| 00:00 | Yeah, yes, thank you right . Okay folks, welcome um anybody |
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| 01:28 | what today is there? He According to my Chipotle app, it's |
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| 01:34 | burrito Day, so should get some of with your anyway, so um |
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| 01:50 | right. I got an email this and again with reminders. So uh |
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| 01:57 | see. So that you quit That's gonna be more comprehensive. That |
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| 02:02 | today. uh it was like 24 on there. It's kind of covering |
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| 02:09 | of everything. We've covered this in unit. Uh Let's see. Smart |
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| 02:15 | assignments. Do examine next week, course. Uh uh If you're |
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| 02:21 | midterm grades posted that little column letters your midterm grades, your current |
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| 02:27 | Uh Look at the april through monday's Every day, that was April four |
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| 02:35 | 4 email gives you all the details it. So um what else? |
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| 02:41 | , you know, four? So started at four next week, so |
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| 02:45 | that's not between three. Okay, we'll start with chapter 23 uh in |
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| 02:53 | two parts. Well, curriculum three week. Um So it would be |
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| 02:59 | a change from the window doesn't mean about all about different aspects of starting |
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| 03:07 | medical microbiology, adaptive immune system. about vaccines. Talk about microbial pathogenesis |
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| 03:19 | then with diseases. And so I'm worried about that. So if you |
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| 03:25 | well, if you if you haven't , you probably haven't looked at it |
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| 03:28 | , but if you look at Chapter 26. Okay. There's a |
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| 03:33 | of diseases. Okay, infectious So look at the Chapter 26 |
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| 03:42 | The first couple of slides, Let's here's the list. All right. |
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| 03:47 | you've got a list of pageants you to know. So that honestly type |
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| 03:51 | 26. That was just mostly memorization . Okay. Another pathogen, another |
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| 03:58 | . A couple of interesting things about . That kind of stuff. So |
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| 04:01 | all explained in the United States. the that's just the heads up. |
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| 04:07 | . That exam for isn't for a time yet, still more than a |
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| 04:12 | away. So, but just to Uh that's that that's a check for |
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| 04:18 | . That's a little bit different from we've been doing stuff. So uh |
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| 04:21 | , just just delusional about that. what else? Okay, so um |
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| 04:31 | , so today we don't have a left to do to finish our business |
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| 04:34 | finish up is you have um today mostly looking at different examples so we |
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| 04:40 | just struggling on uh Iran control which always the I think the intro examples |
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| 04:52 | deregulation. Um uh we don't really we don't go into you carry out |
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| 04:59 | regulation, but you will likely face of that as you go on. |
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| 05:07 | it is more complicated because you carry is more complicated. So um but |
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| 05:15 | know, it's it's about controlling So this is just the we went |
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| 05:20 | last time, right on the left on. So remember you should be |
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| 05:24 | to compare and contrast this and black control. There's some questions that asked |
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| 05:31 | that. Okay, so uh just you don't confuse opportunity, right? |
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| 05:37 | remember the mechanism of control, you , it's inactivated accurately requests and that's |
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| 05:43 | same move. Okay. But how occurs of course very different. So |
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| 05:48 | sure you understand that. And you at his animations color with that |
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| 05:55 | So on the left side to the of the controls, remember is a |
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| 06:03 | synthetic. It's about making not breaking down as a it's about breaking down |
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| 06:10 | . So uh here we are by uh okay. Um so we have |
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| 06:18 | co repressor repressor relationship so that the and product of his catholic is actually |
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| 06:25 | control. Okay, now, I think your book mentions this and you |
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| 06:31 | need to know this for the But tryptophan not only interacts with the |
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| 06:36 | to make it active okay. But also interact with that enzyme. |
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| 06:47 | And the feedback. So you can to that enzyme that's actually the that's |
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| 06:52 | the binds of that enzyme. Alistair uh inhibition. So we can |
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| 06:58 | into the enzyme and the enzyme doesn't work. So that's also a way |
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| 07:02 | control expression and also simultaneously just going while I was doing the activation of |
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| 07:09 | oppressor. So uh again, just know, multiple levels of control. |
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| 07:15 | . Um and so as mentioned that this side over here takes care of |
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| 07:22 | bulk of the control. Okay, this, of this opera. But |
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| 07:25 | do have this additional continuation mechanism. . That puts a clamp on any |
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| 07:33 | expression that may occur or that may to be that you want to |
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| 07:37 | And so that involves this sequence the leader sequence. So we went |
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| 07:43 | this last time and so formation of transport from the leader sequence and this |
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| 07:52 | is gonna form. Okay? And I don't know what they're going to |
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| 07:55 | the 23 loop in here, but 23, right, would be in |
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| 08:03 | and that's actually the anti continually Um And so remember the which loop |
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| 08:09 | depend depend determinants will happen. So incinerated forms, it will simply will |
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| 08:16 | off, memorize and remember the proximity the preliminaries that's running ahead. |
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| 08:23 | So here versus here. Okay. much not there there versus here. |
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| 08:34 | the is running ahead transcribing the dishes hits to the loop. Right? |
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| 08:40 | the the and that's there's a physical that occurs knocking off here, There's |
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| 08:46 | that that same distance. So the is not hindered what they can do |
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| 08:52 | keep going. So it transcribes Um So they remember, you know |
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| 08:57 | he performs this or this is all but defended the president's settled, |
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| 09:03 | because in that that then determines what levels of charged tr itself. |
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| 09:11 | then that goes back to you. , Because the riders don't stop or |
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| 09:16 | at the to the stock total. so it's kind of the larger zone |
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| 09:24 | determines what luke forms and that's all on the levels of redefining itself. |
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| 09:31 | , so um It's kind of 11 . But so um but it is |
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| 09:41 | is uh considered a transcription alone control . Okay, Because we're um allow |
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| 09:51 | or not allowing the preliminaries to transcribe not transcribed here but not transcribed |
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| 09:56 | So that's the transcription of control. is kind of the unusual in that |
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| 10:01 | it's the conditioning of arrivals on this of causing this. Okay. |
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| 10:10 | okay, so uh I'm not trying like a broken record but you look |
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| 10:15 | the animations for this. I think helps turn on the turn on the |
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| 10:20 | and even the text to kind of through. Or you just re watch |
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| 10:25 | lecture video from Tuesday. Okay. case so um so we got through |
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| 10:33 | little here. Okay, let me give you some exposure to other types |
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| 10:38 | control beyond what we're seeing with the of trip. Okay, so these |
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| 10:43 | stringent response phase variation. We'll come to this uh mention this again and |
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| 10:52 | the context of diseases and microbial It's a it's a common thing among |
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| 10:59 | pathogens to do this to alter their to the body. Okay. And |
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| 11:05 | see what what that does uh then of sigma factors in regulatory armies. |
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| 11:11 | so um okay, so stringent Uh so we talked about the trip |
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| 11:19 | and that that continuation mechanism where the own stalls, there's local defending the |
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| 11:28 | . It will stall at those tryptophan . Right? Because there's no there's |
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| 11:32 | a lot of triple fan does a of trip to fan tr N. |
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| 11:38 | . S. Right? So so what jumps into the coordinates that those |
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| 11:42 | positions are T. RNA is that have any new asset attached to |
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| 11:46 | So there's nothing to make a public type so that it stops the home |
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| 11:51 | the whole system stalls. And so kind of if estelle is a |
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| 11:56 | the microbes under starvation that will Okay but then what also is triggered |
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| 12:02 | the installing microcosms installed will uh produce activity that involves this ram associated protein |
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| 12:16 | called. Okay and so it's kind a succulent usually associated with the rival |
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| 12:29 | . It's under starvation. Okay then triggers the formation of this signal molecule |
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| 12:35 | guana seen. Tetra phosphate. Produced by um foreshortening GTP using a |
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| 12:43 | . Okay through this rail a Okay enzyme. And so what that |
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| 12:51 | is so into starvation mode lots of are gonna happen. And so okay |
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| 12:57 | number one of course is going to into survival mode. Okay try to |
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| 13:02 | its life as long as possible. it's gonna do things like conserving and |
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| 13:08 | it so smaller have these kinds of . And so one of those is |
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| 13:12 | put a client on on the rider's synthesis. Right? So think of |
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| 13:18 | scenario where cells are rapidly growing, ? Lots of cell division. That's |
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| 13:22 | scenario. Lots of protein synthesis. ? Make it a lot. And |
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| 13:26 | do that, you need lots of . So um so, you |
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| 13:31 | you're gonna have to sell under electron has arrival zones. And protein synthesis |
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| 13:41 | from the so of course like this starting you don't want to keep synthesizing |
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| 13:48 | lives and you don't need them. ? So um this helps to do |
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| 13:53 | . So the signal molecule interacts with memories and reduces the bio meaning to |
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| 14:05 | in a promoter's plants. Remember Robin her their genes skills because the product |
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| 14:12 | on itself. So by all Floridians ability jeans, you don't make the |
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| 14:19 | zones, right? Then you don't you don't have little Is this occurring |
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| 14:24 | all in the starvation kind of. , so again, it's part of |
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| 14:29 | whole so on a contribution or big to kind of let's not waste |
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| 14:35 | I mean when I'm not eating anything relative nutrients, so gotta conserve |
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| 14:40 | Right? So it's all kind of effort to do that. And this |
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| 14:44 | and there's other things that the current into this response, but it's all |
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| 14:48 | conserving resources. Uh that's hopefully write out until you can start going |
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| 14:55 | Um Now this too would be called because you're you're manipulating plum race on |
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| 15:04 | plum raise and whether you better get work or not and it is possible |
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| 15:09 | the basket of transcription transcription control which this this would fall into that group |
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| 15:16 | well. But we're altering whether we're to make transcripts or not and that's |
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| 15:23 | control. Okay. Um Any questions it? Okay so um phase |
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| 15:35 | So this uh this is uh so I looked at had a diagram of |
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| 15:43 | expression. We had DNA transcription and many proteins. And at each of |
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| 15:50 | steps you can you can alter So here is an example of at |
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| 15:54 | very top D. N. Itself. How can you manipulate that |
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| 15:59 | to control gene expression. Um And for his creation is very common amongst |
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| 16:06 | pathogen types. Okay so as well ordering next week. Okay. Um |
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| 16:13 | we get the uniform is that um pathogens that enter your body um your |
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| 16:23 | can't sense that right? The are just our innate immune system but are |
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| 16:29 | system. Like the one that produces . Okay that's one response. And |
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| 16:35 | to be able to do that is on your body's cells recognizing that something |
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| 16:41 | entered your body that doesn't quite fit what should be there. And we |
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| 16:45 | a whole system that can determine things should be inviting. Things that should |
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| 16:51 | you can think of it as are self antigens or are they foreign? |
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| 17:01 | , so that's kind of what your adaptive immune system is based on what |
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| 17:04 | recognizing what's supposed to be. There not supposed exactly. And of course |
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| 17:10 | you can see on something that's not to be there is what you would |
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| 17:14 | . So imagine your producers themselves had pair of eyeballs and you can |
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| 17:19 | Right, but what are they gonna on an incoming microbe? That's a |
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| 17:25 | ? They're gonna see what's on the that they're gonna see a grand right |
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| 17:33 | . They're gonna see uh um they see a spike proteins on the |
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| 17:40 | right? Things that are on the and the periphery. Right? Um |
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| 17:46 | what else is? Oh, another . Okay, so these are all |
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| 17:50 | in the history of south, the types of proteins, proteins that are |
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| 17:57 | the surface. Right. So many these things are potential antigens. Okay |
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| 18:03 | your body will go, that's how self you have your own are in |
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| 18:10 | . It doesn't match. So Okay. And so a defense mechanism |
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| 18:19 | the pathogen is okay, I'm going alter that. Ok. Um All |
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| 18:27 | that. Uh Okay. So we go on hidden right now. It's |
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| 18:33 | a scenario where it goes on hidden because it's your immune system. Um |
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| 18:41 | . It's just it's not a good is um time dependent is the best |
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| 18:47 | to think about it. Okay, immune system, what you're born is |
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| 18:54 | ? It's just you think of the is one of your your party remain |
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| 18:58 | your system. It's a physical right? It's it's there all the |
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| 19:01 | . Right? You can stop stuff coming in, reliance on having to |
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| 19:09 | defined and recognize these kind of foreign . And that's there's a time |
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| 19:18 | So um so if you have a that maybe is changing the profile of |
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| 19:26 | antigens that are visible, okay, have to become in this for a |
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| 19:32 | of time because now everybody goes uh I was zero in on this |
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| 19:38 | that this pattern that came in with I was separated from your response. |
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| 19:41 | I am okay then the next generation these guys are growing in the body |
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| 19:46 | now switched and have changed the forward . So temporarily nothing becomes invisible. |
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| 19:54 | . But you can't make you can't the change instantaneously right? It takes |
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| 20:00 | . Okay. Time to recognize it to it. They didn't create the |
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| 20:06 | . And that takes time. So time going how And you cannot fast |
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| 20:09 | growth. That's enough time for it multiply before it gets found out again |
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| 20:18 | . So this that's what the media is all. Okay, so again |
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| 20:26 | one of these um antigens present on periphery, right? Has a form |
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| 20:32 | this proposed approach means middle classes. and there can be a slight change |
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| 20:38 | the composition right? And that's enough throw off and use it themselves and |
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| 20:43 | oh this doesn't I don't recognize this it becomes temporarily blinded to it. |
|
| 20:50 | . Um of course eventually it will will recognize and permanent response. But |
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| 20:57 | it can be ours until that Okay And of course bacteria multiplying that |
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| 21:02 | . So in a way that this is done okay for example here is |
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| 21:13 | Different structures. 28. I'm just a job that could be maybe a |
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| 21:18 | will be uh there could be a could be something else for regardless uh |
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| 21:25 | mechanism is what kind of can create . Okay so this is the salmonella |
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| 21:33 | is a good one causes uh gastrointestinal things like that. Um The uh |
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| 21:44 | to of protein units together to make job and they can come in different |
|
| 21:50 | we don't watch it variations. And uh in this scenario so we have |
|
| 21:57 | . L. two forms each one each too. Okay so it's the |
|
| 22:03 | can be made out of just two or if you may have we |
|
| 22:07 | have just a 20. So we two forms. And so but at |
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| 22:13 | given time just gonna be one in any single bacteria and median time to |
|
| 22:18 | one or the other. Okay so this scenario is producing age to them |
|
| 22:24 | protection of this blood. Okay so have that gene there. Okay, |
|
| 22:30 | a promoter. Okay, promoter And then another team. This is |
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| 22:35 | regulatory genes. F. L. . Chef L. J. |
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| 22:40 | J. Okay. Okay. So using regulatory protein that blocks expression of |
|
| 22:47 | H. two. Okay. So is Age two on the other |
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| 22:53 | The other form. Okay. Two. Oh sorry, H. |
|
| 23:00 | backwards is H. One H. H. 2. Okay. So |
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| 23:05 | is this guy here? Okay so pressure expressed in combination of H. |
|
| 23:16 | . So it wasn't here. So the other thing before I show you |
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| 23:21 | , so kind of now look on side here getting green. This is |
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| 23:26 | area uh him for its recombination. a second that come out and re |
|
| 23:35 | . Okay. So part of note that in this region Is where the |
|
| 23:41 | ? 40 H. two. that's a part of that second. |
|
| 23:48 | so these other two areas, our can occur. Okay. Um so |
|
| 23:58 | cutting it. And then the orientation you see here, the combination of |
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| 24:06 | . So the point is that when does this because this promoter is a |
|
| 24:10 | of that sequence, it goes along it. Okay. So if you |
|
| 24:15 | is that there's no promoter in front genes that will not get transcribed, |
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| 24:21 | but that's what the bottom line is . So by that promoter being part |
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| 24:26 | this recombination segment, it rearranges analysis this orientation. Okay. So it's |
|
| 24:34 | combined. So this has been flipped ? Right? So that the motor |
|
| 24:41 | here. Okay right there. Okay here's here's the H. Two. |
|
| 24:49 | ? And so now it doesn't have it doesn't get so you don't express |
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| 24:54 | gene or the refreshments. And so each one can be expressed. |
|
| 25:00 | And so this event happens one In to 1 in 10,000 times the |
|
| 25:09 | Um And so by doing this then next generation advise the next generation then |
|
| 25:18 | be have cells that will have to one. Okay so as soon as |
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| 25:24 | that has a spontaneous event recombination H. two stops accumulating. So |
|
| 25:30 | generations itself have H. one. . And so that's how the body |
|
| 25:37 | . If if this if this sound is in the body body and this |
|
| 25:41 | happens then this next generation has to one which the body hasn't seen |
|
| 25:48 | Your nuisance themselves. Haven't seen And so it kind of makes it |
|
| 25:52 | for a period of time. So course it's more pleasant supplies And part |
|
| 25:56 | dizzy's. Okay. And seven. Let's uh this is okay. There's |
|
| 26:03 | view of this. Okay so we the H. Two Repressor protein made |
|
| 26:09 | H. one. Okay. And goes to the flip. Alright we |
|
| 26:16 | be combination event promoter goes away And we make H. one. Okay |
|
| 26:23 | knowing that we've just gone through. look at, is it just a |
|
| 26:30 | or no question? Okay so let's see what we got. Okay, |
|
| 26:36 | got our response is not even a up to you. Nostradamus, you |
|
| 26:41 | tell the future. Okay so uh we have Here's what is affected by |
|
| 26:50 | those salmon notes. Okay. Have each one have have h. two |
|
| 26:57 | by at the same time. So maybe the piece of food has |
|
| 27:03 | both both of these, this population there, you adjust it. So |
|
| 27:09 | see that half of each one, of 82. So is this gonna |
|
| 27:12 | this gonna be from the perspective not you but of the salmon started with |
|
| 27:19 | sound. This is smart. Well work for it. This work. |
|
| 27:24 | taking the law. Okay. From viewpoint of salmonella affecting benefit. Well |
|
| 27:33 | will this help in the long run will it not? Is it not |
|
| 27:37 | that good to do it this Okay. All right, okay, |
|
| 28:40 | , okay. Uh Better better than , 50. So um who said |
|
| 28:50 | ? Uh who said no who said over there? You said no over |
|
| 28:58 | ? Okay. Why did why is No, I was that age want |
|
| 29:03 | infect Yes. Right. Right. . Yeah I mean they could slip |
|
| 29:17 | it wouldn't make any difference because it's playing poker and you you showed your |
|
| 29:23 | to the beginning, Everybody sees Right, so you know what you |
|
| 29:26 | . Right, So the body is those uh salmonella has basically built all |
|
| 29:31 | cars. So the body goes, mrs themselves can see all the variations |
|
| 29:37 | present each one of these two. so yeah, although I say that |
|
| 29:45 | as successful in terms of causing disease in the long run, because your |
|
| 29:50 | immune system will recognize both of these and you know, I feel this |
|
| 29:54 | . Okay, so um from better be in a case where the majority |
|
| 30:05 | the cells are either one or the variation and not books. Okay. |
|
| 30:10 | and there and there's this is only two variations. There's some other pathogens |
|
| 30:16 | can have for a particular characteristic seven . We can actually switch between several |
|
| 30:24 | types because even more even better in of them, pathetic. Okay. |
|
| 30:31 | sorry? Yeah, it's better strategy to be mostly in one and the |
|
| 30:36 | that many things switch. Okay. you questioning that? Yeah. |
|
| 30:49 | Yeah, H y um a lot smearing, Let's let me just look |
|
| 31:05 | at this previous one. Yeah, a promoter here. Yeah, I |
|
| 31:12 | I didn't I didn't I didn't transfer just right there. I can't see |
|
| 31:16 | blind. Yeah, it's right So what prevents it? I would |
|
| 31:22 | . Oh because this this guy. that repressor is blocking that. |
|
| 31:31 | so, so so H two. it's expressed it's it's the one form |
|
| 31:37 | actually has a repressor with it. repressor jeans with it. So when |
|
| 31:41 | both transcribed the H. T. made and the repressors made and that's |
|
| 31:46 | blocks the promoter of the other Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Um |
|
| 31:53 | . Yes. Okay. So single factor regulations. So we kind |
|
| 32:00 | hinted at this before we looked at your lines. You know how can |
|
| 32:07 | control multiple operations and you can have significant that is common to all of |
|
| 32:12 | and control it that way. Uh an example of um uh using temperature |
|
| 32:20 | as as in control. Okay. the temperature is controlling the expression of |
|
| 32:27 | really controlling the translation of a Okay, so heat truck a signal |
|
| 32:36 | . So he chucked jeans obviously come play when the temperature becomes arrogated for |
|
| 32:42 | . Okay. And other temperature the nature of protein, the nature |
|
| 32:49 | then take acid. So obviously it's a situation somebody differently about it that |
|
| 32:55 | okay to protect their proteins etcetera. um 30 disease. So the sigma |
|
| 33:03 | factor is what controls expression of those . Okay, so get there super |
|
| 33:11 | in order to express those genes. super factor synthesis occurs from this gene |
|
| 33:17 | this is the first in the transcript course. And so um the the |
|
| 33:23 | does not get translated that thoroughly Okay, because the secondary structure assumed |
|
| 33:32 | the transcript. Right? So you that the these hairpin loops that form |
|
| 33:38 | first one actually covers up the rocks finding stuff. So it's covered |
|
| 33:44 | Can't find can't translate. Okay, you don't you don't express heat shock |
|
| 33:50 | and low temperature. It's only for attempts. So uh this is a |
|
| 33:55 | in which this can be done using control here right now. A little |
|
| 34:02 | of So remember these things are these of secondary structures and are not irreversible |
|
| 34:10 | at low camp, a little bit it can can be translated. There's |
|
| 34:15 | small part of time, you it may unravel, right? But |
|
| 34:20 | times like this, but there can some unwanted signal factor produced and that |
|
| 34:25 | be taken care of by these And so you have D. |
|
| 34:32 | E. K. These are proteins are floating around and they observed to |
|
| 34:40 | proteins that aren't needed anymore. They certainly take care of any person made |
|
| 34:45 | from the single factor because you don't it At this temperature. Okay, |
|
| 34:51 | what happens then when you elevate temperature also say 42°, um you will produce |
|
| 34:59 | signal factor that temp. It doesn't that secondary structure. So now you've |
|
| 35:07 | rajan blindsight, the derogations combined and and then translated into lots of uh |
|
| 35:14 | factor sigma H factor that can then on these different. Okay, and |
|
| 35:20 | now these guys the same teenage age you uh K. R now preoccupied |
|
| 35:30 | helping proteins that are in stress Okay, so of course at 42 |
|
| 35:36 | instagram want to unravel tertiary structure And so to kind of help preserve |
|
| 35:44 | best we can. Their function is have these proteins called chaperone proteins and |
|
| 35:50 | of their functions to kind of bind them to kind of keep them from |
|
| 35:55 | nature and so they can keep their that elevated them. Okay, so |
|
| 35:59 | kind of what many of these products these drop tines do is to bind |
|
| 36:04 | other proteins that are under stress and and and help them maintain function. |
|
| 36:11 | , Presumably the 42 degree elevated temperatures something that's gonna be permanent. |
|
| 36:17 | so let's keep these proteins talking as we can. And um until perhaps |
|
| 36:24 | goes down. So uh but it's way to to the stress reaction kind |
|
| 36:30 | mechanism. But again, temperature is of what is the driving force |
|
| 36:35 | Okay, so this is uh um because we're dealing with, Right, |
|
| 36:44 | what we're doing is basically is controlling transcript For about three temperatures. It's |
|
| 36:53 | of how this is working. And so sorry, and then so |
|
| 36:59 | could call this, you know, have different names for different levels of |
|
| 37:03 | . So this is I would put the category of post transcript. All |
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| 37:10 | , 49. Okay, so it be it would not be transcription |
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| 37:15 | So that's remember that's a really rhyme um transcribed or not. That's transcription |
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| 37:23 | . Once the transcripts made then it into that realm of post transcription control |
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| 37:30 | this one. Okay. Um so . Kind of temperature is kind of |
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| 37:37 | the fact any questions. Yeah, . Um Well through through really through |
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| 37:50 | dysfunctional proteins at first. So as company that's one. It also has |
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| 37:56 | of proteins in the in the in membrane ever. Well, it's a |
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| 38:07 | . And so it can it before oftentimes these membrane proteins are connected with |
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| 38:15 | member signal approach. In the 19 inside the cell is a protein kind |
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| 38:21 | likely He's gonna change four on the rises. And so that's connected to |
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| 38:26 | city molecules to work out. Okay, so regulatory RNA. Um |
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| 38:39 | this is of course the widespread across platforms. We also have RNA. |
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| 38:45 | that that served their purpose in regulating impression in us. Um uh think |
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| 38:54 | having our neighbors as a as a michael. It's very efficient because now |
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| 39:00 | not having to make a protein like . Use the the RNA itself is |
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| 39:05 | product that can be used to control . That of course uses less energy |
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| 39:11 | going onto the protein. Right? many teens aren't actually controlled this |
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| 39:16 | Um And so smaller regulatory or R. N. A. So |
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| 39:22 | True. Okay. Um these can involved in really promoting discussion blocking |
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| 39:36 | Okay. Um they typically do so affecting translation. So these RNA is |
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| 39:45 | for RNA is actually seek out and have hm apologies with transcripts. Okay |
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| 39:53 | to them and then that can block or can in some cases and promote |
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| 40:00 | they can buy proteins as well. there's a one of the slides next |
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| 40:07 | has like an example of all kinds different mechanisms we'll look at here is |
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| 40:12 | but um so again really the efficiency it. You're just just doing transcription |
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| 40:20 | make the product double control rather than to go all the way to the |
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| 40:23 | of proteins. Okay um and so example here is and so like these |
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| 40:32 | will form these here and lose and have this kind of secondary structure. |
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| 40:38 | RAT three is one of these. staph aureus is of course a |
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| 40:43 | Um it will have uh many passages of all patterns, there are different |
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| 40:52 | temporal elements to infection with a virulent than when they're actively causing disease. |
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| 40:58 | so different genes are gonna be transcribed different times. Okay. During infection |
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| 41:04 | so they often use RNA molecules to of help control what's expressed at what |
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| 41:10 | . Okay and this is one example that. And so the target can |
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| 41:16 | this RNA transcript right the targets are be pretty typically typically are different types |
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| 41:23 | transcripts. Okay So these are the S. R. N. |
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| 41:29 | Well um half apology to the target again it's just complementary base pair |
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| 41:37 | U. G. C. And so by binding to the transcript |
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| 41:43 | this fashion. Right. We cover binding site perhaps or it could just |
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| 41:48 | a physical block. The line is trying to get further down the |
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| 41:53 | In some cases you can promote or ace activity. So RNA basically chops |
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| 42:00 | in half. Okay or fragments Okay so if of course if you |
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| 42:04 | it you're not gonna be able to it. Okay so this example where |
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| 42:10 | having translation transfer. So if you that of course you don't express the |
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| 42:14 | . Okay. Um Here is just not memorize the slide. These are |
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| 42:21 | examples of how um different types of . R. N. A. |
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| 42:26 | . In some cases it headed so translation which is gonna inhibited expression or |
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| 42:35 | activate. So in one scenario um a binding site. Right well it's |
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| 42:41 | important on ages, plops right down top of it. Yeah you can't |
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| 42:46 | translated. Conversely maybe if I was binding site is blocked by the transcript |
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| 42:53 | structure itself. And so and so comes in and binds to it freeing |
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| 43:00 | side up so you can go both . Okay um can promote our |
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| 43:05 | RNA degradation. Okay can prevent MRT by state binding to and stabilizing. |
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| 43:13 | uh promote processing lines. Um Here example F here's a transcript and there's |
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| 43:20 | regulatory protein sitting on the binding site them from being translated. And here |
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| 43:26 | the S. R. A. will be buying the proteins and now |
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| 43:32 | free up the site to promote So the point here is targets are |
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| 43:38 | the transcript itself but can be about positive or negative fashion in terms of |
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| 43:45 | influencing expression or to bind to a . Okay like this to promote in |
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| 43:52 | case of expression. Okay so very and again because there are n. |
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| 43:59 | . S more efficient you have to the protein and you work for. |
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| 44:05 | . Um and lots of genes in joking way. And these are on |
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| 44:10 | order of I believe around 100-200 So that you know as the name |
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| 44:17 | they're small. Um Now the uh last part of running for RNA is |
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| 44:26 | example is what political anti sense Okay so these unlike the small |
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| 44:35 | is that our two engines? These in um the gene it controls. |
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| 44:44 | so I'm gonna show you an example that. So again fairly common controls |
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| 44:51 | of genes ensuring other species. And um here's an example what I'm talking |
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| 44:58 | . So here's the protein coding gene . So um so relationship. Right |
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| 45:06 | the sense and antisense sort of coding coding coding template strand. So um |
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| 45:12 | anti sense segment Okay. Would be that. That's strange. Right. |
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| 45:25 | The are in a June so it's June. That's in a sense coding |
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| 45:32 | . Okay. And I just drew 400 times in there just to show |
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| 45:36 | the complimentary. Okay. So the sense trained of course would have the |
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| 45:44 | eateries of sequence. Okay. So say we if we're going to synthesize |
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| 45:51 | anti sense RNA, okay we're gonna that coding strand. Okay. And |
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| 45:58 | we're gonna form that. So remember relationship. Right. So the antisense |
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| 46:04 | is plus and we copy it into minus strands. Okay so again so |
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| 46:12 | the box is the is the anti RNA. It was generated by transcribing |
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| 46:20 | emphasis on a Okay. That's sitting the gene is going to control. |
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| 46:29 | . So when we have transcription of this gene is. Okay we'll get |
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| 46:39 | . Right. So here's our R. A. Right? So |
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| 46:43 | say that that protein coding gene codes a membrane project. Okay. And |
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| 46:54 | in order to transfer to produce it gonna produce a transcript mrk. Alright |
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| 47:00 | then it was controlled by anti Sense . That anti sense RNA. Inside |
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| 47:08 | membrane proteins just as an example. so we can control the expression by |
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| 47:16 | anti sense RNA. Now it's going be complementary to it. Right. |
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| 47:21 | so it will buy into it and about you won't be able to be |
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| 47:27 | . Okay. So so it's gonna specific for just that. She so |
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| 47:35 | controls the june his skin. And so lots of genes are |
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| 47:41 | Nicola yeah. Um so again example they're they're in small ways and that |
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| 47:51 | is within a gene. Okay. other ones are between genes. Ah |
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| 47:58 | collection about that. Okay, so uh look at one final question |
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| 48:08 | Okay, so this again is the kind of control is the control of |
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| 48:14 | correctly with its uh particular um lot feature so which is not correctly |
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| 48:25 | Right? Mhm mm hmm. We got mm hmm mm hmm. |
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| 49:58 | , majority rules. It is B right. So um phase variation. |
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| 50:09 | would really just turn it control at level of D. N. |
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| 50:13 | Random but that's really no like catchy like one of these let's just say |
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| 50:18 | of the level of D. A. Is what how you would |
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| 50:21 | that. But transcription please call certainly away from mechanism because again confusion control |
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| 50:28 | all that. Or you come back do this thing or not right. |
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| 50:33 | that fits both to defend insinuation both transient response. Um P chuck was |
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| 50:40 | already had this transcript made and so was temperature kind of manipulating it but |
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| 50:45 | falls under post transcription. Okay if got a transcript already made it's going |
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| 50:48 | be be fall under this term Okay. Um and then translation of |
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| 51:00 | technically you know post transcription of control kind of the the more all encompassing |
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| 51:07 | . And underneath that you could fit control as well. So you know |
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| 51:13 | it's uh but then the post translational translational protein itself. Okay so ah |
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| 51:28 | talk a lot. Yeah I don't . Normally it's that's also remember when |
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| 51:44 | do transcription you're copying the minus strand DNA. No well the MRT is |
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| 51:56 | be a plus strand. Right? it's a it's a copy of the |
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| 52:02 | template strand. So it itself is to be a plus strand because the |
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| 52:06 | . R. A. Is essentially copy of the code of the DNA |
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| 52:10 | . Right? So the minus strand D. N. A. So |
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| 52:15 | market is gonna be a plus Right. Right. And so then |
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| 52:19 | we're gonna if if the control mechanism and we copy the plus antisense |
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| 52:26 | Right? Because that and these insurgents the plus D. N. |
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| 52:31 | So it too is plus. Okay when we copy that will make a |
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| 52:36 | and then that's what's able to compensate paired with the M. R. |
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| 52:40 | . A. That's a plus Okay. What's what's what's the disconnect |
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| 52:54 | it me? They could be. in what sense? Where correct? |
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| 53:08 | we are what we're doing is we're transcribing the minus strand because you want |
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| 53:13 | make a copy of the plus. by copying actually transcribing the minus |
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| 53:19 | Mhm. Right. No because my because we want to make a identical |
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| 53:29 | of the coding strand in an RNA . Okay. Because that's what we're |
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| 53:33 | to translate. We don't translate N. A. We translated |
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| 53:37 | So so in order to make the copy the coding strand copy in a |
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| 53:43 | a form we have to copy the strand. Because when we copy the |
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| 53:48 | strand that gives that gives us an version of the Plus strand which is |
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| 53:53 | we want. Right. That makes . Okay. Are we good? |
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| 54:00 | . You could be talking about more you want. All right. That's |
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| 54:04 | folks, enjoy your weather, do |
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