| 00:00 | Yeah, well, I'll take that a compliment. If it was |
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| 00:06 | so it's gonna be it would be more just writing short answers and multiple |
|
| 00:12 | and fill in the blanks. That of stuff. Um, so my |
|
| 00:18 | rather than have everything due on you know, assignments and the final |
|
| 00:23 | , Maybe we just do the final . Then I'll give you Thursday to |
|
| 00:26 | up the assignments, just give you extra day, and then just send |
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| 00:30 | to me Friday morning before your next starts. Or Friday. The |
|
| 00:33 | whatever. So, that way, way you're not, You know, |
|
| 00:37 | not so stressed out on Wednesday and to get everything done. I |
|
| 00:40 | most of you're doing great. Only . And, you know, I |
|
| 00:42 | , based on what you share with , you're all making progress. |
|
| 00:46 | you know, uh, you should only have the last two assignments left |
|
| 00:49 | finish rights. I think two of two or three of them thio |
|
| 00:53 | Remember? I think they were doing and then once you tomorrow. |
|
| 00:58 | So I mean on the idea of is just it's just a so just |
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| 01:04 | so you don't have the stress of being do all the same time, |
|
| 01:07 | know? So there's a little bit , you know, Plus, you |
|
| 01:10 | get stuck down even having a great . I mean it, Z, |
|
| 01:14 | least I could look at it before go into the exam. And, |
|
| 01:19 | , you know, so you if suddenly stuff today all look at |
|
| 01:22 | Uh, I'll see if I could it greater before the exam. At |
|
| 01:24 | that way, you know what you're in with. But even if I |
|
| 01:28 | , you know, if I see got a serious problem, you |
|
| 01:31 | say, hey, you know, you should just review this, |
|
| 01:35 | um, a Sfar, as I tell everyone, is more or less |
|
| 01:38 | the hang of everything, right? mean, sometimes you're making mistakes, |
|
| 01:42 | just forgetting to fill out a key like I don't know, because you |
|
| 01:46 | know what I think. It's just you're maybe in a hurry or |
|
| 01:48 | you know, sometimes it Z it's to just miss something if you're |
|
| 01:56 | Anyway, that's kind of that's kind what I'm thinking. Yeah, I |
|
| 02:02 | , Uh uh. Missed a like, a couple of small, |
|
| 02:07 | questions that I can't believe. Like overlooked going back Good. How are |
|
| 02:15 | ? I'm good. It's kind of cool day today. It's sunny, |
|
| 02:19 | we've got a guy outside fixing my steps. The, uh, with |
|
| 02:24 | on the cement sort of got So he, uh, had to |
|
| 02:27 | when I was one Was $3500. other one was $500. So way |
|
| 02:33 | with the guy that was going to it for $500 E theme company with |
|
| 02:40 | job. They would It was clear was gonna rip rip the entire front |
|
| 02:45 | up, redo it from scratch, with all new stone. And I |
|
| 02:48 | like, You know, I just I just want a quick fix, |
|
| 02:52 | know, just replace the cement and of just get it looking a little |
|
| 02:55 | better, right? So, you , Sandy said, it's not that |
|
| 02:59 | I'm like, you know, if 500 bucks you know, it's probably |
|
| 03:02 | than I could have done So Yeah, So he's been he's been |
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| 03:07 | there all day doing that. How we doing here? We've got 123456 |
|
| 03:13 | was still expected waiting for Joseph. for what else is missing? Daniel |
|
| 03:23 | . Yeah. Yeah. Hey, always comes in the last minute |
|
| 03:28 | So he's usually couple minutes. Yeah, first. Yeah. So |
|
| 03:41 | was just telling Dylan everybody that I've got the final exam finished, |
|
| 03:48 | and kind of worked on that pretty today. Um, and it's gonna |
|
| 03:55 | a little bit different from previous like I've given in some ways, |
|
| 04:00 | then again, it's gonna be pretty . So yeah, a little bit |
|
| 04:04 | writing than than other exams, But I haven't put the study guide up |
|
| 04:09 | . Is that correct? Yeah. , uh, be sure to put |
|
| 04:15 | up before before tomorrow. So it's up by tomorrow. Just remind me |
|
| 04:23 | and then I'll put it up before , uh, before we before the |
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| 04:29 | over, and we can do it you on that as well. |
|
| 04:32 | Clayton. Joining Daniel Fear. Assignment six and seven. When are |
|
| 04:43 | ? Do you, um you have sign in a minute. Sure. |
|
| 04:57 | we're just waiting for Joseph. We're waiting for him. Um, hopefully |
|
| 05:09 | will be here in a minute or . Yeah. Yeah, that's what |
|
| 05:26 | was saying. That, uh, that those final the final two assignments |
|
| 05:33 | students hand in with the exam. just give it all to the T |
|
| 05:36 | with the exam and then don puts in an envelope and mails into |
|
| 05:41 | We're not gonna do that this Andi, given the fact they're |
|
| 05:46 | So I think I just decided today the that the final assignments will be |
|
| 05:51 | by lunchtime on Friday. That way don't have to stress out totally if |
|
| 05:57 | not completely finished by exam day, then you'll have Thursday and Friday morning |
|
| 06:02 | kind of clean it up. But really don't want you to have anything |
|
| 06:07 | after your next class starts. I some of you, some of |
|
| 06:11 | This may be your last class, some of you this is not some |
|
| 06:13 | you have another class starting next And I don't want that in structure |
|
| 06:17 | be dealing with you guys still working my class. So everything's got to |
|
| 06:22 | done before that class starts. What's class? Which is the next |
|
| 06:27 | Structural. Yeah. Okay. that's with Stephen. Eric, Steve |
|
| 06:37 | a senior senior senior, uh, and research expert at Shell. |
|
| 06:45 | he's actually married to Regina Coppola, are environmental. Uh, chemist geochemist |
|
| 06:54 | University of Houston. Um, you the same name. So anyway, |
|
| 07:00 | detail for you there. And, , I don't know him really |
|
| 07:04 | but, you know, he's uh, very experienced. Uh, |
|
| 07:10 | , company person, I think the thing is, you know, he's |
|
| 07:13 | to give you a structural geology class the perspective of someone who spent his |
|
| 07:18 | life working for a major exploration So my guess is, he'll have |
|
| 07:24 | be, uh he'll have lots of stories, and he'll give you a |
|
| 07:30 | that's very relevant for how structural geology to the exploration business. So I |
|
| 07:35 | that will be e Think that will good for you guys? Okay, |
|
| 07:41 | , a little late. And, , that's that's the price you |
|
| 07:47 | However, Murray is gonna record the as usual. Okay, Um and |
|
| 07:54 | just gonna get started here. So , we're gonna do is, |
|
| 08:01 | give a bunch of lectures today, sort of feel we've had, you |
|
| 08:06 | , two pretty good workshops that sort outlined assignments. So I think I'll |
|
| 08:13 | any advice on and, you and we talked to every sign mint |
|
| 08:18 | the last two s. So what gonna do is I'm gonna mostly |
|
| 08:23 | Certainly for the first part of this , we do have quite a few |
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| 08:26 | to get through on feudal systems. these may help with the correlations of |
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| 08:31 | flu fuels photography on those assignments. I'd rather get through these lectures |
|
| 08:36 | Um and, uh, let me her. I've got 123 I've got |
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| 08:42 | electors on flu. Feels photography. , we'll see if we can get |
|
| 08:48 | . Certainly two, maybe three of today with one more tomorrow on |
|
| 08:54 | uh, tomorrow I've got a lecture deep water, and then other than |
|
| 08:59 | , you know, I've sort of an optional lecture on Shales that I |
|
| 09:02 | might be good, given the fact you know, Shales is just so |
|
| 09:07 | . I don't usually examine on those optional lecturers, but they're I think |
|
| 09:10 | really helpful for you to have. know, I'm part of the part |
|
| 09:13 | this course is yes. We have all that stuff. But, you |
|
| 09:16 | , part of us to give you flavor for for you know how started |
|
| 09:21 | instead of metrology, part of your . And who taught you de positional |
|
| 09:27 | ? Does that build to pray? still teaches that? Yeah. |
|
| 09:30 | great bills. Not really. Mud guy. I don't know how much |
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| 09:34 | talk about the environment of mud So that lecture, sort of a |
|
| 09:39 | of that I've got a lecture on photography. I do have an old |
|
| 09:43 | on carbonates, and I could, know, maybe not go through the |
|
| 09:47 | thing, but commented that so that's of just see how how today |
|
| 09:50 | and then we consider to be a more, you know, tomorrow, |
|
| 09:54 | , we'll have a couple more lectures then, uh, you know, |
|
| 09:57 | , weaken. Just spend some time the assignments. Okay. Um excuse |
|
| 10:04 | , Are the lectures Thio president tomorrow the blackboard? Everything. Everything is |
|
| 10:11 | let me put this. Everything is is up there, too. Deep |
|
| 10:16 | . There are some optional lectures on and time. I haven't got to |
|
| 10:20 | this up there. Um, so what I'll do is, uh I |
|
| 10:26 | put those up there. We'll I mean, I could maybe stick |
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| 10:30 | during a break today on. Then can have a quick look at them |
|
| 10:33 | you have a vote. You say one you'd like to explain? I |
|
| 10:36 | maybe that's where you're going. Or could put him up, you |
|
| 10:39 | a break tomorrow and you could look lunch and then you could, you |
|
| 10:43 | , we could have. Anyway, see if I if I could get |
|
| 10:46 | today. I've been very focused on exam written because just wanna make sure |
|
| 10:50 | kind of know what I'm asking you that I know sort of walked a |
|
| 10:53 | for the last part of the Hey, Joseph, you have a |
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| 10:57 | with your computer today because I see on your phone. You able to |
|
| 11:00 | okay? Yes, sir. Everything good. I'm gonna be I'm gonna |
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| 11:03 | on my phone today, But everything great on mind. Good. |
|
| 11:06 | Perfect. All right. Can you see me Okay, Okay, |
|
| 11:42 | I've got my chat up. I see all of you. I've got |
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| 11:47 | screen here. So every time I a little bit more, so I'm |
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| 11:50 | quite so confused. Okay, so let's start. We're gonna talk |
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| 12:01 | Louisville Systems for the afternoon, so so that the general topic of today's |
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| 12:07 | the afternoon is feudal systems. Some these my slides, will be repeats |
|
| 12:14 | I will reiterate some of the slides I've shown before because we have talked |
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| 12:18 | bit about river systems and how they in some of the early lectures. |
|
| 12:24 | go through that stuff much more quickly and more or less just, you |
|
| 12:28 | , showing a slide remind you of couple of key points. But there |
|
| 12:32 | a few really critical critical points that want to make to you. Here |
|
| 12:36 | just a nice photograph of the salt member of the Morrison Formation. Morrison |
|
| 12:43 | a late Jurassic flu viel unit. of the world, you know, |
|
| 12:48 | of the world's Anil Sawers and most the most of the sore pods stegosaurus |
|
| 12:56 | all contained within the Morrison formation. the US is is sort of a |
|
| 13:03 | class site for the preservation of Jurassic . Of course, you've all seen |
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| 13:09 | Park and these the fossils from which of those beasties are derived. I've |
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| 13:17 | worked at the Morrison. Let's not , had once gratitude that a massive |
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| 13:22 | on it and enhanced for Utah. there's a there's a big sore Paul |
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| 13:28 | just, you know, a few away from, uh, from our |
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| 13:32 | area. Anyway, what you can in the photograph is thes cliff, |
|
| 13:35 | channel belts on their inter bedded with floodplain mud stones with crevasse plays |
|
| 13:45 | So here's a diagram from, that the late the early eighties and |
|
| 13:52 | Friend was a professor off dermatology at University in England, and he put |
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| 14:00 | this sort of general diagram that showed for flu viel strategic graffiti and back |
|
| 14:08 | you know I was studying sediment ology the late seventies and early eighties, |
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| 14:13 | know, and you may have learned , whether it was in Bills class |
|
| 14:18 | if you've ever done a course on of systems prior to your University of |
|
| 14:23 | experience, I'm sure you've all heard heard of braided and meandering streams. |
|
| 14:29 | the general idea back in the sort seventies is that meandering streams are a |
|
| 14:35 | of sluggish are adjacent to muddy flood , and they produce strata graphic successions |
|
| 14:43 | have, ah, high ratio of mud versus channel belts. In |
|
| 14:49 | the sort of general theory suggests that streams represents streams that are always in |
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| 14:54 | process of switching around. They tend , preserve very little mud on DSO |
|
| 15:00 | produce sand or gravel dominated. strata graphic successions. Okay, |
|
| 15:07 | uh, this is kind of old at a date view Now I can |
|
| 15:14 | you and I've been saying this for of my career. I think it's |
|
| 15:18 | probably true that, you know, you work for a company with a |
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| 15:23 | who's in his sixties, fifties or , which is I just turned 60 |
|
| 15:30 | year unless they've had advanced training and faces models which they will not have |
|
| 15:36 | because that they may have been trained the in the in the eighties, |
|
| 15:42 | know, they're still going to be about graded versus meandering streams. |
|
| 15:46 | as the as the primary control on preservation of mud versus sand or gravel |
|
| 15:53 | alluvial successions. And so the idea that the strata graphic organization, and |
|
| 15:58 | the net to gross the net sand non reservoir mud is controlled by the |
|
| 16:04 | Form of the River. Now here's diagram by Charlie Bristowe and Jim Best |
|
| 16:12 | Jim Best is a Is a flu morphology professor. I've known him for |
|
| 16:17 | of my career. He went from University of Leeds in England, and |
|
| 16:21 | he's got undoubted professorship at the University Illinois in, uh, Illinois in |
|
| 16:28 | , Illinois. And, uh, published paper in this sort of early |
|
| 16:34 | . That sort of turned this this on its head. So I want |
|
| 16:39 | to think about this diagram quite It's a really important diagram, and |
|
| 16:44 | may very well it may very well on the exam on Wednesday. And |
|
| 16:49 | might be something that you want. , uh, Teoh be able to |
|
| 16:54 | in the in the in the exam Wednesday so that that's kind of |
|
| 16:58 | folks, that you'll probably be he about flu walk controls. Flu feels |
|
| 17:04 | . So what this shows is from to right. So on the x |
|
| 17:09 | , we've got the channel migration, ? And I'm using my pen |
|
| 17:16 | So, you know, if we a meandering river, right, you |
|
| 17:20 | it Zits migrating, left to Right. So sometimes it's gonna migrate |
|
| 17:25 | way, you know, And over it will build a belt of sand |
|
| 17:30 | records the position of the river as migrating or wandering across its or meandering |
|
| 17:36 | its flood plain. Okay. And the high the degree of migration, |
|
| 17:42 | wider the channel belt. Okay, , uh, in the deepwater |
|
| 17:50 | the latter of migration of a whether it's a deepwater channel or effluvia |
|
| 17:55 | , is referred to as a Okay on. So I don't know |
|
| 18:04 | you work with the deepwater guys. have their own specialized to jargon. |
|
| 18:09 | , but we talk about the the migration off the river. And then |
|
| 18:14 | what. So what it shows is a river on the left of this |
|
| 18:19 | only only migrates small amount, so produces a narrow channel belt on the |
|
| 18:26 | . The channel can migrate over a distance, so it produces a wider |
|
| 18:30 | built. So the channel belts on left or narrow the channel belts on |
|
| 18:34 | right a wide and that's what you in the diagram. Narrow channel belts |
|
| 18:38 | wide channel belts. That makes Then from the front to the back |
|
| 18:46 | the dia ground. Okay, so would be X. I guess that |
|
| 18:50 | be why, then the vertical would easy. So from from the front |
|
| 18:54 | the back, we have the avulsion . Okay, Now, avulsion a |
|
| 19:01 | is flowing over here. And then the vote says it flows over |
|
| 19:06 | and then it divorces again, and may flow here. Right? So |
|
| 19:11 | refers to the switches and the overall of the channel through time. |
|
| 19:18 | Now, in addition to the river positions, Okay, it's also got |
|
| 19:25 | migration rate, right? So a could be, could migrate a lot |
|
| 19:31 | . Why? Channel belts. And it could have all of us |
|
| 19:36 | lot, which means that it's basically Channel wide channel belt all over the |
|
| 19:42 | . So this upper diagram, we've a channel that that has wide channel |
|
| 19:49 | . Okay? Because it's doing this lot, but it's also switching |
|
| 19:53 | Okay, so it produces a lot wide channel bites. Now, the |
|
| 19:59 | thing we talk about is the vertical , and that's the aggregation rate. |
|
| 20:03 | no aggregation on the bottom. High on the top. Now, can |
|
| 20:09 | maybe type into the chat and tell what? What's going to control the |
|
| 20:13 | rate of a river? That that's , if you will, a sequence |
|
| 20:20 | graphic control. So what in Photography will control the aggregation rate of |
|
| 20:25 | river? Yeah. Okay. Theobald for the river to build up versus |
|
| 20:33 | in the same place. So some you saying flux of sediment and settled |
|
| 20:41 | . Okay, some of you were radiant and sea level. Anything |
|
| 20:46 | What else does the basin do? right. One of the two big |
|
| 20:51 | on sequence photography. The two main on sequence photography. Okay, so |
|
| 21:00 | got some students in their correct What's general word for all things that create |
|
| 21:06 | ? It's not subsidence. That's one them. Exactly. Right. |
|
| 21:10 | Okay, so a combination and sediment the big controls on sequence photography. |
|
| 21:17 | the ability for a river to build is primarily controlled by what accommodation or |
|
| 21:24 | on supply, which do you think more important and allowing the river to |
|
| 21:29 | to build up vertically, which is important. Accommodation or sediment supply. |
|
| 21:38 | , two of the events of Three of you anymore anymore. |
|
| 21:44 | go with the flow here. The accommodation group have the correct |
|
| 21:51 | Okay, Eso let me erase all junk here. So what? So |
|
| 21:58 | , you know the vertical. The thing on this diagram is primarily |
|
| 22:04 | Now, of course, this doesn't negative accommodation, which would cause |
|
| 22:08 | So it's got either lower zero accommodation high accommodation, right? So if |
|
| 22:14 | we go back to this diagram you know, we've got rivers that |
|
| 22:18 | wide channel belts on a switching their constantly. Okay, But you |
|
| 22:25 | if a river was in this position then switches over here and eventually comes |
|
| 22:29 | to its old position because the subsidence high or the combination is high, |
|
| 22:35 | has accumulated in between. The previous was the river was here, and |
|
| 22:41 | next time the river occupies that same . In contrast, in this lower |
|
| 22:47 | , the River. You know, river. Still still producing a wide |
|
| 22:50 | belt, and it's switching position all time, But there's no there's no |
|
| 22:55 | . So, as a consequence, know, when the river comes back |
|
| 22:59 | where it was before, the old belt is simply overland by the new |
|
| 23:03 | belt. So this results in extremely net to gross flu. Viel |
|
| 23:09 | Okay, uh, this is probably worst of all. Okay, channels |
|
| 23:14 | don't migrate very much, but of constantly in a floodplain that's constantly |
|
| 23:19 | Okay. So as a consequence, get, you know, a lot |
|
| 23:23 | channel belts that they're narrowing their isolated . So if these channels were filled |
|
| 23:27 | oil and gas, you know you a dozen wells to hit every channel |
|
| 23:32 | where is it? In a highly . But nevertheless, uh, you |
|
| 23:36 | , uh, but in highly amalgamated channel belts, you know, you've |
|
| 23:41 | a nice, fairly fairly Ah, connected reservoir. Three Only downside is |
|
| 23:47 | there's not much vertical accommodation. This be thinner. Okay, this is |
|
| 23:52 | . This will give you a thicker of your succession, but with a |
|
| 23:56 | more breaks. So a lot more barrier. So you've got Reservoir, |
|
| 24:02 | , CEO Reservoir CEO. However, reservoirs or wide because the channel belts |
|
| 24:07 | migrating, that's what are some modern that would characterize some of these different |
|
| 24:15 | . You know, there's no good to that, because if you look |
|
| 24:19 | a modern river, right, that tell you anything about this photography that's |
|
| 24:23 | preserved, right? But, you , but any river that's in a |
|
| 24:28 | in a area of high subsidence, a Foreign Basin or Rift Basin, |
|
| 24:33 | know, could be sort of mawr that category. But it really depends |
|
| 24:38 | the rate of subsidence versus the overall of migration and avulsion. Right? |
|
| 24:44 | the reality is, you know, haven't talked about much about this much |
|
| 24:49 | the class, you know, which not a good thing, you |
|
| 24:54 | ultimately, you know, if you want to start making predictions about that |
|
| 24:59 | , you do say Okay, so the emulsion frequency? Well, |
|
| 25:02 | Adults about every few 100 to 1000 . That's about the frequency that modern |
|
| 25:08 | adults, right. Uh, channels over periods of time of a few |
|
| 25:14 | years to tens of years and, know, basin subside at rates |
|
| 25:20 | you know, you know, the foreland basins or forties might go down |
|
| 25:26 | e don't know, maybe of a meters per 1000 years, right? |
|
| 25:32 | you can generate a few meters of . You know, a meeting of |
|
| 25:36 | in 1000 years would be quite a right, so you might need 3000 |
|
| 25:40 | to generate 3 m of accommodation. so if you've got a 10 m |
|
| 25:45 | river, you know, it's still gonna be able to do much more |
|
| 25:48 | lift up a few leaders over the the range of time that it's shifting |
|
| 25:53 | . Right? So that's kind of way. I sort of think about |
|
| 25:57 | question. Uh, eso it's hard me to give you a modern and |
|
| 26:01 | , but as we'll see when we into this lecture, I'll show you |
|
| 26:04 | of ancient analog. Okay? So let me ask you another |
|
| 26:11 | OK, so these diagrams show every type of net to gross from totally |
|
| 26:19 | to toast. Toasty, isolated toe channel. Best to just, you |
|
| 26:25 | , the channels don't adults. It simply stack up vertically. That's pretty |
|
| 26:30 | . Uh, Thio, you sort of an isolated cluster channel |
|
| 26:36 | So all varieties of channel clustering or are depicted here, right? And |
|
| 26:41 | got a lotion, frequency, subsidence and channel migration rate. What words |
|
| 26:48 | missing on this slide? That air used to describe alluvial systems What two |
|
| 26:58 | are missing on this slide that are used to describe flu Tiel systems. |
|
| 27:05 | you're not sure, you could just them right off this diagram here. |
|
| 27:11 | right. So JD's got it, . So what's interesting is the words |
|
| 27:16 | you were taught. The fundamental controls everything you need to know about Riggers |
|
| 27:21 | terms of their net to gross is missing from the slide. There's no |
|
| 27:25 | of braiding Army Andrew. So then you go like, OK, so |
|
| 27:32 | controls the width of a channel Maybe that's controlled by whether it's spread |
|
| 27:37 | meandering. Guess what? That's what are working on. Or is it |
|
| 27:42 | ? Frequency and de braided rivers evolves frequently than neon rivers, or vice |
|
| 27:48 | . That's what the flu Deol communities on is is the degree of avulsion |
|
| 27:54 | a river controlled by set up That's what people are working on right |
|
| 27:59 | . So a lot of the big and flew you'll sentiment ology. I'm |
|
| 28:03 | , Well, you know, maybe braided rivers, maybe Meandering |
|
| 28:08 | You know, if you think of meandering river, the water is always |
|
| 28:12 | left and right, so, you , you might attribute that Well, |
|
| 28:15 | meandering rivers and more likely toe pulse a braided river. So intuitively, |
|
| 28:21 | , you know the emotion frequency is in meandering rivers. But, you |
|
| 28:27 | , that's a perfectly good hypothesis, know. And that might have implications |
|
| 28:32 | what kind of an alluvial succession a river would would produce if it has |
|
| 28:37 | tendency to evolves more frequently. But short answer is, you know, |
|
| 28:42 | in the process of trying to re rivers based on this sort of complete |
|
| 28:48 | framework of thinking. So a lot the old ideas. That doesn't mean |
|
| 28:53 | isn't worthwhile trying to figure out whether river is being reacting or braided. |
|
| 28:59 | , and it may be necessary to something about the organization of the |
|
| 29:06 | but as they say in science, not sufficient to fully understand or characterized |
|
| 29:10 | system. I don't think Okay, that's kind of a key slide that |
|
| 29:16 | z useful. If you're trying to about legal system, we're gonna come |
|
| 29:20 | to this and show you some scenarios in the I think a bit later |
|
| 29:27 | this lecture now, we started this with talk about base level. |
|
| 29:34 | you know, we've talked about nick and choke points. I think quite |
|
| 29:38 | you've been tested on them s Obviously, you know, the behavior |
|
| 29:44 | a river is fundamentally controlled by the in the surface over which it |
|
| 29:48 | Okay, on. We talked about fact that if you drop sea level |
|
| 29:52 | expose a knick point in other a surface that experiences a transition from |
|
| 29:57 | flatter to a steeper float slope the will likely begin to a road at |
|
| 30:04 | rollover point. And so everything down the to the to the new sea |
|
| 30:11 | will be a candidate for erosion. , now, because in plan |
|
| 30:17 | you know the river is is a feature. You know, the erosion |
|
| 30:22 | typically confined toe appoint as opposed to entire area on bond. You |
|
| 30:29 | I've been thinking about introducing a new , the Nick Line, which describes |
|
| 30:33 | line where the propensity for erosion But the erosion typically occurs at points |
|
| 30:39 | the line. Okay, And then talked about the idea that that that |
|
| 30:44 | points or choke line represents the That marks the change from the steeper |
|
| 30:49 | flatter slope, where deposition is likely begin initiating as a sediment that flows |
|
| 30:55 | this steeper slopes slows and then begins deposit as, say, a submarine |
|
| 31:00 | . We talked about that concept quite , and then John Holbrooke was sort |
|
| 31:07 | very interesting. Well, what controls the upper and lower, uh, |
|
| 31:14 | within which you are likely to preserve deposits on? He pointed out that |
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| 31:20 | any given time, the equilibrium profile the river is flowing down may degrade |
|
| 31:28 | it has too much clean water, sentiment and therefore erodes to consume more |
|
| 31:34 | . Or if it's completely choked with and it gets delivered more settlement and |
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| 31:39 | hold it anymore, it will depend that sentiment and begin to a great |
|
| 31:44 | on of course, the you based on the could drop, |
|
| 31:48 | And so he said, Well, this sort of this buffer region, |
|
| 31:52 | controls the upper limit to which the kind of grade on the lower limit |
|
| 31:56 | which the river country road on. course, those depend on on the |
|
| 32:01 | that control the behavior of rivers, as the amount of sediment, the |
|
| 32:05 | carrying Thea uplift or subsidence rate, then the overall transport capacity of the |
|
| 32:11 | , which is controlled by its water and sediment discharge. When it's |
|
| 32:17 | high water discharge with very little cement than it has a high transport |
|
| 32:22 | if it's got not much water and much sentiment than it simply can't transport |
|
| 32:28 | . Sentiment on then, in addition the things that control John referred to |
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| 32:35 | the buffers with which control the upper lower limit that a river can |
|
| 32:40 | And, of course, that can instantaneously with just small changes in the |
|
| 32:45 | of water in the river which which changes over monsoonal or seasonal cycles, |
|
| 32:51 | even just as a result of a event. You know, if there's |
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| 32:54 | weather event the river has got a of water, then it zits. |
|
| 32:58 | goes up, and it may increase capacity to erode. Whereas if there's |
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| 33:03 | much water, you know the the river can't really do much of |
|
| 33:06 | , so it's neither eroding nor grading carry much a new addition. The |
|
| 33:12 | towards the river is grated, which be sea level, could move seaward |
|
| 33:17 | it could move up. Or it move down as a result of relative |
|
| 33:21 | level changes. And, of we've been spending the entire class talking |
|
| 33:25 | how accommodation controls started. Graffiti. , on we talk some about how |
|
| 33:32 | the flu viel the area where flu sediments could be deposited, which is |
|
| 33:38 | with this. Green Weds changes as base as as as as the shoreline |
|
| 33:43 | seaward, which basically the river systems seaward. If base level rises, |
|
| 33:49 | the river can degrade out of base drops. Then the river degrades. |
|
| 33:53 | sort of seen all of those Okay, I believe I showed you |
|
| 33:58 | slide as well, and this sort shows a river at low stand. |
|
| 34:03 | the red represents the level to which river is scouring. Okay, And |
|
| 34:08 | there is the low stand de positional , and that's basically the top of |
|
| 34:13 | river. So that would be the upward, uh, normally, normally |
|
| 34:18 | finding up river deposit, and then just shows that there's a high. |
|
| 34:21 | a rise of sea level. The is great, it to a new |
|
| 34:25 | . And you get a new coastal being deposited. And then you get |
|
| 34:30 | Hiestand River that in some places, away, the old low stand river |
|
| 34:35 | in some places preserves it. And that's the the new coastal prism. |
|
| 34:40 | then you may get river deposits that Aaron sizing even even at a high |
|
| 34:46 | . Okay, so far in this , we've been very focused on the |
|
| 34:56 | . Okay, what happens if that seaward? Landward, uh, and |
|
| 35:02 | the past e don't know, is getting on 10 years, you |
|
| 35:07 | , maybe because I'm a Delta I've sort of got it. Got |
|
| 35:11 | in this in this concept of of the off the back water and the |
|
| 35:17 | line. Okay, so in a , and this is kind of |
|
| 35:21 | your sentiment ology, you know, a prey would have probably should have |
|
| 35:25 | these things. So in the Marine , you know you have a |
|
| 35:32 | and then depending on the title range the system, you know, salt |
|
| 35:36 | Well, move inland during during the tide and will move offshore during the |
|
| 35:42 | tide. And so the maximum landward of salt water is referred to as |
|
| 35:48 | Bay Line. Okay, Now the is flowing downhill, okay? And |
|
| 35:55 | of the Bay Line eso. And some point, the river comes out |
|
| 35:59 | its valley. And then it begins adults and eventually turns into a distributive |
|
| 36:06 | forming distributor channels. Right. So , the point at which a river |
|
| 36:11 | from the trunk revert to distributor We typically use that to mark what |
|
| 36:15 | call the Delta plane. Okay. the Delta plane is broken into an |
|
| 36:21 | delta plane, which is entirely freshwater , and then a lower delta |
|
| 36:26 | which shows a mixture of marine uh, and channel channel or alluvial |
|
| 36:35 | . If you have a river that into a lake that has no |
|
| 36:39 | then there's no bay lines, but no division of upper and lower adult |
|
| 36:43 | plane. Okay, uh, now point here, the avulsion point of |
|
| 36:48 | river is not uncommonly control about what's the backwater. Okay, I'm going |
|
| 36:55 | come back to that in just a bit. Explained that point. |
|
| 36:59 | But one of the questions is, we sort of know how the shoreline |
|
| 37:03 | ? A sea level falls and Or is it still standard high |
|
| 37:06 | But the Bay Line on the backwater migrate. Okay, The baseline is |
|
| 37:12 | a lot of interest because any sentiments what the Bay Line may contain marine |
|
| 37:17 | that conclude title features such as tidal drapes and any time you have. |
|
| 37:24 | know, say, a distributor it's got tied influence. That tied |
|
| 37:29 | can create a lot of little mud drapes, creating a more hetero elliptic |
|
| 37:35 | for sediments deposited. Secret of the . So commonly reservoir equality is different |
|
| 37:42 | sediments deposited in the time influence part ah, a Delta plane versus the |
|
| 37:47 | title part which we more flu field . So the idea is that is |
|
| 37:51 | the actual stacking the faces and reservoir may differ as a function of the |
|
| 37:57 | of the Bay Line. A swell a za shoreline. Of course, |
|
| 38:01 | think I think you all have a idea of how the shoreline changes control |
|
| 38:06 | , perhaps a little bit less so the Bay Line. So that's That's |
|
| 38:10 | surface that migrates is a function of photography that we might be interested in |
|
| 38:15 | about. So here's an example of Bay Line from a modern Delta. |
|
| 38:21 | is the Po Delta in Italy, what you could see is, |
|
| 38:26 | this is the Trunk Channel. So the Po River, okay, and |
|
| 38:31 | there's a distributor channel coming off It ends up down here, and |
|
| 38:36 | is the River Plume from that distributor . Then there's another channel coming up |
|
| 38:40 | downstream. There is that distribute your . It's blue. Then there's another |
|
| 38:45 | that that that splits off here. produces a couple plumes because there's two |
|
| 38:51 | distribute Terry's, and then we have three distributors at the end that produced |
|
| 38:55 | plumes. And then there's another distributor a plume here on that to |
|
| 38:59 | It splits off here and ends up that point, you notice the front |
|
| 39:04 | the Stelter is all wave dominated lagoons and space Eso It's certainly got |
|
| 39:09 | lot of wave influence, but the sticks significantly out into the Adriatic Sea |
|
| 39:15 | bond, eh? So we would this sort of a mixed way flew |
|
| 39:18 | influence Delta. You can also see dark colors that represent the wetland environments |
|
| 39:25 | the lagoon's. That would be certainly . So the green line separates marine |
|
| 39:30 | faces, uh, seaward from completely . Israel faces Lambert. Okay, |
|
| 39:38 | , of course, uh, times in and out here. This is |
|
| 39:42 | a strong that the Mediterranean. So Adriatic stories. He's not area strong |
|
| 39:47 | , but nevertheless, the tidal effects actually affect the river language of the |
|
| 39:53 | direct ingress of marine water. So rivers flowing downhill, it may feel |
|
| 39:59 | title effects, even if it If the salt water, if the |
|
| 40:03 | wedge doesn't intrude way up the Okay, so so tidal effects could |
|
| 40:09 | felt by the river landward of the bay mine. Okay. And so |
|
| 40:13 | is what we call a title They haven't shown on this diagram |
|
| 40:19 | Okay, on tidal effects can propagate tens to hundreds of hundreds of |
|
| 40:27 | Okay, so the, uh the Bay Line. Okay, the |
|
| 40:35 | Let me give you a on equation . Okay. The bay line |
|
| 40:45 | The Bay Line limit equals the title TR divided by a slope. |
|
| 40:55 | so we have a slope of of to the minus five, which is |
|
| 41:01 | Mississippi, and you have 1.5 m . That means tidal effects. That |
|
| 41:08 | the actual tides can push water 30 inland. That makes sense. |
|
| 41:15 | So the land would limit of brackish would probably be about 30 kilometers, |
|
| 41:21 | . Okay, so that's that's a that the title Dalein Okay, here |
|
| 41:28 | a much larger system larger system that is the Indus Delta in the the |
|
| 41:34 | Ocean. And again, here we this nice, meandering river, and |
|
| 41:39 | could see very distinct change in the the in the in the level of |
|
| 41:44 | . And that reflects the transition from fresh water plants to brackish mangroves on |
|
| 41:51 | . That cat that characterized the lower us and you could see that there's |
|
| 41:55 | these tidal creeks and tidal inlet. a lot of water is coming in |
|
| 41:59 | the to this delta plane from tides those channels wide at the downstream down |
|
| 42:06 | and with the marine end. And course, is that tidal water is |
|
| 42:10 | over the over the lower delta You get smaller and smaller title channels |
|
| 42:16 | you get towards the maximum limit of ingress, which marks the Bay |
|
| 42:21 | Okay. And then you could see mangroves with a dark green and then |
|
| 42:25 | water plants indicated by the light green , This set this separates when I |
|
| 42:30 | the lower Delta plane from leading opera play. Now, the back quarter |
|
| 42:39 | again. Another, um uh, parameter. And it's defined by the |
|
| 42:48 | . Depth. Okay, divided by slope. Okay, so the Mississippi's |
|
| 42:54 | m deep that flows over slope of 05 Remember zeros there. Okay. |
|
| 43:08 | that gives a backward limit of 800 . Okay, on the way to |
|
| 43:13 | of this is that if you're a flowing downhill Okay, on there's the |
|
| 43:25 | . Okay. Now, at some on that, this is sea |
|
| 43:30 | Okay? if you project see that a back at that point there. |
|
| 43:37 | base of the river is now above level. See? What of |
|
| 43:41 | The base, The river Losi Eventually, you know, the river |
|
| 43:45 | gonna lift off. And there's the the thing that we call the salt |
|
| 43:50 | . Okay, so when the river in flood, the river will tend |
|
| 43:54 | lift up when it's flow. When a little drop down. Okay, |
|
| 44:00 | the backward limit marks the point at sea level intersects the base of the |
|
| 44:06 | . Okay, now I've drawn this in this diagram with slope about 20 |
|
| 44:11 | . That's ridiculously vertical. Exaggerated. what I'm telling you is that in |
|
| 44:15 | Mississippi, that backwater limit is about m. Okay. In the Ryan |
|
| 44:22 | , which is in, uh, and the Netherlands, the rivers about |
|
| 44:27 | m deep, the backwater is an of magnitude lower. So 0.25 And |
|
| 44:35 | gives you backwater limit of the I've 12 m. Think that's right. |
|
| 44:43 | , so so here we have a of rivers. Right. So some |
|
| 44:50 | these you'll have heard off some of . You won't. The dandy was |
|
| 44:53 | the Black Sea. The autumn Yoko's , Uh uh, Venezuela, |
|
| 45:01 | Mississippi, Thea Amazon. And so Mississippi Amazon, their continent mental systems |
|
| 45:08 | extremely no Grady int. And they backwater links that are that are on |
|
| 45:13 | about 1000 kilometers. Okay, The Moussa's I said is about what we |
|
| 45:18 | in 10 2030. So maybe about m. So I'm off a little |
|
| 45:23 | there. Okay, um eso That's of these. And all sorts of |
|
| 45:31 | change in the backwater. Okay, the Mississippi is flowing downhill. Once |
|
| 45:36 | gets to its backwater, you know . It begins to start experiencing, |
|
| 45:43 | you will buffer changes every time. a little change in the sea. |
|
| 45:48 | know, Big Storm can lift to up that will interfere with the |
|
| 45:51 | Ability to move. If there's if title process, the river will lift |
|
| 45:55 | . Of course, if the river to lift up, it will start |
|
| 45:59 | sentiment. So in the Mississippi a lot of sand is deposited along |
|
| 46:05 | the river ever gets to the Okay. And God called Jeff knitter |
|
| 46:10 | who is a a e think he's an assistant professor at Rice University. |
|
| 46:16 | may be a system on the social now, which did his PhD. |
|
| 46:20 | looking at sand resources in Mississippi as function of backwater effects and concluded that |
|
| 46:27 | lot of the sand in the Mississippi don't about 800 kilometers to fire from |
|
| 46:32 | land with shoreline, and that creates sorts of problems. If you need |
|
| 46:36 | sand to replenish the land that's sinking a consequence of of land laws, |
|
| 46:44 | is a diagram that sort of puts altogether. So here is my top |
|
| 46:49 | the river. There is the base the river. Okay, there's sea |
|
| 46:53 | , and so we project that The point that that intersects the base |
|
| 46:57 | the river is the backwater. That be the lab would limit the tides |
|
| 47:01 | affect the river, and that will the land. Land would limit that |
|
| 47:05 | can actually enter onto the Delta Okay, and then I've shown them |
|
| 47:10 | in plan view. There's the lagoons bays that define the land would limit |
|
| 47:14 | the Bay Line. The title back will be somewhere in here. And |
|
| 47:20 | that's the backwater. The two The point which you get nodal avulsion |
|
| 47:28 | the transition from a single thread river a to several active distributor channels. |
|
| 47:36 | then the backwater length is foundational controlled by the Channel slope and the |
|
| 47:43 | of the river. So the Amazon , Mississippi have large backwaters in the |
|
| 47:47 | of hundreds of thousands of kilometers, river like the Colorado in in Texas |
|
| 47:53 | the eel in California, which is steep, graded Revere River, have |
|
| 47:58 | that range from a few kilometers up maybe a few tens of kilometers. |
|
| 48:04 | right, so one of the important of the back quarter and this is |
|
| 48:09 | of shown this diagram here. So the base of the Mississippi River and |
|
| 48:15 | that's the top of the water at flood stage. So when the river |
|
| 48:19 | between about 5000 to 10,002 m per water discharge and during the periodic floods |
|
| 48:26 | the Mississippi would experience, such as the spring break up, when the |
|
| 48:30 | in the Rockies is melting and providing of water to the Mississippi, it |
|
| 48:35 | go to a flood stage and may its its discharged by, you |
|
| 48:40 | ah, factor about four or five goes from, say, 5000, |
|
| 48:45 | up to 40,000. So maybe even factor of 10. What that does |
|
| 48:49 | lifts the top of the water up creates all sorts of interesting features. |
|
| 48:54 | one of the things that that that and others noticed is that when you |
|
| 49:01 | of get into the upper backwater, , the the migration rate of the |
|
| 49:07 | is at its maximum. Remember, talked about the fact that that that |
|
| 49:12 | a river is is doing its one of the controls on the width |
|
| 49:18 | the channel belt, is the degree migration. What my bloom discovered and |
|
| 49:23 | is that the upper upper back water river, feels no effects of sea |
|
| 49:29 | , and so it's free to migrate and forth and creates white channel |
|
| 49:34 | But when it gets into lower back , okay, the river is always |
|
| 49:38 | lifted, lifted up and drop down of little changes in sea level |
|
| 49:43 | that tends to cause the river to graded degrade, as opposed to migrate |
|
| 49:49 | So you get less lateral migration in lower back water on. As a |
|
| 49:54 | , the width of the channel belts their thickness plummets dramatically as you get |
|
| 49:59 | the lower back water. Right? what this shows is that the migration |
|
| 50:03 | of the river has nothing to do whether it's meandering. These rivers are |
|
| 50:08 | bantering. It has. It has to do with the accommodation the controlled |
|
| 50:13 | the backwater limit. Who the heck have thought of that? Remember I |
|
| 50:18 | you, this is the problem that community has been working on in the |
|
| 50:22 | 10 years, and we're making some breakthroughs. Okay, so what do |
|
| 50:27 | wanna if you if you're dealing with fluid reservoir? What you want to |
|
| 50:31 | is are we within the backwater or way in the lower back water or |
|
| 50:36 | backwater? Because that's what's going to the rate at which the river |
|
| 50:42 | If it's in the upper backwater, will control whether voters or not. |
|
| 50:46 | all of a sudden I hate to back here, but maybe it's |
|
| 50:51 | You know what's walk controls the thing this diagram or backwater effects, |
|
| 50:58 | And so now we've got an idea what controls avulsion at what we |
|
| 51:02 | Migration on it relates to backwater effects that doesn't really have much to do |
|
| 51:07 | whether the river is braided in the right. It has to do with |
|
| 51:13 | interaction of the river and and sea , and the sequence particulars have all |
|
| 51:19 | that we think see other, is . But it's not just rise and |
|
| 51:23 | of Seela, right? The the net to gross will be Floreal |
|
| 51:28 | , so the Bay Line is controlled the slope of the title range. |
|
| 51:33 | , of course, over longer time , the Bay Line will migrate language |
|
| 51:37 | rise of sea level and seaward during or fall of seal. The backwater |
|
| 51:43 | is controlled by slope and discharge, it's independent of times the land would |
|
| 51:50 | of title effects may be controlled by back of our length, and that |
|
| 51:54 | knowledge of back bar and Balin limits predict the position of title faces |
|
| 52:00 | perhaps more importantly, can predict. know, the net to gross of |
|
| 52:04 | flu, the reservoir, which is that we're always trying to predict. |
|
| 52:11 | now, the other thing that has big control on river systems is the |
|
| 52:16 | . Okay? And you know, you go in the field and you |
|
| 52:22 | slope with your Brunton compass, you , you could measure dips of, |
|
| 52:26 | know, 5, 10 15 maybe one degree. But how do |
|
| 52:31 | measure a slope that z uh, of degree. Okay. I'm |
|
| 52:38 | I'm getting a message from, right is Maria. Maria. Can |
|
| 52:46 | let a mere back in? I he got accidentally tossed out of the |
|
| 52:52 | the talk. He sent me an . Uh, she good. |
|
| 52:58 | great. Okay, so I just email. So anyway, so, |
|
| 53:03 | know, we can use a Brunton when slopes were too low. So |
|
| 53:07 | do you do it with an ancient ? Okay, so there's ways you |
|
| 53:10 | do it with strata. Graphic Okay. And you may be able |
|
| 53:13 | do it with Paley. Hydraulic information , Of course, sea level |
|
| 53:18 | substance or uplift can change thes backwater bailing limits. And so one |
|
| 53:23 | Well, how does slope change throughout sequence? We've already talked about |
|
| 53:27 | You know, nick points and choke are controlled by slope. And if |
|
| 53:31 | it's a slope changes throughout deposition of sequence it that can also control where |
|
| 53:38 | and deposition occurred. So we're gonna talking about the fair and quite a |
|
| 53:43 | in some of the examples I So here we've got, uh, |
|
| 53:47 | know, a cross section flattened on lower datum. And you remember that |
|
| 53:52 | spent quite a bit of time talking day Tums in, uh, in |
|
| 53:58 | previous lectures we've had. And the is, you know, can we |
|
| 54:02 | something? Can we use the observations this cross section to estimate something about |
|
| 54:07 | limits? Bay Line limits on slope . So, of course, you |
|
| 54:13 | , we looked at the accommodation successes this, and we can see indications |
|
| 54:18 | we've got aggregation degradation and so so forth. But we can also |
|
| 54:24 | a measurement. So here, for , we have sequence boundary, |
|
| 54:27 | and that's that red surface. And course, we could measure the slope |
|
| 54:31 | that service. That's that of the of that surface. And it marks |
|
| 54:35 | drop of about 25 m over about kilometers that gives a slope of two |
|
| 54:40 | 10 to minus three. Okay, could measure the drop in the elevation |
|
| 54:48 | the base of the incised valley, ? So the rivers cut a valley |
|
| 54:53 | that values dropping across the cross section whether or not it all formed at |
|
| 54:59 | time. You know that represents the level to which the river degraded. |
|
| 55:04 | if in effect, it's it's the the long term average, lower buffer |
|
| 55:08 | of that river on that shows a m drop over 20 kilometers and gives |
|
| 55:13 | similar low stand slope of about 10 the minus three. Okay, and |
|
| 55:19 | we noticed that, you know, we could look at that. So |
|
| 55:22 | two valleys here. There's a lower in Upper Valley on the lower Valley |
|
| 55:26 | us loaf of just about the There's about a 12 m drop and |
|
| 55:30 | elevation of the lowest level to which river degrades, which is the long |
|
| 55:34 | average flu. Your profile off that floor integrated over the duration of the |
|
| 55:42 | , and that gives a drop of m over 13 kilometers again a slope |
|
| 55:47 | 10 by minus three. So, , it looks. It looks like |
|
| 55:50 | Geum or Fix Slope, based on , uh, elevation drop of the |
|
| 55:56 | sequence boundaries on the elevation drop of basic valleys gives a slope of about |
|
| 56:02 | about 10 to the minus three. , now, in contrast, we |
|
| 56:07 | look at the slope of the on high stand a wedge, which which |
|
| 56:13 | at the high stand slope. And a little bit lower. That's 0.7 |
|
| 56:19 | that's seven times 10 to the minus , which is just a little bit |
|
| 56:24 | little bit a flatter than the sequence . Okay, so that gives us |
|
| 56:32 | idea of the of the changes in . Okay, so we get slopes |
|
| 56:36 | of range from about, uh, know, 0.4 to maybe 0.14 for |
|
| 56:43 | top of the for the transgressive Okay. And in terms of river |
|
| 56:52 | , rivers in general rain for about to the minus three, which would |
|
| 56:56 | a fairly steep river to, 10. The modest five, which |
|
| 57:00 | be two orders of managing flatter for Mississippi. And so the Farron slopes |
|
| 57:05 | relatively speak. And guess what? Mississippi carries very fine sand. |
|
| 57:13 | Farron rivers carry gravel all the way coast. So the great of sand |
|
| 57:18 | by the river Farron rivers demonstrate that higher slopes systems and the and the |
|
| 57:24 | that the firm rivers are 5 m vs Mississippi 10 m deep. So |
|
| 57:29 | order of magnitude shallow rivers that carry coarser grain systems grab grains because the |
|
| 57:37 | orders of magnitudes steep. Okay, I'm being very clear. Okay? |
|
| 57:44 | I'm giving you is order of quantities that are critical to understand the |
|
| 57:49 | dynamics and the sequence of geography of deposition systems. So you don't have |
|
| 57:55 | be to know different calculus or quantitative . Thio quantify seeking photography. But |
|
| 58:03 | is useful to know how big is reverend? How deep is it? |
|
| 58:06 | know what's it slope? You to an order of magnitude. You |
|
| 58:10 | , if you can figure out something a factor of 10 that's not bad |
|
| 58:15 | in sentiment ology guys. So we go ahead and start making some calculations |
|
| 58:23 | these back water and Balin limits in ancient example. Okay, now, |
|
| 58:29 | interesting is here. We have and then here we have what's |
|
| 58:34 | Now we have a lagoon Bayfield Okay, so we know that that |
|
| 58:39 | the landward limit of Bayfield faces. ? And there is a three kilometer |
|
| 58:45 | there. So it looks like you know, from the shoreline to |
|
| 58:50 | landward limit of brackish faces is maybe five or six kilometers to say, |
|
| 58:56 | , the bay line limit can't be than about 10 kilometers because because that's |
|
| 59:00 | width of that of that horrific, influence faces. Okay, so if |
|
| 59:07 | say well, that the meant that tidal range eso the the Bay Line |
|
| 59:19 | equals the title range of the Okay, Now, we don't know |
|
| 59:24 | the tidal ranges so we can solve equation for tides, Okay? And |
|
| 59:29 | gonna be eat. That's gonna Uh, the, uh it's gonna |
|
| 59:36 | the bay line limit Times slope. . We said that the total line |
|
| 59:43 | is less than than 10 kilometers. if if we multiply, uh, |
|
| 59:52 | by the 0.3 slope that we calculate , get atoll a range of about |
|
| 59:58 | m. Okay, that's probably a bit high. We think that the |
|
| 60:03 | is micro title which be less than m. Okay, but we're within |
|
| 60:09 | factor too. So that's maybe not . We can also calculate the backwater |
|
| 60:16 | that the depth of the fair in is. Is there no more than |
|
| 60:19 | 5 m? Okay, we calculated of about point of about 10 to |
|
| 60:24 | three okay and that gives us a limit on the scale of less than |
|
| 60:29 | few kilometers as compared to the backwater is almost 1000 kilometers. So the |
|
| 60:35 | and backward limit is two orders of lower than the Mississippi. It's not |
|
| 60:41 | kilometers, it's not 200 kilometers. not 1000 kilometers. It's more like |
|
| 60:46 | few kilometers OK on the course that implications for the great of materials and |
|
| 60:52 | so if you look at the end the of the rivers of the incised |
|
| 60:56 | before they go to distribution channels. see quite coarse grained sandstone, |
|
| 61:01 | medium and coarse sandstone in the distribution before they get to the actual coast |
|
| 61:06 | deposits, and that's compatible with a short backwater limit, Okay. And |
|
| 61:15 | the Farron backwater correlate is, you , and so another thing that that |
|
| 61:20 | always going to be asked about If ever worked for oil company and do |
|
| 61:24 | analysis of the deposition of systems, going to be asked about modern |
|
| 61:29 | And I got on this to this this game of getting more quantitative, |
|
| 61:35 | , Scientology because, well, what a good analog for the fair? |
|
| 61:39 | , in fact, I wrote an paper about it. I don't think |
|
| 61:42 | actually stuff that on the on the for you, but I think that's |
|
| 61:45 | thing I could make. Maybe stick on. I concluded that the Farron |
|
| 61:49 | had been compared by some oil companies the Mississippi was that that was the |
|
| 61:54 | wrong wrong, uh, analog. it was two orders of manager lower |
|
| 62:00 | smaller than Mississippi. And I just the Mississippi is the wrong Avalon to |
|
| 62:05 | anything in the family Onda and that has been quoted quite a lot because |
|
| 62:12 | really gave people a new idea of , of how to be more quantitative |
|
| 62:17 | their in their modern monologues. So me make some conclusions, and then |
|
| 62:23 | going to take a quick break. , and then we'll come back and |
|
| 62:28 | the second half of this lecture So strong is found. We know that |
|
| 62:34 | spent almost all the time up to point talking about shoreline changes. But |
|
| 62:41 | of the newer research is is that Bay Line backwater are also key and |
|
| 62:47 | a variety of off really critical faces , whether it's where the title influence |
|
| 62:54 | are and how full of your systems behave in Stack Onda, also where |
|
| 63:01 | may find coarse grained reservoir faces. example where the gravel sand transition in |
|
| 63:06 | rivers or the sand clay transition in rivers, may be controlled by by |
|
| 63:14 | by these parameters, as opposed to shoreline on demand, the backwater in |
|
| 63:20 | Line, it can also be controlled sea level changes both short term, |
|
| 63:25 | will be tides, medium term, could be storms and then long |
|
| 63:28 | which is which is Malacca, which sea level changes. And it could |
|
| 63:33 | why many classic wedges lack graphic which is something I've always wondered about |
|
| 63:37 | my career. Okay, and of , slope changes, which can also |
|
| 63:41 | controlled by longest, say, longer sequence strata. Graphic changes may also |
|
| 63:47 | whether coarse or fine sediments of being a reaching the shelf edge. And |
|
| 63:52 | may have implications for what gets fed deep water. On I would I |
|
| 63:57 | suggest that Key Slope estimates or slope can be made by analyzing the sentiments |
|
| 64:04 | . In fact, there's a new by this Hey Jack, and and |
|
| 64:08 | of her students that talk about how measure slope using grain size on channel |
|
| 64:15 | estimates from alluvial system that that was paper I didn't put up on the |
|
| 64:18 | . That may be getting a bit into into modern Flavio sentiment ology, |
|
| 64:25 | these things are critical if you want make predictions about where, where particular |
|
| 64:30 | quality faces might be in an ancient system. Okay, we're gonna take |
|
| 64:36 | stop there that will give me Maria Toe to save the first half of |
|
| 64:43 | lecture. Uh, I see that about three after three my time, |
|
| 64:49 | is about three minutes after three. time. That's the three D. |
|
| 64:54 | the three D printed version. So friend works at Dinosaur. He's with |
|
| 64:58 | Illinois University. Or you went there his, Um, he's went there |
|
| 65:01 | for his undergraduate education, and then my blogging friend of mine. I |
|
| 65:05 | him in the field, and so goes back every year. They invited |
|
| 65:08 | back, and now I mean, he just kind of goes and helps |
|
| 65:13 | . You know, he's kind of big muscle guy and just helps everybody |
|
| 65:15 | . But anyway, so the cloth you is, um that's just the |
|
| 65:20 | itself. There's a carrot in chief goes over top of that. And |
|
| 65:23 | found that they found two other vertebrates year for two other Alice source |
|
| 65:27 | uh, or ones announced or Another one something. Anyway, I |
|
| 65:31 | invited this year and next light next , but I didn't get to go |
|
| 65:34 | year cause of covitz. So hopefully year I'll get to find my |
|
| 65:37 | So that sounds cool. Yeah. do you find it? Whereabouts in |
|
| 65:43 | a Utah. Yes, sir. in Utah. He, um it's |
|
| 65:48 | , man. I'm beating myself up not remember the name of the Cory |
|
| 65:52 | , um Lloyd. Yeah, it sleeping lawyer. It is Cleveland. |
|
| 65:58 | , they're Ugo the, uh, of world. Our stories come from |
|
| 66:03 | one site. Yeah, they And because it's controlled by Indian |
|
| 66:10 | it's very hard for them to get . Like they only do like to |
|
| 66:14 | with the two weeks worth the fieldwork year. And then the rest of |
|
| 66:17 | year, they all they can't access the corridors so they only have very |
|
| 66:22 | windows of access to the to the itself for excavation purposes. E thought |
|
| 66:29 | Oremus. I've visit parents that's usually year around. Maybe in the winter |
|
| 66:33 | . But that's what I got in middle of San Rafael. Swell. |
|
| 66:37 | don't There's any So it must be quarry because that Z e don't think |
|
| 66:43 | on First Nations about I could be . Maybe Maybe I'm mad that I |
|
| 66:48 | remember the name. But anyways, decided since that Teoh, that was |
|
| 66:51 | cool. Yeah, Okay, we back to it without further ado. |
|
| 67:00 | however, I guess before I started , any questions about let me just |
|
| 67:03 | things organized here, give me a out. There we go. |
|
| 67:09 | Get my participants books so I can you guys. Okay. I'm sort |
|
| 67:17 | half organized here. Yeah, I know what? I'll just I'll have |
|
| 67:22 | all figured out by the time the is over. That the way it |
|
| 67:28 | . Okay, Now I can see chats, and I could see |
|
| 67:30 | so no, I feel good. . Yeah. So way back, |
|
| 67:44 | back. Okay. Back in 1992 think it waas three days of sequence |
|
| 67:53 | . And we had this big conference bad for Alberta. It's fantastic. |
|
| 67:58 | , banned from Calgary. We had think two or three days and Bath |
|
| 68:03 | . You know, I think there myself. It was It was I |
|
| 68:07 | there. Pete Veil was there. Van Wagoner, Henry Post material. |
|
| 68:11 | Roger Walker. Trevor Elliott. Tim Cross. You know Mike |
|
| 68:19 | That was first time I met my . We shared a room together. |
|
| 68:22 | both early early stages of our Matte jersey was their man. Anybody |
|
| 68:28 | was anybody in sequel Street was at conference. And, uh, keep |
|
| 68:34 | was Why? Didn't know. I vaguely. The supervisor, Pete McKay |
|
| 68:38 | Peter done a postdoc it. McMaster Keith had just finished his PhD with |
|
| 68:44 | Mackay, looking at Floreal Systems and Parrots Plateau, and we were all |
|
| 68:49 | to sequence photography. And and following meeting, Keith and P were asked |
|
| 68:56 | write sort of a synthesis of the of the art of Peruvian sequence |
|
| 69:01 | following the publications of the Exxon group the very late eighties and early nineties |
|
| 69:08 | resulted in the textbook that life assigned the class. Uh, Andi, |
|
| 69:14 | was key sort of general model for . You'll sequence photography. So in |
|
| 69:20 | Middle East got a base level curve you consider Take that with whatever grain |
|
| 69:28 | want. Anyway, um, so got low sea level on the right |
|
| 69:33 | the left. So you're here. clearly the following stage kind of low |
|
| 69:37 | to rising stage that a period of rapid based level rise into the High |
|
| 69:43 | and then ultimately going into the next stab of base level. And so |
|
| 69:48 | the left right, he shows a shoreline stacking that you might expect as |
|
| 69:53 | consequence of these sea level, increments. So here we have the |
|
| 69:57 | forced aggression recording the period of seal well familiar with that. Then we |
|
| 70:03 | a transition from a programming to degrade perhaps back stepping, marking the low |
|
| 70:08 | going into the transgressive systems tracked in retro traditional set of Paris sequences and |
|
| 70:14 | transgressive systems tracked on then aggregation of or a P as we go into |
|
| 70:20 | next to the next high staff. . So again, you know, |
|
| 70:27 | a lordy uh, p a. you be low stand, are |
|
| 70:38 | And then a p for the next Systems tracks right on the on the |
|
| 70:45 | the left hand side, he sort shows what he thinks the rivers |
|
| 70:48 | So German falling stage, we have of the river. Okay, |
|
| 70:56 | uh, way back, you put little terrorist deposit, so he implied |
|
| 71:01 | the rivers fell and maybe a little of river river terrorist deposit could be |
|
| 71:05 | be preserved during the falling state. falling stage terrorists and then the the |
|
| 71:11 | at the bottom of the valley of end of the period of fall. |
|
| 71:15 | he points out that, uh, during Valley Valley incision and terrorist formation |
|
| 71:22 | dominated by low, sinuous city high Int Rivers. Okay, so that's |
|
| 71:28 | of a fancy term for a braided . Okay, By the mid |
|
| 71:38 | people were getting a bit nervous about Very simplistic braided, too meandering terminology |
|
| 71:44 | people would talk about most of the Street versus high high school ST |
|
| 71:49 | Oh, uh, then he point that that the valley filling essentially courage |
|
| 71:55 | the low standard transgression. So the cuts and then once the cutting period |
|
| 72:00 | falling stages over, then the river to fill its own valley. So |
|
| 72:05 | get amalgamated Flu Viel channel would fall to channel belts, okay, and |
|
| 72:10 | a part of that during the period rapid rise. That's where we may |
|
| 72:14 | Titley influenced fluid deposits. So that's Thea, the Bay Line entirely influenced |
|
| 72:21 | , starts to be important. And , once the valleys filled the river |
|
| 72:26 | available, Thio the river was so long as the valleys in the |
|
| 72:33 | You know, it doesn't matter how it migrates. Revolts is. It |
|
| 72:37 | get out of out of the valleys . But as soon as the valley |
|
| 72:41 | filled, then the river could be here, right? It doesn't have |
|
| 72:46 | be even close the valley anymore. of course, what the What? |
|
| 72:49 | idea here is that is that the for for for the area that the |
|
| 72:54 | belts can occupy once the valleys filled Theo entire basin on. As a |
|
| 73:02 | , the river just isn't there a of the time. So you get |
|
| 73:04 | mud prone or mud dominated, strata graphic succession. This dark ground |
|
| 73:10 | of says that you know, highly Channel belts are likely to being incised |
|
| 73:15 | on isolated channel belts likely be outside valleys, although he didn't say it |
|
| 73:22 | . Thing assumption is that, you , because of sea level fall grades |
|
| 73:26 | that tends to favor and steep grading . Grady, it's do tend thio |
|
| 73:32 | favor rated steep grades. In high , a man is favored by flat |
|
| 73:37 | radiance and lower discharge. Let me points out that the high standards characterized |
|
| 73:42 | isolated Hyson Yuasa, the flu, channels okay, which is sort of |
|
| 73:48 | fancy way of saying meandering. you know, I don't have major |
|
| 74:00 | with diagram was groundbreaking when it came , but it doesn't imply that you |
|
| 74:04 | that low stand systems tracks are dominated by braided rivers and Hiestand systems. |
|
| 74:10 | dominated by meandering rivers and transgressive Tractor dominated by tidal influence. |
|
| 74:16 | Okay, Yeah. No. Andrew . Not to be out Done. |
|
| 74:22 | is probably one of the better known , alluvial sediment, All just in |
|
| 74:27 | world. Came along and said, , uh um, wait a |
|
| 74:35 | Why don't we just take a Keith is stick to two together. So |
|
| 74:40 | he's got Louisville stacking directly linked to shoreline to a degree, right. |
|
| 74:45 | doesn't show the probation phase, but he shows valley incision with holly Amalgamated |
|
| 74:50 | channels. They get less amalgamated during late load stand into the transgressive systems |
|
| 74:56 | . The maximum flooding surface is commonly by, uh, by high levels |
|
| 75:02 | wetness on the floodplain onda propensity for . Um, and Thea. And |
|
| 75:12 | when you go to high sound systems , you go from low amalgamated to |
|
| 75:16 | Amalgamated Channel. Fills with a corresponding alone, uh, to aggregation |
|
| 75:24 | uh, or aggregation to probe additional succession. So are and then 80 |
|
| 75:31 | . And he doesn't actually show the that might be fed by this even |
|
| 75:35 | out that, you know, at the maximum transgression made and start to |
|
| 75:39 | some, uh, limestone or fossil marking the condensed sections over lane by |
|
| 75:45 | down lap surface. Okay, And then John Van Wagner again not |
|
| 75:59 | be out done. So now we sort of three different different sort of |
|
| 76:03 | of alluvial styles and seeking photography because was sort of a well long |
|
| 76:07 | So, you know, he likes show the sort of the, you |
|
| 76:09 | , the simulated gamma ray response and vertical measured section or core through flu |
|
| 76:15 | systems. And he points out that here we are in the and the |
|
| 76:20 | stance systems tracked. We have highly channels. There we go into the |
|
| 76:26 | stand transgressive systems tracked when we have Coles and and mud prone flu viel |
|
| 76:32 | . Here he calls is the upper stand systems tracks in the lower low |
|
| 76:37 | systems tracks anyway. And then there's sequence boundary here, and there were |
|
| 76:42 | another low stances Subtract that consists of channel belt positive. Okay. And |
|
| 76:49 | he's quite specific. You know, the the low stands are characterized by |
|
| 76:55 | streams. There is braided streams. . And then the upper low |
|
| 77:03 | high standard transgressive systems tracks ah, by single story sand stones. |
|
| 77:10 | that that that are dominated by point . Like, what's the point? |
|
| 77:17 | is associated with what kind of a system Anybody wanna type that in for |
|
| 77:28 | ? Me. And you're exactly So although he doesn't say meandering, |
|
| 77:32 | know, isolated single story, a of creating channel belts, you |
|
| 77:37 | built by point bars. Okay, Ximena River. Okay. And he |
|
| 77:43 | out that during the ultimate high you know, maximum flooding surface, |
|
| 77:46 | get calls and levying over bank. I guess I guess the rivers air |
|
| 77:50 | back step to beat the band. ? Um, so again, once |
|
| 77:54 | , here, you shouldn't have this that that low stands air characterized by |
|
| 77:59 | streams and high stands and transgressive transgressive tracks by meandering streams. Okay. |
|
| 78:07 | amalgamated versus isolated low net to Uh, Fluminense photography. Mhm |
|
| 78:15 | right. Marry it again. Not be out done. Their emphasis was |
|
| 78:19 | looking at the Paleo Sauls is. , wait a minute. It's great |
|
| 78:22 | look at the channel. About About floodplains. What? OFI analyzed |
|
| 78:25 | floodplains in more detail. What have learned from looking at those s |
|
| 78:31 | They said so way haven't talked a about paleo stalls. And I've got |
|
| 78:37 | of that coming up in, in later lectures. So hang |
|
| 78:42 | We'll cover it all before the day over, So Okay, here we |
|
| 78:46 | . You know, the base of low stand systems tracked What surfaces? |
|
| 78:52 | well surface lies at the base of low stance systems tracked. How about |
|
| 78:58 | ? Type that in there. SB good. Yeah. Okay, |
|
| 79:05 | Of course, That's the That's the of valley incision on the inter |
|
| 79:09 | We get a pair your soul. . What this shows is that so |
|
| 79:15 | just use a vertical line to depict paleo soul on the longer the line |
|
| 79:18 | mature, The Paley solid. So shows the paley saw getting a little |
|
| 79:22 | more mature away from the valley Okay, we've got deli and, |
|
| 79:27 | course, which removes apparently Saul and areas where panty songs and positive. |
|
| 79:32 | . And then it shows that as go into the beginning of the transgressive |
|
| 79:37 | tracked, you start to get Paley assault. Okay, that's hydromorphone |
|
| 79:42 | . Right? So that would equal . Okay. And the transfer and |
|
| 79:49 | low stand systems tracked is overland by surface? You'll need to have this |
|
| 79:57 | for the for the exam. What caps the low stand systems tracked. |
|
| 80:04 | wants to weigh in on that It's Christmas. A transgressive surface or |
|
| 80:12 | maximum progressive surface. Their symptoms. , okay. And then he points |
|
| 80:18 | that then they point out that that the transgression, you get thes hydromorphone |
|
| 80:24 | again. The fact that these were means that they're more wet, |
|
| 80:29 | And you go from amalgamated Toe, channel belts. Okay. And |
|
| 80:34 | as you start to get from the , uh, this is a bit |
|
| 80:38 | , and then they sort of show if you go into the transgressive systems |
|
| 80:42 | that someone's get less and less mature all this disappeared completely. Uh, |
|
| 80:47 | you get to the Hiestand systems Now, that's the maximum flooding |
|
| 80:52 | You know, my Andrew output coals . So he would put the most |
|
| 80:55 | penny souls up there so he would from right. Married a little |
|
| 81:00 | And then during the turnaround, you back to fairly souls to get more |
|
| 81:03 | to go upward. So increasing maturity solved going from that within the high |
|
| 81:09 | systems tracked. So that's sort uh, that sort of just indicates |
|
| 81:14 | the soils might vary throughout a flow your sequence. So the idea |
|
| 81:18 | Well, you don't have to just at the channel about you could look |
|
| 81:20 | the songs as well. Now, Hey, Jack and her. Uh |
|
| 81:28 | . Paul was kind of nice And when he was a professor at |
|
| 81:30 | University of Wyoming and man who died , he was He died about my |
|
| 81:34 | , 60 something. He was in field of student, had a heart |
|
| 81:38 | and just dropped in the middle of field in the student had to drive |
|
| 81:41 | out. It was just crazy. , that was maybe 34 years |
|
| 81:45 | Um, Anyway, Ben Sheets was grad student of Crispy Olas was a |
|
| 81:51 | talk with Paul Heller. Nice Anyway, uh, journalists, both |
|
| 81:56 | list teaches that at the at Penn University was doing very well there and |
|
| 82:02 | . So they should have revisited this of what controls the architecture of channels |
|
| 82:07 | versus floodplain in alluvial systems. So the middle of it is the sort |
|
| 82:12 | that the sequence strata graphic model, in size valleys, you get channel |
|
| 82:17 | . Because of the confinement of the in the valleys, those incised valley |
|
| 82:21 | correlate with mature, purely assaults on inter fluids. On the high |
|
| 82:25 | sentiments will be low net to gross high standard transgressive. Uh, but |
|
| 82:31 | also pointed out that you could just an overall change in a combination of |
|
| 82:35 | base of Maybe it's lower substance and subsidence on the lower substance regime will |
|
| 82:40 | calculated by more amalgamation amalgamation. So that that if you remember our block |
|
| 82:47 | Sorry, our box with Fallujah You know we had aggregation or substance |
|
| 82:54 | the horizontal axis. There's to be subsidence going to parade of high subsidence |
|
| 82:58 | wide, which would give you a in the ratio of channel belts to |
|
| 83:04 | plain on. Then they came up another idea. Which, which is |
|
| 83:08 | you know, when rivers are right? Sometimes they'll sort of |
|
| 83:13 | They'll they'll kind of do what's called avulsion in the same place. So |
|
| 83:18 | rivers is there, that it's that it's there. So the river |
|
| 83:23 | kind of always a pulsing in a region, and that's referred to as |
|
| 83:29 | local versus a regional avulsion on that result in in avulsion clusters. So |
|
| 83:36 | sort of a third model for controls amalgamation. Of course, it could |
|
| 83:42 | some that looks like an incised but it's not. Remember I said |
|
| 83:46 | people working on to explain that to avulsion processes? Here it is, |
|
| 83:51 | . So this is the consequence of research that's been done in the last |
|
| 83:56 | years, long since after I began sequence photography to try to bring some |
|
| 84:03 | to the questions of what controls net gross patterns and the overall strata graphic |
|
| 84:09 | in normal influential systems. So, order to test this idea of emotion |
|
| 84:14 | , they used a couple of data . One was from the fairest |
|
| 84:19 | which is, uh, believe it's a scene palley a scene in |
|
| 84:25 | And here's a photograph of the outcrop from an airplane. And then this |
|
| 84:30 | the black just marks the channel You could see this. You |
|
| 84:34 | there's very clear evidence of clustering in . Okay, cluster there. There's |
|
| 84:39 | cluster there on. Then there's some that seemed to be channeled belt |
|
| 84:43 | right. There's another another cluster But it's clear that these words incised |
|
| 84:47 | and said, Well, it's just just just just random avulsion. Or |
|
| 84:51 | this Is there some sort of, , non randomness to the way these |
|
| 84:56 | are divorcing so that they tend to toe to sort of attract each other |
|
| 85:02 | a strange attractor in chaos theory? you're familiar with chaos theory on, |
|
| 85:07 | other example they used was the flume . This is the Jurassic tank |
|
| 85:13 | uh, done. That's Natalie Falls in Minnesota with the lab that Chris |
|
| 85:19 | and before that, Gary Parker used run, and again, you can |
|
| 85:24 | that there is clusters of channels, then there's places where there is relatively |
|
| 85:30 | about free. Okay, then they some statistics. I'm no statistician |
|
| 85:37 | um, you know, just a attention to the to the first set |
|
| 85:41 | boxes in the middle, and then boxes on the right. So on |
|
| 85:45 | lower diagram e, we have a We have extremely high clusters of |
|
| 85:52 | of data with areas in between that clearly repellent. Okay. And so |
|
| 85:58 | we find is that so what we is the variety of sort of geo |
|
| 86:03 | . You look at the narrative, start off by looking at correlations very |
|
| 86:09 | together, and then you look at a little further, apart, further |
|
| 86:13 | , and then even further apart. what? It shows that that when |
|
| 86:16 | correlating over very short distances, you have a very strong positive correlation |
|
| 86:22 | that Reflects the fact that that if have a channel is likely to be |
|
| 86:26 | channel right next to you. But at longer distances, if you have |
|
| 86:30 | channel, you go a bit Distance is a very, very high |
|
| 86:34 | that there won't be a channel next you. So that represents the correlation |
|
| 86:37 | the white spaces. Okay, and then even longer distances, you |
|
| 86:42 | back toe. If There's a uh, here. You know, |
|
| 86:47 | you go about that distance that you'll another cluster of data and so you'll |
|
| 86:52 | another possibility of finding points. So correlation goes positive again. Now, |
|
| 86:58 | in the greatest considered to be Anything outside of the grace non |
|
| 87:02 | So what? So here's an example points and the gray represents. |
|
| 87:09 | uh, the random distribution points on black represents the measurement off the likelihood |
|
| 87:17 | encountering a channel at a given spacing from any given channel. What the |
|
| 87:23 | is is this space and channels here completely around. However, in this |
|
| 87:27 | , you see these clusters. The are those random or non random |
|
| 87:32 | The answer is that is that there a strong positive correlation that's non random |
|
| 87:38 | distances of about 10% of the length the area that's being investigated. |
|
| 87:44 | does that make sense? Yeah. what they did is here is thief |
|
| 87:49 | experiment. And here's the fairest Okay. What they showed is fairest |
|
| 87:55 | . A distances of more than about m shows that the these clusters are |
|
| 88:04 | not random because random would be within gray, so they so they show |
|
| 88:08 | there are emotion clusters that occur at intervals of about 103 100 m more |
|
| 88:15 | 200 to 300 m. They showed data for the flume experiments on about |
|
| 88:21 | millimeters. That gives you an idea how big that flew experiment is. |
|
| 88:26 | know that they look pretty around It's it's hard to see any clear |
|
| 88:31 | . Likewise, here you can see clusters, so the human I can't |
|
| 88:35 | random can't tell whether these these data around him or not. And so |
|
| 88:40 | math allows you to decide that. I'm kind of a visual person, |
|
| 88:47 | most geologists are. So let's look the Farron, Davis said. We're |
|
| 88:50 | go into this in more detail in next lecture. We're coming up on |
|
| 88:55 | end, this one just a minute two. And what you can see |
|
| 89:01 | , um, it's beautiful Incised okay, And the incised valley is |
|
| 89:07 | completely filled with channel belts. so that's a tick that fits well |
|
| 89:14 | all the models that I've shown Then you go into transgressive systems tracked |
|
| 89:21 | the coals. So that fits well wet floodplains, the coals of Andrew |
|
| 89:26 | , you know, and the mud deposits of Charlene McCabe on. Then |
|
| 89:32 | get up to here. And, , it sure looks to me like |
|
| 89:36 | is some emotion clusters. Okay, tried to do that. The k |
|
| 89:41 | on this data on then you've got where there's no channel. So it |
|
| 89:46 | to me like this very evident thes air clearly not related to deposition |
|
| 89:50 | gonna value. So it looks you know, it looks like that |
|
| 89:54 | way Interpret those according to the fairly sequence materials to sequence boundaries in |
|
| 90:00 | Andi, the low stance systems tractors confined on that goes into transgressive systems |
|
| 90:06 | the blue actually represents a little indications marine title faces and marine burrows with |
|
| 90:15 | maximum flood indicated by the title faces , then to turn around into a |
|
| 90:20 | clustered, more channel rich faces, not as channel riches to confine |
|
| 90:25 | So we were pretty excited that you that that the Farron data set looks |
|
| 90:30 | it matched pretty well with the secret . Graphic models assed proposed by all |
|
| 90:37 | folks I've told you before, so looks like it worked. Worked pretty |
|
| 90:40 | , okay, there's used to blow . That sort of emphasizes that the |
|
| 90:44 | between an emotion cluster which is still less amalgamated than the than the valley |
|
| 90:54 | . So I don't know the last last couple slides. Ah, lot |
|
| 90:57 | non marine sequence Photography has been done Foreland basins for better for worse, |
|
| 91:02 | because the rocks of the Cretaceous Foreland are just so well exposed, easily |
|
| 91:09 | and studied by many in places like , where I also have done a |
|
| 91:13 | of work. And so here's a section of ah Foreland Basin. |
|
| 91:19 | Going from the thrust sheets to the bulge which is a narrative net |
|
| 91:25 | and Henry Postman Tear. And in late George Allen pointed out that adjacent |
|
| 91:29 | the thrust sheets, you get the of maximum subsidence. Okay, The |
|
| 91:35 | decays as you move away from the sheets. Now that's different from a |
|
| 91:40 | margin where subsidence is greatest seaward and gets less and less until you |
|
| 91:47 | to the hinge. Okay, where will be effectively very low. And |
|
| 91:54 | point out that that if you have , um, if you have, |
|
| 92:04 | , fall or if you have rises falls of sea level Okay, |
|
| 92:10 | so here's time 123456 and seven. , so there's the maximum period of |
|
| 92:15 | and so on, so forth. point out that that in zone |
|
| 92:22 | if there is an absolute fall of level, you'll get a relative |
|
| 92:27 | But they point out in zone A the substances so extreme, even if |
|
| 92:31 | levels falling, you'll still have increased accommodation. What that means is that |
|
| 92:37 | is that the Staten Effluvia systems here be quite different than what you see |
|
| 92:41 | Zone B, where a relative where fall of sea level will be expressed |
|
| 92:47 | a relative fall see them because the is too low to overwhelm the the |
|
| 92:55 | drop of you static sea level. is his own A. The substance |
|
| 92:59 | so high that even though sea levels status levels dropping the basement floors dropping |
|
| 93:05 | than sea level. Hence the concept relative see them and finally point out |
|
| 93:11 | that that and then and then they this back to examples In the book |
|
| 93:16 | , they said, Well, in A. What's gonna happen is a |
|
| 93:19 | is going to be always increasing, it will be increasing rapidly, then |
|
| 93:25 | the slow down, but still be and then speed up again. So |
|
| 93:29 | you might expect is a transition from channel bouts to cluster channel bouts back |
|
| 93:35 | separating channel belts. In contrast, Zone A because relative sea level eyes |
|
| 93:42 | falling, you get a forced And assuming this, Nick Points may |
|
| 93:46 | the generation of incised valley on a one sequence founder anyway. So that |
|
| 93:53 | Henry and Georgia's sort of, interpretation of incised valleys versus clustered alluvial |
|
| 94:01 | in the foreign basement posits that that be blunt, everybody else had been |
|
| 94:09 | on, and neither Henry nor George ever worked on the book Cliffs. |
|
| 94:13 | only project Henry didn't book Cliffs was me that was on the Panther tongue |
|
| 94:18 | when we were all all of our together and it was his audio took |
|
| 94:23 | work on it, but that was only time that I ever knew of |
|
| 94:27 | doing any work out in the book , but obviously been there many, |
|
| 94:30 | times. Okay, Okay, s we're gonna We're gonna stop there. |
|
| 94:35 | know. We're only at 27 Nevertheless, that's the end of the |
|
| 94:39 | Electric. A few Flavio. So here again. I can't believe that |
|
| 94:46 | recorded anyway. Okay. Yeah. . That's a quick way to give |
|
| 95:21 | lecture backwards. There we go. . So, thes thes lectures Always |
|
| 95:31 | kind of bigger and bigger every time give them. So this is kinda |
|
| 95:34 | three lectures, all stuff together in medal lecture. Eso we'll see. |
|
| 95:40 | , we'll definitely take some breaks. not gonna go through the whole thing |
|
| 95:43 | one fell swoop. So this is of a long story. I'm trying |
|
| 95:49 | make it short as I can Oh, I don't know. Around |
|
| 95:56 | , maybe the late nineties 1998 There was this new initiative from, |
|
| 96:02 | , the National Science Foundation called Source Sink, and it was put together |
|
| 96:07 | largely by truck. Nick, try who was an oceanographer at the University |
|
| 96:13 | of Washington. Uh, Gary, Parker and Chris Paola are involved there |
|
| 96:19 | flu guys. Bill Dietrich, who's junior fall just at California, |
|
| 96:26 | And, uh, and then some us who work on ancient sedimentary |
|
| 96:29 | And the idea was Toe was trying get get away from just started graffiti |
|
| 96:34 | secrets photography. They cannot, you , just think a little bit more |
|
| 96:40 | about how that the deposition of uh, the deposition of systems relate |
|
| 96:47 | to the hinterland Geology, tectonics and on, uh, a question of |
|
| 96:54 | always interested in making predictions. So just when I got on this when |
|
| 97:00 | was during work on the Farron you know, some colleagues, |
|
| 97:05 | on mobile energy had published a paper that the Farum was analogous in |
|
| 97:12 | The distributor channels in the Farum, 50 m deep. And I |
|
| 97:17 | that just makes no sense to me they can't possibly be that big at |
|
| 97:21 | PG was putting together a volume on fair and sound stone, and they |
|
| 97:25 | asked me if I'd be interested in a paper on sort of and |
|
| 97:30 | And, you know, I've done dork in the Pharaoh. I |
|
| 97:32 | sounds like a kind of a cool . And we were going crazy in |
|
| 97:37 | Bay field in Alaska, trying to out how big, damn big the |
|
| 97:40 | walls. Or how big the damn walls, you know, because it |
|
| 97:43 | critical to understand the width of the plains that controlled fluid flow for the |
|
| 97:49 | wells and infill drilling that we were to to maintain the recovery out of |
|
| 97:55 | super giant oilfields. And so I , you know, if this was |
|
| 97:59 | qualitative, it's a banana over What does that do with size of |
|
| 98:03 | river and the width of the channel like, I just, I realized |
|
| 98:07 | we had a really inadequate. We even have a good terminology to describe |
|
| 98:12 | deposits in a way that could give an actual idea if their scale. |
|
| 98:17 | at that time I was working with and they need to know what's and |
|
| 98:20 | . They needed the dimensions, of , in the core, you |
|
| 98:23 | you've always got the thickness. What don't know is the width right. |
|
| 98:27 | so the question is, Are there relationships? Comey Could. We looked |
|
| 98:30 | the thickness of the political channel making about its lateral dimensions, you |
|
| 98:35 | and part of that comes back to slide I showed you, whether it |
|
| 98:39 | , whether revolts is but the size river also, you know. But |
|
| 98:43 | you have a 50 m thick stack river deposits like, is it theoretically |
|
| 98:48 | for there to be river that big that basin at that time? And |
|
| 98:52 | that got me thinking, thinking about and logs on scale down logs on |
|
| 98:58 | led me to sort of this source think a group of researchers. And |
|
| 99:04 | , you know, 20 years it's It's a pretty entrenched concept. |
|
| 99:10 | part of the concept is put together this diagram from Mike Bloom and 20 |
|
| 99:16 | A toward your 20 fist. That's tongue twister. I'll tell you, |
|
| 99:22 | and this was his power tools, for sentimentally systems. So on the |
|
| 99:29 | model, we have a vacuum so C number falls and you simply |
|
| 99:34 | the settlements out of the incised Dump it onto a fan. In |
|
| 99:38 | lower model, you have a conveyor where you've got settlement being derived from |
|
| 99:44 | in an upstream sink it's conveyed through system and delivered to the downstream |
|
| 99:50 | For fan on that delivery occurs regardless whether sea levels higher, low. |
|
| 99:57 | of course, the size the basement found is much bigger because the whole |
|
| 100:01 | to sync system is bigger. Onda course. One of my interest |
|
| 100:07 | like, Well, you know, we have information on on where the |
|
| 100:11 | channels are in a sedimentary basin, we can predict what the size and |
|
| 100:17 | of the down the downstream deltas and might be. Maybe, Maybe, |
|
| 100:21 | if you know how big the trunk is. We could actually guess how |
|
| 100:24 | the drainage basin waas the area that collecting the water. One of my |
|
| 100:31 | students, Cornell, Larry, you working on this on. We were |
|
| 100:37 | interested in scales of distribution channels, , uh, I'll give you the |
|
| 100:42 | of of our research in the third of this talk on. Once |
|
| 100:49 | the problem became, If you're in , how do you know if you're |
|
| 100:52 | the trunk valley, a tributary Valley channels or the flow of the part |
|
| 100:58 | the system on, uh, you , can you distinguish these kinds of |
|
| 101:05 | in the ancient rock record, how different the fill types different. We've |
|
| 101:10 | talked a little bit about how once get into the Delta and things, |
|
| 101:14 | bay Line and back water could have big control on the behavior of the |
|
| 101:18 | channels that fundamentally controls their net to right, stacking with sand vs |
|
| 101:23 | which is what you're trying to Thio to make it to make an |
|
| 101:27 | . The restaurant quality. Okay, is a dog comes from larger and |
|
| 101:34 | , and it just shows that this of horizontal and vertical resolution you might |
|
| 101:38 | with the different kinds of data that confronted with. So you're depending on |
|
| 101:42 | scale of outcrops. You know, typically have very good vertical resolution, |
|
| 101:47 | know, because that crop could be high and you can see millimeter grains |
|
| 101:52 | outcrop right on resolution can be upto of kilometers. If you have places |
|
| 101:58 | the Book Cliffs of Utah, where see hundreds of kilometers long continuous cliffs |
|
| 102:04 | expose all the geology course tend to you a very good vertical resolution, |
|
| 102:10 | on how much cores drilled But, know, you want to get about |
|
| 102:14 | centimeters of information in the width of core, right? Wine logs don't |
|
| 102:18 | give you any more information about but they, you know, they |
|
| 102:22 | . They can penetrate thousands of meters sediment. And, of course, |
|
| 102:26 | is a limitations on the fitness of that are, well, lock an |
|
| 102:29 | . Okay, on, then you into incised valleys. Okay, |
|
| 102:34 | you know, scours terrorists and channel belts, values thes air, |
|
| 102:38 | scales of things that make deposits and . And, yeah, you could |
|
| 102:43 | scours and outcrops. So what sort show is that? Almost all of |
|
| 102:47 | things can be seen outcrops if they're . Ah, conventional seismic data is |
|
| 102:53 | for imaging channel balance and valleys, isn't very good for the smaller scale |
|
| 102:58 | . Okay, so it just it makes makes it clear that not all |
|
| 103:02 | are able to distinguish all elements of strata graphic system. Uh, I |
|
| 103:11 | think I've shown you these diagrams to . If you were taking a a |
|
| 103:14 | on reservoir characterization of reservoir modeling, spend a lot of time on |
|
| 103:18 | Ah, lot of folks have compiled like this. There's lots of them |
|
| 103:23 | literature. This is just one of at the compile with versus thickness. |
|
| 103:30 | . And this includes the, most of these polygons come from Martin |
|
| 103:37 | data set and attitude by Mike But what it shows is the typical |
|
| 103:43 | . Wits of channel fills versus child versus paleo valleys. Okay. And |
|
| 103:51 | these thes thesis this paint in this area represents day. That was similar |
|
| 103:56 | that was collected by Martin nibbling in 2006 paper in the journal Senator Research |
|
| 104:02 | I was the associate editor on. I'm pretty familiar with that paper. |
|
| 104:07 | he showed is that you know It sort of makes sense. |
|
| 104:12 | You know, if you have a , Okay, then, uh, |
|
| 104:19 | cuts a hole, and it fills up. Okay, So the thickness |
|
| 104:25 | channel fills and channel belts, You know, And if the river |
|
| 104:30 | , it makes a wider channel But the thing is, the belt |
|
| 104:34 | fixed by the debt for the So what this shows is that channel |
|
| 104:38 | and channel fills have the same thickness because the belt simply records the migration |
|
| 104:46 | a channel. Okay. Valleys, , occupy different regime. They're both |
|
| 104:53 | and deeper. That's because when you a valley, it fills up with |
|
| 104:59 | channel stories, and it contains channel and several of them. So general |
|
| 105:05 | with the depth tends to be bigger channel belts and channel fields. So |
|
| 105:11 | is a way of saying, you know, if you have something |
|
| 105:14 | wide and relatively thin, it's probably belt. If it's if it's, |
|
| 105:20 | it's very narrow that it could be fill and of its very wide and |
|
| 105:25 | thick, then it's more likely to about, Um, Now, if |
|
| 105:33 | know something about the actual depth of channel, you can also use these |
|
| 105:37 | these diet data. I'll also say shallow channels produce narrow bat bodies and |
|
| 105:43 | channels, right, and likewise, channels produce smaller channel belts, and |
|
| 105:49 | channels produce bigger channel bills. So positive correlation on these diagrams says, |
|
| 105:54 | you know something about the depth of river you could put, you could |
|
| 105:58 | constraints on the on the maximum with likely, and this is critical for |
|
| 106:04 | interpretation. Right? So how would use that? Let's say that you're |
|
| 106:08 | a reservoir and you decide that the air about. Let's see here. |
|
| 106:16 | m deep. Okay, so that us out here. Okay? And |
|
| 106:21 | I can I'm gonna just take all all this racist. Leave us |
|
| 106:25 | Right? So So you have a that's a 5 m deep channel. |
|
| 106:31 | There we go. That's 5 Okay? And then you can |
|
| 106:36 | Well, general, you know the . The most likely width of a |
|
| 106:46 | that's 5 m deep is 10 20 30 m wide. Okay, Most |
|
| 106:54 | the maximum for that depth could be m wide. But that would be |
|
| 107:01 | . Okay for for, uh for belt. Okay, that's 5 m |
|
| 107:09 | theme. The the 5 m deep . The width could be up to |
|
| 107:16 | kilometer, or it could be a as 200 m, so 200 m |
|
| 107:24 | 1000 m, so that would be width of the wits for 5 m |
|
| 107:33 | deep would be on that scale. let's say that you had a five |
|
| 107:39 | fix sandstone and you said, I it's a channel on you match it |
|
| 107:43 | you told me it was 10 kilometers . I would say, Well, |
|
| 107:47 | know, that would put it up and that's there's There's no data in |
|
| 107:54 | range. So I think that you're , right? Sorry. Not |
|
| 108:00 | I think you're wrong. And you're overestimating the the probability. Like you |
|
| 108:12 | you don't p 90 you don't p European 1000. You know, there's |
|
| 108:17 | a one in a million chance that 5 m deep channel could produce a |
|
| 108:20 | about 10,000. You just what right's data at mater or or ancient that |
|
| 108:28 | allow that interpretation to occur. So kind of these kind of compilations of |
|
| 108:34 | wits put constraints is toe how extensively should correlate a sand body. |
|
| 108:40 | So look at this diagram when you your exercises. Your last two |
|
| 108:45 | right? I've got a lateral scale that cross section on. You've got |
|
| 108:49 | vertical scale. So look at the of the defining upward units that you |
|
| 108:53 | a channel fills and say Okay, based on data Cherries slide that he |
|
| 108:58 | us. How wide could they Could they be a kilometer wide or |
|
| 109:02 | a few 100 m more likely or few tens of meters? Right. |
|
| 109:06 | that's the way you use these diagrams to put constraints or limits on reasonable |
|
| 109:15 | for sentiment bodies. Given something about deposition environment, I'm gonna take a |
|
| 109:22 | there because I want you to remember number two. Step one was get |
|
| 109:28 | big picture. Step two was was observed the deposition environment. And see |
|
| 109:34 | that puts constraints on how you should things that includes you know how lottery |
|
| 109:42 | would have given faces be if you a compilation like this and they're compilations |
|
| 109:48 | this for Shadow Marine sound volleys for water systems. Um, so there's |
|
| 109:54 | , you know, and I haven't time this plateau to show you all |
|
| 109:58 | X Y plots. There's lots of available literature, and you need to |
|
| 110:02 | aware of them. If you're in game of making predictions about how extensive |
|
| 110:07 | bodies are on, brother or you can correlate them in any given |
|
| 110:12 | . Set touches a Well, log set. Do you think you can |
|
| 110:18 | question real quick? Do you Do you think that s so We |
|
| 110:23 | this exact figure two. We We had an entire valley like play |
|
| 110:28 | , and we use that figure to based on, like, the G |
|
| 110:33 | . Do you think that's a proper of it as well as to kind |
|
| 110:35 | use that figure as a as We made the interpretation. We've drawn |
|
| 110:38 | the geo body, and we This is what we think. We |
|
| 110:43 | it's an inside valley fill, Do you think that's the right the |
|
| 110:46 | ? Right? Way to use it well, Or is it mainly used |
|
| 110:48 | just, uh, you know, sure you're within the reasonable limits for |
|
| 110:55 | , I mean, so the Giblin shows, Uh uh, coastal plain |
|
| 111:02 | in that region. Bedrock valleys were exploring for, you know, you're |
|
| 111:06 | not looking for oil and gas and . Um, uh, you |
|
| 111:10 | obviously it's a huge scatter, You know, But nevertheless, you |
|
| 111:16 | , if you got data here, wouldn't fit with any of the with |
|
| 111:22 | analog data sets right? So if interpretations showed a point here, a |
|
| 111:27 | manager saying, Well, that's not outside anybody's you know, uh, |
|
| 111:32 | know anybody's interpretation? Likewise, if had a, you know, value |
|
| 111:36 | was 10 m thick and you wanted have it to be, you |
|
| 111:41 | 100 kilometers wide. Again, a manager say, Well, that's you |
|
| 111:45 | , And if you're on the you know, s So let's say |
|
| 111:48 | you plot there. Well, you're the edge of the data, so |
|
| 111:50 | possible. But, you know, it likely right? So again, |
|
| 111:55 | , you know, it s so how you should use that. Just |
|
| 111:57 | of just sort of say, you know where if it's in the |
|
| 112:01 | of the cluster, say yeah, know, there's lots of other examples |
|
| 112:04 | that, you know, it's certainly reasonable for you to say, and |
|
| 112:07 | Valley could have those dimensions. So , the answer to your question is |
|
| 112:14 | a big yes, right? And course, we also talked, talked |
|
| 112:17 | the fact that the backwater limits can big controls on channel belts, and |
|
| 112:22 | know kind of review that, Mike Bloom also also point out that |
|
| 112:30 | know, the nature of the connectivity river systems is really dependent on what |
|
| 112:40 | of climate regime urine globally. So a icehouse time, when you have |
|
| 112:47 | high frequency and high amplitude glaciation ins caused sea level rises and falls of |
|
| 112:56 | m, you know, during high levels you'll have a bunch of separate |
|
| 113:01 | systems, so separate source to sink . Okay, but lo stand, |
|
| 113:08 | have the opportunity to converge. And you get much bigger source to sing |
|
| 113:13 | So isolated, separated source to sing in high stand and at no |
|
| 113:17 | you get you get amalgamated source to systems where, as you point out |
|
| 113:21 | during greenhouse times, we have low sea level, you know, |
|
| 113:26 | that change is not very big, you'll only ever get isolated Sources sing |
|
| 113:33 | . It doesn't matter if your high low stand you only ever get |
|
| 113:37 | Small sources saying systems. Okay, let's start example, New Zealand is |
|
| 113:44 | small scale source to sync system. there is the the New Zealand |
|
| 113:52 | Okay, they hear the Canterbury planes you have a series of isolate rivers |
|
| 113:58 | that are feeding the coast. And in high stand conditions, right? |
|
| 114:04 | , at the, uh, Shell off here someone. But even if |
|
| 114:08 | never dropped, you know, it's unlikely that he was all that thes |
|
| 114:14 | meet you. And there's a big there, so it's likely that the |
|
| 114:17 | source to sink systems would persist even the sea level drop. In |
|
| 114:23 | here's the Ganges bomb approach. A larger scale system. Look how all |
|
| 114:27 | rivers are joining together, right to one mega or state system, |
|
| 114:33 | of course, produces from the largest systems in the world. Okay, |
|
| 114:38 | I went ahead and tried to do analysis in deep time by looking at |
|
| 114:43 | evolution of drainage in the North in America. And so here is the |
|
| 114:49 | to say, uh, painting drainage for the Triassic. And there is |
|
| 114:54 | transporation system. There's 1000 kilometer So there's a three or 4000 long |
|
| 115:00 | system. The Fed, the Prudhoe field, Alaska. That's a big |
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| 115:05 | with 24 billion barrels along with Yeah, during the late Jurassic Continental |
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| 115:13 | , system. What's the drainage Was the Appalachian Mountains with rivers flowing |
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| 115:18 | from from the athlete from the Canadian , the emerging severe or genic mountain |
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| 115:26 | during the closing of during the, , the impact of the Pacific Plate |
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| 115:32 | North America on that created an enormously delta system that correlates the 60 |
|
| 115:43 | 74 trillion barrels oil, oil 74 trillion barrels of oil in the |
|
| 115:50 | sands. Right. That's a ridiculous . Okay, a supposed to 24 |
|
| 115:57 | in the improved of a field. . This is one of the largest |
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| 116:00 | accumulations in the world. On of . Uh, that persisted. Sorry |
|
| 116:08 | this is the actual, uh, late Jurassic. But that configuration persisted |
|
| 116:12 | the way to the Akkadian. that this is the McMurray's. That's |
|
| 116:17 | actual in the oil sands, mostly these mega valleys. Thes massive large |
|
| 116:22 | hosts the oil sounds of reserves are is that trillion books? That's proven |
|
| 116:30 | , I think 74 trillion barrels. some question about how much that is |
|
| 116:34 | , but I think that's about That's crazy. Yeah, And it's |
|
| 116:38 | . Yeah. Yeah. So would give me a sec here. Little |
|
| 117:00 | trouble. Okay, on, Here is the on. Of |
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| 117:14 | Then we have this, uh, this quotation steal a okay. And |
|
| 117:18 | trans come from now just still high dry on the earliest sentimental funny opens |
|
| 117:23 | in the Caronia. Now we go into the That's sort of the heart |
|
| 117:29 | case, right? So now we've to an integrated single source to sing |
|
| 117:34 | on. Now we have just a of isolate source to sing systems feeding |
|
| 117:39 | series of separate disconnected Delta's during the quotations on all of these represent petroleum |
|
| 117:47 | . But they're much smaller, you . And one of the biggest oil |
|
| 117:51 | in in Alberta is the two billion cardio field. That's trivial compared to |
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| 117:58 | 74 trillion barrel of oil sex. think I got that. Anyway, |
|
| 118:06 | then that persists throughout the deposition of late Cretaceous. And then finally, |
|
| 118:12 | , the Pacific Ocean goes from steep flat slab subduction. Uh, this |
|
| 118:17 | begins to lift up Seaway drains and now we get a new set |
|
| 118:23 | drainage in which the drainage divide is shifted. Used to be where the |
|
| 118:28 | are now. It's just south of Canada U S border. And you've |
|
| 118:32 | this, uh, this draining system sort of Canada, uh, into |
|
| 118:37 | into Hudson's Bay. Okay, that's flooded now. But that was operative |
|
| 118:42 | the last glacial maximum, and then basically the modern Mississippi drainage that |
|
| 118:47 | you know, massive amazing petroleum reservoirs the Gulf of Mexico. Everything from |
|
| 118:53 | Frio Delta's to go from Mexico deep . And so you know, the |
|
| 118:58 | scale sources in considerations drive the predictions the size and scale of the petroleum |
|
| 119:05 | in this case, particularly the conventional deposited by the sediment eroded from these |
|
| 119:12 | drainage areas on these produced much much bigger ah, petroleum reservoirs. |
|
| 119:19 | at times when the great agency was . However, if you're looking at |
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| 119:29 | , which is better, so here got a seaway with very little classic |
|
| 119:34 | multiple opportunity for organics, morals, so things like the Eagle Ford the |
|
| 119:41 | on the marry represent potential quotation source , right? Eso I'm not saying |
|
| 119:49 | these things small things, small source sink systems are good or bad, |
|
| 119:55 | they do invite the possibility of shallow sea way that goes anoxic times |
|
| 120:01 | give opportunities for source rock. of course, source rock is |
|
| 120:08 | Okay, so that's kind of part of this talk, okay? And |
|
| 120:14 | been going for about 25 minutes, I'm gonna give you a little introduction |
|
| 120:19 | Incised Valleys. I've already begun with With the first part of the With |
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| 120:26 | Last Talk, I gave you some of introduction of fluids to trigger a |
|
| 120:29 | . So we're gonna look incised valleys just a little more detail. So |
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| 120:33 | Here's the Grand Canyon, the granddaddy all canyons. There it is. |
|
| 120:41 | , it's about a mile deep. about 1615 100 m deep. There's |
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| 120:46 | call of a river flowing at the of the Grand Canyon. So the |
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| 120:51 | Canyon is indeed in size Valley, the river cuts down primarily because the |
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| 120:57 | Plateau lifts up, and so the has no choice. Okay, so |
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| 121:02 | than a knick point driven a river , this is driven by wholesale uplift |
|
| 121:08 | A because of tectonics off the Colorado . So a valley is an elongate |
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| 121:17 | all feature or geum or FIC feature is significant. That is significantly deeper |
|
| 121:23 | the river that now occupies it. za consequence. The walls of the |
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| 121:30 | do not routinely flood. So the River could flood, you know, |
|
| 121:35 | maybe maybe, uh, during a , maybe during a flood. You |
|
| 121:52 | , the water might get up to ? No, but the walls, |
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| 122:01 | county up there, there's no way Colorado River water could rise 1600 m |
|
| 122:08 | any circumstances. Right? Okay. , when size valleys were sort of |
|
| 122:17 | interpreted by, you know, the of first batch of excellent models, |
|
| 122:24 | idea is that, you know, when, based on the falls, |
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| 122:27 | during the fourth progression the rivers everywhere sized, forming a series of shelf |
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| 122:33 | deltas, you may get nick Point that the shelf edge forming a submarine |
|
| 122:38 | that allows settlement Tiu certainly turn on floor fans and slope fans. So |
|
| 122:44 | are the reservoir targets, uh, we thought to represent the forced, |
|
| 122:48 | phase or early low stand of the the sequence. Photography of the sequence |
|
| 122:54 | marks right. And the idea is the entire Samaria. Land spake escape |
|
| 122:59 | degradation all an interesting there was never much, you know, although this |
|
| 123:04 | so is yellow, You know, idea that the rivers might might shift |
|
| 123:09 | and right leaving their departments behind is laterally. Migrate wasn't really well captured |
|
| 123:15 | this diagram. The idea that they flu viel terraces that were preserved during |
|
| 123:21 | falling stages. And I'm gonna criticized pretty, pretty, pretty aggressively a |
|
| 123:28 | bit later. So the idea is is that salable falls the entire, |
|
| 123:34 | , sir, burial system becomes degradation on therefore forms. A surface that |
|
| 123:41 | Chronos photographic significance doesn't mean with surface instantaneously. It just means that that |
|
| 123:48 | the erosion was occurring, there was deposition. So all you ever had |
|
| 123:52 | erosion. Okay, uh, of course, the formation of incised |
|
| 123:57 | , which is the main topic of this afternoon's lecture. Okay, and |
|
| 124:03 | you've got areas in between the river , eso there's a channel here and |
|
| 124:07 | there. And then, you an inter fluid area that would presumably |
|
| 124:12 | apparently sol or or a carbonate setting be a karst. Of course, |
|
| 124:20 | and again. You're probably getting sick tired of seeing this diagram, you |
|
| 124:25 | . But when I show a diagram five different lectures, it's probably because |
|
| 124:29 | think it's an important diagram. we've talked about the mechanisms by |
|
| 124:34 | uh, inside bound valleys initiate when got a seat in the fall that |
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| 124:41 | the neckline that creates nick points that the areas of key erosion. |
|
| 124:47 | on. Of course. You the valley initiates Okay, Uh, |
|
| 124:53 | the time of initial fall, and and then it starts to widen and |
|
| 124:59 | bigger. Okay. And of the developing the valley is controlled by |
|
| 125:05 | . Obviously, obviously, the slope what controls the Knick point. In |
|
| 125:09 | case, we've got an area that in which the drainage basin or the |
|
| 125:13 | all thes irrational valley is growing with here, but not here. And |
|
| 125:21 | may record time. Or maybe this is easier to erode. And so |
|
| 125:27 | thing I point out is that time really critical factor in in size |
|
| 125:31 | The longer the duration of exposure, more time there is for erosion to |
|
| 125:37 | . Therefore, them or extensive the . So Seattle drops and rises very |
|
| 125:43 | , right? Just don't have time the river to do much erosion, |
|
| 125:46 | you get really tiny little balance. if if set up drops, it |
|
| 125:51 | low for a long time, and rod is much later. You've got |
|
| 125:55 | of time for the rivers to spend time eroding, eroding and doom or |
|
| 126:00 | . And remember, the river is narrow band of water, right that |
|
| 126:05 | time to migrate laterally, even if sea levels low and falling, the |
|
| 126:11 | still migrants laterally. The differences during degradation allowing migrating river will tend to |
|
| 126:18 | sentiment mawr, as opposed to during Stand, where it will leave a |
|
| 126:23 | belt on a floodplain deposits. There just some schematic cross sections that |
|
| 126:30 | you know, a river that's not . Then it begins to in size |
|
| 126:34 | whatever reason. So now we've got abandoned floodplain, okay, and then |
|
| 126:40 | . The fall continues. The river deeper, deeper, deeper. Of |
|
| 126:45 | , the old floodplain is exposed, what's interesting is fairly solves that |
|
| 126:49 | There will happen. We'll continue to eroded away because that becomes a local |
|
| 126:55 | point for any water flowing in that's on the floodplain. Okay, so |
|
| 127:00 | see erosion of the fairly solves form this area here. So the most |
|
| 127:05 | , apparently solves, won't be right to the Valley margin. They'll be |
|
| 127:08 | of at some mid into food Now, this diagram. No terrorist |
|
| 127:13 | that, you're showing right. So come back to the idea of terrorist |
|
| 127:17 | in just a bit. And this predicts poor Paley Salt development on the |
|
| 127:22 | margin in this region because that's an of continued degradation and erosion. And |
|
| 127:28 | , of course, we saw uh um the key Shannon Peten K |
|
| 127:35 | in which in which, during, the falling stage, you get largely |
|
| 127:41 | with a little bit of terrorist And in their view, most of |
|
| 127:44 | failed courage during the turnaround from low , toe to toe early rise that |
|
| 127:50 | the values to fill. But once , once the valleys formed, no |
|
| 127:56 | of that valley is shown during the stage. So this is still a |
|
| 128:01 | simple on static model for the formation size balance. So I was visiting |
|
| 128:08 | Paola at his lab in Minnesota and probably would have about 2000 number 3 |
|
| 128:19 | . And I was looking at the , said, Wow, I |
|
| 128:22 | Your flu results show that these incised are eroding throughout the fall to rise |
|
| 128:29 | . And you've demonstrated that the erosion surface produced by your valleys of this |
|
| 128:34 | a way more complicated, the excellent . And you've also shown they're not |
|
| 128:40 | strata graphic that, actually, that means that the that the definition of |
|
| 128:46 | sequence boundary as an un conformity that separates older rocks below from younger rocks |
|
| 128:53 | is incorrect. These sequence boundaries away doctorates The next on realized, I |
|
| 128:58 | , you should publish that. That be a game changing paper. And |
|
| 129:03 | few years later they published. They the paper and so So what they |
|
| 129:08 | is so So what? This diagram gonna I'm gonna go through these steps |
|
| 129:11 | just a bit. So what this shows is there sea level, which |
|
| 129:16 | the dot here, Okay. And see, it's falling Mhm, that's |
|
| 129:21 | most and position, and then it to rise again and then eventually comes |
|
| 129:27 | to where it waas okay and what noticed with it. There's a lot |
|
| 129:31 | lateral migration versus you know, the rose by both lateral migration and down |
|
| 129:38 | . So the idea that the river into the side of the valley they |
|
| 129:43 | was important as the river is cutting down okay, they also point. |
|
| 129:50 | also notice that erosion could occur during the fall and rise of base |
|
| 129:55 | so valley gets cut and then a river rises. It continued to cut |
|
| 130:02 | , so you tend to get more of the valley during the rising stage |
|
| 130:07 | deepening the valley during the falling stage the final, the final erosion surface |
|
| 130:15 | refer to as a strata graphic valley never had a GEUM or FIC |
|
| 130:21 | which, if you flew over that in time, you'd never see this |
|
| 130:25 | hole. Right on that big hole the ground is what was predicted by |
|
| 130:29 | Shandy McCain model and by the Exxon , they said, that model is |
|
| 130:36 | . There's no such thing is a hole in the ground on that led |
|
| 130:39 | watch John Harbor. Can I call couple contrary. Okay, so now |
|
| 130:43 | gonna go through that those slides But rather than explain them all in |
|
| 130:48 | slide, I'll show them with a movie. And this movie was put |
|
| 130:52 | by a graduate student of mine. here we are at high stance. |
|
| 130:55 | just watch the red dot that tells where you're on the relative sea level |
|
| 130:59 | . So it's high sea level up , and it's low sea level of |
|
| 131:03 | bottom. Okay, So, rising level towards the top, and we'll |
|
| 131:07 | you the size of the area and straight up. Okay, that forms |
|
| 131:13 | subsequent valley, Phil. Okay, exist is eroded strata green would be |
|
| 131:19 | filled on day, and then the line represents the topography, the incised |
|
| 131:28 | , and the red represents the actual graphic erosion surface. So this is |
|
| 131:33 | you actually find in the ancient Graphic record. Okay, so step |
|
| 131:38 | , we got fall of sea level we see, uh, narrowing and |
|
| 131:43 | off the area that's eroded. Then get continued fall when we get continued |
|
| 131:51 | and deepening of the area. That's . Uh, then we get to |
|
| 131:56 | stand and now we see a little more deepening. But now we see |
|
| 132:02 | widening. So the river is able both cut deep and erode ladder and |
|
| 132:08 | a sea of arises. We began get filling of the of the of |
|
| 132:13 | lowest valley and continuing erosion of the margins. So it continues to |
|
| 132:21 | let me get more. So now get the second phase of Valley |
|
| 132:24 | and now the river is sort of sort of neutral level. And once |
|
| 132:28 | it continues to road the valley So there we get the inside value |
|
| 132:35 | the red erosion surface. But the has been deposit over a longer period |
|
| 132:40 | time on the width of the valley not represent the width of maximum, |
|
| 132:45 | out of sea level. It represents surface that's evolved over time Azaz as |
|
| 132:51 | river has cut down and dug okay. And so that led to |
|
| 132:56 | they call a strata Graphic valley. there it is, up there strata |
|
| 133:01 | valley on. That's different from the valley, which would be that feature |
|
| 133:07 | that would be the largest topographic valley was ever produced as opposed to strata |
|
| 133:12 | value, which is the red surface makes sense to everybody. Okay, |
|
| 133:23 | , this is the diagram that really to me. I was like, |
|
| 133:25 | , that's that's this Just a game , in my opinion. So this |
|
| 133:30 | a cross section, You're familiar with things now, And it shows, |
|
| 133:35 | , you know, an incised Okay? And it's got some deposits |
|
| 133:40 | top of it. And then there's of a bypass area. We talked |
|
| 133:44 | that last class a little bit, ? And then we've got the delta |
|
| 133:49 | that's being fed by that river. , so this black surface here sort |
|
| 133:56 | correlates with that dash surface there. Sandee Chan, one is feeding Delta |
|
| 134:03 | one. Okay, then we drop levels. Okay, because it was |
|
| 134:10 | now we're in a forced aggression. ? And so now we So that |
|
| 134:15 | , for various reasons, is Okay, we get new incision |
|
| 134:21 | and all this materialism rode away. there's so the river is now |
|
| 134:27 | See what in size? A different to wrote away all this high. |
|
| 134:31 | here too. Right away. This , aggressive delta that was deposited by |
|
| 134:35 | channel. Okay, with sequence. is now overridden. Delta one. |
|
| 134:44 | , so you've got a unit below sequence. Foundry one. Okay. |
|
| 134:49 | then you've got to get above the . Boundary ones. Now you've got |
|
| 134:53 | of the same age one and one the same age, but one over |
|
| 134:57 | the sequence boundary. In a more position on the delta, the Fed |
|
| 135:03 | below the sequence pandering, more distant . That doesn't make any sense. |
|
| 135:07 | sequence Pandurii should separate older rocks below younger rocks above. But this sequence |
|
| 135:14 | separates young rocks above with younger rocks . That makes no sense. |
|
| 135:20 | That's because this red surface is new it's not the same ages that red |
|
| 135:26 | , right? So that's a strata erosion surface, not a topographic erosion |
|
| 135:31 | . It's not krone strata graphically the age. Okay, so we put |
|
| 135:39 | in wheeler space. Okay, here's wheel. A diagram. Eso we |
|
| 135:44 | there's, you know, the strata irrational surface. Okay. And, |
|
| 135:50 | , you know, certainly it Zagat know, Delta one Delta two. |
|
| 135:56 | then there's a delta three here. ? And of course, in this |
|
| 136:00 | diagram that river felt Delta one. that was Delta a then one, |
|
| 136:07 | two is what I meant to So this channel is associate with that |
|
| 136:12 | . Okay, And it's above the boundary. Okay, this channel was |
|
| 136:18 | with Delta two, and that's above sequence boundary. But of course, |
|
| 136:22 | sequence boundary has Delta 21 and two it and channels one and two above |
|
| 136:29 | . And I can nowhere draw a on wheeler spice that separates the old |
|
| 136:34 | above or below from the young rocks . Now this surface in winter space |
|
| 136:41 | the floating rocks and marine rocks. that surface dips, which means it's |
|
| 136:47 | . Okay, in order for this to satisfy the definition of a sequence |
|
| 136:53 | , the well, the well, diagram would have to look like that |
|
| 136:56 | an empty vacuity, which would allow to draw a horizontal line that everywhere |
|
| 137:03 | all the rocks below and younger But that's not the Tom Strata. |
|
| 137:08 | relationships the time strata. Graphic relationships this sandstone below that line that will |
|
| 137:14 | required to be so. This air have to be sentiment free in order |
|
| 137:19 | satisfy the definition of sequence boundaries. , so in some ways, the |
|
| 137:24 | the definition I could I could give a modified definition of a sequence |
|
| 137:29 | A sequence. Boundaries is a surface which the vacuity, uh, cannot |
|
| 137:35 | occupied by sentiment. It's kind of complicated definition, but it actually is |
|
| 137:40 | more correct than the than the the way that many sequence Patties have |
|
| 137:48 | Just just liberty. Assuming that all flu you'll sediments above the erosion surfaces |
|
| 137:54 | much younger when some of the form the same time, the original surface |
|
| 137:59 | on represent old preserved terraces. so let me give you some, |
|
| 138:06 | , one example. So here's a equivocal example of beautiful incised valley. |
|
| 138:13 | , on there is the low stand that feeds. Then we go into |
|
| 138:17 | high stand transgression, and then the sequence boundary falling stage valleys. And |
|
| 138:25 | , don't see the deltas that these . Okay. And so here is |
|
| 138:30 | will of diagram that we put So there is the geology. There |
|
| 138:36 | the wheeler diagram. I appreciate This is a little bit scrunched |
|
| 138:39 | Okay? You may not be able quite see what's going on here. |
|
| 138:42 | I'm kind of blown it up for . And what I've done is plotted |
|
| 138:46 | the various channel belts in the and I mean, I can't draw |
|
| 138:50 | anywhere in this lacuna that separates. only place I could draw on is |
|
| 138:56 | , but that's on top of the stand. But there's no way that |
|
| 138:59 | could draw a horizontal line in the , which is the vacuity plus the |
|
| 139:06 | that separates all the floating above from Delta Marine below. Okay, so |
|
| 139:12 | we have two alternate wheeler scenarios for same data. Thea upper diagram represents |
|
| 139:18 | , a diagram that satisfies the definition sequence boundaries. Okay, here is |
|
| 139:24 | , uh, falling stage systems Right Then there's the low stand. |
|
| 139:31 | , uh, there's the envelope that contains all the valley Phil on this |
|
| 139:37 | . They don't like any of the be older that they were. They |
|
| 139:41 | the but the the the the beginning the formation of the irrational surfaces was |
|
| 139:46 | what is about that time. Even all this stuff has been eroded, |
|
| 139:49 | assumption is that couldn't possibly be any of that age In the lower |
|
| 139:54 | we take away that red line on . Relax the ages of the flu |
|
| 139:59 | channel belts such that you know these belts could feed these. Delta's |
|
| 140:04 | They feed those Delta's we don't But we allow the possibility that there |
|
| 140:09 | be old terrorist deposits within these Valery's za results of preservation of the terrorist |
|
| 140:16 | as the river migrated laterally during the unforced aggression and during the deposition during |
|
| 140:23 | creation off a topographic valley that ultimately a strata graphic valley that has different |
|
| 140:32 | Louisville terrorist deposits in a different So this represents the topographic hypothesis, |
|
| 140:39 | , sort of the strata graphic, hypothesis of a stronger payola. This |
|
| 140:44 | the more conventional secret strata graphic We don't have any 100% way of |
|
| 140:49 | which of these is right. so this is this is still a |
|
| 140:53 | bit up in the air. We done some work on using to try |
|
| 140:57 | , uh, to look at the of the various incised valleys and |
|
| 141:02 | and we see at least two completely zircon populations. She just in the |
|
| 141:07 | fields a far more complicated than anybody . Okay, Now a lot of |
|
| 141:15 | are working on this idea of strata valleys and thinking about the ways that |
|
| 141:18 | form Mike Bloom gotten business in this paper he wrote on incised valleys on |
|
| 141:24 | just points. So here's the you , here's the auction isotope See double |
|
| 141:30 | data for the last 120,000 years. we have a high stand. We've |
|
| 141:35 | to fall, rise, fall, , fall rise, bigger fall and |
|
| 141:41 | the rise back to modern octomom Right? So he says this there's |
|
| 141:46 | ways that these conform. So the diagram he sort of has that the |
|
| 141:51 | , uh, excellent type sequence which you know the strata Graphic Valley |
|
| 141:58 | a time of maximum fall on then then the valley fills up over geological |
|
| 142:03 | , such as this red surface is a scour surface within the valley |
|
| 142:08 | Three alternate view is that you get lesson size valley during an early stage |
|
| 142:13 | fall, with narrowing and deep in valley during the final stage of |
|
| 142:18 | such as you get erosion surfaces and that a different aid, so that |
|
| 142:23 | be a preserved, falling stage. . Okay, on. Of |
|
| 142:27 | this year here is considerably older than unit here. And so this surface |
|
| 142:33 | not one age. Okay, where sequence photography. They would love both |
|
| 142:38 | these surface together and make one sequence and call it synchronous and krone strata |
|
| 142:44 | . When clearly on this diagram, is not okay. And so eso |
|
| 142:52 | scenarios for valley fills formed during low high accommodation settings in which again you |
|
| 142:59 | these highly Diack Hroniss baseball valley filled and eso Mike Bloom sort of use |
|
| 143:08 | strong and Paola model to explain the evolution of valleys in the Gulf |
|
| 143:14 | We started Hiestand with the Orange That's where the river is that the |
|
| 143:20 | stand. Then we get so that's this seat of the curve. So |
|
| 143:28 | get, we get sort of a of slow fall and then final |
|
| 143:32 | rapid fall and then arise. So we have the period of slower |
|
| 143:41 | Eso slow fall here going like to fall and then that the river rises |
|
| 143:47 | begin and then widens as it continues rise and some insight. Yes. |
|
| 143:51 | show much erosion of the old terrorist politics. But way have the evolution |
|
| 143:56 | a rise to fall to rise to this valley filled. Yeah, there |
|
| 144:02 | . The Valley is not one big and then just rapidly feels later. |
|
| 144:08 | one of the criteria for recognizing valley back to some of the basics |
|
| 144:12 | look for evidence of truncation Hello and lap above the valley. And this |
|
| 144:18 | a fairly simple valley. We've got on lapping, fairly muddy filled. |
|
| 144:25 | , this is a diagram I got paying Postman Tear. Who? It |
|
| 144:29 | a pretty good photographer and he was as you would in two Calgary. |
|
| 144:34 | place for geologists. When you fly Calgary, you go over the bad |
|
| 144:40 | , which is where all the all Cretaceous diamonds was found in Alberta. |
|
| 144:44 | you see the Red River. which is incised into the the late |
|
| 144:52 | Horseshoe Canyon. Andrea and Kelly uh, rocks on either side. |
|
| 144:58 | get these beautiful side ranges, You got nick points along the |
|
| 145:01 | margins on. Then there's the main flowing on the floor of the Valley |
|
| 145:06 | for scale. There is a road you can take that road dropped on |
|
| 145:09 | valley and then you could drive down valley And the terror museum is somewhere |
|
| 145:14 | here, If I remember. On Henry began looking looking for examples |
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| 145:21 | this morphology in size with data. an example in the Gulf of |
|
| 145:26 | So this is, uh, probably years old, and we see this |
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| 145:30 | a pretty large river eso here we see the river in the middle. |
|
| 145:35 | , it's about a one kilometer sized . We see this beautiful tributary drainage |
|
| 145:40 | side drainage, filling into the uh, the Andean valley. And |
|
| 145:45 | here's an example from three D seismic from, uh, Alistair Brown. |
|
| 145:51 | , seismic interpretation textbook. So So is relatively easy to see in some |
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| 146:01 | data sets if you've got good three seismic data, but let's review some |
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| 146:06 | the faces criteria. So, typically valleys will be filled by more |
|
| 146:13 | one channel fills. If you have river, okay, and it fills |
|
| 146:18 | . Typically, it shows a, , you know, it's mud |
|
| 146:27 | So typically, a channel will show finding upward facing succession and and and |
|
| 146:33 | finding upward, it indicates the feeling one channel death. Okay, |
|
| 146:38 | valleys typically will show evidence of multiple upwards because they're filled by more than |
|
| 146:46 | Channel belt. Okay, true. so valleys typically have more than one |
|
| 147:00 | . Uh, if you have a , okay, Yeah, that will |
|
| 147:10 | Correcto a floodplain. Just the mannequin . If you haven't sized Valley that |
|
| 147:15 | in a flood plain The valley fail no relation to the floodplain. So |
|
| 147:20 | faces do not interfere into finger the if they're in a valley, unless |
|
| 147:25 | floodplain itself is in the valley. the valleys big enough that they that |
|
| 147:31 | contain a floodplain and a channel belt you can get a floodplain in the |
|
| 147:36 | if the values wide Yes, as talked about values, represent areas where |
|
| 147:43 | got floodplains, uh, that are to the air for long periods of |
|
| 147:49 | they could develop, develop mature, souls. They may have complex |
|
| 147:55 | depending on how close the values and they may have complicated gesturing fills ondas |
|
| 148:02 | just talked about They may they may complex episodes of cut the film and |
|
| 148:08 | incision may increase downstream unless the knick is accounted and then through the incision |
|
| 148:16 | increase away from the knick point. upstream downstream has shown in the Westcott |
|
| 148:22 | that I've shown you several times. is, uh, go back to |
|
| 148:34 | . Yeah, that's that diagram So what that shows is that incision |
|
| 148:38 | maximal here at the knick point, it decreases in the basin on and |
|
| 148:43 | ultimately decreases that the discipline margins of drainage belt. Mhm. So there's |
|
| 148:53 | couple of kind of schematic crossed, , on the right would be incised |
|
| 149:00 | on the left would be single channel , and oh, cool. I |
|
| 149:08 | . I could put a pick that color so you can imagine, you |
|
| 149:12 | , here it might be a well . Okay. Yeah, yeah, |
|
| 149:29 | . So we see a couple pair sequences. We see some Paris sequences |
|
| 149:33 | , Some floodplain. Okay. And this case, the incised valley filled |
|
| 149:42 | in this case could look like So here we have a multistory |
|
| 149:50 | Phil, that's much thicker than the sequences that cuts into. Okay. |
|
| 149:56 | this case, we have a big of sequence, Okay? And then |
|
| 150:02 | have channel. And so we see up, of course, in the |
|
| 150:07 | at about the same scale and hear channels sort of contained within the Paris |
|
| 150:11 | . Here, the valley cuts through Paris sequences, so it's easier to |
|
| 150:17 | . In this case, we've you know, channels that laterally |
|
| 150:22 | Here we have a mirage inal valley again, cutting into Paris sequences that |
|
| 150:29 | has no genetic relationship to. And will see examples of these, |
|
| 150:34 | long correlations as we get into some the upcoming examples. Yes, |
|
| 150:39 | Can you let Joseph back in? , sorry. Of course. |
|
| 150:43 | Yeah. Please. Yeah. And also has the ability to let |
|
| 150:51 | and she's a co host. But easy. It's Yeah, it's easy |
|
| 150:55 | miss that. So thanks for thank keeping on that. I could see |
|
| 150:58 | in front of me, but I'm focused on my slides now. Sometimes |
|
| 151:04 | could represent fairly short falls and Okay, that could result in a |
|
| 151:10 | valley system. You know, that a decision that's a little bit bigger |
|
| 151:14 | the Paris evens. It cuts into as we talked about you could |
|
| 151:19 | you know, compound valley systems with episodes of fill that may reflect, |
|
| 151:23 | know, gradual narrowing and deepening during falling stage and and rising and widening |
|
| 151:29 | the rising stage. In this resulting in a compound valley that consists |
|
| 151:34 | of at least three separate episodes of filled so initial phase a deeply phase |
|
| 151:40 | then a showering phase with with some the oldest terraces well preserved. We |
|
| 151:48 | talked about the Gulf Coast example on here is on, uh, and |
|
| 151:56 | Will uh huh. We're going to to this, uh, you |
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| 152:02 | learned gulf. Maybe we won't just of my slide show to see what |
|
| 152:13 | got coming up anyway. When, , Uh uh back in the |
|
| 152:25 | when people were looking at the river , the ancient, the Trinity River |
|
| 152:31 | in the Gulf Coast, you the the only delta that people knew |
|
| 152:36 | was the Mississippi and, uh and noticed that there are incisions. They're |
|
| 152:44 | the scale of there's 10 m for there, So there are incisions on |
|
| 152:48 | scales about 30 m deep on they to be sort of shifting around, |
|
| 152:53 | ? No one knew the age of , this system and in pink versus |
|
| 153:00 | system orange versus that system in So the assumption is like, |
|
| 153:04 | there is a big 50 m and it's kind of just shifting |
|
| 153:09 | Well, my gloom came along in nineties, he said. Wait a |
|
| 153:13 | . Why is that? A the brasses, rivers, this little |
|
| 153:16 | , tiny thing here, that's the . You know, this is a |
|
| 153:20 | 40 meat meter deep incision that's way than the river. I'm going to |
|
| 153:26 | interpret that as a valley. So one is might reinterpreted this feature as |
|
| 153:32 | valley scale incision because it was multistory than interpreting these things is avulsion, |
|
| 153:39 | said. I think this is basically and reoccupation over a much longer term |
|
| 153:45 | level cycle. So this is multiple of cutting fill with multiple packed |
|
| 153:51 | separate the different episodes of Valley fill over a Malacca climate cycle. Nothing |
|
| 153:58 | do with all the cycle convulsions. the previous job just in the fifties |
|
| 154:03 | interpreted. And of course, Mike sand samples from these different terraces did |
|
| 154:11 | called OS al analysis optically stimulated luminescence get the age of sand stones and |
|
| 154:19 | that they were deposited over tens of of years and in some case, |
|
| 154:23 | of thousands of years demonstrated that these the results of climate cycles, not |
|
| 154:29 | avulsion. Now the other thing he interested in is the evolution of sediment |
|
| 154:36 | through time. Okay, and you the temperature changes basically record that the |
|
| 154:44 | the freezing of the earth going into icehouse culminated with the last glass glacial |
|
| 154:49 | and then the warming as we go the interglacial or inter stadio, reflecting |
|
| 154:54 | modern policy and transgression. And what's in the between the red and the |
|
| 155:01 | curve is the amount of sediment So he shows that the only phase |
|
| 155:07 | decision there isn't much sentiment being Uh, the the sentiment starts to |
|
| 155:14 | during this period of sort of midst falling stage incision. Uh, then |
|
| 155:19 | drops a little bit. Then it . Then it drops a little |
|
| 155:23 | and he said yes during the not as much settlements being created. |
|
| 155:27 | mostly being created when the River is great migrate laterally on. Then they're |
|
| 155:32 | creating a lot more sentiment that's being out of the system. So we |
|
| 155:39 | . Is that is that, you know, they're they're Pete, |
|
| 155:43 | periods of value widening okay on those The value widening period is when the |
|
| 155:49 | being excavated out of the system. when the valley's deepen, there's much |
|
| 155:54 | sediment being produced into the low stance . Again, this is This is |
|
| 155:58 | of counterintuitive, because in the excellent strap model falling stage with everything, |
|
| 156:03 | when all of a sudden it was produced and what bloomed it is by |
|
| 156:08 | attorney systems. And it's actually more that just just because you have falling |
|
| 156:13 | level doesn't mean you're automatically supplying Low stand fans. It depends much |
|
| 156:18 | on whether the rivers are wide name producing sentiment or deepening and simply cutting |
|
| 156:23 | hole. Okay, and it comes to the volume of the air that's |
|
| 156:28 | expanded, which is actually mawr during widening phase and less during the deepening |
|
| 156:37 | . So if we go back and at the, uh, just go |
|
| 156:43 | a little bit, more in So this is the This is the |
|
| 156:46 | isotope curve, which is a proxy sea level change over the last half |
|
| 156:50 | million years. And, you I got very interesting this curve. |
|
| 156:54 | I was like, Well, you , I understand that rivers and size |
|
| 156:59 | nick points were exposed during periods of sea level. But the Exxon curve |
|
| 157:06 | sea level doing this. That this so they say, Well, you |
|
| 157:11 | , that the period of fall is fast. The low stand is prolonged |
|
| 157:17 | period of rises very fast, I , Well, what is the actual |
|
| 157:21 | level curve? Tell us. it shows that this is the wrong |
|
| 157:27 | . So I'm gonna change my color . I'm kind of I don't I |
|
| 157:30 | like that blue color anymore. What? The fraternity data show is |
|
| 157:39 | this idea of, you know, simple sign in So it'll Kik seal |
|
| 157:42 | curve is incorrect. And certainly over last half million years, what we |
|
| 157:47 | is slow Hiccup E falls. that occur over tens of thousands of |
|
| 157:55 | . We get short low staff, ? Or you know, 50 60,000 |
|
| 157:59 | of fall, maybe 5 6000 years low stand, and then the transgression |
|
| 158:05 | in a couple of 1000 years to transgression is instantaneous. The fall is |
|
| 158:10 | prolonged. So I said, you know, about 75% of the |
|
| 158:16 | is consumed by falling stage, And only about our was maybe 10% |
|
| 158:22 | time during transgression on those stands in stands aren't that long either. So |
|
| 158:27 | would that correlate to the deeper time ? Why does everyone assume that sea |
|
| 158:32 | falls of the instantaneous things that just a big hole when the when the |
|
| 158:38 | record tells us that maybe that's not the case. Okay, so the |
|
| 158:44 | bifurcating pattern of the of the attorney Coast, which originally thought to be |
|
| 158:49 | auto genic lateral switching off channels by the blue mark show that actually reflects |
|
| 158:58 | much more complicated, complicated, allergenic that relates to high frequency climate cycles |
|
| 159:06 | Pleistocene glaciation and sea level change. it's a great place to test House |
|
| 159:12 | really operates to a known sea level . Okay, on also shows simple |
|
| 159:18 | . I click Delta Switching model represents overuse of the Mississippi Delta model, |
|
| 159:25 | was the favorite Delta model in the and sixties and seventies. And we |
|
| 159:31 | really begin to change until a we Mawr examples of Delta's to choose from |
|
| 159:37 | God and the development of seeking Okay, uh, so the the |
|
| 159:45 | model, that sort of very popular days is the suturing Valley film model |
|
| 159:52 | this is just an example of the that comes from, uh, Brian |
|
| 159:58 | Bob. Bob Darin was sort of the brains behind the scenes and Ron |
|
| 160:03 | and they all work together on So their idea was seen in the |
|
| 160:08 | , you know, the values And, you know, I don't |
|
| 160:12 | the slide, right? You it's, you know, there is |
|
| 160:15 | So this is a rose Red is just erosion, you know, they |
|
| 160:19 | to put some sort of load Delta is deposited by the excavation of |
|
| 160:24 | valley. So there's something missing Yeah. Then they Then they sort |
|
| 160:28 | stick a river in there, and they put the most stand delta. |
|
| 160:31 | there should be Delta actually falling stage . Then the transgress the mouth of |
|
| 160:37 | valley is closed off and we get classic tripartite valley with the mouth is |
|
| 160:43 | off With a wave dominated barrier, center of the estuary of the valley |
|
| 160:48 | an estuary that's mud filled. And we have a river and delta at |
|
| 160:51 | head of the estuary that will be the Beta Delta. And then some |
|
| 160:56 | time, the whole system comes roaring across during high stand. Okay, |
|
| 161:01 | , this diagram makes no sense to because the high standout is the way |
|
| 161:05 | than the low stand Delta's I'm why would that be? You |
|
| 161:08 | why would the Hiestand Deltas have the in exactly same places? Low standouts |
|
| 161:13 | not way back here, but God, God, God, God |
|
| 161:16 | answer those questions. But a lot people like this small, okay? |
|
| 161:20 | people that may have managed you if were studying in the nineties. |
|
| 161:25 | on it was work work. Back the sixties, that sort of looked |
|
| 161:29 | the three dimensional organization of environments of estuaries that showed that you sort of |
|
| 161:35 | a flu, you tile unit, mixed unit and then a Marine |
|
| 161:41 | That sort of came up with this of tripartite Philip histories with the marine |
|
| 161:45 | middle brackish and and then and then landed flew the land that might |
|
| 161:50 | you know, obey had delta in . There and again, these are |
|
| 161:55 | sort of simplified plan view models with river Beta Delta. The front of |
|
| 162:00 | estuaries closed off and you get the basin, which is predominantly mud |
|
| 162:06 | So you have a sandy, wave transgressive barrier. You get sort of |
|
| 162:10 | mixed head elliptic delta deposit there, into fluted deposits and then the central |
|
| 162:16 | mud stones on. That reflects the you've got river energy coming in at |
|
| 162:21 | end waves. At this end, barrier prevents the waves from getting in |
|
| 162:25 | . And so basically, the energy is low in the middle, so |
|
| 162:29 | becomes a place that's dominated by That position, uh, that contrast |
|
| 162:34 | tide dominate estuaries where the tidal energy enhanced as the title prison is confined |
|
| 162:41 | the value margins that forces mud to deposits. Tidal flats on the margins |
|
| 162:46 | the estuary on the central area to dominated by very good quality title |
|
| 162:52 | That makes a nice reservoir anyway, that that model was very popular back |
|
| 162:57 | the nineties. And that led to sort of cross sections that showed the |
|
| 163:02 | sectional photography of value films. so in the upper diagram, we |
|
| 163:08 | the environmental faces. Okay, With marine sediments at the mouth, that |
|
| 163:13 | be sort of, uh, could marine Deltek and pro delta sediments. |
|
| 163:20 | the central basin mud stones in the with the transgressive Barry Randlett, which |
|
| 163:25 | be a sand unit. That's retro . All that a syriza bay |
|
| 163:29 | Don't effluvia. It's the transgress and regress representing cycles within the valley. |
|
| 163:34 | on. Then the Hiestand system coming on top. Then in the middle |
|
| 163:40 | , they show the system's tracks so they would interpret the falling |
|
| 163:46 | Okay, and low stance systems There's a sequence boundary. There's the |
|
| 163:51 | via red systems coming across the feeding the low stand delta. |
|
| 163:56 | then the orange would represent the transgressive tracked that has a retro gradation. |
|
| 164:01 | stack all the way through. But that's still represents deposition within the |
|
| 164:07 | and then once the valleys filled. this case, the Hiestand settlements come |
|
| 164:11 | across the top, right? So that case, there's a sequence |
|
| 164:16 | There's the transgressive surface on. There the maximum floating surface. The |
|
| 164:21 | The biggest disagreements between this on Exxon that John Van Wagner would put the |
|
| 164:28 | of the of the low stand, , at the top of these retro |
|
| 164:34 | sentiments, because that's the point when value gets filled on the walls of |
|
| 164:38 | flooded the sort of the Darren Boyd and say, Well, but wait |
|
| 164:44 | minute, that's transgressive, Phil. how can the transgressive esta refill not |
|
| 164:50 | part of the transgressive systems tracked? , John Van Wagner and say, |
|
| 164:54 | , because it's it's only based on lap out. It's not based on |
|
| 164:58 | on the actual direction that the faces migrating and the downward books that |
|
| 165:04 | no, we think it should be on the direction of like, you |
|
| 165:08 | , they say, Well, that don't call a transgressive systems track. |
|
| 165:12 | it, call it on lapping systems or something. So anyway, so |
|
| 165:16 | told you that there was debate, debate about how to interpret Valley |
|
| 165:20 | And I'm gonna end that debate on slide to sort of show you how |
|
| 165:26 | the folks that looked at estuaries sort said, Yeah, we think that |
|
| 165:30 | of the estuary Phil should be in transgressive systems tracked. And But I'm |
|
| 165:35 | argued, uh, that that because its position in the fill on his |
|
| 165:42 | out geometry, he feels it should have been included in the low stance |
|
| 165:47 | trapped. I don't think the community embraced the Van Wagoner view in the |
|
| 165:52 | , so I think most people that on size families would interpret the estuary |
|
| 165:57 | as transgressive. And I think that person that was that was aware of |
|
| 166:03 | dilemma of the students was a mayor said, Wait a minute, that's |
|
| 166:08 | operate. That should be retro And that should be all transgressive systems |
|
| 166:11 | . So Emma was struggling to understand finding Upper Valley Phil would be in |
|
| 166:16 | low stand. I'm not the transgressive tracked, and so he was already |
|
| 166:21 | about this argument. So in some , and there, if you if |
|
| 166:24 | really want to push the down interview know, in a well, long |
|
| 166:27 | don't know if the valley fields not Marine. So you could go |
|
| 166:31 | way. You know, the flu part of the Valley Field would be |
|
| 166:34 | most, and and then the marine would be the transgressive systems tracked, |
|
| 166:39 | in a well long with no You don't know if that Phil is |
|
| 166:43 | Sands of alluvial stand. So you know, you have some options |
|
| 166:47 | that, well, log because you have enough information about the exact deposition |
|
| 166:52 | of that blocky sand does that kind makes sense. I know that. |
|
| 166:57 | know, you asked that question a days ago, but this sort of |
|
| 166:59 | us back to that discussion that we back when we were wondering about how |
|
| 167:03 | interpret the blocky Well, log on on the blocky unit finding opportunity on |
|
| 167:09 | well log it does. Thank Good. Good. Now I'm going |
|
| 167:15 | stop there once again. We're going take a break on bond. We |
|
| 167:21 | come back and finish this lecture. , I've got 10 after right |
|
| 167:27 | so let's come back at Let's make a quarter after So just take about |
|
| 167:33 | 11 minute break, if that's Off finishes left. Draw. Um |
|
| 167:39 | , There are a few slides to , but I think the rest electoral |
|
| 167:41 | . Hopefully a bit more quickly on We'll kind of see how we're doing |
|
| 167:45 | the day. Okay. You could where we want to continue lecturing, |
|
| 167:49 | , maybe ended bitterly working exercises or you want to do. So let's |
|
| 167:55 | a break. Come back in about minutes. Anyway, the only solution |
|
| 168:02 | to turn, like the only time turn my computer off and on, |
|
| 168:05 | it's just it's just a camera on , because I don't think it really |
|
| 168:08 | . Uh, the, you there's there's nothing wrong with slides. |
|
| 168:13 | ? Okay. So rather than shut computer down, I think we'll just |
|
| 168:17 | with it on Duh. Yeah. . Let me just kind of get |
|
| 168:24 | here once again. Uh, I got my everything running. |
|
| 168:46 | I'm gonna give you up an example a problem that I grappled with for |
|
| 168:56 | number of years. So there's a . So I finished my PhD in |
|
| 169:08 | and, uh, bye. 1990 old. Um, my PhD supervisor |
|
| 169:18 | doing a new addition of a book Faces Models. That was probably one |
|
| 169:23 | the best selling, uh, sentiment faces, models, text books ever |
|
| 169:29 | and the opportunity to be unauthorized on textbook That was, in my |
|
| 169:36 | so influential. I sort of knew that was going to put my name |
|
| 169:41 | the map is a scientist. So eagerly agreed to write the tractor, |
|
| 169:47 | thus it began. Now, in process of writing the chapter, |
|
| 169:52 | you know, I was the sole for the beginning. And then, |
|
| 169:55 | know, I was I was talking Roger about the chapter and I |
|
| 169:58 | you know, watching you know, good examples of river dominated Delta's Other |
|
| 170:02 | my done Bagan example, he yeah, the the boots shelter |
|
| 170:06 | uh, somewhere in the States. like, Oh, I never heard |
|
| 170:09 | that one. So he said, , yeah, the boots dots is |
|
| 170:13 | great example of the river dominate And so I looked it up. |
|
| 170:17 | sure enough, you know, there the map of beautiful river dominated Delta's |
|
| 170:22 | Pennsylvanian much delta. One of my students who, uh, did his |
|
| 170:30 | me some years ago. We bought family body, was his name, |
|
| 170:35 | his masters in Oklahoma Mount and advised that there, they call it the |
|
| 170:40 | Delta. So I'm not traffic to Book of the Butch, but |
|
| 170:44 | on So I thought why I get great example of a river dominated Delta |
|
| 170:48 | put it in my in my face models chapter on I was good to |
|
| 170:54 | . Um, and there were a of other examples. I'm gonna review |
|
| 170:58 | all with you. And then I very excited about distributor channels. And |
|
| 171:03 | I put these examples of distributor channels my PhD. Thesis is now, |
|
| 171:10 | 2000 and eight, Uh, it , like almost 20 years later. |
|
| 171:17 | quite, but almost, um, had retired. And no James and |
|
| 171:23 | down until we're doing the new addition faces models. So they asked me |
|
| 171:27 | I'd be interested in in redoing My on dialysis is I would love to |
|
| 171:32 | . Great. I realized there is problem because I realized that that the |
|
| 171:38 | channels I described for my thesis. finally been fully interpreters in size values |
|
| 171:43 | Okay, so they're not distributed channels values. Then I went back and |
|
| 171:50 | looked at this example. I No distributor channels, you know, |
|
| 172:00 | there is the end of these channels and they're they're up there. There's |
|
| 172:05 | , 240 ft of filled like Let divide it by by 3.3. That's |
|
| 172:12 | know, that's like 70 plus leaders sand. Now they look very |
|
| 172:23 | They look like channels. Thio three is that these were 70 m deep |
|
| 172:29 | Terry channels. I said, that would be the biggest river in |
|
| 172:33 | world. Now you know the you know, Pantry A was quite |
|
| 172:38 | , you know, There was some high mountains. I'm like, |
|
| 172:42 | I guess you know, I What about the I said, But |
|
| 172:46 | know what? If these Air tributaries this is incised Valley flowing that |
|
| 172:50 | that's not That's another interpretation rather than delta that's distributive. You know, |
|
| 172:55 | it's maybe it's a valley. on DSO, I started to no |
|
| 173:01 | be convinced that the butch was a . That was kind of where I'm |
|
| 173:06 | to hear. And I was 73 m distributor areas that that that |
|
| 173:12 | be the biggest river ever on Planet . Okay, so that that led |
|
| 173:18 | the question of Are these Deltas or had and then the other thing I |
|
| 173:21 | . It's just like Wait a that's a 70 m deep River would |
|
| 173:24 | have a massive delta at the front it, like how come this does |
|
| 173:27 | coming out of the mouth of You know, if they don't if |
|
| 173:30 | valleys filled with sand, you and there's only 0 to 20 ft |
|
| 173:35 | here, so there's no sand coming of that. There's a trivial matter |
|
| 173:39 | sand coming out of mouthy systems like there be mouth bars everywhere? I |
|
| 173:43 | , every doubt there's that's the beginning a mouth bar, like there should |
|
| 173:46 | big, like a sand here, then another one. I'm like, |
|
| 173:50 | is the Delta front? Sands like their their their their channels that have |
|
| 173:56 | doubt that have no delta bars like, I don't know what we |
|
| 173:59 | do that, do you s I like, you know, just make |
|
| 174:04 | sense to me anymore and eso. I sort of looked at some of |
|
| 174:09 | previously published studies on Here's a Cross . We got this nice, blocky |
|
| 174:15 | here. No, no notices This is 900 ft, right? |
|
| 174:20 | I think I could do this for 306. That's a 300 ft |
|
| 174:28 | Three or feet? That's 100 I mean, there's no way that |
|
| 174:35 | a channel film if it wasit would the largest channel ever seen on Planet |
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| 174:40 | , and that would deserve a letter nature. So and Bush never wrote |
|
| 174:45 | lot of nature when I guarantee you so that struck me is a little |
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| 174:51 | . And I said, Well, a minute. You've also got these |
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| 174:53 | sequences. There they are. You , it's good old Paris sequences like |
|
| 174:57 | been picking on your well log and your well logs, I said, |
|
| 175:01 | have. This seems to be a between the scale of the incision of |
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| 175:05 | scale of upper questioning facing successions, 100 m thick, you know, |
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| 175:10 | comes into three Paris sequences. Then said, Well, you know, |
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| 175:16 | those were incised valleys and the distributor is wrong, but this long as |
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| 175:21 | had a Mississippi centric view of the , you know, 100 m thickness |
|
| 175:26 | out. You know, the Mississippi is about 200 ft deep, you |
|
| 175:31 | , give or take 100 ft you know, it's hundreds of feet |
|
| 175:33 | , right? Like, you sure, ancient system could be a |
|
| 175:36 | big, bigger. And then the example that what I found that that |
|
| 175:41 | sort of on my own going to transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of |
|
| 175:45 | Societies was this diagram of another Pennsylvanian across the Mississippi Alabama boundary that they |
|
| 175:55 | as another bird foot Delta. Mississippi Delta. Once again, you've got |
|
| 176:03 | , and there's no mouth bars like , shouldn't there be a big fringe |
|
| 176:07 | sand coming out of these out of river mounts? Where the Hex Delta |
|
| 176:12 | . I've never heard of a delta has 100 ft thick sand channel |
|
| 176:16 | and no, not it's not. speck of sand gets out the mountain |
|
| 176:19 | of the delta. That sounds pretty on once again, these distributed challenger |
|
| 176:24 | ft thick. That would be 100 deep channel again, another system in |
|
| 176:31 | different part of North America that that also got 100 m Degen. So |
|
| 176:37 | means to separate drainage basins, thinking to sink that have produced rivers that |
|
| 176:42 | that would require a continental drainage basin DSO. According according to this |
|
| 176:48 | you have to separate continental drainage based drainage basins in North America at the |
|
| 176:53 | time. I'm like now because this another Pennsylvanian example that this is this |
|
| 176:59 | getting little stranger. And, the first question I ask is, |
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| 177:07 | know, which way is the river when I would see them, that |
|
| 177:10 | to sink planning conference I told you ? I showed this to forget the |
|
| 177:15 | name now, but he was a Western Reserve University, and I |
|
| 177:19 | What do you think? This? said, Oh, that's a drainage |
|
| 177:22 | , Right? And flow is in direction, like Okay, that's completely |
|
| 177:26 | of what Cleveland Persaud think. So that's that's, you know, |
|
| 177:33 | air reconcile the differences of geological interpretation need to be resolved. Okay, |
|
| 177:40 | , um, so I went ahead and sort of dug into the literature |
|
| 177:46 | little bit. And here's what gets . So this is a diagram from |
|
| 177:53 | paper by Ron Boy. That's a of a figure made by the |
|
| 177:58 | Sorry. By John Harms in Uh, I've met John once. |
|
| 178:05 | was about nine years old when I him. That was about 34 years |
|
| 178:08 | , so I think he's still But anyway, and lo and |
|
| 178:13 | valley filled. So in the John Harms interpreted. This is a |
|
| 178:18 | filled, not as a distributor So I'm gonna like, Why did |
|
| 178:25 | did you get off the rails with this a distributor channel as boosted in |
|
| 178:31 | . So clearly there was debate about interpretation of the morrow sandstone. You |
|
| 178:37 | , between the various research, the , Um, now, Boeing and |
|
| 178:45 | came along and they sort of picked on the valley interpretation, and they |
|
| 178:50 | together their map off the morrow. , which is basically the same |
|
| 178:55 | is the butch. Okay, it's the same system, and they showed |
|
| 179:00 | basically showed a beautiful example of a of network of incised valleys that presumably |
|
| 179:06 | a delta out in this direction. . On Lee, Christina has worked |
|
| 179:12 | this as well. People went back notice beautiful paleo Saul's at that contact |
|
| 179:18 | marine mud stones below and above on Pennsylvania as an icehouse time with glaciation |
|
| 179:24 | that drove hundreds of meters changes of level so very similar to the modern |
|
| 179:29 | applies to seen period of Earth So part of the solution is that |
|
| 179:36 | than these being Delta's moving that there is exactly sized values. But |
|
| 179:42 | issue is the booth was mapped distributive that direction on these air strong distributive |
|
| 179:47 | this direction. So how can you differences in the organization of the conductivity |
|
| 179:54 | the channels? So that takes us example Number two. The Fall River |
|
| 180:01 | a late Appian, uh, system Wyoming. Uh, you remember at |
|
| 180:10 | beginning of the at the beginning of talk, I showed you this |
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| 180:17 | There it is. And this is the forever major inside system. |
|
| 180:23 | that feeds doubt this in the quotations . Okay, so that's the regional |
|
| 180:28 | of geography. I'm not sure that available at the time that this work |
|
| 180:33 | done, but nevertheless. And they a Siris of incisions, okay? |
|
| 180:39 | some short lines and Delta's right. there were two interpretations. One interpretation |
|
| 180:44 | these were rivers, meandering rivers that these. Delta's okay on that interpretation |
|
| 180:50 | put forth by Rasmussen it out in mid mid eighties. And, |
|
| 180:58 | there were two fields Coyote Creek and Draw on Dhere is the ice pack |
|
| 181:03 | of sand stones they made. What's is, if you look carefully, |
|
| 181:09 | know, you could see this. , there is. Well, there |
|
| 181:14 | was. Well, there is Well, there and there and |
|
| 181:23 | is lots of wells in the field . Um, but you notice |
|
| 181:28 | and they stood beautification, right? not really a data that constraints that |
|
| 181:33 | . You know, they're just forcing to go through there. Uh, |
|
| 181:39 | you look at the well logs, got a sharp based finding our per |
|
| 181:45 | sharp based and more or less finding . Think this is an SP law |
|
| 181:51 | can't remember and, you know, out for the blocking on the recent |
|
| 181:55 | logs. Andi, once again. the beautification, they're not well constrained |
|
| 182:02 | the data points and you got very , very thick channels question more. |
|
| 182:08 | , they call them distributor channels. you look at the Paris sequences next |
|
| 182:14 | the quote channels, you'll see that is 1234 123 says maybe Cem lap |
|
| 182:23 | going on here. So you have Paris sequences on either side and a |
|
| 182:30 | , thick quote channel coming into Uh huh. So, of |
|
| 182:36 | the ultimate interpretation is that this is incised valley. Doesn't change the geometry |
|
| 182:41 | much. But rather than have this fingering with that with that Delta unit |
|
| 182:45 | and also I've looked at the these are all beautiful marine mud stones |
|
| 182:48 | , So things are not floodplain So they messed up on the interpretation |
|
| 182:53 | the off he's faces in the in Paris Eagle side, the side. |
|
| 182:58 | , like the butch on tomorrow, this was then reinterpreted by Brian Willis |
|
| 183:05 | an incised value. Now, if look at the maps that Rasmussen at |
|
| 183:09 | made, these are the three the maps they made. That's the general |
|
| 183:15 | of the channels which they show is narrowing once again you have exactly the |
|
| 183:22 | problem you had with Butch and with , uh, And with the Cleveland |
|
| 183:29 | example, The Tuscaloosa. There's no Delta front sentence. You got 30 |
|
| 183:35 | 50 100 ft thick channels. Nothing the front. Where the heck is |
|
| 183:39 | where the heck is the Delta front ? Then they gave that that They |
|
| 183:44 | this diagram to an expert dress person , you know, stuck a bird |
|
| 183:50 | to the ultra interpretation seaway. You , nice looking, drawing convincing. |
|
| 183:56 | , but, you know, but question is, the is the Mississippi |
|
| 184:00 | foot, the right analog. You , it's hard to see the scale |
|
| 184:05 | , and I think that's a 10 scale. So these channels will be |
|
| 184:09 | near close to to to a mile , right, So that would be |
|
| 184:13 | Mississippi scale river system. Okay, is true that the river is a |
|
| 184:18 | big that are associated with Creek. part of the message here is that |
|
| 184:23 | Mississippi has has dominated our thinking on channels, you know, certainly through |
|
| 184:30 | fifties, sixties, seventies, nineties and, you know, to |
|
| 184:34 | blunt, you know, it was when I rewrote doubt the chapter on |
|
| 184:38 | models in two in 2008 but they to realize that there was something very |
|
| 184:44 | with this. We need Thio We to stop using that is the only |
|
| 184:48 | And that that got me this whole of looking for Martin analog to make |
|
| 184:52 | that we have the scale correct, instance, systems. So we don't |
|
| 184:56 | distributor channels for in size violence. . And so you know, the |
|
| 185:02 | Mississippi has deep distributor channels. part of that's because they're they're they're |
|
| 185:08 | quite a money system, so they're stable. And that inhibits by bifurcation |
|
| 185:14 | . Of course, the scale of Mississippi River is not appropriate for many |
|
| 185:18 | the rivers that drain into the interior Seaway. Okay. And of |
|
| 185:23 | interior paradoxes or shadow, not deep the Gulf of Mexico. And once |
|
| 185:30 | , people forget that yes, we these birds of the bird for channels |
|
| 185:34 | plan view, but there's a heck a lot of sand that comes instead |
|
| 185:37 | mint that comes out of the mouth the Mississippi that tends to be forgotten |
|
| 185:41 | people do maps, right? So Bronco's went back and re examine the |
|
| 185:47 | River and notice that you've got you know, 1.5 to 2 mile |
|
| 185:54 | incisions. It looks like they're multistory compound on. You get narrow, |
|
| 186:01 | valleys and wider shallower valleys, so examples of compound valleys. There's some |
|
| 186:08 | is whether that valley extends from the or extended all the way up |
|
| 186:12 | I actually think that that extends from surface, but that's a bit of |
|
| 186:16 | detail on again. You have partly a different levels, right? So |
|
| 186:19 | Paley souls were used suggest you had phases of of incision, suggesting that |
|
| 186:25 | was a long time, long long term climate cyclist city that form |
|
| 186:29 | Valley system separate from that valley So here's Brian's correlation of the outcrop |
|
| 186:37 | measured and, you know, you all sorts of nice cross bedded sand |
|
| 186:41 | . Theories represent the paler currents, here you can see a nice, |
|
| 186:45 | event, Nice compound deepening event. this may be the hard to see |
|
| 186:50 | you can kind of see the the up recycles right. So those would |
|
| 186:55 | be the channel stories one. There be one there. Maybe another |
|
| 187:02 | Nice one up there. Nice one . So these thes thes large incisions |
|
| 187:08 | filled with 2 to 3 separate, stacked channel stories. Uh, and |
|
| 187:15 | you know, the overall thickness. valley filled valley fills on the scale |
|
| 187:18 | 30 m. The channels in this already about five or 6 m |
|
| 187:23 | Okay, so the Fall River is interpreted as in Solids Valley. |
|
| 187:27 | you know, here is sort you know, my simplistic well log |
|
| 187:32 | . Brian worked completely on the outcrops did no subsurface work. And I |
|
| 187:36 | threw this diagram together and just redid well log correlation I showed you in |
|
| 187:42 | earlier slide. And so So I say that that that's quote channels are |
|
| 187:47 | thicker than the upper cautioning Delta So they probably represent Valley is not |
|
| 187:54 | . The challenge is not into finger the adjacent units, and they're |
|
| 187:57 | They're not. They're not floodplains. Marine Paris sequences. There's all sorts |
|
| 188:03 | beautiful marine Trussell trace fossils throughout these these Paris sequences, Onda Channel is |
|
| 188:09 | contained within the Delta front. It's a little thing. Little distributor channel |
|
| 188:14 | the Delta. It's a big incision cuts through four separate Delta deposits, |
|
| 188:20 | suggesting that it cannot be a simple channel. So I said, the |
|
| 188:26 | of the of the incised feature. know, I'm using the word channel |
|
| 188:30 | coats. Really, it's way too to be a simple distributor channel. |
|
| 188:38 | Brian interpret this is a compound Valley with an older and a younger Valley |
|
| 188:45 | . The younger one has several episodes cutting fill with the younger ones, |
|
| 188:49 | deeper, narrow than some of the ones. And he also noticed that |
|
| 188:54 | the film was different in some of values. So some of the films |
|
| 188:57 | a very distinctive flu. Your base up in the tide influence Esther. |
|
| 189:01 | faces the top on other Valley you know, initiated with Tide influence |
|
| 189:09 | and had wave wave dominated units at top that he had a units were |
|
| 189:15 | were intermediary, so this would be of an example of a more flu |
|
| 189:18 | dominated Valley Phil, and this is much more marine dominated valley filled on |
|
| 189:24 | last time we talked about this with to in an example was when I |
|
| 189:29 | you the difference between Dunvegan E Valley the D Valley on I point out |
|
| 189:34 | the E Valley was flew via dominated that the D Valley was Marine |
|
| 189:40 | I suggested that reflected difference in sediment on perhaps scale the rivers that associated |
|
| 189:46 | those two valleys. We see the thing repeated in units that aren't that |
|
| 189:51 | younger than the done vague AP TN Center mating. And so he suggested |
|
| 189:59 | depending on on the rate of sea rise, uh, the valleys may |
|
| 190:05 | very quickly in words. They uh, if the rate of sea |
|
| 190:11 | rise is relatively slow and the settlement the river is relatively high in the |
|
| 190:16 | . Cuts in Taiwan. Phil's gradually flu ville deposits and only gets transgressed |
|
| 190:22 | the late stage. So in that , the flooding surface would be at |
|
| 190:26 | top or upper parts of the So we refer to that as a |
|
| 190:30 | capped valley with a dominantly flu veal . Okay, so I mean there |
|
| 190:36 | would be an example of a if will, a low stand dominated value |
|
| 190:41 | , although Brandon column that they said other cases you know the Valley cuts |
|
| 190:47 | at the rate of transgression is high the river just can't keep up. |
|
| 190:51 | may transgress very quickly, such as get a transgression or festering dominated. |
|
| 190:58 | on that, if you will, be a transgressive systems tracked, dominated |
|
| 191:01 | film. Thanks. So he sort suggested that the feel of the Valley |
|
| 191:07 | is controlled by the rate of transgression the ability of the river. Why |
|
| 191:13 | stay there and fill the value with fluid deposits or basically pushed backwards, |
|
| 191:18 | as the valley is increasingly filled with marine sediments. Yeah, and then |
|
| 191:24 | is just the cross section that illustrates of aim or flood and more |
|
| 191:28 | Viel dominated Valley fill in which the were able to Percy word, you |
|
| 191:33 | , with more regressive faces versus aim flood flood. Uh, based Valley |
|
| 191:39 | in which the valley fills are much dominated. Bye bye, bay. |
|
| 191:44 | Mudd's that satisfy that tripartite valley model the other provides Oh, is that |
|
| 191:56 | island and Darren model? They should had this idea that valleys sort of |
|
| 192:01 | of an inner flu Viel dominated segment out of Marine dominated segment and a |
|
| 192:07 | segment where where you get mixing of and flew viel. And of |
|
| 192:14 | in any given a valley system, might simply sample this part or sample |
|
| 192:19 | power. So when we when we when we were discussing thes models with |
|
| 192:26 | , they sent Brian Willis. So , uh, Canadian, huh? |
|
| 192:35 | forget that the company was one of big Canadian companies when we when I |
|
| 192:39 | worked with Brian just after they finished Fall River work, Brian's Alan and |
|
| 192:44 | couple of guys from from Nothing was Hunter Chemical Company Way. They visited |
|
| 192:48 | about about our work, and they you know, Brian Satan was a |
|
| 192:52 | fan of the second model and he , Well, I'm not said |
|
| 192:56 | you know this is the wrong and it's just, you know, |
|
| 193:00 | your quote flood Cat valley, you're in segment, you know, you're |
|
| 193:04 | closer to the Inter segment, and the flood based model, you're closer |
|
| 193:09 | the middle segment, you know, it Zamora matter of laterally where you |
|
| 193:12 | in plan view as opposed to where are in times photography anyway. And |
|
| 193:18 | think we argue to get some quite , and they decided that we would |
|
| 193:22 | disagree. That one didn't from So there you go anyway. So |
|
| 193:28 | other the other three other issue with distributed channels versus valleys sort of goes |
|
| 193:35 | to this diagram, you know, in in the van Wagnerian view, |
|
| 193:39 | know, if you've got on the Valley, eventually the incision stops, |
|
| 193:44 | know, and the valley starts to just regular ole distributor channel systems. |
|
| 193:50 | know, now each channel may have incision relationship with its with its |
|
| 193:54 | Mouth Bar, but in general, an into fingering relationship. So it's |
|
| 193:59 | of, uh, it's kind of combination of a scoured she Osama. |
|
| 194:05 | , the alternative view is that the everywhere cuts into the delta, and |
|
| 194:09 | is no distributor channel. It's all the top of this bypass surface |
|
| 194:14 | Okay, Uh huh. Now, we look at this hardly complicated diagram |
|
| 194:22 | which is a beautiful, wonderful piece work by Ron Steele and his postdocs |
|
| 194:28 | colleagues on this shows. Uh, know, a syriza of distributor channel |
|
| 194:34 | ? There is the distributor channels. , on they feed these little submarine |
|
| 194:38 | . Right? So the distributor channel into an offshore channel. Tell me |
|
| 194:44 | I just highlighted this area in the and showed all the all the |
|
| 194:49 | Right now they put a sequence boundary at the red surface. Okay, |
|
| 194:55 | you may not be able to see . That's that's That's the stash line |
|
| 194:58 | . That's where they put the sequence . Okay. And it is indeed |
|
| 195:06 | most seaward irrational scour. Okay, what about that? What about that |
|
| 195:12 | , red, uh, Slope Channel like that's that's not that's not that |
|
| 195:18 | of a shift. And that Zatz kilometer, that's maybe 50 maybe maybe |
|
| 195:22 | a kilometer shift, you know, clearly this is a forced, aggressive |
|
| 195:28 | of stack going from 1 to So this is all incision. So |
|
| 195:33 | people say, Oh, you the low stand is really the very |
|
| 195:37 | decision. So some people will put one is to say, confounded. |
|
| 195:41 | there's there's even incisions above the pounder. So here you've got you |
|
| 195:47 | 789 10 11. Candidate Erosion You know, my mother used to |
|
| 195:53 | , Bob's your uncle. Good luck you, right? So what you |
|
| 195:57 | is a Siris of erosion surfaces that top lapping against the sequence pander, |
|
| 196:04 | guess, or on lapping it. then if I make that the sequence |
|
| 196:07 | that becomes top lap again. So lap out depends on which surface you |
|
| 196:11 | up. The sequence bound. it's probably complicated. What you have |
|
| 196:16 | convergence of a variety of scours. you go in a more lambert |
|
| 196:25 | this the we're gonna come back to a bit. So you know what |
|
| 196:30 | weird? I never never understood but, you know, John Van |
|
| 196:35 | showed this diagram which I agree with said that this was wrong. But |
|
| 196:41 | when he correlated his book, Cliffs . He always tipped out his un |
|
| 196:45 | is on top of the Paris See that like he never had these |
|
| 196:49 | lows down Delta. You know, secrets, panic tips, that there's |
|
| 196:53 | still low center. So I struggled that interpretation, and so he suggested |
|
| 197:01 | that that the tip out of these conformity. He's always on top of |
|
| 197:06 | Paris sequences. Okay, which we space would be. The low stand |
|
| 197:12 | fills our landward. The Hiestand Delta's seaward and there's no lo stand. |
|
| 197:18 | so there's no no lo stand. is fed by these values. Once |
|
| 197:22 | , we've got valleys that have no and, like that's not the way |
|
| 197:26 | world works, as far as I . Usually, if you've got |
|
| 197:28 | they feed a delta, Right? talk about that story in my last |
|
| 197:34 | , Um, and then he showed diagram, which has valley that turned |
|
| 197:41 | distributor channels of shoes. Um, is what he said. You're supposed |
|
| 197:44 | do the sequence pound returns of a of conformity, and then this becomes |
|
| 197:49 | , A fed by that by that . So that ends up with a |
|
| 197:53 | of high frequency sequences in the resulting in a low stand sequence |
|
| 197:58 | Okay, Yet for some reason he this interpretation with those photography I'm |
|
| 198:05 | I don't think so. That's one strata graphic interpretation in which all the |
|
| 198:10 | viel faces air in the low stance on all the deltas Aaron Hiestand Sequence |
|
| 198:15 | This is a different sequence. Strata interpretation which they are flu viel delta |
|
| 198:20 | pro Deltek sets Delta X sediments that correlate with the time of incision and |
|
| 198:24 | stacked. Or sometimes there's some high as well. So So I a |
|
| 198:30 | of trouble with that interpretation and the why is it hard to pick? |
|
| 198:35 | is it hard to push that sequence under the delta? And And the |
|
| 198:40 | answer is it doesn't Doesn't matter. know what orientation a cross section goes |
|
| 198:45 | , You know, Ah, lot them are gonna sort of cut the |
|
| 198:48 | margin you need, and you need crisis to go right down the access |
|
| 198:53 | , push that sequence boundary down and and that's, you know, you |
|
| 198:57 | of have to first that put force a little bit on your well |
|
| 199:01 | Okay, Yeah, So to kind sort of get to the wrap up |
|
| 199:09 | . So here is the Lena and, you know, it's a |
|
| 199:13 | incised valley. Here, of is the end of the bedrock right |
|
| 199:17 | . At that point, the delta to split into several major distributor |
|
| 199:22 | One flows off in that direction and Delta out to the to the |
|
| 199:28 | This feeds the beautiful Lena River Beautiful Arctic Delta. I just I |
|
| 199:33 | began began Captain Splits. So that the first order split into that distribute |
|
| 199:38 | on the north form. When then had a distributor, Eri going off |
|
| 199:42 | the east and one going off to of the Northeast. That was the |
|
| 199:46 | order split. Then you had another of splitting here with this one continuing |
|
| 199:50 | that direction on this going a bit , Okay? And I I on |
|
| 199:56 | you can follow that that channel, splits again with these channels going off |
|
| 200:01 | this direction. And then by the you get here, you've got |
|
| 200:05 | So this this the Lena Delta has I think I think Cornell DeLorean when |
|
| 200:11 | doing his PhD on this count of separate distributor channels and you can see |
|
| 200:16 | the the mouth bars they're associated Now, if I just had a |
|
| 200:20 | of holes drill holes that penetrated this , you know, I would see |
|
| 200:27 | . All I would see is a long the courses upwards E ice |
|
| 200:31 | the base top and sand. I'd a map that looks like this |
|
| 200:35 | I would interpret that as a wave Delta. Yet clearly it za River |
|
| 200:41 | , not wave dominant at all. the ice to Pat Patton wouldn't show |
|
| 200:46 | that that made me a bit Okay, and you know that the |
|
| 200:52 | of lobes that you would be able do if you just had a few |
|
| 200:55 | , logs would fail to show any the distribution channels. None of them |
|
| 200:59 | show up. Okay? And then went ahead and asked Cornell to look |
|
| 201:05 | some modern Delta's. So we've got chapel. A shallow water chat fly |
|
| 201:10 | on top, Mississippi below. Andi forget the Mississippi produces an upward questioning |
|
| 201:16 | . Succession. That's 10 m That's 10 2030 40 50 60 |
|
| 201:26 | That's 250 ft thick. Paris Let's turn that into a well |
|
| 201:33 | You have a single upward course in succession, and the 30 m deep |
|
| 201:38 | is trivial with respect to the upper . And so, you know you |
|
| 201:41 | put a little distribution channel service But you see my red pen, |
|
| 201:46 | can't see it. Sandal sand. you don't even know this channel. |
|
| 201:51 | not resolvable on the well long, ? So what I What I came |
|
| 201:55 | realize is that distributor channels can be on, well, locks. You |
|
| 202:00 | be all that identify you who got core data, and you can already |
|
| 202:04 | see them if you have a photograph the modern Delta. So it's It's |
|
| 202:08 | important reservoir complexity that's almost impossible toe find in an ancient subsurface example? |
|
| 202:16 | despite that the Boake, the Fall tomorrow had been interpreted his Delta's as |
|
| 202:24 | channels that was 70 m deep. I realized is that you can't find |
|
| 202:29 | to Richard channels and, well, . They're too small. And even |
|
| 202:33 | here is a little distributor channels. , if I draw a distributor channel |
|
| 202:38 | the well log, you can't see it because it's red on red right |
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| 202:43 | . Sound contact. Now, if saw a big incision that looked like |
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| 202:48 | , if I had a well, that looked like this, I |
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| 202:52 | Okay, there's a space scour that's deeper than a channel that's probably a |
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| 202:57 | film. So that's the message of to previous examples I've given you. |
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| 203:03 | also helps explain why it waas that distributor channels were mapped All the distal |
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| 203:09 | of the Dunvegan example I talked about last last week. Right? So |
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| 203:14 | channels air here, you know, could sketch where they might be, |
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| 203:19 | , But they're below the resolution of well logs to pick him, Which |
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| 203:22 | why I wasn't a low math. , right. So, you |
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| 203:25 | I sort of showed them some of on the well logs on the court |
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| 203:30 | there, you know, But they're . I mean, you know, |
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| 203:33 | where are we hear that, Yeah, that well log is that |
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| 203:40 | ? I mean, nobody could pick distributor channel there, you know, |
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| 203:43 | all looks like a courses up, anyway, where's the Ansar's Valley is |
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| 203:46 | because it cuts through several Paris The other thing, I point |
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| 203:51 | is that you know, this valley to this bypass area and then I |
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| 203:56 | underneath the low stand lobe. But , of course, is a |
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| 204:01 | forced, aggressive system. On I showed you uh Simon Patterns example |
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| 204:10 | which the incised valley fed a low shore face. But because of |
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| 204:15 | vehement the distributor channels which would It could be something like that. |
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| 204:21 | ravine off or below the ability of of the data image, the distributor |
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| 204:28 | . And then I talked about the that you may have distributor channels that |
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| 204:31 | force progressive deltas, and they have low preservation potential because if you have |
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| 204:37 | to 15 m of transgressive eroding erosion the revetment surface, they will easily |
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| 204:44 | away a five or 10 m deep and terminal distributor. Channels in the |
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| 204:49 | in particular, were probably never deeper about seven or 8 m max and |
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| 204:55 | . Vehement in the Cretaceous Seaway was about 15 to 20 m. And |
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| 205:01 | what you get is complete erosion of the rivers. But the erosion isn't |
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| 205:06 | to get rid of the pedals so get left behind Is a pebble lag |
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| 205:10 | the middle of a mud stone. you remember I talked about that story |
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| 205:14 | week with top truncated deltas. so to conclude terminal distributor channels of |
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| 205:23 | they're contained within the Paris sequence and conform toe Walther's law. The Valley |
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| 205:30 | is a service that violates Walther's law deep into multiple Paris sequences, and |
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| 205:36 | transgressions can remove the shallow terminal distributor . And that's another reason why they're |
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| 205:42 | . Not recognized in the ancient Only thing you can recognize the well |
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| 205:46 | is a big cut. And before understood how secret trickery works, any |
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| 205:50 | cut in a shallow Marine thing was a Delta distributor challenge. So eso |
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| 205:57 | again we had a very oughta genic or inter view of the world in |
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| 206:00 | sixties and seventies and sequence photography forces really re evaluate the very interpretations of |
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| 206:07 | deposition. All faces, uh, there are some provides those in |
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| 206:12 | Already, Delta's The trunk stream may it all the way. The |
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| 206:16 | such as that you can have fairly rivers of the shoreline. You |
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| 206:20 | of course, have big rivers that into shallow water. Example that might |
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| 206:24 | the Volga Delta in the Caspian They may resemble valleys, but they'll |
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| 206:30 | be multistory. And there's this. is an issue with these things called |
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| 206:35 | scours. I've written papers about I won't get into that in any |
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| 206:40 | . Now I'm going to finish this with a little anecdote that you're maybe |
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| 206:46 | one of my very first graduate Michael Adams did his master's students on |
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| 206:52 | Blackhawk Castle gate, which is the lecture I'm going to give you, |
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| 206:57 | , uh, you know it It did his master's degree on on |
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| 207:03 | supposed incised valley, and I you , obviously he's seeing this lecture from |
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| 207:08 | because I was doing this work on to channels versus Incised valleys when he |
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| 207:12 | my gratitude, he graduated, went work for Conical Phillips and got sent |
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| 207:17 | Border Border Texas, and they were tomorrow. And the geologist of these |
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| 207:25 | with was insistent that these big 100 fat scours were distributor channels. Michael |
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| 207:32 | not agree with him and argued with that they were incised valleys make a |
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| 207:39 | story short. The older geologist, was insisting on distribution channels, began |
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| 207:46 | drill mistake wells that failed when they Michaels at my model, they succeeded |
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| 207:54 | They end up firing the geologist, had the old bad interpretation and kept |
|
| 207:59 | . Michael's moved on other things, he's not working for small countries in |
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| 208:03 | area. And I haven't talked to for a year or so, but |
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| 208:07 | think he's doing pretty well anyway. that's my story, and I'm sticking |
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| 208:12 | it. Um okay, so we some choices right now. I'm to |
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| 208:24 | honest with you, I wouldn't mind a bit earlier today. We did |
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| 208:28 | some a couple of good two hour this week, which was great. |
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| 208:33 | , I would review exercises with you , but we've done a lot of |
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| 208:36 | this week. Um um on. I think we reviewed all the assignments |
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| 208:43 | are due tomorrow. Eso I don't there's much point in reviewing all that |
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| 208:48 | . Uh, I will take a or two before I finish, but |
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| 208:53 | do have to quiz first thing I think that goes live at |
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| 208:59 | 30 and it will shut off at . 45. That's correct. |
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| 209:05 | I'll go and check out just uh, before we take a close |
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| 209:11 | , we'll do exact the same things did last. Clap. I think |
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| 209:15 | going to start up a nine o'clock than 9. 30. So you |
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| 209:18 | eight o'clock, basically. Basically, from eight o'clock. 88 45 to |
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| 209:24 | the 30 minute quiz, you could a 15 minute break on. Then |
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| 209:29 | start up at nine o'clock tomorrow. that make sense? Okay, sounds |
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| 209:36 | . So on that note, you , if you don't mind finishing a |
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| 209:41 | early today, I'll take any questions anything. Assignments? The quiz tomorrow |
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| 209:47 | 10 15 minutes or so. Any you wanna have? Yes. Daniel |
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| 209:51 | like two questions. Bet the the , the wheeler exercise. I know |
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| 209:58 | spent a lot of time on the one, but then there was There |
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| 210:01 | actually two, actually. Just found about that, like, yesterday. |
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| 210:04 | on Guy never brought it. I put up the second. So you |
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| 210:07 | mind like taking a look at Because I actually did. It actually |
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| 210:10 | . Yesterday. So now, like some feedback on it e shows. |
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| 210:16 | you've got are what they want to here. Like I thought, I |
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| 210:21 | like computer. What? Daniel, that up. There will be a |
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| 210:27 | for the quiz tomorrow. Yes, exactly the same. So much 63 |
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| 210:33 | will be the password for all the . The final exam. That's the |
|
| 210:37 | . So just just the chorus Obviously, it's not case sensitive, |
|
| 210:42 | makes it easy. It's only four . And given the fact that you |
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| 210:45 | , of course you're taking I don't why I need to pass for |
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| 210:49 | you know, it makes it. know, you could give the password |
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| 210:53 | whoever you want, I guess, whatever. Anyway, mhm, I |
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| 210:58 | a question before Daniel shows that. for the Faces Models book, I |
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| 211:02 | the first edition and maybe the But do you think those the older |
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| 211:08 | there still valuable to keep and I of use that is like a death |
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| 211:11 | tool. But what do you I mean, they're pretty out of |
|
| 211:14 | . One of the reasons that we the new the new version because we |
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| 211:18 | the old ones already out of So I think that's 77 was pretty |
|
| 211:21 | of date. The 82 is not , you know, 92 ones, |
|
| 211:27 | , once I, uh author. of course, I think that's |
|
| 211:32 | And then we put another one out 2000 and eight. So all I'm |
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| 211:36 | right now is a zoom. Do have your, uh, are the |
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| 211:46 | the pencil? Work with a little a little like, Can you |
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| 211:48 | The can see the data comes. , all I can see is the |
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| 211:51 | zoom. Yeah. So you're let let me Let me try that. |
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| 211:57 | that again. I don't think you're your image right now. Okay? |
|
| 212:01 | should work. Uh, no. we go. So that looks like |
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| 212:11 | of my main concern was numbers was six and seven. I don't think |
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| 212:16 | did those very well. And that like a good really diagram. I |
|
| 212:19 | say you're good to go. wait a minute. Three. Only |
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| 212:23 | is that in unit five, In unit five, you see the |
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| 212:28 | lines, right? So that separates five into four chloroform units. |
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| 212:37 | And neither of those units continuous across lowest incision and you're showing that the |
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| 212:47 | boundary of five is vertical. I'm sure that's quite right. And you're |
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| 212:51 | showing three units and five when in , I count 1234 There are three |
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| 212:57 | lines separating four units and five, you've got to dash line separating three |
|
| 213:02 | , so five could use a little more work. But overall, the |
|
| 213:07 | looks real good. So you know , Z uh, you know, |
|
| 213:11 | it's really minor things, but you got the gist of it s |
|
| 213:17 | they actually, the reason why I that left side of number five vertical |
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| 213:22 | I believe that the lines in five appropriating like they looked like they were |
|
| 213:28 | like a sort of appropriating, structure. It was like for |
|
| 213:32 | there's one that goes there. Then know, it goes like this and |
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| 213:35 | from there, and it goes like That's why I thought that it was |
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| 213:38 | be hurtful, right? But the dash lines in five top lapping against |
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| 213:44 | base of six right at the top . And you're not showing that top |
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| 213:48 | right? Sixth the dash lines and top lap or truncated by seven. |
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| 213:53 | you show that so, you basically five and six should look the |
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| 213:58 | . So you got six, I would just make five look more |
|
| 214:01 | six. Okay. E so that know, I mean, you could |
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| 214:08 | get a and what you've done but, you know, you're gonna |
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| 214:12 | a few points because five is not right. So you just think you're |
|
| 214:16 | to go, you know, okay, uh, my question was |
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| 214:21 | , Sergeant. So my question my question was about, uh, assignment |
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| 214:27 | . And that's like question, Eso So it basically asked, |
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| 214:32 | what was the main difference in size faces between the quotation, the Cretaceous |
|
| 214:37 | earlier, Mrs Or exceptions? Like other Mrs O exceptions were there because |
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| 214:41 | thought that the quotations was the only ? No, it So if you |
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| 214:48 | you wanna get out of your screen ? Yeah, Cookie, Because waken |
|
| 214:55 | separately, We can all share the time. So, since you got |
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| 215:01 | question, let me put it up . I know you got there a |
|
| 215:06 | a bit late, uh, in meeting yesterday, because I didn't review |
|
| 215:10 | of that, but I'm happy to through together. I hope you |
|
| 215:16 | My goal is to enhance your make sure they all do well and |
|
| 215:23 | only way to do that. it is to go through these |
|
| 215:27 | Uh, I gotta pay attention It's It's hard. It's I am |
|
| 215:31 | drummer. I could do multiple things the same time, but sometimes when |
|
| 215:34 | talking, clicking, I get What is, um So what are |
|
| 215:37 | doing? So okay. You said in a band. What kind of |
|
| 215:44 | do you guys like? Genre. man? I played everything from classical |
|
| 215:49 | band jazz. Too. Small jazz , heavy rock, toe bluegrass. |
|
| 215:54 | , I'm sort of a jazz I guess. You know, I |
|
| 215:56 | , I'm a legs up from deep kind of guy, but I went |
|
| 215:59 | music school. I studied everything you know, handle the Mozart, |
|
| 216:04 | , Stravinsky. So I love all of music. Okay, So, |
|
| 216:13 | yeah. So on this diagram I'm gonna just kinda, uh, |
|
| 216:18 | justo answer your question directly. I'm gonna go through anything. I went |
|
| 216:21 | last class, but you know so you know, basically, that's your |
|
| 216:27 | . Pick their right on. That's So I'll just pee for parents. |
|
| 216:33 | camera basement. Okay, that's based right there. Okay, So the |
|
| 216:40 | Cretaceous basically is. Is this Okay, so the quotation section is |
|
| 216:46 | clown form section and the pre which is this stuff here. That's |
|
| 216:52 | enemies, Oex. That's probably your Jurassic film. Okay, Just |
|
| 216:59 | Last classes, too, You whether these or cloud farms, I |
|
| 217:06 | there was a folds because they have same shape is the top of unit |
|
| 217:09 | the folded basement. So I think is all flat stein stuff that's been |
|
| 217:14 | right on that. This is basically collapsed rift law. Right? So |
|
| 217:19 | would argue this stuff does not have . It's actually truncated an angular un |
|
| 217:25 | with this contact here. So that's probably, you know, the break |
|
| 217:31 | on conformity. So, yeah, think confused was with that pre Cambrian |
|
| 217:37 | it's according to the to the description said that that was the base off |
|
| 217:43 | paleozoic. So I So I assumed everything underneath that is pre Cambrian. |
|
| 217:48 | , no, no, no. ? What? What the uh, |
|
| 217:51 | sure. What I said is that is the early Mesozoic. That's the |
|
| 218:00 | . That's the Santas, OIC, ? And this I just said this |
|
| 218:04 | , undifferentiated basement could be parents. be, could be camera. I |
|
| 218:09 | do see quite a lot of layering there. You know, I wouldn't |
|
| 218:12 | grants to have layering of them, I'm guessing that's probably, uh, |
|
| 218:17 | Paleozoic Limestone sandstone. Uh, that's kind of stuff, but I don't |
|
| 218:23 | . I have to go back and the paper to remember what that |
|
| 218:28 | E. I thought I thought it just a multiple in the like in |
|
| 218:32 | you know, So like multiple, know? No, it's not a |
|
| 218:37 | that's actually basement. It's not. of this could be ringing. You're |
|
| 218:40 | , but that's a real contact. , yeah, kiss. It was |
|
| 218:45 | wording that kind of confused because I it said the first. The first |
|
| 218:49 | that he said was between 2.5 seconds then shot 0.9 and five. It |
|
| 218:54 | that was based off the Paleozoic. I was like, I thought that |
|
| 218:59 | I thought that the yellow, the a sequence that color was the |
|
| 219:04 | so then up of that was now That's the early Mesozoic. So if |
|
| 219:10 | said that in the notes. Then incorrect. I look that again, |
|
| 219:14 | e have give this exercise lots of . I've never changed the wording. |
|
| 219:18 | pretty sure, but the way I , it should make it make it |
|
| 219:21 | that the use of you certainly about Thio incorporate that. And And what |
|
| 219:32 | you do between now and handing it ? Any other things for the question |
|
| 219:37 | we can expect the similar stylist to one some multiple choice. Short |
|
| 219:41 | And you said more short answer. . So the only difference with this |
|
| 219:47 | last is, um So the previous I gave the second place was all |
|
| 219:52 | answer on a short essay question. I wasn't quite able to do |
|
| 219:57 | Ask Have to ask a question. night. You know, because because |
|
| 220:02 | got strict time limits on limiting Thio answer questions. So the short answer |
|
| 220:08 | , you could write a page. haven't got time to it. So |
|
| 220:11 | wanna get time to write a few ? You know, I wrote my |
|
| 220:15 | in a couple of sentences, you know, stay on point. |
|
| 220:19 | about the question and just be aware your time, Especially if you, |
|
| 220:25 | , just make sure you keep track the time. Right? So you |
|
| 220:28 | run on time. You know, most part, I think you're all |
|
| 220:31 | okay. I'm happy. Your Um, you know, right now |
|
| 220:35 | the integrated average for everyone is kind , you know, to be double |
|
| 220:40 | Thio on a on Obviously haven't waited yet, but we'll see How you |
|
| 220:46 | this This quiz? Uh, the exam again, like I said, |
|
| 220:49 | mostly written, and I've got a other little questions in the final |
|
| 220:55 | Well, we can talk about that . And, you know, although |
|
| 220:59 | haven't spoken about this, you I will be more than happy to |
|
| 221:03 | another meeting with you on either Monday or Tuesday night. You know, |
|
| 221:08 | you have any more sort of final questions before the example Wednesday. So |
|
| 221:14 | not sure if JD is still but, you know, if you |
|
| 221:16 | to set something up for you the days in between our last class |
|
| 221:20 | the final again, I'll be Thio, ask questions if you have |
|
| 221:25 | , or if you have questions about the last two assignments. We'll do |
|
| 221:29 | little bit more that tomorrow will. , look at the assignments tomorrow on |
|
| 221:34 | questions on that. Like I we've got a couple more fluid lectures |
|
| 221:37 | go. A deep, deep water . Since three sort of lectures that |
|
| 221:41 | have left, we'll have no problem . That was done tomorrow we'll probably |
|
| 221:44 | some time to spare on. We'll spend spend some time looking at your |
|
| 221:49 | of of the last two assignments. other questions for now, Have a |
|
| 221:55 | question. Yes, so after the insides value can be. If |
|
| 222:01 | need to identify a system track, can really either do lost and or |
|
| 222:08 | or combination of both. Now, , I am assuming that we don't |
|
| 222:13 | information about whether it's Marine dominated or dominated, and we don't have information |
|
| 222:18 | how long the lost 10 um, remained or not. Is that |
|
| 222:24 | Here's the answer. I'll give if have incised Valley, you could |
|
| 222:28 | I'm gonna call the unit above A transgressive systems track. If it's |
|
| 222:32 | flood Cat Valley flood based valley, gonna call the Valley for low status |
|
| 222:38 | cat valley. That's the will of , right? You know, and |
|
| 222:43 | know that for sure. You probably to have, uh, more than |
|
| 222:48 | a well, long. So it's a bunch of sand you could |
|
| 222:51 | Well, you know, Is it to be a big, big sandy |
|
| 222:56 | ? The short answer is yes, a ta Da minister. It could |
|
| 222:58 | so, you know, Yeah, probably need more information than just the |
|
| 223:02 | off and in a seismic line, on the resolution, if you get |
|
| 223:09 | laterally creating channels and it looks like mostly flu viel Phil. So I'll |
|
| 223:14 | from or low stand than transgressive systems , you know, But we probably |
|
| 223:19 | to be a have data on the fossils microfossils and the faces toe fully |
|
| 223:25 | that diagnosis. Other questions. What are they worth? Or we |
|
| 223:34 | time or possible to go through the before I guess maybe tomorrow or Monday |
|
| 223:41 | E could go through those with you . I could open it up and |
|
| 223:50 | , uh um they're all a I could go to the questions |
|
| 223:55 | you know, I mean, I be some of you, You |
|
| 223:59 | the great on the quiz Last question from, you know, up to |
|
| 224:05 | down. So, I mean, of you got everything right. |
|
| 224:07 | you know, the review is gonna repeat, but obviously not everyone got |
|
| 224:11 | 100% score. And if anyone's confused any of the questions And I appreciate |
|
| 224:17 | you may not remember the questions because did a week ago in your mind |
|
| 224:21 | with new information, but I'm not happy to. I wasn't sure if |
|
| 224:25 | blackboard you could review question it will you which questions you did wrong. |
|
| 224:32 | couldn't do that. If you guys , please let me know, and |
|
| 224:35 | don't need to go through it. , basically, if you go to |
|
| 224:39 | your quizzes and you show your you click on your score and the |
|
| 224:43 | show you all the questions about right wrong. Okay, so try |
|
| 224:49 | If you don't have luck with that , then we'll go through whatever you |
|
| 224:54 | to go through. Okay. Thank . Perfect. Any other questions? |
|
| 225:00 | , I guess. I go on the about Anna. I'll like to |
|
| 225:03 | my screen again because I have a about the assignment to that you've already |
|
| 225:08 | . Okay. If so, I basically about like, I think I'd |
|
| 225:12 | to just show you once you What's own. Okay. Mm. Where |
|
| 225:19 | slipped. Totally. Okay, so , when you said that the ESPYs |
|
| 225:30 | below on the unwrapping shelf and not top, what were you referring |
|
| 225:41 | Mhm. Mhm. Mhm. You'll have thio Pop it up. |
|
| 225:50 | not You're not seeing it. No. What? Yeah. Uh |
|
| 226:06 | . Angina. Yeah. So if look at your word the words So |
|
| 226:12 | at your legend. It says sequence . Correct. And that's shown with |
|
| 226:17 | of a pink line. Correct? , red line, but yeah. |
|
| 226:21 | so you'll notice, uh, you , uh, where I've got |
|
| 226:29 | Yes. Yeah, So you'll see I've got these little LST is kind |
|
| 226:35 | in the middle of the diagram. two of them there. You point |
|
| 226:39 | where those are? Yeah, that there. Yeah. Yeah, |
|
| 226:44 | So what surfaces on top of the in your interpretation? Uh, |
|
| 226:52 | So you mean like this This one wrong. That should be the transgressive |
|
| 226:57 | . The sequence. I've drawn a surface. Okay, That is what |
|
| 227:02 | was explaining to you. Okay, do that. You did okay with |
|
| 227:09 | other ones. The big ones. you miss you miss those little those |
|
| 227:13 | little sequence, Uh, and you you show these size Valley. But |
|
| 227:17 | took the valley across the top of unit, despite the fact that it |
|
| 227:20 | it basically shifted online. Mm So what was that about? The |
|
| 227:27 | Valley? Yeah. Do you wanna off yours to stop screen sharing? |
|
| 227:40 | first, Yeah. Yeah. So . So there's the insides valley, |
|
| 227:53 | ? Yes. Okay. And it below Mhm. The low stand, |
|
| 228:00 | . Mhm. There's another way to at it right here is through the |
|
| 228:06 | . Over. Okay, so that's p. Okay. And then there's |
|
| 228:11 | roll over there. It's subtle, it's there is a little slow |
|
| 228:15 | but they've drawn in. They show there and here they show it right |
|
| 228:22 | . You see that? And then next step smoke break is there. |
|
| 228:27 | the D. That's the degradation. is there. That's the degradation. |
|
| 228:33 | the on lap. There's the on . There's the incised valley sequence. |
|
| 228:39 | . Gotta go down. Okay. you did is you kept it going |
|
| 228:43 | . That's what that's that was the that you made, right? |
|
| 228:49 | That makes sense. Yes, you're . Thanks for sharing too. |
|
| 228:55 | Had you great on there. And everybody wants people see the grades. |
|
| 228:58 | that was, uh, you uh, we should We should all |
|
| 229:03 | you for not being frayed. Show your work and and be judged |
|
| 229:08 | your peers. Okay, everybody. we'll end limit early. I've got |
|
| 229:14 | little, uh, cocktail hour with friends that started about 9.5 ago. |
|
| 229:20 | I've just it to be guys, my pleasure on to make sure you |
|
| 229:26 | your money's worth. And, I'm actually gonna go. I'm gonna |
|
| 229:29 | off right now, But I'm gonna on and make sure I've just make |
|
| 229:32 | sure about the quiz set up because don't wanna be doing that to my |
|
| 229:36 | o'clock after a couple of beers. do that. Now we owe Can |
|
| 229:43 | talk to you here? Just a minutes after after events. Thank |
|
| 229:49 | All right. Good evening. Thank |
|
