| 00:08 | whole bunch of stuff going on your where I have to turn on so |
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| 00:11 | different things to get this stuff Let's see what? God here. |
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| 00:19 | , start recording that service double And I think we are good to |
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| 00:26 | . Yes, all right. They only having a good week so |
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| 00:32 | Everyone enjoying the horrible, horrible, air quality we had today. I |
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| 00:37 | . I drove in. I could see downtown. I was like, |
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| 00:41 | , there's no work. Yeah, , anyway, um, for those |
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| 00:46 | you who are online, I'm gonna you to go to the chat real |
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| 00:50 | and give a thumbs up or thumbs on a question I have with regard |
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| 00:53 | the calibrations. Do you think the you read was a good paper or |
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| 00:58 | paper and we'll find out the Here's and foreign class. What you |
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| 01:02 | think? Good paper. Bad Good paper. So you said |
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| 01:11 | You think you shook your head and like, No. What do you |
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| 01:14 | think? Okay. Said okay. then what did you think of the |
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| 01:23 | when you read it, or did not do it? It's okay. |
|
| 01:25 | you didn't do it. I'm not be mad at you. This |
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| 01:27 | you could do whatever the hell you , right? What? What's that |
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| 01:31 | , Um, or thumbs up with thumbs down. A lot of |
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| 01:35 | All right, so let me talk briefly about the calibrations. This would |
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| 01:39 | a lot better if we had 150 in the classroom. We could talk |
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| 01:42 | a paper, but we can't do . So I'm gonna have to kind |
|
| 01:46 | tell you what it's like. All , So first off, the purpose |
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| 01:50 | these calibration you can see down here the bottom is toe Look at papers |
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| 01:53 | the perspective of the rubric. We can look at a paper. |
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| 01:57 | can say this is good or this bad. Just fundamentally. Does it |
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| 02:02 | to me? Right. But what tend to do is we tend to |
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| 02:06 | very emotional about the person. We bad for him. He will hear |
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| 02:10 | bad for the writer when you read bad paper. Yeah, you're |
|
| 02:14 | Oh, well, and you wanna him the benefit of the doubt? |
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| 02:19 | , if you thought this was a paper. You're darn right. This |
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| 02:22 | a bad paper. This was a written paper, okay? And this |
|
| 02:26 | actually a student paper from a couple back. Don't ask me how many |
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| 02:29 | ago. I pulled it out a time ago. And the idea here |
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| 02:34 | to look at the paper through that because what happens is is when we're |
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| 02:40 | evaluators. We tend to want to sorry for the writer. Oh, |
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| 02:45 | feel bad that this person didn't get grammar right. Maybe they're not English |
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| 02:50 | . So maybe that was probably a or Oh, you really don't understand |
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| 02:55 | have command of the subject. So want to just kind of give you |
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| 02:58 | benefit. The doubt? I don't you to get a bad grades. |
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| 03:00 | grades suck, right? They do , right? Would we all agree |
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| 03:04 | bad? Great suck. Yeah. the idea is to remove all that |
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| 03:09 | , and what we're really trying to is pure evaluators. And we're trying |
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| 03:12 | help that person become a better And if all you do is coddle |
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| 03:18 | , they're not gonna get better at , all right? And it doesn't |
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| 03:21 | you have to be an ass. don't have to be brutal. You |
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| 03:23 | have to be mean. You don't to call them names or say they're |
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| 03:26 | stupid or make fun of their ancestry whatever it is that you feel like |
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| 03:30 | when you're reading a bad paper. trust me, every single one of |
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| 03:33 | things comes rolling through my brain. wonder how they ever got into |
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| 03:38 | You know, there's there's all sorts stuff when you read a bad paper |
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| 03:41 | this is true when you're reading papers your colleagues and there. I |
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| 03:45 | trust me. There are bad writers there, but the idea here is |
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| 03:51 | . I am judging them on the based upon the rubric, and you'll |
|
| 03:57 | those questions that I asked You were straightforward, weren't there? Is |
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| 04:00 | does the title do this? Does abstract do this? That's what you're |
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| 04:06 | to do, and if you're honest that, you're gonna quickly find where |
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| 04:11 | paper lies. Now. The truth , is that there is a degree |
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| 04:16 | subjectivity, and so some of you getting partial credit the first time you |
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| 04:19 | there, you probably got a really score and you're like, What the |
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| 04:22 | ? And then you started trying to and modify. And really, what |
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| 04:26 | trying to do is I'm trying to you to kind of modify yourself stuff |
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| 04:29 | you're all kind of working in So, for example, I |
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| 04:33 | this paper, I don't have my here because they're up in my |
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| 04:35 | Um, but like I gave the person basically all ones, with the |
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| 04:39 | of, like, the title, know, e think that's what it |
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| 04:42 | . But, you know, if are like, well, it's not |
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| 04:45 | a one, but it's more like two. You got credit for |
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| 04:49 | and that's okay, all right. that's the idea is like you and |
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| 04:52 | can agree that something is bad, I might think it's worse, and |
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| 04:55 | might think it's a slightly better than . And so that's that's agreeable, |
|
| 05:01 | ? We can identify something that's but you might think it's like |
|
| 05:05 | really awesome. And I might be , Yeah, well, it's not |
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| 05:07 | , but it's a close to as you're gonna get right and So |
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| 05:11 | kind of the idea here with regard the subjectivity part. But we should |
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| 05:15 | be falling one way or the other it comes to evaluating these things. |
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| 05:21 | , with that in mind, you two other calibration. So there is |
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| 05:24 | total of three papers. So you seen what a bad paper looks |
|
| 05:29 | So you can also use that as model of like I don't want to |
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| 05:31 | what this person Did you notice that grammar was was terrible, that the |
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| 05:35 | kind of wandered? There was no story. And probably after about the |
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| 05:39 | or second paragraph, you kind of pissed. Did you Did you notice |
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| 05:42 | you get mad when you read about ? I mean, I've said that |
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| 05:45 | was like, Come on, you do better, you know? Trust |
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| 05:49 | when the t A. You you've had a great pay presented |
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| 05:53 | Yes. What happens after about the paper? You're just angry. You |
|
| 05:57 | read a murder people, right? is why you don't want one person |
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| 06:01 | your papers. You want just a of people. All right. But |
|
| 06:04 | we're gonna do we're gonna go through next couple of papers, you're gonna |
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| 06:07 | different types of papers. You've seen bad one. So what do you |
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| 06:11 | ? You think you're going to see good one? At some point? |
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| 06:14 | . You might see an average paper some point. I mean, those |
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| 06:16 | really your three choices. Good, . And and okay. And so |
|
| 06:20 | you're reading them, use that rubric help. You kind of say, |
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| 06:24 | , Are they achieving the goals? if they're achieving the goals, what |
|
| 06:28 | of gray does this mean, How do I feel? Do they |
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| 06:32 | a good job of meeting the Are they falling on this side of |
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| 06:36 | scale? Are they falling on that of skill? Are they falling in |
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| 06:39 | middle? Now? I got a questions about Well, how does this |
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| 06:44 | great out? Where does this great ? Well, it's part of your |
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| 06:47 | grade, but it za negative grades penalty grade. But when I say |
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| 06:51 | , I don't want you like all right, because it's meant to |
|
| 06:55 | . It's not meant to punish. only punishes if you don't do |
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| 06:59 | So you can see right there. you don't do them, you're losing |
|
| 07:01 | points off your paper. So just and trying to calibrate you're going to |
|
| 07:08 | working in the right direction. So I do every paper you have two |
|
| 07:12 | . Obviously, the first time you it, like today, you probably |
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| 07:14 | , like, I've had people like get twenties the first time. They're |
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| 07:17 | like, what? Why? And they go back and they try to |
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| 07:21 | , and they finally get to Great. So what? I'm always |
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| 07:24 | take the highest score. Whatever those attempts are. All right, That's |
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| 07:28 | gonna be the case. And then I do is because I know that |
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| 07:31 | calibrations could be kind of difficulty. gonna take the top two scores within |
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| 07:36 | three. All right, So high of each three throughout the lowest |
|
| 07:40 | Now you got two scores. They wait, uh, two scores, |
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| 07:44 | I'm gonna take that average. Once I take that average, If |
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| 07:49 | average is greater than 80 then I count anything that you have calibrated, |
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| 07:53 | I'm happy. All right, So you're within 20% of what I call |
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| 07:57 | perfect calibration. You're in good And after that, I'm gonna take |
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| 08:01 | couple of points off. Like if off by five points and it's 50.25 |
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| 08:05 | off 100 point paper, that makes . Is that Is that is that |
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| 08:10 | ? Is that the end of your ? No. 99.75 is okay if |
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| 08:14 | have 100. Not your perfectionist. right, but you can see it |
|
| 08:21 | doesn't harm you. Its's the small to the carrot. All right, |
|
| 08:26 | what we're trying to accomplish. So online fight. Have them still |
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| 08:32 | There might be three attempts. Is three attempts? Okay, you got |
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| 08:36 | attempts. Bonus. See, I change anything. I guess one year |
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| 08:40 | moved up to three attempts. So you go. Three attempts. So |
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| 08:44 | better. Still take the highest of . So three temps. And if |
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| 08:49 | get 100 or if you get 80 can stop. You don't have to |
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| 08:52 | doing it right. But that's the , Really. The goal here is |
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| 08:58 | to start practicing riel peer evaluations, these are real student papers that you're |
|
| 09:04 | They're not stuff that I've made I pulled him. I called him |
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| 09:07 | old classes. So that's what I you to do. So we had |
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| 09:11 | today. We have a test on . That was a hiss, |
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| 09:18 | Boo. Right. And then on next week, that will be the |
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| 09:23 | calibration. And then there's the third on Thursday. Did this take long |
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| 09:29 | do when you did? The calibration like you took long. You work |
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| 09:32 | hard. That's okay. I'm not not mad at you, you |
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| 09:36 | But if it took you more than minutes, then you probably spent way |
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| 09:40 | much time on it. Okay? it's basically as you're reading, just |
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| 09:44 | of try to answer the questions is what we're trying to go for |
|
| 09:47 | And this is actually when you read papers, your peer papers, it's |
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| 09:51 | of the same thing. You're basically kind of rolling through. If you're |
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| 09:54 | more than 10 minutes per paper or 15 minutes per paper, you may |
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| 09:59 | putting way too much effort. Don't to correct somebody's grammar on these on |
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| 10:03 | papers. All right. If their is terrible. And I've seen people |
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| 10:07 | that where they, like, start to correct the grammar like No, |
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| 10:09 | , no. Just say your grammar work and then count them for |
|
| 10:13 | right? Can you believe that? mean, you know, affections. |
|
| 10:17 | what we do. Any other questions ? You've got that look on your |
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| 10:22 | . Uh huh. No requests. chance that? Nope. Nope. |
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| 10:30 | to the hard world. Nope, . Nope. Building Crecion, You |
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| 10:37 | one last night. This is the . So again, in a setting |
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| 10:42 | this, where half of you 94% you are online and on Lee a |
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| 10:48 | of your ear in the classroom. calibration is simply aligning yourself by |
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| 10:53 | So if you could get within 80% a perfect score, right? So |
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| 10:57 | you have 80 or above, then are calibrating. All right, that's |
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| 11:01 | idea. And you should be able look at a paper based on those |
|
| 11:06 | and ask that question instead of instead being emotional about it. Ask |
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| 11:10 | Are they meeting the rubric? Are doing a good job? Are they |
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| 11:14 | an okay job or they're not doing at all. And if they can |
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| 11:17 | that out than their calibrating Yeah, , Yep, Yes. No, |
|
| 11:31 | , no figures. Thank goodness. . Or would it be hard? |
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| 11:36 | to have figures? Yeah, No . You got them all in your |
|
| 11:42 | , right? You store them, jammed him over on this side. |
|
| 11:45 | now. You know all the lyrics all your favorite songs. Don't get |
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| 11:49 | up. That's funny. Thank you laughing. All right, you guys |
|
| 11:57 | to move on to something interesting You want to keep talking about |
|
| 12:01 | No. Interesting. Okay, so , what we're gonna do is we're |
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| 12:05 | talk about muscles, all right? want a picture of Popeye, but |
|
| 12:10 | run out of time. All So this is one of those weird |
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| 12:14 | 90 minutes to talk about something that takes about five minutes to explain. |
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| 12:18 | I apologize for that in advanced. right, So what I want to |
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| 12:22 | with first, I want to deal structure when we talk about a |
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| 12:25 | All right. When you think of muscle, you think of a named |
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| 12:27 | like, what's that muscle right there bicep. Alright, that's good. |
|
| 12:31 | , Those online you can't see Ha ha ! You could pick whatever |
|
| 12:34 | you want. All right, That , that name muscle is a composite |
|
| 12:39 | a whole bunch of muscle cells. this is what this picture is trying |
|
| 12:42 | show you see? Look, there's muscle and is trying to break it |
|
| 12:45 | . And what we have here are smaller and smaller groupings of cells. |
|
| 12:50 | within a named muscle, you have Bunches of fast sickles, and that's |
|
| 12:56 | they're trying to show you. Here they're pulling one out of fast |
|
| 12:59 | And a fast cool is simply a of these, uh, muscle cells |
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| 13:03 | are are bundled together, and that's of the next level down. And |
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| 13:07 | the last level that you're looking at is we're looking inside the cell at |
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| 13:10 | mile fiber, and so part of is a little bit of language. |
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| 13:14 | , Because you're gonna hear my oh Myo Fi Brill. You'll hear my |
|
| 13:20 | . You know all these my oh Oh my Oh my oh always refers |
|
| 13:24 | muscle Just like Sarko is a It always refers to muscle, all |
|
| 13:29 | . And so if you look at , think about a steak or a |
|
| 13:32 | when you go to the store and buy one and they take that |
|
| 13:34 | And really what you're doing is doing cross section through and you can see |
|
| 13:37 | bundles of fat. These what? fast sickles. Alright, They're separated |
|
| 13:41 | connective tissue. And so if you at the larger fast ical, it |
|
| 13:46 | connective tissue around it. If you at the individual cell, it has |
|
| 13:49 | tissue around it. And if you at the whole muscle, it has |
|
| 13:52 | tissue around it and it has All right, so the EPA |
|
| 13:56 | um, epi means outs are So that would be the one that |
|
| 14:00 | the entire muscle. The paramecium, paramecium like p a r a. |
|
| 14:06 | pay er I, which means near our next to, is wrapped around |
|
| 14:11 | of the individual cells. I'm Each of the individual fast sickles and |
|
| 14:16 | the Indo Me Z, um is most form of connective tissue that would |
|
| 14:20 | around the individual cells. So if take an individual cell rapid connective tissue |
|
| 14:24 | is the enemy's IAM. Take a of those wrapped him again with connective |
|
| 14:28 | . There's the pyramids. IAM. a bunch of those fast calls. |
|
| 14:32 | them again. That's the epitome Now you've got your name muscle, |
|
| 14:35 | then we actually have more connective tissue it. We have what is called |
|
| 14:39 | and superficial fashion. The deep fashion external to the museum, so it's |
|
| 14:45 | right there around each of the And so you can imagine several muscle |
|
| 14:49 | muscles are bundled together, and that's you kind of wrap them up. |
|
| 14:52 | then you have the superficial, which what separates muscle from skin. So |
|
| 14:56 | you ever gone hunting and you ever an animal, you take up the |
|
| 14:59 | and it looks like the animal without just basically all muscle. That's the |
|
| 15:05 | fashion now. Muscles always connected toe to cause bones to move, and |
|
| 15:12 | way we connect the muscle to a is through connective tissue. What we |
|
| 15:16 | tendons. All right. Now what is is the tendon when the muscle |
|
| 15:22 | that causes the tenant to pull on muscle, but the tendon is, |
|
| 15:28 | , created from the convergence of all different layers. So around the individual |
|
| 15:34 | around the individual fast tickles and ultimate the whole muscle come together and they |
|
| 15:39 | out the other side. That is tendon. Okay, so that's kind |
|
| 15:46 | a basic level of organization here. , what I want you to |
|
| 15:50 | and this is a concept that a of people don't seem to get. |
|
| 15:54 | right. So neither in anatomy we're . Is that when you look at |
|
| 15:58 | name muscle like a bicep? The length of the cells in that |
|
| 16:03 | is the length of the entire Right? So the individual cells are |
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| 16:09 | from where the insertion is, really origin down to the insertion. |
|
| 16:15 | That is one cell length. So of those cells within this name muscle |
|
| 16:20 | equally as long as the others. all parallel to one another, and |
|
| 16:24 | incredibly long. So you can imagine quadriceps. How long with those quadriceps |
|
| 16:28 | be quadriceps. Is this muscle in thigh? How long do you think |
|
| 16:34 | like that? Yeah. Each cell that long for those go online about |
|
| 16:39 | and a half. 2 ft. one else. I'm pretending. Big |
|
| 16:44 | . Okay, so you kind of the sense here. Long cylindrical |
|
| 16:51 | So what we're gonna do is we're focus in Yes, sir. |
|
| 16:58 | No. Fascia is, um is name of that form of connective |
|
| 17:03 | So typically speaking, it's kind of thicker, denser, connective tissue |
|
| 17:08 | uh, basically wraps the entire All right, so, um, |
|
| 17:15 | without naming muscles. And on the of my head, I can't even |
|
| 17:18 | all the names of the muscles in forearm. But there's about eight different |
|
| 17:21 | in the forearm, And so each muscle is wrapped in a deep |
|
| 17:28 | and then the entire structure now wrapped superficial fashion, All right, but |
|
| 17:34 | don't sit there and go Look, know, there's my for my got |
|
| 17:37 | of muscles. See? Look, work out. You see it online |
|
| 17:41 | , admiring my Adonis like arm. all nod your heads and say, |
|
| 17:45 | course, yes. Live in your world, Dr Wayne. Okay. |
|
| 17:52 | we're gonna do is we're gonna focus on the individual cell. All |
|
| 17:57 | We understand how the individual cell We don't understand how the whole muscle |
|
| 18:01 | . All right, so the individual is called a myo fiber. All |
|
| 18:11 | , Very early on. When Physiologist . We're looking at this stuff they |
|
| 18:16 | using, You know, they're Latin their Greek and so not recognize that |
|
| 18:21 | cell is not unique. Rather all basically the same component. They started |
|
| 18:27 | things. And so when you hear word sar Kolyma, what you should |
|
| 18:30 | hearing is plasma lemma or plasma When you see Sarko Plasm, you |
|
| 18:34 | be thinking, Oh, that's, , cytoplasm. It's just the cell |
|
| 18:39 | . And so, just like they in the nervous system, they thought |
|
| 18:42 | was unique and special, and so gave him special names. Now there |
|
| 18:45 | some characteristics of the Sarko plasm that should be aware of. There's |
|
| 18:48 | lots and lots of like a zones basically glycogen stored away. Now you |
|
| 18:53 | learned way back and buy a What's glycogen? Exactly when, um |
|
| 19:00 | . It's stored What? Sugar? good. That's why I'm looking for |
|
| 19:05 | simple answers here. We're not. isn't the M cat. We're just |
|
| 19:09 | to go for simple storage sugar. would muscles want stored sugar because their |
|
| 19:15 | they need say it again. And that's what sugar is its energy |
|
| 19:20 | be used. All right, so not waiting for the liver. We're |
|
| 19:23 | waiting for fat stores. We already sugar in our muscles. All |
|
| 19:29 | for those who like to do keto and stuff like that, all of |
|
| 19:31 | sudden, it kind of makes Okay, why can't humans be or |
|
| 19:36 | carnivores being meat eaters? Well, are getting our carbs because the carbs |
|
| 19:40 | already there in the meat. There's not a lot of them. |
|
| 19:44 | But they do exist there. We get sugar from them. We also |
|
| 19:49 | myoglobin. Myoglobin is related to Hemoglobin we're gonna see carries oxygen in |
|
| 19:54 | blood myoglobin holds on the auction in muscle cells. Why don't I want |
|
| 19:58 | my muscle cells because of all that you learned about way back when you |
|
| 20:04 | about Glide. Collis is right. gonna take that glycogen, gonna break |
|
| 20:08 | glucose, take glucose and convert it carbon dioxide and water. And the |
|
| 20:12 | way I could do that is if have oxygen present and Why do I |
|
| 20:15 | wait for my lungs? If I'm cheap being chased by a bear, |
|
| 20:20 | , Let me start as much oxygen I can, and then as I'm |
|
| 20:23 | it, then I'll replenish it by harder and faster and pumping my blood |
|
| 20:27 | . So we're gonna start boxing as . And then we have a high |
|
| 20:31 | of mitochondria because we remember mitochondria. is their job? Energy production? |
|
| 20:38 | . That's what we're looking for. . And then this is interesting. |
|
| 20:41 | a multi nuclear did sell. Why I have a multi nuclei? |
|
| 20:46 | the answer to that is that it's . Remember I said, these cells |
|
| 20:49 | very, very long when they first development. Your cells are very, |
|
| 20:54 | small individual cells. But what they is they fuse with their brothers and |
|
| 20:58 | , and they create these incredibly long . So it's multi nuclear did because |
|
| 21:03 | created a fused cell. That's where multi nuclear comes from. Now the |
|
| 21:09 | of interest, what we call the unit. The thing that we're gonna |
|
| 21:13 | dealing with is called the SAARC The SAARC Amir is a specifically defined |
|
| 21:18 | within a muscle cell. It lies two things that are called Z |
|
| 21:22 | All right, now, without knowing about Z disk, you're just |
|
| 21:25 | okay, I'm just gonna nod my . Just know the definition right |
|
| 21:28 | We're gonna get to what it all to deal with the Z disk you |
|
| 21:31 | see in our little picture. Here basically a line that you can see |
|
| 21:36 | the striations. All right, so you have to Z discs, there's |
|
| 21:42 | , number one z dis number That right there is called a Sark |
|
| 21:46 | . So what happens is, is when the muscle contracts, what you're |
|
| 21:50 | do is you're gonna see the SAARC getting smaller, All right? And |
|
| 21:54 | you have thousands of sarcoma, you imagine all these Sarka mirrors are getting |
|
| 21:59 | in terms of the distance between the z disk. We're gonna learn how |
|
| 22:02 | works. Thea. Other thing is when your muscle grows because |
|
| 22:06 | you start off about this big in , right? And now you're this |
|
| 22:10 | in life. Or maybe this big on who you are, right? |
|
| 22:14 | did that happen? Well, the added Sarka mirrors on to its |
|
| 22:20 | So it's basically elongating as a function adding Sark. Amir's the SAARC, |
|
| 22:26 | themselves don't get longer. Okay, the SAARC Amir is a fixed length |
|
| 22:31 | a muscle south. All right, , this is a functional unit, |
|
| 22:35 | that it has business. Now, we're gonna do is we're gonna dive |
|
| 22:38 | . So here we are. There's cell again, and we're looking at |
|
| 22:41 | structure here called the Triad. I'm just gonna point some stuff out |
|
| 22:45 | the picture so that you can kind kind of figure out where we |
|
| 22:48 | You can see out here. Here that plasma membrane what we call the |
|
| 22:52 | membrane SAR Kolyma. Good. All , so the star Kolyma and then |
|
| 22:57 | can see inside these air the Mile . Brill's not the mile fiber. |
|
| 23:02 | mile fiber is the cell mile fibers the side of skeleton inside the muscle |
|
| 23:08 | . All right, and then we're have in a plastic particular um, |
|
| 23:12 | give it a special name. We it Sarko Plasma. Ridiculous. Um |
|
| 23:17 | . And what? The Sarko plastic . Um does It has a unique |
|
| 23:22 | function to this this is a It's a type of smooth, |
|
| 23:27 | in the plaza in particular, and stores up calcium. So in our |
|
| 23:31 | here, you can kind of see Sarka Plaza in particular. Um, |
|
| 23:35 | kind of wrapped around everything. Looks like the Swiss cheese in the |
|
| 23:40 | . Alright, it is wrapped around the fibers and then at the very |
|
| 23:44 | of that you have these tubes that of run from one side of the |
|
| 23:49 | to the other, like tunnels. right, so you can imagine the |
|
| 23:52 | applies in particular, has a hole then burrows through to the other side |
|
| 23:56 | a tunnel that whole and that burrow the way through is called the trans |
|
| 24:02 | tube. You'll or T tube you'll short. All right, And you |
|
| 24:07 | see in our little pictures here it's blue thing. So here's the opening |
|
| 24:11 | one side you can imagine it goes the way through and there's an opening |
|
| 24:14 | the other side. And really, we've done here is we've actually brought |
|
| 24:21 | into the into deep into the muscle . So if you need an |
|
| 24:28 | think of it as a doughnut, ? A donut has a hole through |
|
| 24:31 | . So the surface is even the . And that's kind of what's going |
|
| 24:36 | here is we got a little tiny that are like holes that go all |
|
| 24:39 | way through. Now the Triad says there's three things. So we've got |
|
| 24:45 | Plaza in particular. We've got the to Bill. What's the third |
|
| 24:48 | The third thing is the edges of Sarko plasma. Particular Um alright, |
|
| 24:53 | kind of spread out and become fairly . And you can see in our |
|
| 24:56 | over here What's going on? And is the terminal sister knee, meaning |
|
| 25:02 | end fat end alright of the SAARC in particular. And so those three |
|
| 25:08 | together make up the triad. So I have is I have calcium stored |
|
| 25:13 | away the Sarko Plaza in particular. , I have a close association with |
|
| 25:18 | T tubules, which is basically the coming through the cell. And then |
|
| 25:23 | got these fat ends that air near T tubules of this Arco Plaza in |
|
| 25:28 | . All right, so this is of where we hold the calcium. |
|
| 25:33 | I'm gonna pause here for a and I'm gonna answer a question. |
|
| 25:38 | questions off. It's like a triad the exam. Oh, who cares |
|
| 25:47 | the exam exams next week? Or on Thursday. Who cares? |
|
| 25:51 | what's the question? No question. many of you think classes 50. |
|
| 26:02 | listen to the orientation video. next one in the developing body, |
|
| 26:08 | growth fusion. You think muscle cells off formulas for self? Yes. |
|
| 26:16 | ? So very early on in the individual cells, these air called |
|
| 26:20 | premium. They're called mile blast. pre Maya sites mile blast fused together |
|
| 26:25 | form what are called, uh, Maya site itself. And that's actually |
|
| 26:29 | in extending structure that's becomes a fiber structure. It's actually kind of cool |
|
| 26:34 | scary. If you want to think the the cell that becomes fat in |
|
| 26:36 | cell that becomes muscle is the exact precursor yourself. All you gotta do |
|
| 26:40 | give it one, uh, on goes one direction or the other. |
|
| 26:46 | you wish we knew how to turn that gene right? This very moment |
|
| 26:49 | our lives, I mean, I've I've got a lot of muscle that |
|
| 26:53 | to be reborn. Okay, so that's where from, All right. |
|
| 26:59 | so what happens is these little tiny round cells or whatnot will then kind |
|
| 27:05 | elongate and create kind of a straw cell when I say straw, like |
|
| 27:10 | straw. Okay. And that's what seeing here is the entire structure we're |
|
| 27:15 | at is the individual cell, All . And what we're looking at is |
|
| 27:19 | looking inside that individual cell. All , so let's take a look and |
|
| 27:28 | the big picture, and we're gonna it down. Yes, I was |
|
| 27:34 | . Uh huh. I'm coming. drink my teeth. Go ahead. |
|
| 27:46 | ? Uh huh. Yeah, Well, this will make a little |
|
| 27:56 | more sense. So think of it this right now. I am introducing |
|
| 28:00 | the players in the play. I told you how the playworks yet. |
|
| 28:03 | , I haven't told you the but yes, so the SAARC applies |
|
| 28:07 | the terminal cistern e are basically one together. It's just that there, |
|
| 28:12 | terms of structure, their unique one a little bit broader and wider. |
|
| 28:16 | so there's Mawr calcium that's localized. relative to the rest of the Sarko |
|
| 28:20 | . Ridiculous. But the Sarka plasma , um, still is responsible for |
|
| 28:24 | up and storing up calcium point. purpose of the who feels that where |
|
| 28:29 | actually like I said, wait till to haven't gotten there yet. That's |
|
| 28:34 | That's part of part of the fun here is telling how it all |
|
| 28:37 | This is the mouse trap. You mousetrap. You guys all played |
|
| 28:41 | right? No. Uh huh. to get you guys out. Mousetrap |
|
| 28:47 | a game where you start putting the one by one, and at the |
|
| 28:49 | end, you get to run the mousetrap in it. It's really, |
|
| 28:52 | cool, but I'll get there in a couple minutes. Literally three or |
|
| 28:55 | minutes. All right. Any other ? All right, let's Yes. |
|
| 29:00 | ahead where you're working. Terminal A is on the It is. |
|
| 29:08 | , sure thing. I'm gonna erase ink real quick so that we could |
|
| 29:11 | that. All right, so when looking at the terminal cistern e think |
|
| 29:17 | is working? Nope. Had turned my pen. Hold on on. |
|
| 29:22 | back. So the terminal sister knee be this portion right here and |
|
| 29:26 | I apologize. It's hard to write a background. That's so. These |
|
| 29:31 | all be terminal sister, the right to. So if you're looking at |
|
| 29:35 | t tubules T two bills running maternal Ernie sits right up next to |
|
| 29:40 | So it's the portion of the Sarko particular, um, that lies or |
|
| 29:46 | next to the T tube, You'll ? Thank you. You bet, |
|
| 29:51 | . All right, So you're saying going well, Gosh, there's a |
|
| 29:53 | of anatomy. What kind of it's like looking at the engine of a |
|
| 29:56 | and saying, Alright, how does run? If you don't know the |
|
| 29:58 | of the things, How are you know how each thing works together? |
|
| 30:02 | right. And so this is kind the big picture, Alright? And |
|
| 30:05 | far, what we're looking at shouldn't very different. What we're looking at |
|
| 30:09 | here is we're looking at a neuron a neuromuscular junction, and you could |
|
| 30:14 | here that the neuron the arrow represents action potential notice that they labeled it |
|
| 30:19 | signal. Carol, that was a to my head. Alright, so |
|
| 30:25 | an action potential. The potential travels . The length of the axon comes |
|
| 30:29 | to the acts on terminal causes. opening of voltage gated calcium channels. |
|
| 30:33 | comes in causes that vest ical to up to the synapse, right at |
|
| 30:40 | motor in plate. That's what this is referred to as this underlying |
|
| 30:45 | The motor in plate so that neurotransmitters is. You know, Colin binds |
|
| 30:51 | the receptors at the motor in plate causes deep polarization in the muscle |
|
| 30:57 | So remember what is an action An action potential is a signal for |
|
| 31:02 | toe happen. Alright, it's not event. It's a signal to cause |
|
| 31:08 | . And so that action potential is a change in the membrane potential. |
|
| 31:12 | , what's interesting in muscle cells and potential that's that's traveling down through the |
|
| 31:18 | is going to cause release of this see the Colin that is going to |
|
| 31:22 | a greater potential. But the greater is a very strong or powerful greater |
|
| 31:27 | . So what we call this is E P P and in plate |
|
| 31:32 | See, the cleverness there is happening the inn plate, so all |
|
| 31:37 | The E P P is strong enough produce an action potential in the muscle |
|
| 31:44 | . All right, remember, we did the wave in the |
|
| 31:47 | It's just a movement of ions across surface. And so that's what's gonna |
|
| 31:51 | is we're gonna produce an action potential now travels from the in plate across |
|
| 31:59 | surface of the cell. All and it's just washing over. It's |
|
| 32:02 | like a a wave, just like did in the classroom with our eight |
|
| 32:07 | who were here that day, which very sad and pathetic. It's much |
|
| 32:10 | fun with 150 of you, all ? And so it's just opening and |
|
| 32:14 | voltage gated channels, just like we see in a neuron. But what |
|
| 32:18 | is is remember, we have these thes trans verse tubules, And so |
|
| 32:24 | the action potential still travels along the in this direction, wherever there is |
|
| 32:29 | trans verse tubules, theatric tensions going travel down the tube, and when |
|
| 32:33 | travels down the tube, it's going come into contact with very specific receptors |
|
| 32:41 | open in response that change in Those receptors are located in the |
|
| 32:52 | Cistern e, You're actually in the tubular, but they're associated with receptors |
|
| 32:56 | are also located in the terminal sous . So let's go back to our |
|
| 33:00 | once again. All right, so we are. We're coming in close |
|
| 33:04 | , so it's the same place where were. You could see the trans |
|
| 33:08 | tubules T tubules in the middle. could see the terminal cistern. You |
|
| 33:11 | see the extension of the circle plasma . Um, further down. All |
|
| 33:15 | , So all the stuff on the is exactly what we saw were just |
|
| 33:19 | in here on the tried a little closer. And what we can see |
|
| 33:22 | is we have these calcium channels, . They're referred to as D. |
|
| 33:27 | P receptors. They're the things that responding to that change in membrane |
|
| 33:34 | All right, so it's a voltage channel. It causes opening. It |
|
| 33:37 | deep polarization. And because they're associated another channel, this channel right over |
|
| 33:44 | that are on the surface of uh, the terminal cistern e. |
|
| 33:49 | air called Ryan Dean receptors. When open one, it causes the opening |
|
| 33:54 | the other and What happens is is comes rushing out of the stark A |
|
| 34:04 | particular, um, into the surrounding of plasm. All right, so |
|
| 34:08 | we're doing here is an action potential a nerve causes a deep polarization in |
|
| 34:14 | muscle fiber which causes these channels in triad toe open up to allow calcium |
|
| 34:21 | go into the cytoplasm. All And we're gonna pause there, and |
|
| 34:26 | going to now change the story for moment. Okay, so we'll come |
|
| 34:31 | to What is calcium doing in just second? This is kind of like |
|
| 34:35 | soap opera. You're really on the , The edge of your seat, |
|
| 34:38 | you to find out what happens? , so when you look at a |
|
| 34:46 | , all right, so this is slice through a muscle, right? |
|
| 34:50 | you can see it has stripes. you all see the stripes? |
|
| 34:54 | Thes stripes or striations represent fibers overlapping another where it's dark, you see |
|
| 35:03 | where it's light, you see a of overlapping. Okay. And so |
|
| 35:08 | of these bands, when they first in there, they looked at him |
|
| 35:11 | said, Oh, let's see how repeating they started labeling them and they |
|
| 35:15 | giving them names. And so these have special names. All right, |
|
| 35:20 | just gonna walk through him. Here rz disk. So there's r to |
|
| 35:28 | discs right there. So what's that call between the two z discs? |
|
| 35:33 | Amir. Okay, very good. right. So on either side of |
|
| 35:40 | Z disk, you see a light and those two light bands together on |
|
| 35:46 | side of the Z disk is referred as the I banned. Alright. |
|
| 35:49 | the I band represents is the presence thin filament. Now, what you |
|
| 35:55 | do is you can look down here you can see that representation a little |
|
| 35:59 | more clearly in the cartoon. I'm sit so I can draw while I'm |
|
| 36:03 | this. All right, So there's Z disk right? Right there to |
|
| 36:07 | there. That's your eye band. you can see there is my thin |
|
| 36:13 | on this side. There's my thin . All right, then what do |
|
| 36:18 | have that I have this very, dark band? All right. You |
|
| 36:22 | it from there to there. So begins here, and it goes all |
|
| 36:25 | way to their that a band represents presence of thick filament. Now, |
|
| 36:32 | , what we say is where it's dark. That's where the thin filament |
|
| 36:36 | with the thick filament like So that's why it's darker. But |
|
| 36:42 | in the middle of the A we have an area of light again |
|
| 36:48 | that area of life means there is overlap. So all we have there |
|
| 36:54 | thick filament. So if you want way you'd be thin, filament thick |
|
| 36:58 | thin filament, then thick filament and in the middle of the H |
|
| 37:03 | which is where there's just thick That's the in line. That's the |
|
| 37:07 | that divides the SAARC Amir in because then we repeat the opposite |
|
| 37:12 | So the in line represents the proteins the thick filaments are bound to. |
|
| 37:18 | you can't see me in the classroom this. But in the classroom, |
|
| 37:23 | looking at the picture like this. right, so fine here, Right |
|
| 37:31 | I look this way, you can see my actual mass, right? |
|
| 37:35 | you're looking straight down, you could that I'm broader than I am when |
|
| 37:38 | this direction just pretend. Okay? appreciate the laughing I really do, |
|
| 37:45 | it's if if you guys didn't it wouldn't be fun, All |
|
| 37:49 | And then you can imagine, over this is the Z line, |
|
| 37:53 | And the Z line has what's coming of it. If that's thick |
|
| 37:57 | it's over on the in line. coming on? The Z line? |
|
| 38:01 | the opposite of thick then thin So I got thin filaments and I |
|
| 38:06 | thick filaments. Can I borrow you a second? This is why you |
|
| 38:14 | to come into the classroom. but charm that. All right, |
|
| 38:17 | he is what? The Z line thin filaments. I am the in |
|
| 38:23 | and I have thick filaments and what doing is we're crossing this so you |
|
| 38:28 | see there's an area here that's just . And then together there's thick and |
|
| 38:33 | . And then over there, that's fin. So that's I band a |
|
| 38:37 | H band, and then you'd see repeated on the opposite side. Does |
|
| 38:41 | make sense? Excellent. Thank Now you can see there's other little |
|
| 38:49 | down here inside the SAARC. we have a protein called Titan. |
|
| 38:53 | . If you look at the little , what do you see in the |
|
| 38:55 | cartoon? Was it looked like, you tell up there even online? |
|
| 38:59 | can answer it if you want It's a little blue things. What |
|
| 39:02 | they look like? They look like . Okay, so imagine what you're |
|
| 39:08 | is you're contracting and contracting and And after you contract, you want |
|
| 39:12 | muscle to return back to its original . So what is the spring? |
|
| 39:15 | dio springs things back into their original . That's the purpose there. |
|
| 39:20 | It also serves to stabilize because what want is we want the thick and |
|
| 39:24 | filaments to be parallel to one All right. It does no |
|
| 39:27 | They can interact with each other if all co anchored. So having thick |
|
| 39:31 | thin filaments parallel is accomplished through Titan well as, um, the protein |
|
| 39:40 | . And we have another molecule. called Alfa Act in, In which |
|
| 39:45 | attach is the thin filaments to the discs. Probably not quite so |
|
| 39:50 | So you hear these terms thin filament thick filament. What do these |
|
| 39:54 | Well, way back when you took , you won. You probably learn |
|
| 39:56 | and you learn that thick filaments were assistant and you learn thin filaments were |
|
| 40:00 | . And then everything was hunky during went on your way. That's good |
|
| 40:04 | freshmen. For juniors, in a class, we need to go a |
|
| 40:08 | bit deeper. Thin filaments is actually different molecules, and even then, |
|
| 40:14 | even smaller components to them. All , so the obvious one is acting |
|
| 40:19 | acting basically is a, uh it's dime. Er that basically change itself |
|
| 40:24 | , and it gets attracted to another acting. All right, Uh, |
|
| 40:29 | what they do is they basically form Alfa Helix and you can see in |
|
| 40:32 | cartoon the alpha helix. It's basically yellow strand and the the purplish and |
|
| 40:39 | strand. I hope I got those colors, right. All right. |
|
| 40:44 | looking at the ladies guys. Just at it. We see purple, |
|
| 40:47 | right, so you can see there's Alfa Helix there right now on the |
|
| 40:52 | molecule, there's a spot that my likes to bind to. It's called |
|
| 40:55 | Myosin Binding Site. When we look Miocene, we're gonna look. There's |
|
| 40:58 | spot that likes to bind act and call it the acting binding sites. |
|
| 41:02 | how clever this is. The binding on acting binds to Miocene. Hence |
|
| 41:06 | name vice versa on myson. The thing is, is that we |
|
| 41:12 | to make sure that acting on Lee with my ascent at very certain |
|
| 41:17 | Kind of like a dance. You remember going to the high school |
|
| 41:20 | You dance too close with your What happens? Who shows up? |
|
| 41:27 | their name? You probably had a for a teacher, but the |
|
| 41:32 | the chaperone comes in and says, , no, no, no Separate |
|
| 41:36 | and then they walk away and go somebody else and back together again. |
|
| 41:40 | right, so we have a molecule behaves like a chaperone. It is |
|
| 41:44 | a chaperone. We have another molecules that. This is troppo myson with |
|
| 41:49 | name like troppo mice and it must really to my medicine. And it's |
|
| 41:56 | attracted to that binding site and it's rope structure you can see here that |
|
| 42:01 | kind of like these little tiny, pinkish I don't know, Rose colored |
|
| 42:07 | that kind of wrap around with it that album. And what is doing |
|
| 42:11 | buying into each of these mice and sites, and it sits there, |
|
| 42:15 | it covers and protects the Mayas and site Liasson. It literally is in |
|
| 42:21 | way, all right, but I my son to be able to bind |
|
| 42:26 | , to act in. So I to be able to move that out |
|
| 42:28 | the way. And so I need hinge protein to kind of be able |
|
| 42:31 | pull that aside at the right This is what the third molecule |
|
| 42:34 | It's a proponent. Troponin has three to it, and you can see |
|
| 42:39 | first part of the name is That's for troponin, and then the |
|
| 42:43 | initial in it tells you what it . So we have tea and I |
|
| 42:47 | inhibits contractions. All right, so it's there, you know, in |
|
| 42:54 | . We have another part, the that binds to triple Matthiasson, so |
|
| 42:59 | kind of serving as in, so have one part that's bound upto |
|
| 43:02 | one part that's bind up to My ascent on We have a third |
|
| 43:05 | called tnc that binds up to What happens is when calcium is |
|
| 43:10 | that's gonna bind to that. And gonna change the shape of the |
|
| 43:16 | It's gonna change the shape of the . And so when I change the |
|
| 43:19 | of the troponin, I pull on Miocene and I move triple Miocene out |
|
| 43:24 | the way. And that allows my to interact with the acting. |
|
| 43:29 | so troponin is the hinge that allows thing to move back and forth. |
|
| 43:40 | the thin filament is not just acting parts. Make sure you know all |
|
| 43:44 | parts the thick film. It's a easier. You ever played golf? |
|
| 43:51 | , that's good thing. Golf is angry, angry sport. You go |
|
| 43:55 | there thinking I'm gonna get good fresh . I'm gonna go and hit a |
|
| 43:58 | around and I'm gonna have fun. what you end up doing is you |
|
| 44:01 | beating a little ball and wood and start yelling at people and you fling |
|
| 44:06 | golf clubs because you get angry because ball never goes where you want it |
|
| 44:09 | . And then what happens is is you get one golf club and you |
|
| 44:12 | it around another golf club and it like this. See, this is |
|
| 44:20 | we make physiology fun. All It looks like to golf clubs have |
|
| 44:24 | wrapped around each other. All that is what a Miocene molecule looks |
|
| 44:29 | . And you get a bunch of mice and molecules and you align them |
|
| 44:32 | that in line, and you can Now I've got hundreds of these wrapped |
|
| 44:36 | golf clubs that have been jammed in , all facing one direction, like |
|
| 44:42 | right. Imagine the old tiny pictures the 19 thirties. The guy ready |
|
| 44:46 | box. That's kind of what it like. Fright. Hands up. |
|
| 44:50 | fists on the other side, The thing back to back. All |
|
| 44:55 | And so what they're going to try do is they're gonna try to attach |
|
| 44:58 | the thin filament and pull the thin towards the M line, which means |
|
| 45:02 | bringing the Z disc towards the M . All right, now you can |
|
| 45:08 | here There's a lot of information about shapes and stuff, But the key |
|
| 45:12 | here, if you look in the the picture on the top, right |
|
| 45:15 | . Here's the two golf clubs you see. Here's ahead. Here's the |
|
| 45:19 | tail, all right. And the in between those two is where we |
|
| 45:25 | a hinge. All right. And this is where the This is what |
|
| 45:29 | call the heavy chains versus the light . You can see in the bottom |
|
| 45:33 | . It's a little bit more So the light change our regulatory, |
|
| 45:36 | heavy chain is the interacting chain. the part that has the acting binding |
|
| 45:41 | . It's the part that has an p ace. When you hear the |
|
| 45:45 | 80 p ace. What that means it takes a teepee and it breaks |
|
| 45:49 | into inorganic phosphate and a d. . And releases energy. All |
|
| 45:54 | so the heavy chain is doing the and it's gonna require energy. The |
|
| 46:00 | chain is basically what allows you to the head around, all right? |
|
| 46:06 | this is that structure. So you've just hundreds of these. So some |
|
| 46:10 | facing in this direction. Some are in that direction, and we're gonna |
|
| 46:14 | pulling towards the in line. So get back to our story now. |
|
| 46:22 | is like what in so proper terms now a month later, we've we've |
|
| 46:26 | of moved our way around and now gonna come back to calcium. |
|
| 46:30 | we had the action potential. The potential causes an e p p e |
|
| 46:34 | p travels along the surface of the goes down the transfers to bill activates |
|
| 46:39 | D H P receptors, which are with ride in receptors. When the |
|
| 46:43 | on receptors opened up, calcium flows in the side of plaza. What |
|
| 46:48 | up calcium. Do you remember I told you a couple seconds ago. |
|
| 46:55 | . That's right. Troponin. Very . So troponin, when calcium is |
|
| 47:00 | , gets bound up, and that's pull troponin off to the side. |
|
| 47:04 | that's what this picture is trying to you up there in the top, |
|
| 47:07 | could see I'm blocking the acting and and interaction. Basically, the mice |
|
| 47:12 | binding site is unavailable. Calcium comes , binds up to the TNC the |
|
| 47:18 | , right, the C part, it pulls it aside. Nothing is |
|
| 47:22 | me from binding to act, and so troponin goes in and bind and |
|
| 47:28 | is well, except it's a little more complicated than that. I |
|
| 47:32 | this part is the easy part. just because calcium is available and just |
|
| 47:36 | mine is an act and interact doesn't you're gonna get a pull. What |
|
| 47:41 | looking for is we're looking for what called the power stroke. Now, |
|
| 47:47 | could start anywhere in this circle. right, but we're going to start |
|
| 47:50 | the top. All right, so taken the calcium. The calcium is |
|
| 47:55 | for the mice and the acting to . And so now that's what the |
|
| 47:59 | is. That shows us our It's called the attached state. All |
|
| 48:03 | , So the presence of calcium is single most important event here because that |
|
| 48:08 | for the interaction. No calcium, interaction. So we need to get |
|
| 48:13 | interaction first. But when the calcium along, it doesn't cause the actual |
|
| 48:18 | . Stroke C, This is when teepee comes in. Now, this |
|
| 48:22 | kind of interesting. Alright. When comes in what it does, |
|
| 48:28 | So there's your ATP. What it . It allows for you to disconnect |
|
| 48:33 | acting in the Miocene. Wait. want to create a contraction. So |
|
| 48:39 | am I trying to. We're just that's our starting point. Right? |
|
| 48:41 | the calcium still available? What I've is I've I'm breaking the interaction now |
|
| 48:47 | this particular instance up here in this state, this is after I've gone |
|
| 48:52 | Ah poll. Have you ever seen gun with the trigger? Right. |
|
| 48:57 | the trigger has been pulled and the has been down, the bullet has |
|
| 49:02 | off, right? Can I shoot bullet yet? What do I have |
|
| 49:06 | do? I have to reset. hammer has to be reset and pull |
|
| 49:11 | right or I pull the trigger. you're dealing with a revolver, the |
|
| 49:15 | will pull when you pull the This is what the steps are |
|
| 49:19 | It's very similar to resetting the So what I'm doing is I'm setting |
|
| 49:26 | by binding of 80 p. I the bond between acting and Maya Seuin |
|
| 49:33 | breaking ATP into inorganic phosphate ADP I cocking the hammer. All right, |
|
| 49:41 | for those of you in the picture it this way. I've gone |
|
| 49:45 | my contraction. I'm bound up, . So what I wanna do if |
|
| 49:49 | wanna keep pulling this direction I have separate and I have to re cock |
|
| 49:56 | I have to have that site So here I am with that |
|
| 50:00 | Right? So I've got ADP and phosphate bound up. I'm able to |
|
| 50:04 | now in order for me to get actual contraction, the power stroke. |
|
| 50:09 | why I released the inorganic phosphate. now I've moved the acting forward. |
|
| 50:16 | , how do I get out of again? ATP Break the deep in |
|
| 50:22 | ADP and inorganic phosphate bind up again the phosphate and I get the |
|
| 50:29 | Do you see the steps here? right, so it's just going around |
|
| 50:32 | circles, racing all the income of one more time so that you guys |
|
| 50:37 | this. I've already gone through the . That's my starting point. So |
|
| 50:42 | is breaking the interaction by adding ATP ATP into inorganic phosphates. ADP allows |
|
| 50:52 | to interact again. Removing the phosphate me to pull on the acting. |
|
| 51:00 | right, the hinge moves and this the power stroke. And you can |
|
| 51:06 | I've got my assassins that are all this simultaneously and what that does is |
|
| 51:11 | drags a thin filament towards the M , which means the Z discs on |
|
| 51:17 | side are moving towards the in causing that SAARC amir to get |
|
| 51:23 | All right, that's the idea. SAARC Amir gets smaller. I wanna |
|
| 51:30 | sure that I even mentioned this I don't All right, so this |
|
| 51:35 | not on the slides, but I I asked this question. So you |
|
| 51:38 | to come up again and and and this with me? Okay, we're |
|
| 51:42 | do this. So I want you envision the Z disc in the M |
|
| 51:47 | . Right? So just put your out like, yeah, just like |
|
| 51:50 | . All right, so right now can see there's the A line right |
|
| 51:54 | is the I banned. There's our . There's the eye band. This |
|
| 51:57 | the H band in a contraction. Miocene is pulling the eye line towards |
|
| 52:03 | way. Now, have our arms smaller? No. But what has |
|
| 52:08 | smaller? The distance between the end the A band and the Z. |
|
| 52:13 | so the i band got smaller and distance between the A band and the |
|
| 52:19 | line has gotten smaller. So the band has gotten smaller, so a |
|
| 52:23 | in the SAARC Amir results in the of the I banned in the H |
|
| 52:29 | , but the A band stays the length. Do you see if |
|
| 52:33 | if he's moving closer and nearer to , do you see that our arms |
|
| 52:37 | the same length? But the distance us changes. All right, thank |
|
| 52:44 | again. There would be easier for in the classroom if I had a |
|
| 52:47 | camera on me instead of that. I want you to envision which bands |
|
| 52:55 | getting smaller, all right. The bands, the thick and the thin |
|
| 53:00 | of themselves do not get smaller. always the same length. It's the |
|
| 53:06 | between the M Line and the Z that is shrinking. And it's a |
|
| 53:11 | of those two bands or the thick thin filaments sliding over each other. |
|
| 53:15 | right, it's called the Sliding Filament , all right, It's not really |
|
| 53:21 | theory at this point, but that's his name is. A band stays |
|
| 53:26 | same length, but the I Band the H Band gets smaller because of |
|
| 53:31 | distance between them getting smaller, so is a result of calcium being released |
|
| 53:41 | the stark A plasm at P being for the contractions to take place |
|
| 53:49 | at death, when you die, is one of the primary characteristics of |
|
| 53:55 | corpse? What do we call a in the vernacular? In the regular |
|
| 54:01 | ? What's what's one of the slanguage use for corpse? Dead body A |
|
| 54:10 | . Excellent. Someone's playing. a stiff. Why is it called |
|
| 54:13 | stiff? What character? What? is the feature that a stiff goes |
|
| 54:18 | to make it called a stiff? . Rigor mortis is the word I'm |
|
| 54:23 | for. Okay, Well, what rigor mortis? All right, |
|
| 54:26 | remember, when you die, you're pumping. You're not pumping. |
|
| 54:31 | uh, you know, sodium, , you know. So all the |
|
| 54:34 | the cellular machinery is dying, But it's still working for a short |
|
| 54:39 | of time after death, right? so you can imagine all those pumps |
|
| 54:44 | everything taking place are going to stop . So calcium is gonna flood in |
|
| 54:50 | the cells, and then as a , you're going to get a whole |
|
| 54:54 | of contractions, right? And you enough a teepee there to kind of |
|
| 54:59 | the contractions of the muscles, get and contracted. But then, when |
|
| 55:03 | A t. P. Is not , there's nothing that's gonna allow you |
|
| 55:07 | relax the muscles. So you stay a contracted state. That is rigor |
|
| 55:12 | . It's simply the calcium pumps and 80 p not being made that causes |
|
| 55:19 | rigor state. You ready for the story? My grandfather, when he |
|
| 55:23 | young, worked in a mortuary for night. He told me this |
|
| 55:28 | and so I have to believe it's . You probably lied to me, |
|
| 55:31 | I have to believe that it's All right, so he served |
|
| 55:35 | like the age of 17. this is pre World War Two. |
|
| 55:39 | , mortuary goes in. He's the watchman, 17 year old 18 year |
|
| 55:44 | kid, right? And you just of walked through and just make sure |
|
| 55:48 | one's going into steel in the He walks into the, uh, |
|
| 55:52 | where they're doing the actual body And there's someone they had brought in |
|
| 55:58 | in the evening, and that body up just as he walked through, |
|
| 56:04 | said he dropped his flashlight and never back. Why did it sit |
|
| 56:10 | Rigor mortis. Okay, I thought was a fun story. So how |
|
| 56:18 | we relax? Well, calcium causes . Let's get rid of the |
|
| 56:22 | So naturally, what we have is have pumps. All right, so |
|
| 56:27 | SAARC applies, particularly as a It's called circa See smooth and |
|
| 56:31 | in particular calcium pump. That's the . So it's called circa. It |
|
| 56:36 | it so much easier once you Oh, that's how they name stuff |
|
| 56:40 | they're lazy and they just abbreviate Yes, so circle what it |
|
| 56:45 | It's always pumping, you know, just pump, pump, pump, |
|
| 56:48 | , pump. And if calcium is released, its moving mawr calcium |
|
| 56:51 | then that could be pumped in. once you stop the release of |
|
| 56:54 | in other words, you close those on receptors. Then what happens is |
|
| 56:58 | that the calcium pump is able to all the calcium back in. The |
|
| 57:01 | applies for particular. That's one all right, we also have calcium |
|
| 57:06 | that Aaron the surface. These aren't as active in skeletal muscle as |
|
| 57:11 | um, uh, cardiac muscle, we primarily trying to get calcium into |
|
| 57:16 | Sarka Plaza in particular. Um, also a molecule called calcite Question. |
|
| 57:22 | , clever. That is calcium sequestering . Yeah, so Cal sequester. |
|
| 57:27 | there's all Cal, Cal. um, they basically serve a role |
|
| 57:30 | binding of calcium so that when you open up the channels, it takes |
|
| 57:34 | little longer for the calcium to get . And basically the last statements here |
|
| 57:38 | you don't have action potentials, that you don't open up the D. |
|
| 57:42 | P receptors, which means you don't . The Bridon receptor means calcium doesn't |
|
| 57:45 | out. Calcium stays in the Sarko in particular, and you have no |
|
| 57:50 | for contraction. Pretty basic. When potentials calcium is released. No calcium |
|
| 57:58 | no extra pencils, no calcium. I said, everything I'm telling you |
|
| 58:05 | could be done in five minutes. what this slide is. It just |
|
| 58:09 | you through all the steps. So you're studying, this is the This |
|
| 58:14 | the best place to be is to a picture like this so that you |
|
| 58:18 | the whole process, right? What we say after neuron neuron causes? |
|
| 58:24 | an actual chance that goes down causes release of our the influx of calcium |
|
| 58:28 | the the motor motor neuron that caused release of ASIO Colin at the motor |
|
| 58:33 | plate that binds to, uh, receptors at the motor in plate, |
|
| 58:38 | causes an acceptance that travel along the of the muscle cell. He goes |
|
| 58:42 | the T to bill that action uh, activates these D H P |
|
| 58:47 | , which then activate thes ride in , which are associated at the terminal |
|
| 58:52 | of the of this Arco Plaza in . Or the terminal cistern cause release |
|
| 58:56 | calcium calcium binds up to troponin. causes the movement of triple myson off |
|
| 59:01 | acting that makes the myosin binding site . Myson comes along, binds upto |
|
| 59:07 | , and if ATP had been we had already cleaned the eight p |
|
| 59:10 | the inorganic Theo, a DPD inorganic . So now that they're bound up |
|
| 59:15 | , all we got to do now released the inorganic phosphate and that causes |
|
| 59:19 | pull or the power stroke in that and fiber. And in doing |
|
| 59:26 | we've caused the two Z discs to close together right towards the M |
|
| 59:31 | and that is a contraction in a cell. Now a name muscle is |
|
| 59:38 | maney muscle cells lots. That's the . I'm looking for lots. So |
|
| 59:44 | is happening in lots and lots and of cells all at the same |
|
| 59:48 | That is what a contraction is. , so that's what this big picture |
|
| 59:54 | in terms of what's happening inside the . And you can imagine this is |
|
| 59:59 | in lots and lots of cell Yes, sir, when it's considered |
|
| 60:06 | whole cycle that we saw, it's the Power Stroke Cycle. So the |
|
| 60:11 | is, is when we when we in terms of the power stroke, |
|
| 60:15 | power stroke is dependent upon a TPE cause the release of and then ultimately |
|
| 60:21 | reset of the Mayas and head so it's capable of interacting with acting |
|
| 60:26 | And then the release of the inorganic causes the actual stroke. But the |
|
| 60:31 | thing together is the power stroke. it's it's all the little pieces together |
|
| 60:39 | do you see how you could write all in one picture just by looking |
|
| 60:43 | this? It was a long but I got us there. All |
|
| 60:51 | , Let's see if we can get the rest of this stuff really, |
|
| 60:53 | quickly. All right, So this that's That's the key stuff, how |
|
| 60:57 | work. And so if you know how skeletal muscle works, you can |
|
| 61:01 | see how it's just gonna kind of outward. There are two different types |
|
| 61:04 | muscle contraction. One that's called isotonic , one that's called isometric isotonic. |
|
| 61:11 | is where the muscle tension remains All right, but the muscle link |
|
| 61:16 | . Uh, usually I have a in here. I'll use this chair |
|
| 61:19 | O that you guys could see those . You could do this at |
|
| 61:23 | pick an object and pick it All right. Does this chair |
|
| 61:27 | Wait when I'm picking it up. , it's a constant weight. So |
|
| 61:31 | amount of tension I have to produce order to move the chair is |
|
| 61:36 | Okay, turn around this way. think I'll be a little bit |
|
| 61:39 | Pick it up. Alright. So chair never wait. But in order |
|
| 61:44 | my me to lift it up, happens to my muscle? It got |
|
| 61:48 | , didn't it? Right? And I put the chair back down. |
|
| 61:51 | my muscle doing? It's getting Oh, wow. So we're looking |
|
| 61:55 | the bicep? Yes. So, , when I'm putting it down, |
|
| 61:59 | the the reciprocal muscle is getting shorter this one's getting longer. So |
|
| 62:05 | understanding that we're not just looking at muscle. We're looking at multiple muscles |
|
| 62:10 | , but just looking at the bicep can see when picking up the |
|
| 62:14 | The muscle got smaller during the and as I put it back |
|
| 62:19 | the muscle was getting longer, even contraction was taking place. This is |
|
| 62:25 | as the muscle is shortening with Alright, so I'm still producing the |
|
| 62:30 | amount of tension that is called con . So lifting it up was the |
|
| 62:34 | centric move. Three e centric move putting it down, all right, |
|
| 62:38 | I'm maintaining the tension so I don't the chair right. If I release |
|
| 62:43 | tension, the chair would just Isometric is when the muscle doesn't change |
|
| 62:49 | , even though I'm increasing the amount tension. All right, so here's |
|
| 62:55 | simple. When this back in the , this was a very, very |
|
| 62:57 | way to exercise its using muscle against . So if I push against my |
|
| 63:02 | like I am right now, I'm a little bit of force, |
|
| 63:05 | And I can increase that force and and increase and increase. But neither |
|
| 63:09 | is moving. Is it right? an example of isometric. I could |
|
| 63:12 | it against the wall, right. can push up against the wall like |
|
| 63:16 | right. I'm not putting a lot force in there. I could put |
|
| 63:20 | force and more force, but the is not gonna move. But I'm |
|
| 63:24 | more and more attention as I So yes, Thank you. Say |
|
| 63:32 | , Doing a plan? Yes. a plank would be a type of |
|
| 63:37 | because what you're doing is you're just . Um, Well, actually, |
|
| 63:40 | know, it's probably a combination of , right, because what you're not |
|
| 63:45 | is you're not changing muscle. I , you're as you as you're sitting |
|
| 63:49 | . You're increasing muscle tension, just trying desperately not toe to stop the |
|
| 63:54 | . Right? But it's not like applying Mawr Force to try to accomplish |
|
| 64:00 | goal. And so there's there's an move first and trying to get into |
|
| 64:04 | position of the plank, right? creating the contraction to lift your body |
|
| 64:09 | off the ground. Once you're once body's up off the ground, you're |
|
| 64:13 | in creating an isotonic. Excuse an isometric contraction. All right in |
|
| 64:19 | say the forearms. Usually all I planks air right in the belly, |
|
| 64:23 | I'm praying for death so that I that kind of made sense. And |
|
| 64:28 | , I'm not going to sit there and give you a whole bunch of |
|
| 64:32 | moves and saying, What is What is this? What is |
|
| 64:35 | The definition simply is if I'm trying If the muscle length changes, that's |
|
| 64:41 | . If the muscle length doesn't but the tension does, that's |
|
| 64:46 | That's a that's the strict definition. , when I make a single muscle |
|
| 64:55 | contract, we call that a All right, a twitch is not |
|
| 65:02 | . Okay, that's me twitching. was trying to think of Twerking, |
|
| 65:08 | that's a different word. Entire slightly . But a twitch is simply that |
|
| 65:15 | in that single cell. Now what we said is, a muscle |
|
| 65:19 | made up of multiple cells. Do think you could visually see a |
|
| 65:24 | No, It's too small and not enough to actually do anything. All |
|
| 65:30 | . And so what you need to is you need to have an additive |
|
| 65:33 | . Now, to be clear here action potential is a signal. A |
|
| 65:38 | is an actual event. Right? the action potential leads to the |
|
| 65:43 | So do not confuse the two And so what this is trying to |
|
| 65:47 | you is the twitch up on the where the arrows are That represents the |
|
| 65:52 | potential where the action potential occurred. the result of that action potential is |
|
| 65:58 | little blip in terms off. What in the muscle? That's the |
|
| 66:03 | Alright. Too small to see. we could measure it with, |
|
| 66:07 | you know, a single fiber, could measure it. So how do |
|
| 66:12 | get a muscle to move something? , let's make it additive. Let |
|
| 66:17 | send mawr signals. Right? Because my muscle contracts and relaxes and can't |
|
| 66:22 | anything if I want to get a contraction, what I do is I |
|
| 66:25 | to send a whole bunch of and they can some eight. And |
|
| 66:28 | what they do is I create the little bit, and I just keep |
|
| 66:32 | it upwards. That is what is what we refer to as tetanus. |
|
| 66:36 | tetanus is sustained contraction in a So remember when your kids your parents |
|
| 66:42 | let you out of the house because afraid that you're gonna go play in |
|
| 66:45 | playground, step on a nail, I know that you're gonna get |
|
| 66:50 | right? We played in dirty places we stepped on nails. That's why |
|
| 66:56 | stronger, more powerful than you. having more fun. They No. |
|
| 67:06 | idea here is why did they You've heard that. What is |
|
| 67:10 | You've heard that, right? What it? What? What is the |
|
| 67:14 | ? What is the main feature of ? When if you get tetanus, |
|
| 67:17 | you step on a rusty nail, do you think happens? What do |
|
| 67:20 | get? That's right. Block Jaw the primary ideology. You're basically your |
|
| 67:28 | clinches in your cheeks and right, is tetanus. All right. That's |
|
| 67:38 | they got the name from its tetanus those muscles. Temporomandibular joints, the |
|
| 67:44 | around that. All right, so why they call it that. And |
|
| 67:47 | you have to go get, the tin things in your belly. |
|
| 67:51 | know, it's just awful. Don't tetanus. Don't step on rusty |
|
| 67:54 | All right? So you can see here at the bottom of the picture |
|
| 67:58 | showing you what fused tetanus looks That's just sustained contraction, e. |
|
| 68:03 | mean, and it doesn't have to a lot, right? I |
|
| 68:05 | here, I've got my little How much do you think this pin |
|
| 68:10 | ? What do you think? Maybe if we're if we're really, |
|
| 68:15 | , you know, putting our weight it. Maybe, But can I |
|
| 68:17 | I sustain a contraction with that? certainly I can. Right Doesn't require |
|
| 68:24 | lot of work. Now, could have a sustained contraction holding that chair |
|
| 68:29 | ? Sure, but it would require little bit more work. And so |
|
| 68:33 | we have here is not just a results in a great amount of force |
|
| 68:39 | tension. What we're gonna do is gonna recruit muscle fibers to create greater |
|
| 68:47 | . So what we need to understand that a motor unit represents the number |
|
| 68:53 | cells associated with the single neuron. we have a neuron and we're gonna |
|
| 68:58 | this picture as an example You can here this particular acts on goes in |
|
| 69:02 | innovates 123 cells in that particular fast that they've pulled out here. And |
|
| 69:09 | what it's saying is that this particular motor unit is equal to that |
|
| 69:14 | So the one neuron and the three and innovates So when a signal comes |
|
| 69:19 | that neuron, all three fibers undergo contraction. Alright, So to move |
|
| 69:26 | pin, I might use one motor . So not a lot of |
|
| 69:33 | If I need to move the which weighs about four ounces, I'm |
|
| 69:37 | to use a couple mawr motor units it comes time to move my nice |
|
| 69:44 | beverage here, it's t. I it was something else. It's going |
|
| 69:48 | require more motor units, and when get down over here to the chair |
|
| 69:55 | up the chair, it's gonna require Mawr. So the idea is it's |
|
| 70:01 | same muscle big name muscle, but requires mawr or recruitment of motor units |
|
| 70:08 | create the amount of tension necessary. is what is referred to as multiple |
|
| 70:15 | summation, bringing in mawr and mawr to do the necessary work to create |
|
| 70:20 | amount of tension needed for the job hand. All right, now, |
|
| 70:25 | different activities, we're gonna have different of motor units. So, for |
|
| 70:32 | , if I am writing right using , I need very, very discreet |
|
| 70:40 | , Right? So for a motor , I'm gonna have very few fibers |
|
| 70:44 | the motor unit. So that kind makes sense, right? Because I |
|
| 70:48 | want to have a big, jerky . I wanna have really, really |
|
| 70:52 | and defined. So adding in one at a time into the activity is |
|
| 70:58 | my benefit. But walking on the hand to lift my leg and to |
|
| 71:04 | my body fall forward, I'm going recruit lots of fibers. So I've |
|
| 71:08 | very large motor units. So remember we're talking about, like, the |
|
| 71:14 | areas between rods and cones and the of a number of self. It's |
|
| 71:18 | same sort of principle, you delicate or fine tuned. Um, |
|
| 71:24 | requires very few muscle fibers in the unit, whereas very coarse activity. |
|
| 71:31 | gonna have big um uh many muscle within that motor unit. Now I |
|
| 71:41 | these slides towards the end of the , moved him up forward because it |
|
| 71:44 | made more sense. So there's different of muscle fibers. There's fast fibers |
|
| 71:50 | slow fibers that all that refers to how fast they're able to pump |
|
| 71:53 | So you get fast. Twitch is slower twitches. And again, this |
|
| 71:57 | relatively speaking. All right. Slow , which is not like it's still |
|
| 72:03 | , but it's not as fast as . We also have what is referred |
|
| 72:08 | as oxidative versus like politic muscle Oxidative fibers rely on taking glucose and |
|
| 72:17 | and converting into water and carbon It's basically using the entire pathway to |
|
| 72:21 | as much. A teepee is possible that you can have all that A |
|
| 72:25 | T A t P to do the like politic, on the other |
|
| 72:28 | are basically like I don't have the to waste, too. Produce all |
|
| 72:32 | ATP. So just let's just break Glucose and used like Collis is so |
|
| 72:36 | gives me quick energy. Quick quick activity, and I run out |
|
| 72:40 | energy quick so I can fatigue a faster. So like a like a |
|
| 72:45 | fatigue. Quickly, oxidative fatigue. , if at all. All |
|
| 72:50 | so that's that's the idea. So basically we break them down by |
|
| 72:54 | We actually have terminology for these. know, you've heard of white and |
|
| 72:58 | meat, you know? Look at chicken. It's like, Oh, |
|
| 73:01 | , there's white meat. There's dark . We have white and dark meat |
|
| 73:03 | well, the differences are fibers are , so, like your all your |
|
| 73:08 | have both black politic and oxidative. don't have them separate like you see |
|
| 73:12 | in a chicken because we don't taste good. I'm That's not what they're |
|
| 73:19 | for. All right, So these the three muscle types we have slow |
|
| 73:22 | . This is the red muscle. to remember. Oxidative has oxygen, |
|
| 73:26 | it means it has more myoglobin. why it's red. So it's red |
|
| 73:30 | . There's type one and type two um, basically, they're there for |
|
| 73:35 | and powerful contractions. Alright, thes What marathon runners and where you're doing |
|
| 73:41 | activity over long periods of time. what you'd use those for fast like |
|
| 73:46 | on the other this is white These were the most prevalent fibers that |
|
| 73:49 | available. Very little myoglobin. they're smaller in diameter. They're able |
|
| 73:55 | do burst activity for very short periods time. So lots and lots of |
|
| 73:59 | , very short periods of time. the way I think about it, |
|
| 74:03 | sprinters have lots of this. the thing is, is you can't |
|
| 74:07 | convert one into the other form. when you work out, basically you're |
|
| 74:11 | with whatever your ratio is of too slow. And when you work |
|
| 74:16 | , you actually maximize what you So, for example, I |
|
| 74:21 | um, primarily oxidative. So when work out, I get bigger and |
|
| 74:25 | here. I don't lose weight. gain weight. And I look like |
|
| 74:29 | Hulk. All right, which is sad, because when you wanna lose |
|
| 74:33 | , you don't wanna look like the . You wanna look like Bruce |
|
| 74:36 | which is smaller, tinier. But my roommate in college, he was |
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| 74:40 | elliptic. He'd work out the guy with right now he's like elliptic. |
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| 74:44 | more he works out the wiry he . So he's like this thin, |
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| 74:48 | thing, and he just gets Er and wire and wire for those |
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| 74:52 | run track, right? I you got your sprinters. What do |
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| 74:55 | sprinters look like? Cult, don't ? Right. But if you got |
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| 74:59 | distance runners, what do they look ? They look like they've just fell |
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| 75:03 | a boat and haven't eaten in 30 . Right? But they're equally as |
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| 75:11 | . They just have different muscle How are we doing on time? |
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| 75:15 | five minutes. So, um, is just a chart to compare those |
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| 75:18 | things. Cardiac muscle very similar to muscle. The differences in terms of |
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| 75:25 | the cells interact. They don't have , really long cells. You have |
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| 75:28 | small cells, um, their So they interact with each other. |
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| 75:33 | , uh, kind of a unique . So, whereas in skeletal |
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| 75:37 | they're they're stretched, you know, just one long sell. Here. |
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| 75:41 | have small cells that branches, so attached in the end, and so |
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| 75:44 | each pull on each other in the that they're attach is called inter collected |
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| 75:48 | . And you can see in the up above. This would be an |
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| 75:53 | disk. There's one. There's one on. And this is kind of |
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| 75:55 | looks like you have Desmond's OEMs and junctions so that the cells can communicate |
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| 76:01 | each other. And when they pull each other, don't rip each other |
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| 76:04 | , all right. But the same that we saw in skeletal muscle and |
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| 76:09 | muscle there a little bit smaller. , I mean, not a little |
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| 76:14 | smaller. They, uh, they a diet instead of triad. |
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| 76:19 | they pump their calcium out of the instead of into the sarka plastic, |
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| 76:23 | they still have it. But majority the calcium pumped back out. And |
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| 76:28 | cardiac muscles always working, there's more . That's that's kind of the key |
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| 76:34 | , all right? Oh, and also self generate action potential. But |
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| 76:37 | talk about that when we talk about heart later. This is just kind |
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| 76:41 | showing you the same sort of thing skeletal muscles or as as skeletons. |
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| 76:46 | is cardiac muscle, but you'll see pattern is basically the same, the |
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| 76:50 | being that the calcium is primarily on outside rather than on the inside smooth |
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| 76:58 | , and I've got what, four here to kind of explain food, |
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| 77:01 | muscle, smooth muscle is very Same sort of issues. I |
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| 77:06 | we still want to create contractions, structurally, they're very, very |
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| 77:13 | They exist in what are called census . All right. And so |
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| 77:16 | the individual cells or bundled together, they act independently of each other. |
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| 77:21 | the names. Alright. Multi unit many discrete units. Alright. Doesn't |
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| 77:26 | many cells in the unit. So unit means they all act individually or |
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| 77:32 | , um they act independently of one single unit. This is more of |
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| 77:36 | census. She, um, where the cells are connected. So if |
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| 77:38 | cell is stimulated thing, entire Bunches . All right. Single units could |
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| 77:43 | self excitable, meaning that they produce own action potentials. Um, they |
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| 77:48 | be modified in terms of the type signal that that they'll respond thio. |
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| 77:55 | , the neurons don't form an in motor in plate. Instead, what |
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| 77:59 | do is the neuron kind of travels the surface of the census. |
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| 78:03 | which is again sensation literally means Alright. So it kind of traveled |
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| 78:08 | the surface, and you have these cost is kind of these bulges along |
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| 78:12 | length of the acts on terminal, it's from there that you kind of |
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| 78:15 | the neurotransmitter onto the sensation. So is no motor in place. You |
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| 78:21 | kind of like sprinkling neuro transmitter out the cells. And hopefully they'll |
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| 78:26 | Sometimes they do. Sometimes they Sometimes you respond well, not quite |
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| 78:30 | well, so we go through these of of contraction. All right, |
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| 78:39 | what we refer to the pacemaker. so basically, you send you spend |
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| 78:42 | time underneath threshold, and you just of rotate there. And then if |
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| 78:47 | stimulated, that might bring you above , produce a whole bunch of action |
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| 78:52 | . Here's an example of the pacemaker going up, up. You |
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| 78:55 | I'm spending time down, but then bring myself up. So these are |
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| 78:58 | types of of responses that smooth muscle have. They go through these patterns |
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| 79:05 | slow wave potentials or pacemakers, and is just an example of what that |
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| 79:10 | of looks like. So I'm not walk you through it. That's just |
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| 79:14 | just the kind of the functionality. , this is how smooth muscles look |
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| 79:20 | it's very different. You can see there is no um there's no |
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| 79:25 | There's no Z discs. Alright, no in line. Instead, What |
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| 79:29 | have is you have these structures that attachments near the surface there called basil |
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| 79:35 | , same proteins that are found in discs but not Z discs themselves. |
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| 79:39 | then you have thick filaments and thin and intermediate filaments which are just, |
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| 79:44 | know, in every cell. But thick and thin filaments are interacting in |
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| 79:48 | the same way that you see um in skeletal muscle. The difference |
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| 79:54 | is that because you're attached to a , Thio said, basil body, |
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| 79:57 | in dense body. Um, because attached to a dense body when you |
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| 80:02 | your basically pulling one dense body towards . So it kind of looks like |
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| 80:05 | taken a ham and you've wrapped it right, and you're not squeezing the |
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| 80:10 | so that you know what I'm talking . That's what it looks like. |
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| 80:13 | so you're not contracting in a You're contracting in all directions. So |
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| 80:18 | cells are getting smaller or their when relaxing. They're getting larger. All |
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| 80:25 | , The key thing here that I you to take away is that smooth |
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| 80:29 | contraction while they're dependent upon calcium, have to answer the question at the |
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| 80:35 | , all right, It's all the material. It's just it's done |
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| 80:39 | It's a signaling cascade, as opposed calcium being released and binding up the |
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| 80:45 | . There is no troponin in this , right? So again you can |
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| 80:48 | the ride in receptors, you can the voltage Gated calcium channels were not |
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| 80:53 | involved. You can see circa calcium involved. The difference is that we're |
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| 80:57 | be using a signaling cascade, and signaling cascade is done through Cal module |
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| 81:03 | . All right. And so the this works is that here you can |
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| 81:08 | there's our myson. It looks exactly same. It's not. It's slightly |
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| 81:14 | . Alright. Instead, what happens of a teepee coming along and and |
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| 81:19 | phosphor awaiting it? What happens is calcium comes along and activates Cal module |
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| 81:25 | Cal module in Once it's activated, that first step. That's calcium. |
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| 81:29 | activates a kindness called myson light chain . Remember I said, that hinge |
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| 81:36 | is the mice and light change and modest in light chain. Kinney's coming |
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| 81:41 | and it falls for relates that And when it falls for relates the |
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| 81:46 | that changes its activity. All that's how the activity works here. |
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| 81:54 | right, so it changes the And so it increases theeighties pH activity |
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| 81:59 | would naturally be there. And this what allows smooth muscles to interact. |
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| 82:04 | instead of it, just calcium comes and allows me to bind. I've |
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| 82:09 | to go through the signaling cascade. no true opponent. Normally, my |
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| 82:14 | very slow. This speeds up the of my reaction. Now there's other |
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| 82:21 | involved as well. Um, uh, modeling kindness to plays role |
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| 82:27 | , um, false foiling Cal And if you go back to the |
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| 82:30 | slide, let's think it's here. not. Ah, component is an |
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| 82:38 | and basically, uh, slows down rate at which the mice and |
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| 82:43 | And so, basically, if I in and phosphor relate, the |
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| 82:47 | in other words, inhibits the I'm basically allowing the activity to go |
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| 82:52 | , so that's three idea. Here a signaling cascade. So this is |
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| 82:58 | last slide. This is you get go home now. It's basically comparing |
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| 83:02 | three if you know skeletal muscle, know, cardiac muscle minus the small |
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| 83:08 | . If you know how a muscle , it's gonna be true for smooth |
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| 83:12 | with the exception of the mechanism. it's still calcium, and you still |
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| 83:16 | a teepee. But the differences in muscle cardiac muscle, we're binding up |
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| 83:21 | troponin and causing the movement of machinery , we're using a signaling cascade to |
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| 83:27 | the myson. That's the That's the of everything. So I had a |
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| 83:34 | online, and if you want to now, you can go now. |
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| 83:36 | I'm gonna answer questions just to be , you're wrong with that question. |
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| 83:44 | , you can think of digestive So digestive tract would be mawr of |
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| 83:49 | single unit, right? So if cause one cell in that smooth |
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| 83:53 | it would cause the entire digestive tract in that in that well, within |
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| 83:59 | context of that one motor unit. right, But think about your |
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| 84:03 | Your eye is is multi unit, individual fibers air being activated that causes |
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| 84:09 | dilation or the contraction of the pupil or Here's a fun one. You |
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| 84:15 | watched a scary movie and only one of your body gets the chills. |
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| 84:18 | , like, the hair stands up Leon like one arm. And you're |
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| 84:21 | , That's odd for a reason. multi unit. All right. If |
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| 84:26 | was single unit, all of the on your body would stand up. |
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| 84:30 | that be the examples? Anyone All right. So on Thursday, |
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| 84:35 | put this in the in the I still will have office hours, |
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| 84:39 | I have to end office hours at . 45 because I have a meeting |
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| 84:42 | 12 that I have to get to my house. So, um, |
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| 84:46 | be available for short period of So if you have questions, you |
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| 84:50 | ask any other questions. Anyone is go to the game on Thursday |
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| 84:59 | So you all know I went to ? I have to wear the two |
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| 85:02 | . I'm just gonna be a hard for me. I'll be happy whoever |
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| 85:07 | that will just put it that Our muscle contraction what's instead? |
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| 85:15 | so the question is what shrinks and stays the same. I'm gonna see |
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| 85:18 | I could do this on a white . I don't know if I could |
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| 85:21 | this. I'm gonna try. let's see. All right. |
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| 85:30 | um, what I'm gonna do is gonna open up the white board |
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| 85:34 | and I'm gonna change my screen, just give me a second, |
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| 85:44 | I am a share. Um, white board. All right. You |
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| 85:50 | can see this. Yes. All . So here's my Z disc |
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| 85:56 | Probably help if I actually have a . So here's my Z disk on |
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| 86:01 | side. Here's my M band. right, so I'm gonna draw one |
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| 86:06 | for thick, the other color for . All right, so this is |
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| 86:25 | a band. This where there's just little bit of overlap is remember the |
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| 86:31 | band and then over here, that's I banned those two things together. |
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| 86:37 | you can imagine on the other side would be That would be so. |
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| 86:41 | I have a contraction, Maya Seuin in this direction. I should probably |
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| 86:49 | do a different color. But I I want right now, all |
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| 86:53 | And so what ends up happening is that the Z discs get closer alright |
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| 86:59 | band stays the same. I am this out of the way. |
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| 87:08 | Here's my am's Here's my Z And here is my thin filaments again. |
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| 87:20 | a good day. So what has ? My a band stays the same |
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| 87:30 | , writes a But my age has smaller, right? What used to |
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| 87:35 | way out here is now starting their similarly right. And then what about |
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| 87:42 | eye bands? My man's used to this big Now they're smaller. Thick |
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| 87:49 | didn't change size thin filaments didn't change on Lee. The distance between here |
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| 87:55 | there change size on Lee. The between there and their change size. |
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| 88:02 | that means it's the H and the band that changed lengths because it's just |
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| 88:07 | distance. Does that make more Yes. No. Maybe Give me |
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| 88:16 | thumbs up. Thumbs down. Thanks. Fantastic. Alright. If |
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| 88:21 | are no more questions. Oh, are some questions. All right, |
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| 88:37 | that ze probably not the best way ask the question. What I would |
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| 88:42 | is is if you have a non muscle type In other words, ones |
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| 88:48 | sorry anoc sedated muscle type that usually means you have a wiry frame, |
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| 88:54 | , and that wiry frame allows you do things with stamina. So that |
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| 88:59 | be, for example, distance running things like yoga. You know that |
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| 89:05 | of stuff where, um, um, who have the Glock politic |
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| 89:10 | where it's the fast burner, those who typically conduce exercises like sprinting or |
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| 89:17 | training. And when they when they out, they bulk up because those |
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| 89:23 | get larger in terms of their And that's kind of the key thing |
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| 89:27 | is when you work out, you get more muscle fibers. You end |
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| 89:31 | with fatter muscle fibers. They end with more of those thick and thin |
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| 89:37 | inside them so they can create stronger . I hope that was the answer |
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| 89:42 | the question, Professor. One Let's see, we got one. |
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| 89:49 | ahead. Uh huh. 50. always 50. You're welcome. Go |
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| 90:10 | . That's that's actually a good So let's go back to that slide |
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| 90:14 | . It's gonna take me a second get there, So what I want |
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| 90:19 | I won't Oh, I know |
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