonna take those simple sugars and going to start creating chains out of
57:15 . If we put two of them to make, say for example,
57:19 or maltose or lactose, right? what we've done is we've created a
57:26 . All right. But if we lots of sugars of the same type
57:29 kind of create this chain, we have a polysaccharide. All right.
57:34 notice the monomer is what keeps it and basic, right? And
57:37 how do we make them? It's simple, same type of reaction.
57:40 the dehydration reaction or condensation reaction. then when we put it, uh
57:44 we tear them apart, what are doing? We're doing a hydrolysis
57:48 So it's the same sort of So here you can see glucose,
57:52 glycogen which is a lot of glucose long chains. So the process of
57:56 this and breaking this has a special . But the idea is, it's
58:00 is a dehydration, one is a reaction. Now, why do we
58:08 about carbohydrates? What do they Well, this is our primary food
58:13 , right? So monosaccharide and disaccharide , are the things that we use
58:18 break down. So you guys learned in freshman bio or sorry, sophomore
58:23 high school biology. You learned glucose , right? Do you remember that
58:28 nightmare? The 10 stages of the 10 steps of the crab
58:34 Do you guys someone nod their please? Ok. I just wanna
58:37 sure. So all that is basically slow release of energy and taking that
58:44 and moving it to a TP. that yourself then has a place to
58:47 . Oh Let me just release A TP. Let me release energy
58:50 the A TP. So this is process. We're not gonna learn that
58:57 . OK. If you took this the community college, it'd make you
59:00 the whole cycle all over again. know it's terrible. When are you
59:04 gonna use it again. Never. right. But it kind of helps
59:12 to choose what you're gonna eat. right, we can store up our
59:17 as polymers, right? So, is an example of this. Your
59:23 , we think of glycogen for the part of being in the liver.
59:26 I need sugar, that's what I . But your muscles have tons of
59:30 in them. And the reason for is your muscles are the ones that
59:33 burning energy. So it doesn't want wait for another system to come along
59:37 say um OK, I'll go ahead send you the energy now that you're
59:40 chased by the bear. It, like I want the energy now.
59:43 I want the energy stored up in . So, glycogen is an example
59:47 that. All right. Um The thing we've mentioned, carbohydrates serve as
59:52 backbone of genetic material. So we at the ribose in terms of the
59:55 sugars in the nucleotides. That would an example of sugar in another
60:00 And then we also have uh glycolipid glycoprotein. And so we're going to
60:07 a little bit later when we talk uh cells that on the surface of
60:10 plasma membrane, we have sugars hanging all the surfaces of our cells.
60:16 , ladies, you already know this sugar and spice and everything nice is
60:19 little girls are made of. That funny. That was a dad joke
60:26 . I got this. I got smile. All right, we're
60:30 what are we made of snakes and and puppy dog tails? You guys
60:36 have, that's what your great grandparents have been reading to you. All
60:41 . It's old, old, old nursery rhyme stuff. All
60:46 Anyway, on the outside of the , one of the ways that cells
60:50 themselves as being unique and belonging to body is they put sugars on the
60:54 of the cells. And these are glyco lipids and the glycoprotein, which
60:59 not shared. We call that process . We'll come to it again when
61:03 look at the cells, but I want you to be surprised carbohydrate to
61:07 for many different things, but it's just storage of energy. How we
61:15 on time here? Oh, we're pretty good. All right. So
61:22 there any questions about these four types biomolecules? Do you see that they're
61:27 from each other in terms of Let me just ask that. Do
61:29 guys recognize, I could recognize the in terms of structure? Can you
61:34 in a very general sense? Not specifics in terms of, in terms
61:38 functionality. Like what do nucleic acids ? Right? It's credible information.
61:45 do proteins do stuff? What do do? Fuel? Right. What
61:52 of stuff? OK. So that's of the the the characteristics I want
61:56 to be able to do. All . Yes, ma'am. They all
62:02 from cholesterol. The end. I care that, you know, the
62:07 cord cord, gluco cord cords. don't care if, you know,
62:11 , don't look at the structures if interested. Kind of look at it
62:15 a little bit and go, how these things different from each other?
62:17 I'm not gonna ask you a question it. It's just you're interested because
62:21 cool thing about looking at them, all notice that they're all four rings
62:25 and what makes each of them unique think how different estrogen and testosterone
62:29 But it's all just because of a side chain change. Yeah,
62:33 it's so it's stuff like that. interesting, right? So in that
62:39 , the last little bit here, I mentioned is I want to talk
62:42 enzymes just kind of go through them quickly. All right. So an
62:48 is a catalyst and a catalyst, job is to reduce the amount of
62:52 energy in order for a reaction to forward. And one of the things
62:56 when we think about um chemical reactions the energy that's required for, we
63:01 kind of lost in the weeds. now I wanna just make this easy
63:04 you. All right. So in particular reaction, we're not, we're
63:07 learning about Delta Gs and all the fun stuff that you get to do
63:11 like a biology class. But the of this is, is look in
63:14 particular chemical reaction, all I need do is I'm going to put energy
63:19 the system that's going to cause And then once instability occurs, then
63:23 reaction moves forward and energy is released I get my products. So I
63:27 off with my reactant and I get products and sometimes that's just not easy
63:31 understand. So I want to think like this. All right, I
63:35 an investment I want to make. I make an investment, I'm gonna
63:39 I put money in, I'm gonna $100 out plus whatever I put in
63:43 the first place. All right. would be an example of what an
63:46 does. The problem is is that I want to make this investment,
63:49 say it requires $10 to invest. don't have 10 bucks to invest,
63:54 ? So there's a barrier for me get the, the result that I
63:59 . Ok. But what an enzyme is it lowers barrier for the
64:06 You still have to do something to the reaction to move forward,
64:09 You still have to invest into the , but the barrier lowers. So
64:14 , let's say now that there's some of coupon that I have. All
64:19 , and the coupon lowers the amount have to invest to $5. But
64:24 now I can invest in and in end, what am I gonna get
64:27 of the reaction? The same thing would, if I didn't have the
64:30 , I get my investment back plus $100 that come out of reaction.
64:36 that's kind of what a catalyst It just lowers the barrier and that's
64:39 this picture is trying to show It's saying here is where the normal
64:43 of energy I have to put into system. But with the catalyst in
64:46 , it just lowers it in this case by half. All right.
64:51 in the end, I still get same products. The catalyst itself is
64:55 affected, it does not create part the product. It does not come
65:00 of the, I mean, it change in the reaction itself. It
65:05 as is all right. Now, the most part in the body
65:11 these catalysts are proteins. So this an example of one of the,
65:15 of the things that proteins do is it serves as a catalyst. All
65:19 , serves as an enzyme. there are other types of enzyme.
65:23 bodies, one are, are RN enzymes and they have a special
65:28 they call them ribozyme. But for most part, when you hear enzyme
65:31 think protein OK? Is that good ? All right. So the other
65:37 putting up there just so you won't shocked in the future. So this
65:41 an example of an enzyme here. what happens is, is an enzyme
65:46 have some sort of active site that the product that it's going to
65:51 that it's going to promote towards um I said product, some reactant that's
65:57 to be created. Now, when talking about enzymatic reactions, we don't
66:01 them reactants, we call them It's just a special word that they
66:06 specifically for enzymatic reactions. And so substrate recognizes the active site will bind
66:14 the active site cause a change in shape of the enzyme which then causes
66:21 in the shape of the substrate. other words, it stresses bonds or
66:25 . And so it lowers the activation so the reaction can move forward.
66:29 right. So that's kind of what's on here. It's causing a three
66:33 change. And this is true for sort of protein. When there are
66:37 in the shape of structure, then gonna get changes in the,
66:40 in the reaction, right. Reactions gonna happen as a result of shape
66:45 . Now, an enzyme is always to be named for the type of
66:49 that is catalyzed. So if you like something like a hydroxylase, it's
66:53 , oh, what I'm doing is adding water during hydrolysis. So those
66:58 reactions looking at probably has some sort hydroxylase involved so that I can add
67:04 to the reaction as I'm breaking a . All right. But there's
67:10 generally speaking, if a word has se at the end, it is
67:14 enzyme that makes life kind of So, if I see a word
67:17 has a, I'm like, so if I have something like,
67:20 example, a slip base, what you think it's breaking fossil lipid?
67:28 simple people. We name things for they do or for what they look
67:31 . All right. However, sometimes discovered a molecule, gave it a
67:36 before they discovered what it did. those stupid molecules now have names that
67:42 follow our naming convention. So sometimes will be an enzyme that doesn't have
67:46 at the end and that's very But the good news is uh going
67:51 the list of every enzyme to memorize and just giving you a heads
67:55 OK. So ace at the end it's an enzyme. Now, this
68:03 how these types of reactions work. right. So here you can
68:08 I have an enzyme in a All right, the substrate binds to
68:12 enzyme and what we created called the substrate complex. Now, in
68:17 what we're doing is we're now manipulating substrate. So the substrate isn't the
68:23 anymore. It's not the product It's in some sort of strange relationship
68:29 the enzyme. I can go backwards come back to the enzyme plus the
68:35 or I can proceed and create the . So I'm kind of wavering between
68:41 two states. But if I move the product state and I'm still bad
68:46 the enzyme. So I'm now part the enzyme product complex. I'm no
68:51 attracted to the enzyme. And so will happen is I will separate myself
68:55 the enzyme. And so that's when get the enzyme plus the product.
68:59 so this would be how one of reactions work and every one of those
69:03 is rev reversible. All right, often. Are you going to get
69:07 products and go backwards? But you , all right, if you have
69:11 much product, then you can force reverse reaction as an example. But
69:17 speaking, this is that works enzyme substrate, enzyme, substrate complex,
69:22 product complex no longer attracted products leave then I can repeat the process,
69:26 a new substrate and just keep going that direction. Now, whenever you
69:35 an enzyme, you also have to yourself with the reaction rate. So
69:40 hear this all the time in what's the rate of reaction? What's
69:43 rate of reaction? Right? The of reaction are affected by a couple
69:48 items. How fast does the reaction ? It's affected by concentration. If
69:54 have more and more substrate, then going to get to a point where
69:58 not enough enzyme available to catalyze the you guys played um uh musical chairs
70:08 , right? There's not enough butts the chair or there are not enough
70:11 for the butts. Right. So a point where the music stops and
70:14 someone that's gonna be left out. ? That's a saturation point, right
70:19 I've peaked and these are the number butts I'm allowed to touch chair.
70:25 . That's the same thing here. I have the number of doors for
70:28 room are 24 and six, there's , there's a finite number of people
70:34 can leave the room at the same , we've reached a saturation point.
70:37 right, if I increase the number doors, then I've lowered the
70:43 more people can leave. Right. I've changed the reaction rate. If
70:46 reduce the number of people going through , I can change the reaction
70:51 right. So, modifying, adjusting ratio of substrate to enzyme changes the
70:56 rate. Temperature has a massive effect well. Every enzyme works at a
71:02 temperature or has an ideal temperature at it works. And every enzyme has
71:06 ideal P at which it works. right, if you fall outside of
71:11 range, it affects the enzyme. the enzyme either breaks down or causes
71:16 , it slows down traction or just , refuses to work. I'm gonna
71:20 you the easy example of this is digestive system. All right, your
71:25 digestive system is minal from the mouth stomach to the small intestine. In
71:29 , very simple terms. All I digest sugars and I digest um
71:36 in my mouth, which is crazy you think about it. But there's
71:39 the saliva, there are enzymes that catalyze the reactions. My stomach doesn't
71:45 sugars. It kind of does fast not real well. What it does
71:49 well are proteins. The ph in mouth is close to seven. The
71:53 in my stomach is close to The enzymes that are coming from my
71:59 are basically halted in my stomach because the change in ph. And then
72:03 enzymes in my stomach are turned on of the presence of that ph.
72:10 , that food then moves on to small intestine. In the small
72:13 I digest fats, I digest I digest nucleic acids, I digest
72:19 . But the ph in my small is again closer to seven. So
72:25 enzymes from my stomach turn off the in the small intestine turn on because
72:29 the differences in the ph. So different reactions are taking place as a
72:34 of that. Now, temperature is same thing. Think about an
72:38 right? When you take an egg and put it in a frying
72:43 it changes its nature, right? goes from clear to solid,
72:48 So temperature changes um how a molecule and that's what you see here.
72:56 one. Think about a flu when have the flu, what do you
72:59 fever? You get the fever. . Here's a song. I get
73:02 fever right. So my temperature goes because my enzymes in my body have
73:08 broader range of reactivity or activity than enzymes that say a bacteria or a
73:14 would have. So when my temperature up, my body is using as
73:17 defense mechanism to shut down microorganism activity still maintaining my own. But when
73:25 hit that 104 and 100 and five , my body doesn't like that does
73:30 . That's bad. You've heard 100 four bad. That's because your enzymes
73:34 your molecules start breaking down at those . So that's in that finite
73:40 I think I have one more slide . Is that right? Yeah.
73:44 this is denaturation. This is what when you fall outside of those
73:51 Denaturation simply means it's the process by a functional protein loses its shape.
73:57 if you look at this bottom picture , this is just trying to show
73:59 an example of a Pacman shaped And you can see the blue,
74:03 thing is the substrate that shape. going to learn in a lecture a
74:08 bit later is dependent upon the shape the or the shape form by the
74:13 in their order and their sequence. right. But if I put in
74:17 , what that's gonna happen is gonna those bonds, it's gonna be
74:20 the energy that's holding it in the shape is gonna cause it to reorganize
74:25 . It's still the same sequence, it no longer maintains a shape.
74:29 so what happens is, is that molecule becomes nonfunctional. Now, when
74:35 cook food, this is what we're . If I put, take a
74:38 and I put it in a griddle over, um, um,
74:41 on a grill, what I'm Temperature? Right. All right.
74:48 . Can you cook with acids? here? Like, what does the
74:55 check this lime juice? Low high acids, you don't need
75:06 It's doing the exact same thing. denaturing the proteins and so that they
75:12 denatured. Now again, this is because your molecules have to have a
75:16 . If you lose the shape, lose their functionality. If they lose
75:19 functionality, the cells can't work. so one of the things that we're
75:24 is we're maintaining PHS and temperatures in compartments that we described so that the
75:30 can do the things that they It's all about the cell. All
75:38 . You're welcome. Thank
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