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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2103_lecture18_0331
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00:05 more than you all man. It hard to be alert on a thursday
00:11 , isn't it? So what do guys think of the reading? Was
00:17 tough? Was it hard to get this stuff kind of sort of?
00:23 . Alright. What we're gonna try do today is try to make sense
00:27 much of the reading. Okay, not gonna pretend like plexus is are
00:31 because they're they're not so part of job here is to make it as
00:36 as possible for us and number two to get rid of the stuff that
00:41 think is unnecessary for a freshman level . Alright. A lot of the
00:45 , whenever you see stuff in anatomy , you gotta remember sometimes the authors
00:49 sitting there, they're giddy about what writing, you know Gideon, the
00:52 of like, hey, I get talk about the stuff I'm interested in
00:55 then they throw stuff that's way above heads. Alright, that will happen
00:59 I know what I do to my writing and so it's not surprising that
01:03 textbook does this as well. All , so today, what we're gonna
01:07 is we're going to look at the of a spinal nerve and what the
01:10 of a spinal nerve is and then we're gonna do is we're going to
01:13 move into back into the central nervous , so remember what I said early
01:18 said nerves are part of the peripheral system and so we're going to just
01:25 with that portion of the peripheral nervous in terms of organization And then we're
01:29 jump back into the central nervous system we're gonna look at the structures that
01:33 found within the cerebrum and the structures are found within the midbrain. Excuse
01:39 . The brain stem, not the . Alright. And so are starting
01:43 . As I said, if we're be talking about spinal nerves, we
01:46 to understand general organization. Alright. we learned on Tuesday, we talked
01:53 the spinal cord, which I said reason they probably talked about it first
01:56 so that they could get to And so if you think about the
01:58 cord, remember we had gray matter we had white matter, right?
02:02 had a place that on the top the gray matter which we called the
02:06 horn. And on the bottom we the ventral horn and over there on
02:11 side we had the lateral horn. so if you look at our little
02:15 up here, you can see those . Sorry, probably should turn that
02:22 . Alright, So here's dorsal here's ventral horn and over here on
02:25 lateral horn. And we said in gray matter, that's where we're gonna
02:29 the cell bodies of the nerves that found, or the neurons that are
02:34 inside the spinal cord. And so coming in is going to terminate.
02:41 other words, their acts on terminals going to terminate on the cell bodies
02:45 here in the dorsal horn neurons that going to send signals are going to
02:52 out here in the ventral horn. if their autonomic, they're going to
02:54 over there in the lateral horn. so that's part of the reason why
02:57 talk all of this, because those the cell bodies. And we said
03:00 with the neuron we have a cell . We have a bunch of
03:03 And then we also have and start letter A into the letter in has
03:09 X. O. In the Yeah, Excellent. I'm glad you
03:14 the X. And you're in the order. I was going to go
03:17 all right, Those axons that are the motor, the motor neurons,
03:24 leave out through the gray matter and they leave via these structures called
03:31 The sensory neurons coming in that are up here in the dorsal horn are
03:38 the spinal cord via another route. so we have names for them.
03:43 , these routes coming in are going be the dorsal root. The roots
03:48 out are the ventral route and they together and they form what is called
03:51 spinal nerve. So, our organization quite simple. If you start off
03:56 , right, I'm the spinal that's easy. And then that next
04:01 over is called the root. And on whether you're coming in or going
04:06 whether your sensory or motor, it's dorsal root or the ventral route.
04:12 in between because the roots are pretty and then they get bigger when they're
04:18 they converge and join and form that nerve, there's actually smaller. Itsy
04:23 tiny structures that are bundles of neurons together and those are called root.
04:29 alright, but we don't name the , let's there there. But if
04:33 were to look at it, you be going, oh here I have
04:36 spinal cord that I have roots. go spinal cord route, let's to
04:39 and then route, let's or routes to nerve, see how that
04:44 . Alright, So the dorsal root always the indoor, the ventral is
04:52 the out if I'm coming in, sending information into the central nervous
04:57 That means that information is sensory, always sensory information coming out is always
05:03 be going down to parts of the . That means it's always motor.
05:08 , So those are the two characteristics you have coming in. And then
05:11 you converge, a spinal nerve is to consist of both sensory and motor
05:18 , Right? So it convert its a highway, right? So you
05:20 think like this when the highway is together, like we see down here
05:24 59 or anywhere else in this in city, the highway is side by
05:28 , traffic is traveling right next to other. But you move out of
05:32 city a little ways and you end with a median, don't you?
05:36 . And so that you can kind think about that. That's kind of
05:38 our median. Not really. But kind of like that. Now,
05:43 you look at this, you see big old fat thing sitting on the
05:46 that's called the dorsal root ganglia. central neurons are bipolar neurons in the
05:54 that their cell body sits off to side. They have those long
05:57 So you have an axle that comes and then you have an axon portion
06:01 goes into the central nervous system and portion that goes down to wherever it
06:06 receiving information. So, structurally they're than what we've been looking at.
06:11 if you go back to that we talked about the different types of
06:13 , You can go and look and , oh, it's is this is
06:16 bipolar? But we call it I bipolar, excuse me, back it
06:21 . Cross off the by put Uni polar. This is a uni
06:26 uh neurons. All right. And it's it's slightly different than those multipolar
06:32 in terms of structure. And that body is going to be found in
06:35 peripheral nervous system and sits over in structure here called that dorsal root
06:41 All right. So, our starting today simply put spinal cord from the
06:46 , you go to the root. from the route leads to the root
06:48 the root to the nerve. We're do this cadence over and over and
06:52 again. All right. You can't the route. Let's on this
06:55 They don't have them there. I the eyes going what now? It's
06:59 and they're not in the picture. can't draw them. All right.
07:04 , so bodies are we're terminating on neurons are terminating here. The neurons
07:09 originating that our motor. Remember? are somatic. Those are autonomic up
07:14 in the lateral. That's right. got to press the button over
07:21 All right. So, spinal cord to routes routes to nerves and then
07:27 nerves have the nerve to divide Into little branches. Okay, now,
07:36 only gonna care really about one of branches, but you need to know
07:40 the branches are the first branch we're ignore. All right. These are
07:43 Raymond communications and you can see them here. We're gonna ignore them for
07:46 now because they're going to come back when we talk about the autonomic nervous
07:51 . So, it's better to ignore now and make it less confusing for
07:54 . And let's focus on the other . The easy one of the other
07:59 is called the dorsal ramus. dorsal Remember? Heads to the
08:04 That's really, really simple dorsal rami the neurons that inter vacate the skin
08:09 the muscles of the back. So, the fact that you're sitting
08:14 is a function of the dorsal rami multiple spinal nerves along the length of
08:20 spinal cord, right? The fact you can feel somebody walking their fingers
08:25 your back is a function of that that are formed via the dorsal
08:31 And in our little cartoon up here can see it's like here's the dorsal
08:35 and you can see it goes off and by the way, if you
08:38 at these and you see names that anterior post area, that's just because
08:41 forgot to change them. But dorsal posterior are the same words, ventral
08:47 anterior the same words. And you see in the in the cartoon it
08:51 post here Raymond. So here it and there's a big old chunk of
08:55 , chunk of meat in your Is a starts with an M.
09:01 you. So there you go. a muscle and you can see the
09:05 fibers going in there. You can see they're supposed to be like oh
09:08 it's going up to the skin so can feel the things on your
09:11 All right. And then the last is the eventual ramos. Alright.
09:19 Ventral Ramos or Anterior Ramus is the that becomes the important one. This
09:25 the one that forms all the name of the body. Right? So
09:33 there's gonna be named nerves that go the back. Alright and go to
09:36 skin but everywhere else in your body going to be the result of that
09:42 going on. And then dividing and things throughout your body. All
09:48 So, the spinal nerve eventual ramos continues on and outward. And then
09:53 a whole bunch of different things. splits and divides and reorganize itself through
09:58 processes become those name nerves. starting all over again, we're gonna
10:03 back to back to the picture. just a second, we start off
10:06 a spinal cord from the spinal We go to the route leads from
10:09 route leads to the roots, There's a dorsal adventure one from the
10:13 to the spinal nerve spinal nerve splits dorsal ramus, ventral ramos. And
10:19 remote communications were ignoring remote communications right , we said the dorsal really,
10:25 basic the back muscles and the skin the back. So ventral is where
10:30 at so far. So good. , drawing it. You want me
10:35 say it again? You want to through the go through it all
10:38 You might as well just come up a song for it, right?
10:42 not clever enough to do that. some of you are alright,
10:45 starting off with the spinal cord, nerves that the fibers that come out
10:50 first thing you're going to see a . Let's root. Let's converge to
10:53 roots. Roots converge to form the nerve, the spinal nerve divides and
11:00 the dorsal ramus which is the back the skin of the back muscles of
11:04 back and the skin of the The remote community can ignore for now
11:10 , see that would have worked if could have just gotten the Yeah.
11:14 grandma communications, what is that? going to be for for something we're
11:18 deal with later. It's going to dealing with the autonomic nervous system.
11:21 ignore it. And then the next is the ventral ramos, which is
11:26 to deal with basically what the spinal become. These name nerves that are
11:32 we're interested in. Now, we've about this a little bit already and
11:41 just going to reiterate the point is the nerves in your body are organized
11:46 the length of your body. In words, if you were to look
11:49 how nerves are are are created. not just a bunch of wires that
11:54 jammed in your body, like we do. And whenever we build
11:58 it's just just shove them in There's a there's a real clear organization
12:03 that when you're looking at the portion the spinal cord, you can say
12:07 portion of the spinal cord or what of the body does this, this
12:11 of the spinal cord. What does inter vacate. And so it matches
12:16 a topographical way. So the higher you are, the higher up you
12:20 in the body. The lower you in the spinal cord, the lower
12:23 are in the body. And so just kind of a big giant map
12:26 of showing you this right? So nerves that give rise to the nerves
12:32 the upper limbs are gonna be found part of that cervical enlargement. If
12:36 don't remember the cervical enlargement was that the last thing we said in
12:39 That's when your brain's turned off. you're like he's talking over the end
12:43 the class time. And so I to go home and still my brain
12:46 turned off right? And it was there's two parts of the spinal
12:49 They get wider. One is the enlargement. That's where the nerve fibers
12:54 going down to the upper limbs. a lumbar enlargement. And well,
12:58 are the where the fibers originate that down into the legs. But
13:02 you can see there's a specific If I'm innovating within the region of
13:08 chest and the and the abdominal The fibers are gonna originate at the
13:12 cord in that region. And just of wrap themselves around. All
13:17 So they follow a topographical organization. terms that we use to describe this
13:25 organization is called a derma tone and maya tone. All right. And
13:31 the color coding over here. And don't need to know what goes where
13:34 that's not important. There's always that . I'm gonna memorize this. What
13:38 derma tone is. Is the area skin supplied supplying sensory receptors that then
13:45 going to be sent to the spinal . In that specific locale via a
13:51 spinal nerve. I can't read So All right, so right up
13:54 here, we have the super clever nerves. I'm just pointing at
13:59 Alright, so, that should be to remember. I mean not in
14:02 of but clavicle. So supra means the clavicle. So, you can
14:06 of see it's right here. And do those fibers go? Well,
14:11 going and innovating the muscles above the And they enter in and go directly
14:19 this region around c. two, . 3 and c. four.
14:23 right. So, you can see not like oh, I'm gonna send
14:26 fibers way down and do the second . It's just gonna stick right about
14:29 it is. So, that would this is part of the maya
14:32 You can see what sensory nerves, areas Are going to be innovated.
14:37 , for the areas between c. and c. two looks like
14:43 Three and C. Four. So . Three, C. Four would
14:45 just up in here. All so that would be where that simulation
14:50 going is directly into the spinal cord that area. So the derma tone
14:55 the maya tone reflect where the fibers and where the fibers go from a
15:02 region in the spinal cord. Now is where it got nasty in the
15:12 . I bet all that other stuff there we just described is pretty
15:15 You can probably draw it out. , here's my spinal cord spinal cord
15:18 to route. Let's, here's my . Alright. My roots for my
15:21 , my nerves divide and go from Raymond Raymond Raymond communication and then something
15:27 happens. I'm ignoring that. I'm this. I'm now here and I'm
15:32 a plexus. What the heck is plexus? The answer is, you
15:37 know you've experienced it. You live every day when you drive in
15:44 right? You get into these regions right around 6:10 and all of a
15:49 you have highways going here going there you're trying to figure out which lane
15:53 I get in? If you drive on 288, you're relearning traffic.
15:59 you got anyone here drive down to to get back home? Yeah.
16:02 it fun when they switch the left to the right exit and you find
16:07 like creating across four lanes of traffic get to where you need to
16:11 And it's fun? You're driving along now in my brain at least because
16:14 drive down to 88 it's like, , I know what to do and
16:16 it's just fun watching that That semi that pickup truck trying desperately to get
16:21 four lanes, You know over that dirt median as they're trying desperately to
16:27 their way to 6:10. It's basically traffic nightmare. It's basically different pathways
16:35 send fibers to and from one part the body to the other from basically
16:39 the spinal cord to the other part the body. Now. I want
16:42 to envision for a moment where you right now and I want you to
16:46 your path, your normal path. get to school every day. Can
16:50 can you picture in your mind what they're your before you got in your
16:55 ? You got smart and you actually looked on your phone, you picked
16:58 ways and you said what's the best to go? And it said,
17:02 by the way, there's this massive that's going to delay you six hours
17:06 that's how it works in Houston. ? That's going to delay you six
17:09 to get to your exam. If use your normal pathway, Can you
17:13 your alternate pathway already? Yeah. right. The plexus is a way
17:21 your body to send fibers to same via different pathways. It's basically the
17:28 up of those nerve fibers crisscross scheme that you can have an alternate path
17:33 if you look at this picture which very very confusing. You can kind
17:37 see that. So I'm just gonna at one here's C. Two,
17:40 can see a fiber branch off the to converge with fibers and C.
17:45 . And then off they go to something else. All right. In
17:49 words, if I'm sending a signal this pathway, I may be sending
17:54 signal up to C. Two, may be sending it to see three
17:57 upon which fiber is it's traveling Right. Something here, that's a
18:02 bit better name here. Remember we at the super club vehicular nerves,
18:07 the super curriculum that super navicular. you can see right here Those nerves
18:13 made up of fibers that come from . four as well as from
18:16 three. So there are different regions the spinal cord that are responsible for
18:22 the exact same spot. So if were to say damage, say one
18:28 those pathways, then there's still a that a nerve fiber is coming to
18:33 from those particular locales. It's not basically cutting you off from receiving or
18:41 input to a particular location, just there are multiple ways to get between
18:45 and your home and vice versa. ? There are multiple ways because of
18:52 plexus is plexus I guess plexus to and receive information between the central nervous
18:59 and the locale being innovated. All now, that's what all this garbage
19:07 there says, right, you're not all the text, You're looking at
19:12 picture, you're looking at me. right now what ends up arising as
19:16 result of all the crisscrossing that's taking are those named nerves that we're interested
19:21 ? Alright. And there's four main is that you need to know All
19:27 now, in saying that I'm not hit you over the head with a
19:30 and saying, okay, you've got know every nerve that comes out of
19:33 . You don't need to know which uh spinal regions are going to give
19:37 to which nerves. That's that's just when you agree, just nod your
19:42 and of course that's just mean. . But what we need to do
19:45 first you need to know what generally does each plexus uh innovate.
19:51 And so we're going to see And these are just the four main
19:54 , there's others in the body and the other ones that I'm gonna point
19:57 specific nerves, I think you should . Alright. And really the what
20:01 asking in that case is what are innovating? What do they do?
20:05 , so before we get to that , we need to understand that not
20:10 spinal nerves are going to enter and a plexus. Alright. We have
20:15 group of nerves, spinal nerves that what are called the intercostal nerves.
20:21 the intercostal nerves, That's a real thing, you can look at them
20:24 say what does that mean enter is between, Right? So when you
20:29 inter think between and then costal refers ribs. So these are the between
20:35 rib nerves. So you can so you can kind of think. Alright
20:39 I understand that the body is topographically and the names of the nerves are
20:43 between the nerves then it's basically all nerves that lie in the thoracic
20:48 And that's actually what it is. basically the thoracic nerves. With the
20:52 of T. One T. One a role in forming part of a
20:57 . But you can keep it simple say to yourself, all the thoracic
21:01 for the most part do not form . Is instead what they do is
21:06 form the intercostal nerves. And you see right here. Um I think
21:09 can kind of see yes, here's posterior ramus of the dorsal ramus.
21:14 can't really see the remote communications in but it's in there. Just trust
21:17 . And then what you have here is that the eventual ramos and then
21:20 just becomes come around and you just to it as a intercostal nerve.
21:26 see follows the rules that we already right from nerve to Remy posterior Remy
21:35 which were ignoring. And then here that anterior or eventual ramos forming the
21:41 nerve. So I just pointed a of these out t to that you're
21:47 the ticklish nerve. That's the one under the arm. Alright. Alright
21:50 you're ticklish and someone pokes you under army. Mhm. That's T.
21:55 right along the sides. T. T. Six. And then
21:59 when you get a little bit lower . Seven and lower, you're now
22:02 about the abdominal region. Okay, they're coming down and innovating the muscles
22:06 the abdomen. Innovating the muscles. me? The skin of the
22:12 Why aren't they intervening the ones in back? Do you remember? Let's
22:18 back over here, eventual ramos goes this way over here, dorsal
22:25 What does it innovate? It's getting , skin and muscles of the
22:31 Alright. It doesn't matter where you up here, down here, skin
22:35 muscles of the back, mm These horrible pictures when you saw this
22:45 , Did you just get past it you read it? Yeah, one
22:49 gets the other person. This is of complex and really what this
22:54 is kind of what you would do you were to look at a picture
22:58 a plexus? Right? So, is the cervical plexus. If I
23:03 back to slides, this is the plexus, which would you rather
23:10 Does this look easy to draw to ? No. Does this look like
23:14 probably easier to draw if you're trying organizing it for yourself. Yeah,
23:17 basically connecting the dots. So, of the dots in each of these
23:21 little maps represents that ventral ramus exiting the spinal nerve. All right.
23:29 so what we're doing now is we're the question of where do the criss
23:32 go? All right, that's all artist has done. And so you
23:38 imagine you could do the same thing you started with this picture right here
23:42 said okay if I had to memorize again notice I'm not asking to do
23:45 . But it said if I had memorize all the nerves that came out
23:47 this plexus, including all the minor and the sub minor nerves and all
23:52 stuff you could draw going ok what do I know that comes out
23:56 C. One? What do I that comes out of C. Two
23:58 yada yada. I want you to up with is something that looks something
24:01 this. Alright. It's just a anyone here ever been to a city
24:07 Washington D. C. New york London where you've had to drop get
24:12 the subway and they have the subway and you sit there and stare at
24:15 for a second. It's a whole of colors and a whole bunch of
24:17 and a whole bunch of dots. ? What do those represent?
24:22 It's just a representation of the you the transit map of the area,
24:30 ? It has it doesn't match length doesn't tell you exactly how far you
24:34 to travel. It just kind of , oh if I get on the
24:36 line here I can travel the blue ? Get off here and get on
24:39 red line and the red line will me to wherever I need to
24:42 Just as an example, that's kind what this is. It's like,
24:45 , all the colors represent the different , the ventral Remy originating at that
24:52 location. So cervical one through cervical . Right? And then it's asking
24:56 I crisscross and merge, converge, do I get? So that's how
25:01 look at this. And if that's complicated, that's okay, let's get
25:05 where we really want to go. is to understand which nerves are important
25:10 us to know. So, these you're dealing with the cervical plexus,
25:14 dealing with the superficial next structures. muscles are attached to your hyoid
25:20 Do you remember the hyoid is It's in the throat helps you to
25:26 the surface of your neck. Point your neck. Good. Excellent.
25:32 anatomy is easy, right? And the lower portions of the heads point
25:36 your head, That's your head. where are the lower portions? It's
25:39 in this region. Alright, so cervical is basically this. Okay,
25:46 what you're looking at the areas that surrounding this region. So we have
25:56 basic branches here. When you hear cutaneous refers to surface to the
26:03 So if I'm dealing with cutaneous, I dealing with movement or am I
26:08 with feeling? do you think All right. So, when you
26:11 that word cutaneous, that's probably what word is actually referring to.
26:16 these are nerves of the skin in very particular areas and then we have
26:21 muscular branch. The muscular branch tells dealing with the muscles in this
26:27 So, again, it's dealing with cervical area, right? So the
26:32 , right in here, and we kind of see what we have.
26:36 right. So, you can see gonna point here and you can see
26:39 are three of the nerves that we're at. There is a regular occipital
26:43 cervical, occipital, regular cervical. right. Down here, here's super
26:48 vehicular, which is named there, we've already talked about. And then
26:51 have the muscular branch. So, the muscular nerve and there's the frantic
26:56 . All right. And it's just you how they're formed. And I'm
26:59 interested in you knowing specifically how they're , if you're sitting over a
27:04 guess what, you'd have to know they're formed, Right? So,
27:08 you're dealing with an anatomy lab and learning these structures, it's about where
27:14 are more than than what they But because we only have a map
27:18 you don't get to dig your hands a dead body? That's what whatever
27:22 right? You don't get to see these things are? So, let's
27:27 what they're actually doing? All So occipital We'll remember where occipital
27:33 the occipital portion of your bone is here. So, when we're talking
27:38 the occipital nerve is dealing with the scalp. All right, down in
27:42 region. A regular, the oracle your ear. We haven't learned that
27:48 . So, the auricular nerve deals with the skin around the oracle and
27:53 external auditory meet us, which is fancy word for saying the canal that
27:58 into your head, through your So when you hear that, feel
28:00 little itch inside your ear. There go. A regular nerve cervical
28:07 that's the skin of the anterior Alright, So, right in
28:12 Super claw, vehicular skin of the regions. Like I said right
28:16 So, you can just feel that or whatever along the lines with regard
28:20 the muscular branches, muscular nerves deals the muscles of the throat.
28:25 So within the within the throat as , the frantic nerve deals with primarily
28:30 diaphragm and regulates breathing. Okay, , it's what allows you to do
28:39 All right, spending and helping youtube the upper portions of the thoracic cage
28:49 that the five Nerds you need to from the cervical plexus Near the cervical
28:56 and the most complicated of the plexus the brachial plexus. All right.
29:02 had to add stuff in here to it easier for you. I'm just
29:05 show you if you go online and up the brake. Kill plexus.
29:10 picture right here is what you'll Okay. And the problem with this
29:15 why it's so complicated is because it , separates, chris rock crosses,
29:21 and does this multiple times. So different regions that you need to be
29:25 of aware of. All right. what we say is there's five levels
29:28 organization. So when you get into ramus, what you can see
29:32 remember each of these represents those individual coming out of that are coming out
29:39 the ramos and then the ramus is in and they form what are called
29:44 . And you get three trunks. right. So what I've tried to
29:47 is I've used the circle to show where the trunks are. Alright,
29:50 we have a superior trunk. We a middle trunk and an inferior
29:54 Now, whenever you have a name superior, inferior lateral, whatever,
29:57 always a reference point. And so reference point here is blood vessels that
30:02 traveling down the center of your And so there's kind of referring to
30:08 structure and then their relative to All right. But you can see
30:13 is that the Remy are converging There's no convergence here. There is
30:18 convergence. All right. And then after the convergence the fibers crisscrossing the
30:25 and they formed divisions. So you from a ramus to a trunk,
30:28 trunk to a division. And what end up with those two divisions,
30:31 an anterior and posterior division. And again I've tried to make it
30:36 The box represents the anterior, the line represents posterior. So here you
30:41 anterior posterior from the inferior trunk, have the anterior post area from the
30:47 trunk. And then you have the and the posterior from the superior
30:52 And then once you get those uh individual fibers you see that they come
30:59 and they form sorry, they form are called chords. It's like
31:05 So just another one. And again chords are relative to the axillary
31:09 So now you have posterior, medial lateral. And then from there that's
31:13 they branch out again and they form name nerves of the of the upper
31:18 . And so the little triangles here here to represent those chords. So
31:23 can kind of see here there's kind this, you know converge separate,
31:27 separate. Converge separate. That's why complicated. Was there a hand
31:34 Yeah, go ahead this right. they represent this is supposed to be
31:44 ventral ramos represented. The dot represents it's where it's originating from. So
31:51 portion which portion of the spinal So you can say if this is
31:55 remi then at some point when this probably the better part where you can
32:01 here's the rain was coming together, ramos coming together that right there is
32:04 that trunk. And if you look it, you say, well wait
32:07 second. Here's here's a frantic Well, remember we saw the french
32:10 as part of the cervical. what about these nerves are here?
32:14 , again, they're part of the plexus. So the person who maps
32:19 including thing, start seeing fibers that actually parts of other plexi. That's
32:25 part of that criss crossing. Like , here's the intercostal nerve from where
32:29 said, T one plays a role forming the intercostal nerve but it also
32:34 a role in forming the break of . And so they're just mapping that
32:38 for for your viewing pleasure. All , But this is the ramus over
32:45 . This is probably a better If you're if you want to try
32:48 map that, you can kind of here here, is that ramos right
32:53 , you can see the formation of trunk here, C five and C
32:56 coming together, C seven's by C. Eight and T. One
33:02 together, forming that inferior. And a separation. So, really there's
33:08 posterior, here's the anterior posterior anterior anterior then convergence. Now reforming
33:19 Now again, two dimensional single colored . A lot harder to do when
33:23 sitting there with a probe and you're here holding one and you're like,
33:27 , let me see now, I see the relationship to each other.
33:31 your job is not to memorize the your to memorize and understand this is
33:38 organized. So maybe I should understand a true trunk is formed from Remy
33:44 divide and then they come back together form chords. That would be to
33:49 benefit. All right, but not doing which at this point? So
33:58 going to look at these five major of 1234 and I think that one
34:04 the fifth one. No, it's . Not pectoral nerves. All
34:08 So it's actually the median nerve is here and so you can see the
34:11 is kind of screwed with us because put this here way down there when
34:16 would have liked it out over here place. So what do I need
34:20 know from the brachial plexus? What ? Five simple nerves, axillary,
34:25 cutaneous, radio media and owner And what they do is basically if
34:30 looking at the axillary nerve, where the axillary region? Right receives sensory
34:35 input from the inside of the So just like the cervical, it's
34:40 a portion of information from that from axillary region, muscular cutaneous sensory input
34:50 the lateral forearm as well as entire muscles. So what's your anterior versus
34:57 anterior posterior right radial nerve is going move alongside the radio or alongside the
35:06 . So it's going to receive sensory from the posterior arm as well as
35:10 form and the lateral three digits. you ever fallen asleep on your
35:14 You're woken up and your fingers are fuzzy and you can like, I
35:17 feel these but I can't feel those you compress that radial nerve.
35:24 Also, posterior arm and forearm Median nerve. Well it goes right
35:30 the middle right. And so it the anterior forearm and as well as
35:34 lateral hand and receives sensory information from lateral palm region as well as the
35:39 tips of the lateral fingers. So , it'd be these three fingers right
35:44 and then the owner nerve is the 1.5 digits sensory input as well as
35:49 anterior medial forearm. So just think terms of where is my old nuts
35:54 this side? Where is my That's on this side? So,
35:56 dealing with this side of the the . All right. And then your
36:02 hand muscles. Those are the muscles your hand. Okay, So that
36:06 can do stuff like that. Probably better way to show you.
36:13 five nerves at the break of All right. So, we have
36:19 protect plexus is up high one for cervical region, one for your
36:25 That'd be breaking the last two are little bit easier. Again, there's
36:31 a degree of complexity to it that ignoring. But we have a sacred
36:35 and we have a lumbar plexus. they just combine the two and say
36:39 all the nerves of the lower Alright. The Sacral Plexus is formed
36:44 L. four s. 4. And there is some overlap, which
36:49 why I say that you kind of them combined and in terms of
36:52 you end up with an anterior and division. Alright? So basically as
36:57 go in, you can see that divides itself out now. The key
37:01 here. So sacred deals primarily with posterior aspects of the lower limbs.
37:07 basically our butts on the backs of legs and the bottom of your
37:11 It's an easy way to remember The lumbar plexus is going to be
37:14 opposite is going to deal with the portion? All right. So,
37:19 terms of the nerves I want you know basically these two primary nerves which
37:24 out of the sciatic nerve or the nerve is what you're kind of looking
37:29 . So here it is. These the two big ones, right?
37:34 , you can see here here's the divisions. And what they do is
37:36 going to form the tibial nerve and common fibula nerve. All right.
37:43 know, your sciatic nerve? All . That's the one that sits deep
37:47 your glorious. Have you ever seen elbow and kind of massage the deep
37:51 for you? No. Alright. you've done that stretch. The four
37:56 , you get on the ground, your leg cross it over your
37:58 pull your knee up towards your Ever done that? It's like it's
38:03 the best stretch ever. Alright. see one person nodding their head like
38:07 I find great pleasure in this Yes athlete looking at me going,
38:12 know this stretch, it is the stretch, it is like ah yes
38:16 is what makes me want to wake in the day, you know you're
38:20 , this is what it's gonna feel for the rest of your life.
38:24 . and then about 30 minutes after get up here about like this and
38:28 they need to start milligram, do stretches in the morning. Makes life
38:33 much better. Alright so with regard the tibial nerve, where's your
38:39 Do you remember? So this is femur and the next bone is the
38:50 and then the fibula. Alright so nerve so you can kind of see
38:55 we're doing. Sciatic nerve goes down so that it basically breaks into two
39:00 . The tibial nerves follows the posterior thigh and leg. Alright so
39:06 your thigh? So the posterior will back leg as well and then the
39:13 foot muscles. All right? So the anterior division. Post your
39:18 Common fibula. Now we're going to back of the knee and the anterior
39:23 lateral leg muscles right around here. but again where we were receiving
39:29 inferior regions of the foot, so the planter regions. So sacral deals
39:37 the back and the back of the , Bottom of the feet, in
39:41 butt. The last one the lumber . Alright. The lumbar plexus.
39:48 , it's going to be primary the nerves, alright. Not as complex
39:53 a break here, but it does anterior and posterior divisions. All
39:57 And the two primary nerves coming out this is ephemeral and the operator.
40:03 . Ephemeral is basically comes from the here, division, operator comes from
40:08 anterior division. This primarily deals with and extension of the knee and
40:14 This right here deals primarily with the thigh. So talking right there and
40:21 terms of sensory input sensory inputs, medial thigh and here the anterior inferior
40:27 thigh. So basically around the front . So you're basically covering in this
40:33 that's still going down further. But think these were the important important bits
40:38 all this. So do you think from this nasty mess, do you
40:44 the rest of this is kind of straightforward, Kind of think of your
40:50 and how it's organized, right? you have a front and back?
40:54 you know your front from your You better not your heads. Mom
41:00 she's gonna give you a pal pal going to be palpable on which
41:07 the posterior side. That's an easy to remember it all right. Let's
41:18 go back. We're starting at the cord, spinal cord, you form
41:24 ruthless, ruthless to the route, to the Nerve Nerve divides goes three
41:31 directions forming the rema. Good. have the dorsal ramus which goes to
41:38 skin and muscles of the back. communications which were ignoring because reasons.
41:44 then over here to the eventual ramos ramus forms intercostal nerves and the different
41:49 is which then formed the different We just looked at All right,
41:54 hmm. So, that's enough peripheral system for today. I think.
42:02 get into the brain. Are you old enough to have watched pinky in
42:07 brain? Do you remember the brain ? No. one person. You
42:14 the brain song? All right. your homework before all the other real
42:18 is go on Youtube. And look . The brain sings the brain
42:25 That's everything you have to know for class. What we're looking at.
42:31 a three room. All right. , we looked at the spinal
42:36 We looked at its organization and what doing is we're skipping all the stuff
42:39 the middle and we're coming up to top and then we're gonna work down
42:43 the spinal cord again, that's just organization of the book. Not the
42:47 organizational world, but it is what is. All right. So,
42:51 we think of the central nervous system the brain, this is what we
42:54 of. But all the other parts were not mentioning right now are part
42:56 the brain Alright, This is the , This is that portion of the
43:01 all right. And you can see has all these folds and all these
43:04 in there and these serve as landmarks anatomists. Now, the reason you
43:09 all these things is because the brain actually rather large structure that grows within
43:15 very, very confined space. And what it does, it folds itself
43:18 and over and over itself on itself a very specific way that gives rise
43:22 these structures. Now the elevated regions is the than the singular form which
43:28 much easier to say is gyros Gyrated plural just sounds weird coming off
43:32 tongue. Right? But that's a , alright? And then when you
43:37 down deep, in other words, the hill comes down and goes into
43:40 valley, that valley or depression is the sulcus. Now there's another type
43:45 valley which is called the fisher, typically deeper than what you'd see with
43:49 to sulcus. But what's interesting is some fisher's work called sulk cases and
43:57 those names for a long period of . So you might see an older
44:01 or have old professors who will use term sulcus sometimes when fishers should be
44:07 or are now currently used alright. fishers typically are very, very deep
44:12 other words when you spread out, the fisher, you'll probably go all
44:17 way through or at least like in wise, instead of just kind of
44:21 going, it's like really deep. this right here is an example of
44:27 fisher. Real, real obvious If you were to take and separate
44:32 fisher, you'd see that what you're is you're separating out the temporal lobe
44:36 the other structures of the cerebrum and some views that we'll see a little
44:41 later where you'll see that All there are four major regions of the
44:47 . So the cerebrum is what we looked at. So this would be
44:50 cerebrum right here. All the color Kennedy looking things. But we also
44:54 some other structures you can't see here underneath the temporal lobe and sitting on
44:59 of the brain stem is something called diane cephalon. All right.
45:03 if you think of the diet, as being a stem or sorry,
45:07 brain stem as being the stem or stalk of a say a mushroom.
45:11 first region that you're going to come is called the diane cephalon and then
45:15 you do is you set the cerebrum top of the diane cephalon. The
45:19 name for the giants are the other for the screen room is called the
45:22 cephalon, the brain stem, you see down here and then back in
45:28 back, That's the little brain called . That's literally what that word
45:33 All right. Now, if you at the cerebral, don't know why
45:37 point there things over there. All . You can see that there are
45:41 halves, right? So you can the two halves. It's divided by
45:45 longitudinal fissure, so that you end with the left and right cerebral
45:50 Alright, so here's your left cerebral . Here's the right. Now,
45:55 can look at that and say they're the same. They are not exactly
45:58 same. They're actually rather different. share lots of commonalities. In
46:04 there are many regions that are duplicated the two sides, but there are
46:07 regions that are not, which is of interesting. Anyone here paying attention
46:13 the news, like generally speaking, you heard the news about Bruce
46:17 What happened to Bruce Willis? Alright, Aphasia, if you don't
46:23 , he's not going to act He retired himself from acting really.
46:26 family, retired him from acting and has aphasia aphasia is an inability to
46:31 or really to produce language in other . I don't know what the words
46:37 and um have difficulty forming sentences as result. All right. You can
46:43 the words just fine. They just no real meaning. All right.
46:47 language centers of the brain are located primarily in most of us on the
46:52 side of the brain. All Not on the right side. And
46:56 typically what's happening is there's lesions that there that affect your ability to understand
47:01 or produce language. Not speech. mouth works just fine. All
47:08 So left and right hemispheres. So have that and within each hemisphere.
47:14 on. Stupid thing. Well, guess it helps. I'm not pressing
47:23 . We gotta make sure don't push laser button. Press the forward
47:27 Each hemisphere has five lobes. if you look at the picture you
47:32 count them up and you see how , how many colors? four.
47:37 there are five lobes. Dammit. Wayne. Why do you keep screwing
47:41 us? Well, we have the lobe. We have the pride of
47:44 . We have the occipital lobe. have the tender pearl lobe. Notice
47:46 names. You already know those lobes the bones under which they are
47:51 Alright, so frontal parietal occipital real simple. The fifth lobe sits
47:59 and inside. So it's basically underneath frontal lobe and between the two temporal
48:05 . So you can't say it's called insula. All right. Now,
48:09 I was in your seats and I learning my anatomy, there were four
48:13 . This is what it just goes show you. It takes a couple
48:15 years before things get in the So there's five lobes. By the
48:20 you're sitting up here. If you're of me, if you are so
48:24 , there might be six lobes. never know. Someone's going to name
48:27 and say he's gonna find someone in textbook. All right. So you
48:31 see the insulin that picture in this . You can. And this is
48:35 I was saying here, we separate the fisher. So that would be
48:38 insula right back in there. All , So with regard to the frontal
48:45 . Alright, that's the easy You can see. It's sitting right
48:47 . The candy kind of helps you and remember what I said. The
48:51 and viruses help identify structure. And we can use them to help us
48:56 where the interior or where the frontal is, where the parietal lobe
49:00 And so what we have is we on this side right here, you
49:04 kind of see the dotted line that called the central sulcus, the central
49:09 on either side or Gira. Gira . The one in the front is
49:15 the pre central gyrus. The one it is called the post central
49:20 Right? So you can use essential as the border between the frontal lobe
49:26 the parietal lobe. Alright, the central gyrus is going to be very
49:31 in understanding muscle movement a little bit , but with regard to the frontal
49:35 , what is involved in, a lot of movement. So voluntary
49:40 activity plays a role in speech which a type of motor movement,
49:46 What what what am I doing is moving my lips and my tongue to
49:50 things that sound like words right? plays a role in thought decision making
49:56 planning. All right. So that's frontal lobe. You ever heard of
50:02 frontal lobotomy? Alright. You've heard term If you watch one flew over
50:09 cuckoo's nest. Have you seen? seen that movie? Are you guys
50:12 young? two people, 3 people seen it. Just getting older and
50:19 . All right back in the day people were put into asylums, one
50:23 the ways you curbed abnormal behavior was gave a frontal lobotomy? All
50:29 frontal lobotomy deals with that area. frontal lobe and specifically the frontal regions
50:34 the frontal lobe is the region where have thought and planning. So people
50:38 had poor thought and planning in other , usually violent outbursts of of activity
50:44 were dangerous. They considered dangerous What you do is you drill a
50:47 tiny hole in the front. You a little tiny wire and then you
50:50 it around really really fast. It the frontal lobe into scrambled eggs and
50:55 have no more problems. Yeah that's look that we give now. But
51:00 made sense back back then. But it kind of helps you thought
51:06 making planning parietal lobe. Alright. where's the pride lobe? That's where
51:13 wear your hat your Yamaka whatever up on the top of your head.
51:17 right in the central sulcus demarcated between temper or excuse me? With the
51:23 and parietal on the backside is the excuse me is the, well we
51:30 the lateral sulcus here but it's I'm trying to say parietal occipital so
51:35 that little dotted line that there's parietal and so it serves the parietal from
51:40 occipital lobe and then the lateral sulcus is now the lateral fissure is what
51:45 as the demarcation between the parietal lobe the temporal lobe. So that's where
51:50 sets up. The parietal lobe plays a role in receiving uh sensory
51:58 And when we say sensory input we that kind of global but you can
52:02 in terms of touch, you know things that touch you or things that
52:07 touching that's not what it's limited to that's its primary area. All right
52:14 we move on to the occipital Again we have the parietal occipital sulcus
52:19 lobe primarily involved in visual processing and memory. Alright. How do I
52:26 that? Well if my eyes were or lenses then everything that would go
52:33 my brain would end up in the of my head. That's not how
52:36 works but that's the way I remember . It's occipital division over here?
52:42 the temporal lobe. Again that lateral or lateral sulcus serves as a dividing
52:47 here that pride, occipital sulcus serves a dividing line between it and the
52:52 . And so temporal lobe plays a role in auditory. So where is
52:58 near? It's near the ear. plays a little bit of a role
53:02 olfaction and then it plays a little of a role in visual processing time
53:09 . Do not write this down. you look at the whole cerebrum basically
53:14 at the occipital lobe and working your up this direction and working your way
53:18 that direction. Most of the brain a role in visual processing. I've
53:23 said that, but I don't want to write that down. All
53:25 when you think visual, I want to think first, occipital. All
53:30 . Secondarily, maybe temporal. Finally have the insula. The insula is
53:37 deep within, so it's directly underneath frontal lobe and and and and kind
53:42 hidden by the temporal lobe. It a role in memory and plays a
53:48 in gustatory sensory input. Gustatory is okay with regard to the white
54:05 Remember we said white matter plays a in in um sending information between two
54:11 . So, if you look at but you can see where the gray
54:14 is. We've we've looked at this primarily. So here's gray matter,
54:18 great gray matter located entirely and then else is white matter. White matter
54:23 those tracks between two points and so can move between lobes or you can
54:29 between regions or you can move between structures right? Within the central nervous
54:36 . So we have names for each these. A commis surreal tract.
54:40 here's a commercial track is going between . So basically moving from one side
54:46 the other, you're not moving from side over here to another on the
54:50 side, way over there. They're , it's going to be matching
54:53 So you're basically moving left to right right to left. Association tracks.
54:58 the other hand, is what connects parts of the same hemisphere. And
55:03 two little ones. We have short that are called the RQ. It
55:06 really hard to see in this picture they're yellow is a really, really
55:10 chiller color choice but it's basically taken between this virus and that virus like
55:16 . So that would be a short eight fiber. The long ones are
55:21 longitudinal physically. And so the red are trying to demonstrate what that would
55:26 of look like. So oh, moving from way over here all the
55:28 to my frontal lobe. In other , maybe I have something auditory that
55:33 recognize. And so I'm trying to it with my planning like maybe a
55:38 of a horn or something like And then finally moving from the cerebrum
55:43 into different areas. These would be tracks which are represented by the great
55:48 green lines in Harlow cartoon. So can travel different places. Right?
55:55 can send process information in one Send those results to another area and
56:00 with processing or further processing or decision easy enough. Right? If you're
56:06 in the street and cars are honking you, are you getting a whole
56:09 of sensory input? What do you ? Yeah. So can you make
56:15 based on that? It might not good decisions, but can you make
56:20 based on. Yeah. And so is coming from all these different places
56:24 all these different areas to ultimately help make some sort of action jumping past
56:36 diane cephalon. Moving down to the stem and just following the textbook.
56:42 think the reason I did this is that we can look at these different
56:44 parts. All right. So the stem is consists of three different
56:49 We have the medulla oblon gata. , that's down low. That's the
56:53 . So, we have the medulla gata. We have the ponds and
56:56 we have the midbrain. You can the medulla oblon gata. The medulla
57:00 makes our lives easier. Right? , we just refer to it as
57:03 medal or medulla. All right. the medulla is closest to the spinal
57:09 . So all the fibers that are from the spinal cord are traveling into
57:12 medulla. And so they play a role or critical role in some of
57:17 autonomic reflexes that you have. All , you're going to see that there's
57:23 relayed from the diane cephalon, the to help control several of your visceral
57:29 . Let's think of visceral functions. is something that is something that your
57:34 does that you can't think about or you don't think about. I heard
57:40 breathing. That's a visceral function. about heart rate? Right now?
57:45 heart rates are approaching like 60 thump. Come on. Why?
57:56 told her I was boring. I yell, scare the crap out of
58:02 . Watch your heart rate go Right? So we have the medulla
58:07 we are. Oh, I'm like are the fourth ventricle, fourth ventricles
58:13 there. Alright, so there's a . Alright, in terms of the
58:17 , ponds sits in between. You see it has kind of a lumpy
58:20 . Alright, basically this serves as relay conduit between the cerebellum and the
58:27 . That's not the only thing that , but that's an easy way to
58:29 of think about it fibers that need travel between the stream and the cerebellum
58:32 from the cerebellum downward are going to to pass through the ponds to get
58:38 . Finally the midbrain the separate This plays a controlling eye and head
58:45 . You guys ever watch the brady . Are you guys too too young
58:48 that? You know what the brady was and then look back at the
58:51 who raised their hands for. So was an episode of the brady
58:57 Do you know who the characters in bunch are? You know? See
59:00 right. Greg was the oldest. . And he had just gotten his
59:06 . Remember when you first got your license? Did you bump into
59:10 Yeah, he's backed out of a spot at the grocery store and hit
59:18 and that person took them to small court. This was the crux of
59:22 episode. Greg gets his driver's license somebody. The guy shows up at
59:27 small claims court with a neck brace what had happened, whiplash,
59:34 You know what lashes? All You're gonna do something like that.
59:39 your neck. All right? the guy went in there and how
59:43 you prove that he's faking it? mean, not a lot you can
59:50 . And things were dire for I mean, it looked like he
59:53 gonna have to pay for the damage to the other car, but it
59:56 was the other guy that hit him Greg just got his license and because
60:00 you get your license, what do do right? You follow all the
60:04 of the road, don't you? check all three mirrors when you back
60:09 . Yeah, of course you right? Do you back out
60:13 Yes, because you're driving mom's car dad's going to kill you if you
60:16 something. Right? So Greg was . I mean it was like he
60:20 going to have to pay like 100 to get the other guys card because
60:24 this is the early seventies, 100 , you know? Anyway. So
60:29 does, I can't remember his name . The dad do. It's like
60:34 looking dire. So he's in the of the courtroom, guys wearing the
60:37 facing the judge and he drops his . What does the guy do?
60:44 happens when you hear any sound behind ? Turn your head if you have
60:49 , you can't do that. It's painful. You do this. What
60:57 of the brain is responsible for regulating . Midbrain. There you go.
61:02 that's why I told you the Now there are several seasons of brady
61:05 . You can go home and watch probably on Youtube. Who knows parts
61:11 these things man, this is where gets scary again. Not that bad
61:17 . All right. So, we're look at some stuff and you're gonna
61:21 at the picture and I don't see . That's okay. We all we're
61:24 keep coming back to some of these and over again. Alright, I'm
61:28 going to throw a picture up on test and say identify this. That
61:33 not the plan here. Right? How are you going to learn that
61:37 ? Just one picture. Alright. what I'm more interested in is understanding
61:41 the parts do. Okay. And they might be found. So I
61:46 ask you the question. Where is olive found? Alright. The olive
61:50 found here in the middle of long . Right. Is not found in
61:56 other parts. Okay. So what we have? We have the
61:59 What do you think they're called They look like a pyramid there triangular
62:04 . Right? Why do you think call an olive? Because it tastes
62:08 you know because it looks like an . Alright. Yes. Real.
62:14 basic easy stuff here. Okay, the pyramids are actually rather long.
62:20 right. So you can see here the pyramids and they can't contain within
62:23 a series of tracks that are traveling to the spinal cord. And what
62:29 gonna see here is very often you're see these fibers cross at the
62:34 It's called the devastation. When you cross or hear declaration. Think it's
62:39 cross. So you've probably heard at point in your life that's the left
62:43 of your brain controls the right side your body and vice versa. Have
62:46 heard that at some point? And it's true, that's what happens
62:50 most of them for most of the in your body. That's because of
62:54 crossing this declaration. That takes place at the pyramids. All right.
63:00 that's the pyramids over here. These the olives. Alright. There's an
63:04 there. You can see there's an there. Alright. Here, what
63:08 doing is primarily sending sensory input into cerebellum. Alright. And what we're
63:14 kind of doing is we're telling the we're gonna learn what the cerebellum plays
63:18 role in. But here's a bunch information you need to co process so
63:21 you could help me plan a movement um what I'm doing. Alright.
63:28 that's what the olives are. The that we're looking at here is called
63:32 inferior olive. Very nucleus. There is. You can see so,
63:35 that term nucleus. What does the mean when we're talking about the central
63:39 system where a bunch of great, basically gray matter. It's where a
63:43 of processing is taking place. So, in the olive, you'll
63:47 the inferior Oliveria nuclei if you have inferior one, what do you
63:52 Do you think there's gonna be a one? Yeah. Okay. Um
63:58 word pad, Uncle say podunk because just fun. Good uncle. All
64:03 . What's the bad uncle? It's a knuckle, But it can be
64:07 a knuckle, basically it's a bump it's a raised area in the brain
64:14 tracks between two points. So here have inferior cerebellum paid uncles.
64:20 There's one on each side, inferior it's the lowest. That means there
64:24 be a superior. And there's also going to see there's gonna be a
64:28 one as well. Sara Beller, tells you where the tracks are
64:33 right? So basically, it's the from the cerebellum, sending tracks downward
64:41 the medulla. You'll also see them the ponds. All right. There's
64:46 series of autonomic nuclear. And that term autonomic refers to the autonomic
64:51 system. So, information is being without your control at these autonomic
64:58 So, remember what we said is those visceral processes. Vaso motor.
65:04 . That's blood pressure. Vezo refers blood vessels. The respiratory center.
65:10 a medullary one belonging to the And then there's a Pontiac in one
65:15 belongs to the pond. Now, they're looking at is they're trying to
65:19 the cartoon they're pointing to these regions here. Again, I'm not going
65:22 ask you to identify them. There's gonna be two different um Also
65:27 for all these fun little things. you control your sneezing? Mm mm
65:35 mm mm mm mm. That's fake , right? Salivating. If I
65:42 to talk about freshly baked brownies chocolate . I mean, only the few
65:48 individuals of you who don't like chocolate going to sit there and whatever,
65:53 ? But most of us if we of that brownie. All right.
65:57 just came out of the oven. know when it comes right out of
65:59 oven and you're sitting there with the . It's like no, I've got
66:01 let it rest. And you're no, no, no, don't
66:04 it. And you put it on plate and it's almost like melt off
66:08 I'm talking that brownie, right? you get that ice cream, You
66:15 the ice cream, you put it top just close over it and you're
66:20 skirt. I'm not even getting a . I'm going straight to the
66:23 taking that. Cool that warm putting your mouth. Can you can you
66:27 it? Yeah, I can make celebrate. All right, but you
66:35 control it. Alright. We have other areas that I'm pointing them out
66:40 because they're going to be important The nucleus cuny artist and the nucleus
66:44 sillas. They're not showing it up , but you can see this structure
66:49 here. The medial meniscus, That's pathway between these structures and other structures
66:57 down. And when we talk about pathways, you'll actually be able to
67:00 where the nucleus cutie artists and nucleus are. They're basically right up
67:06 Okay, they're kind of in this . All right. And it's how
67:10 is being sent to and from the regions of the body to the up
67:14 the higher central nervous system. And you have a whole bunch of cranial
67:18 nuclei. And so you're the lowest is the lowest part of the brain
67:21 . So you're looking at the cranial , number eight. Through cranial
67:26 number 12. All right. Now haven't talked about the cranial nerves
67:30 have we ever? All right. just a little sidebar because we're gonna
67:34 them a little bit later. You spinal nerves where the spinal nerves originate
67:37 of spinal cord. Where do you the cranial nerves originate out of
67:44 Yeah, the cranium. So basically the structures that are going to innovate
67:48 the head and the neck with the of one. And then the spinal
67:52 are basically your body. And so you see that don't freak out.
67:56 people freak out. They see cranial . There's 12 of them.
67:59 I got to know all the parts . They're really easy there named for
68:02 they do. Okay, but a of people make you panic about
68:06 So today we're not gonna panic about . Just know this is where we
68:09 the last 12. Get to the . Remember the pond sits above a
68:15 of areas. Remember we said we paid uncles, these are cerebellum.
68:18 in this particular section. So it's a specific slice that we're looking
68:23 We could have sliced lower. We sliced haider higher but we didn't.
68:26 so we have the podunk als this is just these bumped areas giving
68:31 to fibers that are traveling between the and the ponds. We have the
68:37 respiratory center located within the ponds. it with, along with the medullary
68:42 or medullary respiratory center plays a role regulating how you breathe regularly. We
68:47 the super olive. Very complex here dealing with sound location. What do
68:51 do with the other one? Do remember? Where was it? The
68:55 ? Oh it doesn't say so this going to be a sound and then
68:58 going to see one that's for And so when I hear something I
69:02 my head, every guy's ever watched tennis match. Right. What do
69:06 do? Right. It's just like puppy watching the ball. Right?
69:13 would be a different region. But the same idea. The idea of
69:18 responsiveness working with the eyes. So olive, very complex, deals with
69:24 and then a bunch of cranial This cranial number number five and through
69:28 nerve number eight which also deals with megillah from medulla oblon, gata,
69:35 . The last one here is the midbrain. We have cerebral pad.
69:43 . The other ones were sarah cerebral cerebral sarah bellum, Sarah
69:52 Alright so these are areas going into cerebrum. All right containing tracks that
70:01 traveling downward. Really not going up it. We have this dark
70:06 Okay so here's a cerebral paid uncle can see it's big. You have
70:11 dark region. It's called the substantia . Alright which is called the black
70:17 right now. What this region is basically a lot of melanin in
70:20 that's why it's dark. Alright. what it does, it produces a
70:25 bunch of dopamine, that dopamine is throughout the brain to do all sorts
70:29 fun stuff. Right? Pleasure pain, emotional responses plays a role
70:34 movement. It's all over the Dopamine is one of those neurotransmitters.
70:38 just kind of a ubiquitous neurotransmitter. right. It's also connected to the
70:45 basil nuclear, which we haven't talked yet. Alright. What it does
70:49 , it helps to coordinate movement when get to the basil nuclear. That's
70:53 we're gonna be dealing with as much . So, uncle a substantial Niagara
71:02 region in here, it's called the Mentum. Then the last region is
71:06 to be called the tech TEM. Tag Mentum has the red nuclei.
71:10 don't know why they call it that then they have right here, this
71:15 that's kind of all around is referred as a particular formation which plays a
71:20 in alertness. All right, red plays a role in motor coordination.
71:26 , if you're paying close attention, starting to see that. Well,
71:30 something that plays a role in motor . Here is something that plays a
71:33 in movement. Oh, here's another . Motor skills, here's movement.
71:37 , whenever we're dealing with movement, very easy to say this one area
71:41 involved in movement. But we don't see the big picture. Movement has
71:45 whole bunch of things that plays a in coordinating movement, send things as
71:51 as taking that one step forward requires lot of coordination. So you can
71:57 of the tag momentum playing a role your posture, sitting upright, holding
72:01 shoulders back so on and so It plays a role in integrating information
72:05 the cerebellum and cerebrum, which plays important role in motor uh or motor
72:12 or motor movements. The period all gray matter is part of is
72:20 here. You can see it's around is the cerebral aqueduct plays an important
72:24 in modulating pain. And then finally have the tech team which is everything
72:28 . So this is where we have portion called the superior curricula. This
72:33 showing superior down here, it's showing inferior curricula. So superior calculus is
72:40 reflexes, inferior calculus, auditory Again. Turning my head in response
72:46 things I hear turning my head in to things I see in terms of
72:51 cranial nuclei that are located within the creating number number three cranial nerve.
72:55 four are found in these regions. I think I have one more slide
73:00 then we're done and I just want throw this thing up here one because
73:03 important to what the particular formation But to the particular formation and every
73:08 is like the worst picture ever. . And it usually shows you a
73:12 like this, you can see the stem, It shows you kind of
73:15 , this region like this? So kind of this red region in
73:21 That's a particular formation. This is slice through the medulla. Alright,
73:26 would be down here and you can here is a particular formation highlighted in
73:31 . All right. And it goes the way up through the entire brain
73:35 . Now, what we have here this structural particular formation is something called
73:39 particular activating system. It plays an role in maintaining cortical alertness. All
73:47 , well what's cortical alertness? the best way to describe it,
73:56 what helps keep you alert. Have been driving in a car? You
74:01 like you don't have like a really car, Like I don't know a
74:04 car. Do you have a smart ? But but you have a small
74:08 . Have you been stuck between two going 70 mph? Are you,
74:11 you find yourself a little alert during periods of time? Yeah.
74:15 You're like white knuckling it please. of you just recognize that I'm
74:18 You can actually feel the gravitation of vehicles beside you. All right.
74:23 your particular activating system going. Um attention everything and it's sending you,
74:27 sending you every input that I possibly in order to keep you alive.
74:31 , so that's a rare one. an easy one. You're falling asleep
74:34 class. Even this one, yeah. Have you ever done this
74:41 asleep and then come on, the activating system? Alright. That that
74:51 jerk is basically uh your sleep center fighting with the, the ras and
74:58 essence what your brain is doing is , hey, pay attention, you're
75:02 to bang your head against the right? Or the worst is I
75:07 this once. So I've been teaching long time in a small class in
75:10 school is someone fell asleep and I everyone to be very, very quiet
75:14 I dismissed people one by one, up and walk out and we left
75:18 all alone in the classroom. It awesome. So what you're talking about
75:28 , when, when you're sleeping and find yourself going in and out of
75:31 sleep, right? It's like you like you're, you're feel like you're
75:35 but then you're kind of stuck in reality and you're kind of going back
75:37 forth. That has to do with uh sleep system, not the numbers
75:43 a, on a bed. It to do with the different levels and
75:47 of sleep that you're in. So actually falling into that dream state that
75:51 sleep and you're not fighting, You're you're working your way down towards deep
75:55 , but you're basically trying to fight a little bit. So the activating
75:59 is the part that's trying to fight it, trying to keep you
76:02 . Whereas there's the sleep system which basically saying no, no,
76:05 go to sleep now. I just to point out there's also other functions
76:09 here. You can see it has respiratory and cardiac function. You
76:14 you can see patterns of sleep, movement, some motor functions. So
76:19 not just simply, you know, alertness, but it but it does
76:24 a role in in kind of keeping system up and active along multiple ways
76:31 order to do the things that you . I mean that's kind of just
76:34 but you can see there's lots of listed in there this weekend.
76:42 if you have another class after but those of us who don't have
76:44 classes, it's the weekend.
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