| 00:26 | testing. Sorry about that Catherine. almighty, Nice thing. Testing. |
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| 00:44 | ? Hello. Hello? Hello. goodness. Testing that better. |
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| 01:00 | alright. There we go. Sorry that. I wasn't expecting that at |
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| 01:07 | . Alright, so let's go ahead get started. Our everybody doing all |
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| 01:18 | . A couple of uh emailed you couple of things to add on. |
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| 01:29 | What's up with Chapter four today, is um chapter five is less that |
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| 01:39 | flip class thing which will which will , but it's going to carry over |
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| 01:43 | Tuesday for sure. So um so and the metabolism I realized that that's |
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| 01:52 | a lot of people is a Uh wicket. One way to put it |
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| 01:58 | um can be a problem, it's you can get overwhelmed looking just |
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| 02:04 | the reactions and all this kind of . So you don't have to memorize |
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| 02:11 | 80 something reactions. That would be insane to have you do that. |
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| 02:16 | it's more like an overview kind of . Okay, so if you see |
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| 02:22 | The whole process or part, we're break it down like four parts, |
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| 02:26 | stages. Okay. And if so you see these four parts, you |
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| 02:33 | at, you can identify the four and okay, that's what this |
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| 02:36 | Okay, that's kind of the level going for. So anyways, so |
|
| 02:40 | you're doing the flip, the flip classes are kind of doing it on |
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| 02:45 | own right. In other words, are gonna look at the pre recorded |
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| 02:51 | , there's a couple of those that this and then the lecture notes of |
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| 02:54 | and then kind of whatever it is do in terms of mastering the |
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| 02:58 | that's what you're going to try to . And then we came in here |
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| 03:03 | next Tuesday. I have a bunch clear questions to kind of just frame |
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| 03:08 | discussion around that. Okay, so by the end you'll not find it |
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| 03:16 | difficult as it can be, you , when you first get exposed to |
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| 03:19 | stuff metabolism can be like, so um so don't wig out as |
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| 03:25 | you're looking through the book and you all these pathways and circles and arrows |
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| 03:30 | you know, it's uh there's a to do it without being overwhelmed. |
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| 03:36 | . But it is it's a critical to know, I think because it's |
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| 03:40 | how it's how we all work, , metabolism, that's how we can |
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| 03:45 | and think and do and whatever, , how we can live, you |
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| 03:49 | , it's true metabolism. So you to learn to understand some of the |
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| 03:53 | of it, I think it's a thing. So anyway, that's what |
|
| 03:57 | trying to do this. Starting thursday . Uh so again, the routine |
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| 04:03 | . So over here on out, just, you know, every week |
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| 04:06 | blackboard uh typically a mastering assignment due following monday. So I just, |
|
| 04:12 | know, the routine stuff. Oh a I was told I didn't |
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| 04:16 | wasn't aware that there is a piercing that Pearson is the textbook that we |
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| 04:24 | and the mastering comes from that. there's actually a new age campus, |
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| 04:29 | Pearson Ambassador which I never heard of he emailed right and made me sure |
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| 04:35 | tell you all if you did sign for the free two week trial that's |
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| 04:39 | answer. So don't let that and once it ends you have of course |
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| 04:44 | up for it but just be aware you might go oh my god I |
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| 04:49 | access master anymore because you're if you up for one of those two trials |
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| 04:53 | ended so just kind of I'm assuming gonna be coming up soon if not |
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| 04:57 | so just be aware of that? Alright let's see, we're gonna |
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| 05:03 | So any questions you have to be content? Okay that's fine. So |
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| 05:10 | gonna start with a question kind of some stuff from uh last week covered |
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| 05:17 | kind of recover these things last last . Just kind of start with mini |
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| 05:24 | of this material, like a shot you're answering this, remember to |
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| 05:32 | sorry about that. I want to that. Um There we go |
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| 05:36 | Uh look look blackboard. So for points. Uh the stuff from last |
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| 05:45 | since the start of the semester is up there. I'm gonna remove it |
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| 05:49 | . Remember today it starts real? but I have kept up the previous |
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| 05:54 | so do your senior points then you're . Okay uh if you're not saying |
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| 06:00 | and you use your clipper and I help that but go to um take |
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| 06:07 | support all the information in the any issues with registration and what have |
|
| 06:12 | So consult that they're over in um have libraries. You behind the |
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| 06:18 | Okay. It'll go down stairs. that's that's where they're at. Um |
|
| 06:25 | , let's set the timer on Just not that way. There we |
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| 06:32 | . Okay, so um see so I can't remember these things are |
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| 06:44 | so if you use a clicker, there's like 40 questions in one session |
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| 06:49 | use a clicker, it cancels one but that's kind of attendance point. |
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| 06:57 | then uh Any questions you answer right wrong? two points. Okay. |
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| 07:05 | the threshold to get that first one is to answer at least half the |
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| 07:10 | . Okay. So anyway, that's . So let's go um with this |
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| 07:21 | and so we get Okay. So , if you answered slime layer, |
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| 07:32 | are correct. Okay. So we about the overview of the cell |
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| 07:37 | Remember your focus is on goes into cells. So I only I show |
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| 07:46 | only in terms for comparative purposes. ? So I'm not gonna test you |
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| 07:50 | , you carry out cell testing on cell. Right? So we went |
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| 07:55 | that um mm overview. So and go into more details today on different |
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| 08:04 | of the cell uh we started last with the capsule slimer. So it's |
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| 08:09 | of we're going outside in is our here. Right. So we started |
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| 08:13 | what's on the very outside the capsule layer biofilm. Uh, then |
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| 08:20 | okay. So, uh, that's growing spectrum of various factors. Talk |
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| 08:26 | that a lot this semester has any that enable the sell it to cause |
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| 08:31 | . Okay. Um, now there's things that aren't going to be a |
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| 08:36 | even though it's a part of the . Right? So if I said |
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| 08:41 | um, chromosome, is that a factor? Yes. No, |
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| 08:51 | You have to follow the course if just say yes or no? |
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| 08:58 | Yeah, that's been come. I say every cell has a chromosome. |
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| 09:09 | never told how the chromosome. Sure that. Do we still have at |
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| 09:12 | one chromosome? Yes. Let me . So it doesn't have a chromosome |
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| 09:19 | the red blood cell. That's not a self cell. Okay, so |
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| 09:24 | cells have chromosomes are all cells. . No. Right. So of |
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| 09:30 | we're gonna core features of any everything . They're gonna come right. Those |
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| 09:34 | the religious factors. Religious factors are or what if they were lacking? |
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| 09:37 | they wouldn't cause disease? Yeah, didn't have a chromosome. It wouldn't |
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| 09:40 | disease, but of course you'd be . Okay. But it's more specific |
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| 09:45 | of features that enable it to cause . Making a toxin. It's allowing |
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| 09:49 | sell to stick to the people of or whatever. We'll go into those |
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| 09:55 | . But uh there's certain things that just basic parts of any cell or |
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| 09:59 | don't consider this factor. Okay. actually filament role involved the movement. |
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| 10:07 | bacteria have applied for the most part there. They have one chromosome. |
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| 10:12 | not deployed like us. Okay. of course the slam there is is |
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| 10:18 | the answer is not a it's a assemblage of just price accurate material |
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| 10:26 | basically byproducts of metabolism times who's out of hangs around kind of random. |
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| 10:32 | always there sometimes is sometimes isn't. that's a contrast to a capsule capsule |
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| 10:38 | very structured uh entity surround the surrounding cell gene encoding. Okay, so |
|
| 10:47 | brings us in. So we're gonna first here on cell walls and kind |
|
| 10:52 | variations of that. Okay, so pro Kariya, so you have your |
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| 10:59 | and your archaea. Okay. And those roots will have a number of |
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| 11:06 | that will have a cell wall. , the cell wall, your familiarity |
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| 11:11 | likely with the plant cell wall Right? It's not that completely different |
|
| 11:16 | . Um the uh among archaea there both groups, there are types of |
|
| 11:24 | positive gram. Okay. Um and we're gonna look at that first. |
|
| 11:32 | negative gram positive. Then there's pro types that don't follow that pattern that |
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| 11:38 | variations and that's what's meant by a cell wall is a better term. |
|
| 11:42 | probably a typical cell envelopes is a term. Okay um remember that term |
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| 11:50 | fact, walk this out and put because remember that for that reason that |
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| 11:59 | refers to here is our cell, ? Cytoplasmic membrane. Well what's out |
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| 12:07 | ? Okay, what's in this I'm exaggerating for a factor. But |
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| 12:11 | out here? Right. It could the it could be a wall, |
|
| 12:17 | could be an outer membrane, like gram negative. It could be different |
|
| 12:21 | . That's what we'll be exploring So another question. So this is |
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| 12:27 | I call. He's gonna be one and after. We're gonna look at |
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| 12:30 | , gonna answer the scan results and I'm not gonna spend any time on |
|
| 12:36 | . And we're gonna see it again the road here today. And based |
|
| 12:41 | having gone through all this information, see if you change your answer the |
|
| 12:45 | time around. So take a look this now. We visited in about |
|
| 12:52 | minutes, seeming pause that and it's if you wanna ask your neighbor or |
|
| 13:23 | with somebody around you multiple people around . two heads are better than one |
|
| 13:39 | . Okay, let me put the on. Okay, 10 seconds and |
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| 14:10 | we go. No. Alright we okay, I'm gonna take a picture |
|
| 14:17 | that and see if anything changes. Okay so gram negative gram positive. |
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| 14:29 | bacterial cell wall uh those that have bacteria. Uh the majority have cell |
|
| 14:37 | don't. Okay um the grand stain um As old as it is, |
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| 14:47 | the early 1900s to turn of the . I think it was the turn |
|
| 14:52 | the 20th century. It was developed used and is still used today. |
|
| 14:57 | still has utility uh diagnostically it can useful still. Okay, the cell |
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| 15:07 | itself. Um the rice protection. we talked about this a little bit |
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| 15:15 | returns hyper tonic hype atomic. Remember that that relates to move water. |
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| 15:21 | bacterial cells tend to keep themselves slightly tonic which means water moves in. |
|
| 15:29 | ? That causes the seldom expand because has a cell wall that water that |
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| 15:37 | can press against the wall. You of have to maintain the integrity of |
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| 15:41 | cell the shape of the cell. it kind of works together. |
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| 15:45 | Of course. Can provide protection as . Uh clinical importance of it. |
|
| 15:51 | is it depends on the location of patient sample. The morphology of the |
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| 16:00 | is a gram negative and positive. for example a uh a sample of |
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| 16:07 | cerebral spinal fluid which is um it's fluid that bathes your brain and spinal |
|
| 16:14 | um if you take a sample of patient who is sick, is experiencing |
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| 16:22 | of a stiff neck fever likely. and you take that and you do |
|
| 16:27 | stain look under the microscope and you these deployed diplo caucuses coxon pairs. |
|
| 16:36 | , gram negative. That's pretty much meningitis. Okay. Step throat. |
|
| 16:44 | folks swab gram stain some in So it does have significance still today |
|
| 16:52 | terms of diagnosis, it's it's it's first when you're trying to identify a |
|
| 16:59 | or are you grant staying is often first thing you do because it can |
|
| 17:05 | them into uh into two groups, ? Or in a group that doesn't |
|
| 17:10 | with the grandstand. So you can can form the basis for identification and |
|
| 17:15 | , it's still used for that Okay, so here's some examples |
|
| 17:21 | pneumonia as well, strep throat. again, all these differentiate by the |
|
| 17:27 | the where the samples coming from. , as well. You can throw |
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| 17:31 | there others like gonorrhea as well. and some other some other infectious |
|
| 17:39 | So and also, you know, gram stain is sheep. So depending |
|
| 17:43 | the lab urine and and whistles in of machinery to do things for |
|
| 17:50 | Gram stain is pretty basic. So can, you know from that reason |
|
| 17:54 | can be quite useful. So so the nature of the of the |
|
| 18:00 | . So chemically you're not gonna remember structures but it's going to be good |
|
| 18:06 | the names. Okay, so that's repeating units. So often called nag |
|
| 18:16 | nag for short. So making those and saying, okay, um that's |
|
| 18:23 | base structure, right? And it's a strand that wrapped around itself. |
|
| 18:29 | . A gram negative has a very amount of that compared to gram |
|
| 18:34 | And maybe go around once, one or maybe twice at most. |
|
| 18:39 | grand positive will be much more than . Okay, significantly more. And |
|
| 18:45 | the structure again. So we see here are the uh means carbohydrates, |
|
| 18:57 | . Okay, that's the protein There's like 22 parts to the |
|
| 19:03 | Okay sure. Part of the uh . If you will, that's the |
|
| 19:09 | polymers. And then in between there linkages called cross bridging. Okay, |
|
| 19:15 | the peptide sequence. Right? So like five meal acids long that link |
|
| 19:21 | and they link up at the in Seattle you're Amick acid. So are |
|
| 19:28 | are in proximity? That's what the occur. Okay. And so that |
|
| 19:34 | that cross bridging is critical. If you don't have the cross bridging |
|
| 19:40 | you just have the strands. Remember ? I don't think it is as |
|
| 19:45 | like a brick wall and an inflexible . Not dyslexic. Okay. And |
|
| 19:50 | if you remove the cross bridges then parallel strands can move apart. Just |
|
| 19:57 | you have the membrane underneath, Okay, so that those cross |
|
| 20:03 | the membrane underneath will bubble through. . And it can actually break and |
|
| 20:10 | lights and that's that will heal So those cross bridges are critical to |
|
| 20:15 | maintain structure thing. Okay, so like penicillin. So there's a number |
|
| 20:21 | different components enzymes that work to make cross bridges. Okay. And so |
|
| 20:31 | so those are targets for lots of antibiotics, basically. Anything that ends |
|
| 20:37 | C. I. Bless you. . I. L. L. |
|
| 20:43 | . N. M. penicillin, , penicillin and others. They all |
|
| 20:49 | some aspect of cell wall synthesis. . And so again, if you |
|
| 20:56 | the so well the membrane begins to out and license. Right? Probably |
|
| 21:01 | cell. So here is another way around the cells which will be a |
|
| 21:10 | shaped cell. I'm sorry, rod cells would fit into this Kocsis similarly |
|
| 21:15 | a have a the same kind of around stuff wrapped around the cell and |
|
| 21:20 | Grand positive. It does this several . Okay. Um so looking at |
|
| 21:26 | by side you can really see the . Uh you know, the gram |
|
| 21:31 | is simple compared to the Grand There's more stuff with the Native. |
|
| 21:38 | , the grand positives basically this The thick peptidoglycan. Okay. And |
|
| 21:46 | these look like strings. They span whole width of the so all the |
|
| 21:54 | through connecting it to the member. is what we call acids. |
|
| 22:02 | sorry. And again, to So it's very thick. So this |
|
| 22:07 | to kind of reinforce the whole Kind of like uh anybody familiar with |
|
| 22:11 | ? You heard a rebar so you rebar and concrete to reinforce concrete. |
|
| 22:15 | principle here. Right uh negative you So note that they refer to the |
|
| 22:25 | membrane. It's equivalent same as the membrane over the grand posit. But |
|
| 22:31 | use inner because there happens to be one. Another layer out beyond their |
|
| 22:36 | that inner membrane but it is the membrane membrane. And okay in the |
|
| 22:43 | is where the cell wall materials. again see very 111 layer thick compared |
|
| 22:51 | several layers here. Okay, and this is two connected through um the |
|
| 22:59 | proteins. Okay, so specific specific each one g positive gasses, gram |
|
| 23:07 | . No, only lipoproteins. And you don't have these in the ground |
|
| 23:13 | . So you want to know what what does depend what? Okay, |
|
| 23:19 | it's a separate like can uh hear linkages with the little proteins are through |
|
| 23:26 | peptide cross bridges. Okay. Uh of course they're here as well between |
|
| 23:31 | strands. Okay, um now this memory. Right lifting little lipid policy |
|
| 23:41 | . Right shooters. So it's very with these very long chain sugars. |
|
| 23:48 | sugars together. Almost called the old talk about the second. So even |
|
| 23:54 | the outer membrane there's differences on either . So you see on this half |
|
| 24:01 | this structure this have here. so even within the membrane that both |
|
| 24:07 | are quite different. Okay, so have these long um polymers of sugars |
|
| 24:13 | connecting to uh the fat part of parts of the marker in here. |
|
| 24:20 | the membrane uh you do have proteins facilitate the entry of material. |
|
| 24:27 | Um the pepper, black hand itself positive or negative, the porosity, |
|
| 24:34 | ability of things to get through is fairly easy. It's not it's not |
|
| 24:40 | , things can pass through it. , of course it's more restrictive when |
|
| 24:45 | have to go through a membrane. that's why you have portions here. |
|
| 24:48 | then you have another layer here, have to get through. So molecules |
|
| 24:51 | a gram negative have to go through layers to get into the cell right |
|
| 24:57 | to get through here, which is that difficult and then gets restricted when |
|
| 25:01 | get to the memory. Okay, um the other thing, I think |
|
| 25:07 | just different views of the same So here's your grand positive here is |
|
| 25:12 | very thick type of light can cross and blue in fact. And the |
|
| 25:20 | psychotic acids. Right, so they some books do this, some don't |
|
| 25:26 | , it does uh differences gasses in of wall versus um gasses uh It |
|
| 25:34 | means what they're looking to. so these links throughout the black |
|
| 25:40 | the link that these link it to member. Okay. Um now and |
|
| 25:48 | again the structure is just an example like charged molecules. Um uh but |
|
| 25:58 | , for reinforcing that, so gram . Right? Again, much less |
|
| 26:04 | . Okay, two layers. And this uh material. And then |
|
| 26:13 | course because we have an outer membrane we've got we've got an additional |
|
| 26:18 | We have cytoplasm down here uh we called para. Right that's the layer |
|
| 26:25 | the inner and outer membrane. That's the cell wall resides in the grand |
|
| 26:29 | . Okay. And this environment itself be different in terms of what hit |
|
| 26:37 | to decide that there will be different of enzymes in here. Different types |
|
| 26:42 | transport molecules and sites and things that differ slightly from what's inside here. |
|
| 26:50 | Okay. Remember rain out of membrane para plastic space. Okay. Flag |
|
| 26:59 | the book proteins LPS again uh different of the structures. And then let's |
|
| 27:09 | to focus on this. Okay so movement of materials information gram negative. |
|
| 27:21 | on the outer membrane are are not selective. So you can have multiple |
|
| 27:28 | going through these things. It gets restrictive when we get down to the |
|
| 27:32 | memory and actually gets into the interior . That has had a tend to |
|
| 27:38 | more specificity, more restrictive. Okay the uh core party Sacha. Right |
|
| 27:47 | this lipid a material. Okay. Opie sack. Right so we're gonna |
|
| 27:50 | about also is talked previously about the antigen. Okay so remember that was |
|
| 27:59 | the flagellum. Okay So both of produced an immune response. Okay um |
|
| 28:08 | the location engine was developed for use something years ago. Um it's a |
|
| 28:18 | to identify. It produces a human . Okay so we've got and for |
|
| 28:25 | group of bacteria like E. coli um foodborne pathogens. Right. So |
|
| 28:33 | met you're aware of the 0157 Coli has caused a number of foodborne |
|
| 28:40 | in the past few years. That 1st to the engine. Right? |
|
| 28:45 | there's multiple numbers of different and they just differ in terms of the sugar |
|
| 28:53 | making up that cake you have that produce different. Okay so we've developed |
|
| 29:05 | particular antibodies to the different advantages and . Okay. So if there's an |
|
| 29:13 | of saying you want to know which it is. Well you just test |
|
| 29:19 | with the certain antibodies and allows you identify it rather quickly. Okay. |
|
| 29:25 | so that's really the sole purpose of . But the old engine, that's |
|
| 29:30 | that refers to. Okay. Used identification purposes, produces response. |
|
| 29:36 | Um now the lipid a material is I didn't want to put that |
|
| 29:47 | But people do this question. So question is it's not a question to |
|
| 29:56 | more or less. But the this here. Okay lipid a this material |
|
| 30:06 | that's released from the cell. So and licensed blows apart you know anything |
|
| 30:15 | part of the course now is released includes a liberal return. Okay, |
|
| 30:20 | no longer not part of the intact cells diet. Okay, so that's |
|
| 30:25 | we call endo toxic. Okay so gram negatives have that capability. |
|
| 30:34 | And that's what that is that liberated . Okay, harmless when the cells |
|
| 30:42 | , potentially harmful when the cell dies the material release. Okay, so |
|
| 30:49 | what happens is um there's a thing process will look at later called the |
|
| 30:58 | response. Okay, normal response. your response to a potential infection and |
|
| 31:04 | , Okay, and not letting it in your body. Uh So it's |
|
| 31:09 | local reaction. Okay. Um you a ruling occurs in your arm or |
|
| 31:16 | or something. Right? You get plants and it swells and hurts you |
|
| 31:19 | that kind of stuff. Right? an exciting tour responsibly. So uh |
|
| 31:26 | meant to contain any kind of bacteria get into your system at that |
|
| 31:32 | And take care. Okay. Now senator response. Part of the gators |
|
| 31:38 | released lots of different chemicals different of immune system cells or what to do |
|
| 31:45 | response. Okay. But things that the the infectious agent is to bring |
|
| 31:52 | cells, the side effects uh start all kinds of stuff. Right? |
|
| 31:59 | so that's fine. It happens in local. Okay. If in terms |
|
| 32:05 | body wide response. Okay, We're almost all of the pieces themselves can |
|
| 32:12 | to it. That's too much for body body. Can't handle it because |
|
| 32:17 | you have all the immune system cells your body releasing chemicals that we're having |
|
| 32:22 | body wide response. And you're not to handle it. Okay, That's |
|
| 32:28 | you can go into shock and you die. Okay, So it's all |
|
| 32:33 | of this endo toxic effect. again associated only with neighbors. So |
|
| 32:41 | this scenario here where the patient has sepsis infection caused by Klebsiella pneumonia, |
|
| 32:48 | ? Gram negative pathogen, respiratory pathogen experiences fever and nausea. Does anybody |
|
| 32:54 | what septicemia means? Accept a systemic ? Yes, correct. So it's |
|
| 33:05 | certainly into the blood, correct? to a local infection, septicemia is |
|
| 33:11 | gonna be traveling throughout your whole body the blood. Okay? So, |
|
| 33:16 | braddock is provided you stop the Okay, Over a few hours later |
|
| 33:23 | symptoms continue to worsen. So, bit of information, the vaccine does |
|
| 33:30 | , right? They tested on Klebsiella from the patient and proved that it |
|
| 33:36 | was fine. The antibiotic works. . But why why did the patient |
|
| 33:40 | worse? Exactly. That's really the prime action is doing his |
|
| 33:48 | But it's it's killing the cells and releasing that. So it's releasing a |
|
| 33:55 | . So, and it's doing And the main reason why is why |
|
| 34:00 | so dangerous, is this okay, because of this kind of affection. |
|
| 34:05 | if you catch it before it's gone , you're not gonna really face this |
|
| 34:12 | . So it's really about the seriousness the gram negative infection. And is |
|
| 34:17 | in the blood? And uh yeah, then that's that's that's much |
|
| 34:23 | serious. And so what then is is to give point mixing b prove |
|
| 34:29 | . So what happened, what do think the climates in obedient? So |
|
| 34:35 | have that circulating endo toxin, planets be actually combined it up, binding |
|
| 34:41 | up the endo toxin. So we're up. You don't have that effect |
|
| 34:46 | . Okay. So also an example of combining in a box, |
|
| 34:55 | So give them both at the same . Right? So, so you |
|
| 34:59 | himself in the mix and B. there to bind up the and you |
|
| 35:05 | in? And that's what you want do. If it's septicemia, |
|
| 35:10 | If it's traveling throughout the body, ? If you if you catch it |
|
| 35:14 | before it's still it's a local not the issue. But if it |
|
| 35:19 | this bad then yeah, you have really combine antibiotics like they did here |
|
| 35:23 | get the effect. So basically any negative, obviously it's only concern for |
|
| 35:31 | , but this is an issue. may need to be aware of uh |
|
| 35:35 | a patient with a handmade production if gets to the stage. So, |
|
| 35:40 | it's all about this end, a effect. Is there any questions about |
|
| 35:45 | ? Okay, so um gram negative ? So meningitis is gram negative um |
|
| 35:55 | to reorient as gram negative uh those of pneumonia is not grandpa. So |
|
| 36:04 | more beyond that, but you it can be an issue. Um |
|
| 36:09 | that's why you have to you have why it's important to diagnose in the |
|
| 36:16 | . What is it is a gram gram positive is it uh tested against |
|
| 36:20 | antibiotics? So that's that's why that is important. Um So you're in |
|
| 36:27 | cell walls. Okay um the mycoplasma don't continues. I'm glad it's not |
|
| 36:38 | at the same time. So you mycobacterium and then you have michael |
|
| 36:45 | Okay. two different completely different speeches lacks a cell wall altogether. |
|
| 36:54 | So they're very small there on the end of the spectrum in terms of |
|
| 36:58 | for bacterial bacterial types. Um Those respiratory pathogens. They actually get inside |
|
| 37:05 | own cells in your lungs and cause more you like symptoms. Um The |
|
| 37:13 | . So I would say roughly half archaea have a cell wall half don't |
|
| 37:20 | uh those that do, it's not to bacterial cell walls. Right? |
|
| 37:27 | it's made of what's called pseudo So this word here Mirian is like |
|
| 37:35 | I think it's kind of over name people like and it basically means pepper |
|
| 37:40 | like this is kind of a kind a version of that not identical to |
|
| 37:45 | bacteria have. Okay, in So micro bacteria. Alright so micro |
|
| 37:52 | um has unusual story on it does you look like an which you can |
|
| 38:03 | right here so that is present but doesn't properly stain with the grams |
|
| 38:10 | Okay it's um it's very thick and see how thick the rest of this |
|
| 38:17 | is all of this thickness compared to black. This is all very very |
|
| 38:26 | . Um You might call it acid long hydrocarbon molecules. They give it |
|
| 38:33 | a waxy consistency, very water right? Like clean together. So |
|
| 38:41 | liquid media this would be something like so you see uniform turbidity we call |
|
| 38:48 | cloudiness throughout. To hear the cells focused up here, concentrated at the |
|
| 38:54 | . You can stick together. Okay the plate on solid media have this |
|
| 39:00 | of weird appearance. If you put wire loop in there it's like you're |
|
| 39:05 | candle wax or something. All because this weird envelope and chemical structure. |
|
| 39:12 | . It also means kids um things a Slow time getting into their into |
|
| 39:20 | cell. Okay so where's the E may grow to this kind of density |
|
| 39:27 | 12 hours. It takes about 48 for to see this amount of growth |
|
| 39:35 | mycobacterium. It has to do really its very thick combo. So it |
|
| 39:39 | it takes it was slow for nutrients to diffuse into their in itself. |
|
| 39:46 | gonna grow slower. Okay. And does. It also means that things |
|
| 39:51 | tuberculosis which is caused by the also that these are not easily treated. |
|
| 39:59 | , tuberculosis is actually being more chronic . It can last your lifetime. |
|
| 40:05 | certainly you know months and years of because antibiotics have a hard time getting |
|
| 40:12 | their. Okay so to approach different . Okay um uh inclusions. Okay |
|
| 40:23 | let me um I want to go for a second. I'm not gonna |
|
| 40:28 | you're taking lab you're gonna you're gonna exposed to this. But let me |
|
| 40:32 | look at the graham side by Let me go back to here quick |
|
| 40:37 | this picture. Okay so just to describe the nature of the gram positive |
|
| 40:45 | . Right? And in that state why one state one? Okay so |
|
| 40:53 | so the gram stain uses differentiates based color. Okay so you'll have crystal |
|
| 41:03 | is like a purplish color dye. you add that iodine iodine kind of |
|
| 41:08 | stick inside the cell. So you that to both. You apply it |
|
| 41:12 | your sample. Okay And a grand . Both both types will take it |
|
| 41:19 | . So both types after that first are both part and they're both. |
|
| 41:25 | no differentiation of both the same both . So it's the next step is |
|
| 41:30 | basically sets them apart, right? if you've got a gram negative and |
|
| 41:35 | next re agent is 95% ethanol. ethanol, ethanol, the chemical structure |
|
| 41:47 | it is such that it will dissolve . It dissolves the membrane. |
|
| 41:53 | so by having ethanol this, remember out here is very fatty, it's |
|
| 41:59 | lipid. Okay so ethanol begin to this. Make holes in it. |
|
| 42:04 | of course that allows sustain and and well sustained to escape right now you |
|
| 42:11 | have that here have very thick type leg down there. So disdain remains |
|
| 42:17 | those grand positives. Okay so after step of ethanol you have privilege grand |
|
| 42:24 | self you have colorless grand natives. so in order to visualize saffron is |
|
| 42:35 | standing with saffron to give it a color. So pink purple gram |
|
| 42:44 | So it's all all due to the of this outer membrane really that gram |
|
| 42:49 | lose this thing. So um but I said some like a mycobacterium with |
|
| 43:00 | thick envelope will not take the stain at all. So they develop you |
|
| 43:05 | to use they develop super concentrated and use heat to get the dye |
|
| 43:11 | So it's just a different process. that's what we call acid fasting. |
|
| 43:17 | um now here's Okay so we'll revisit question okay that we just went through |
|
| 43:27 | let's see and it changes that Alright, so after this we get |
|
| 44:27 | the next part which is um now going to get into the cell |
|
| 44:35 | You know my brain and what's that's up of that? What's inside? |
|
| 44:47 | . Right. Oh yeah, definitely to 20 I think we're like 1 |
|
| 44:59 | before so exact that way up. is the right answer. So gram |
|
| 45:04 | . Um I haven't I remember of Michael back here we just saw has |
|
| 45:09 | I can tackle gas is found only gram positives. Opie psycho gram |
|
| 45:16 | And that's a gram negative cell. um All right so uh any questions |
|
| 45:26 | any of these? Okay so let's to membranes and transport. So here's |
|
| 45:33 | next question. Okay. Um The structure. What component provides the selective |
|
| 45:43 | characteristics of a membrane? So it's very specific structure. Um The selective |
|
| 45:55 | is an aspect due to one of . Okay. Mhm. Okay. |
|
| 46:49 | so it is the possible lipids. so the fossil lipids created by later |
|
| 47:00 | solution formed by layer structure which depicted um these fossil lipids. Right so |
|
| 47:11 | is the polar or water loving Right? Hydrophobic interior. Okay and |
|
| 47:18 | that was spontaneously formed by layers. on. Um There are what it's |
|
| 47:32 | the thing that lots of stuff is from getting in. Okay so if |
|
| 47:40 | are a small um non polar molecule or you can be something like Water |
|
| 47:53 | . 20. It's small enough. not charged although it's polar but it's |
|
| 47:59 | enough to get through. Okay. things like gasses, C. 02 |
|
| 48:07 | . These can pass through freely. ? Um But many things can't |
|
| 48:16 | medial acids. Right? These are tells me they need help. They're |
|
| 48:21 | big. They're too polar bears often these can't get it right. The |
|
| 48:26 | core in here prevents it. So where proteins of various types come in |
|
| 48:34 | program. Okay. And so because the selected permeability of fossil lipids, |
|
| 48:41 | need these other proteins help help get in or out. Okay, so |
|
| 48:49 | and so we see here the structure . Of that by layer. And |
|
| 48:58 | movement of material occurs. Uh sometimes need the help of a protein. |
|
| 49:06 | . And so uh so we see here and uh the modules came through |
|
| 49:16 | marco polo can't get through the help proteins and the proteins in the |
|
| 49:21 | They give it the function out. . Uh membranes will barely depending on |
|
| 49:27 | the proteins in there are. The membrane is quite different from a plasma |
|
| 49:34 | . Right? There's gonna be enzymes things in mitochondria membranes that won't be |
|
| 49:39 | elsewhere. Right, so that's a class memory. Right. Full of |
|
| 49:44 | and things. So, memory is to be defined by the proteins and |
|
| 49:47 | molecules non foster lipid molecules that are there. Okay. Um so the |
|
| 49:56 | transport support functions support communication between cells connect connections between cells. All the |
|
| 50:04 | are involved in all these things and as well. So, um |
|
| 50:10 | so, of course. What about then? Okay, so take a |
|
| 50:15 | at this. Okay, basic transport . Okay. Movement or diffusion of |
|
| 50:23 | in and out of cell. And chemical principles, governments. Okay, |
|
| 50:31 | of diffusion. Right. Um but variations of transport type and the |
|
| 50:42 | Okay, so this is kind of this question is getting at a little |
|
| 50:47 | . Okay, so we've got a cell. Okay. And focus on |
|
| 50:55 | differences in Sony miles inside the Outside is maintaining that concentration inside the |
|
| 51:05 | despite what's going on outside. Alright, so that's kind of the |
|
| 51:18 | and so you know, microbes in environment are at the mercy of their |
|
| 51:23 | . So they're gonna wanna have an concentration of salutes inside and outside and |
|
| 51:32 | to maintain that can be harder for easier for others in terms of the |
|
| 51:36 | and what the how abundant they Okay, so many different types of |
|
| 51:44 | going on to maintain this. All right, so okay. |
|
| 51:57 | if you answered um transport You are . Okay, so we have 30 |
|
| 52:05 | . Okay, they're they're being pumped . Yes. So uh so it's |
|
| 52:13 | that higher internal concentration despite it being low outside because the tendency will be |
|
| 52:20 | starting to flow out because remember it's about this. So, molecules will |
|
| 52:28 | move down their concentration great high to um Now to go the other way |
|
| 52:40 | it go in this direction low, inside then you better you have to |
|
| 52:49 | energy to bring it in, You're trying to stuff the molecules on |
|
| 52:53 | side stuff with them. Okay, gonna take energy to force more of |
|
| 52:58 | in there. Okay, going uphill or downhill downhill, ball, rolling |
|
| 53:03 | . I don't have to do Put energy. So the other thing |
|
| 53:10 | remember thinking, as we're getting closer metabolism. This is concept of energy |
|
| 53:18 | processes and energy required processes. And couple those things together. Energy releasing |
|
| 53:26 | requiring process and go, okay, we see that time and again in |
|
| 53:33 | in different forms, right? Were ready with A T. P. |
|
| 53:38 | ? Using a T. P. lies in it to make ADP and |
|
| 53:44 | . Right, That releases energy. how do you like a TPS and |
|
| 53:50 | that need energy then there's energy requiring . Even this is that that is |
|
| 54:00 | energy requiring process. Okay, to that. Okay. And the absolute |
|
| 54:06 | not hide realizing that making that. of course that's that's why you |
|
| 54:13 | Right? Whole cell respiration thing. using that energy from the food you |
|
| 54:18 | to make. So we'll save that thursday and next Tuesday. But that's |
|
| 54:25 | know, there's different ways to do to combine these types of energy energy |
|
| 54:30 | energy requirement. Okay. And concentration is one of those. Okay, |
|
| 54:36 | again, so, the answer here active transport. Any question about |
|
| 54:42 | Anybody dispute that? Okay, all right, so, just basic |
|
| 54:49 | . You're probably familiar with these So, uh passive diffusion. Um |
|
| 54:57 | pass. It doesn't require a passive . Uh the monetary diffuses down. |
|
| 55:04 | great. Okay, so the direction movement is all based on high, |
|
| 55:10 | , Is it going to flow out in well, what's what's the |
|
| 55:13 | Is a high inside and low outside vice versa. That's the way it |
|
| 55:18 | move. Okay, um as you here and so, simple diffusion processes |
|
| 55:24 | require any proteins. Okay, The are small enough to be non |
|
| 55:30 | uncharged. These get through without but those that do need help. |
|
| 55:35 | need some kind of protein. Either other, not a specific or more |
|
| 55:41 | . Right, depends. But you can't get there without help. |
|
| 55:46 | too big or and or charged what . Okay, so this is what |
|
| 55:50 | call facilitating. So but both of are passive processes as is as is |
|
| 56:04 | . Okay, now, I think thing about different okay, it's specific |
|
| 56:12 | movement of water, but the water moving to the high side inside. |
|
| 56:19 | ? It goes that way. So can hydrate those salads around. So |
|
| 56:30 | the highest saw you thought is, the way water goes. And water |
|
| 56:36 | , as you see here on this of diagram can move freely through simple |
|
| 56:44 | . Right? Well, can totally osmosis without any help. Okay, |
|
| 56:50 | there's times when it does use Aqua port, so water can move |
|
| 56:58 | and forth. But the cell maybe osmotic stress, which means might mean |
|
| 57:05 | water. Uh it's too much water in so it has to get rid |
|
| 57:10 | some stuff going out. So to movement of water faster, you can |
|
| 57:14 | aqua ports. Okay. And so can identify those and put them in |
|
| 57:18 | membranes rather quickly. If it needs get rid of water or take in |
|
| 57:23 | either way very quickly. Its life on it. You can do |
|
| 57:28 | But we can't move without the Just a little bit slower. |
|
| 57:33 | Uh And we'll talk just a little more about osmosis in a second. |
|
| 57:38 | The and so here the Saudi Michael's . And so we're not gonna do |
|
| 57:46 | quick question here. But which is cell isn't hype over time solution |
|
| 57:55 | Which one is in hip a So the ovals of cell obviously B |
|
| 58:00 | a hip atomic solution. Right? remember these terms are correlated. So |
|
| 58:07 | a hyper atomic solution then it must hyper tonic inside. Okay. And |
|
| 58:14 | uh this is B. The it's likely to swell up. Is which |
|
| 58:26 | ? Which one be? Right? , um hipaa tonic hyper tonic |
|
| 58:34 | All right. Let me write that inside a po okay, Outside. |
|
| 58:53 | they're always gonna be relative to each ones. Hyper tonic. The other |
|
| 58:56 | is the right. This isotonic. the same number of. Right? |
|
| 59:04 | And so water is gonna move to fi belies those Saudi markets go |
|
| 59:13 | Okay, so swell up as a . Okay, so um you |
|
| 59:19 | plant sailings uh This is the constant call pressure relates to osmotic pressure, |
|
| 59:29 | ? That's how plant plant wilts and over. It's because he has issues |
|
| 59:34 | osmosis, writes losing water. The cells can fix that to a |
|
| 59:40 | . They can produce more silence inside need to get rid of some kind |
|
| 59:44 | influence the flow of water. So bacterial cells they have to sell wall |
|
| 59:50 | what trying to keep themselves slightly hyper might be to what I can come |
|
| 59:56 | and then kinda help maintain shape that of thing. Um So again same |
|
| 60:04 | here. Okay so facilitating the uh people on both sides, hypo hypocrisy |
|
| 60:16 | the context of health care. You that's important in terms of ideas and |
|
| 60:22 | I. V. S that you patients that they're that they're the right |
|
| 60:27 | . So you blow up the patient's so cause the opposite the shrinkage of |
|
| 60:34 | . So um uh of course the function relates to osmosis obviously. Um |
|
| 60:41 | there any questions about hypersonic hypersonic? so again water goes towards the high |
|
| 60:48 | side, hyper tonic. Okay. Alright I can transfer we talked about |
|
| 60:57 | . All right so out of the into into the itself. Okay for |
|
| 61:06 | site is also remember son is all cytoplasm is basically everything that's inside that |
|
| 61:17 | . The side of saul is only water portion of that side. Okay |
|
| 61:23 | of course inside the cell as we are lots of water, lots of |
|
| 61:30 | , ions cards etcetera. Right? so structurally the nuclear Boyd. Okay |
|
| 61:39 | remember the nuclear coid is not a bound structure. It's simply the area |
|
| 61:52 | themselves. Okay. Remember that you're half Lloyd. The most part they |
|
| 61:57 | be and I'm not gonna go into now but they can be partial deployed |
|
| 62:07 | emphasis on partial. Okay. Which they may acquire a little bit of |
|
| 62:14 | . N. A. Like We'll talk about this in the next |
|
| 62:17 | . That may contain an additional gene that makes them partial to contain two |
|
| 62:24 | more copies of a certain gene or but not a complete we are complete |
|
| 62:29 | complete. Uh that's a promise but that's the exception. So again pathway |
|
| 62:38 | . Okay. For the most part size size range you see there um |
|
| 62:45 | size of bacteria is certainly not 10 less than what we've got. We've |
|
| 62:51 | much more obviously uh D. A. And so within the nuclear |
|
| 62:57 | itself. If we're looking at close different loops of uh unwound somewhere tightly |
|
| 63:08 | up. It's in areas where there unwound is when it's being expressed. |
|
| 63:14 | DNA gets expressed. These are expressed the protein. So in order to |
|
| 63:18 | that you have to access the we have to make it pulled apart |
|
| 63:22 | little bit make it exposed. So will see different areas that are like |
|
| 63:27 | . The protein finding good. Help it. There'll be a connection of |
|
| 63:33 | chromosome to the middle of the whether it's or what have you. |
|
| 63:39 | that's what we could call the origin replication. The abbreviation for that is |
|
| 63:47 | r I. Okay. That's where replication begins in the chromosome. So |
|
| 63:58 | . When it undergoes replication, cell in two. The want to make |
|
| 64:04 | that each cell gets a copy of DNA. So it kind of holds |
|
| 64:07 | in that middle spot copy kind of the segregation into the two cells. |
|
| 64:16 | mentioned. Plasmas can be in bacterial and archaea as well. Um There |
|
| 64:23 | be a couple there maybe 50 or depends on the cell. Our |
|
| 64:29 | Okay, average I'd say 5000. . Pretty much the average size contains |
|
| 64:40 | of the 10 rings. May be common. 3 to 5 I |
|
| 64:45 | But it's it's these uh so called chromosomal plasmas. Uh but these can |
|
| 64:56 | passage transfer between cells. Okay, how very often anybody resistance is passed |
|
| 65:06 | way. Okay, so he's gonna transferred. Okay. Uh just reside |
|
| 65:12 | their own. They're not tied to chromosomes in terms of replication and do |
|
| 65:18 | own thing, what we call call autonomous. They're kind of their own |
|
| 65:22 | in itself. Um but it can provide genes to the cell that it |
|
| 65:29 | have before by acquiring these. Um Okay, so the other |
|
| 65:37 | another feature prepares for the arrival zone there particularly always making proteins of some |
|
| 65:45 | like any cell basically is. And but the thing about is they aren't |
|
| 65:56 | to compartmentalizing the processes. It's transcription , right? Occurs basically together. |
|
| 66:04 | ? Because there's no nuclear memory and yourselves. Um transcription occurs in the |
|
| 66:11 | and then the transcripts exit the nucleus get translated into outside the separation of |
|
| 66:19 | process. Not so in precarious. . So we can have so here's |
|
| 66:26 | , you know, rival zones, terms of their size. Right? |
|
| 66:32 | ours are a little bit bigger but basic structure is the same. There's |
|
| 66:36 | subunits farms and small of course this where you put the synthesis occurs right |
|
| 66:44 | prepare again. There's no separation of process of transcription. So if he |
|
| 66:49 | to be transcribed, takes care of , producing a copy of the D |
|
| 66:55 | A R N a form messenger Right then, as soon as as |
|
| 67:01 | right here, basically I think I it written on here, there is |
|
| 67:06 | what's called Don't worry about this right . It's called an R. |
|
| 67:10 | S for rebels own binding site and will be a sequence right here. |
|
| 67:19 | what the looks for. It sees and goes bam translate. Okay, |
|
| 67:24 | as soon as that becomes its public also plop down there it goes and |
|
| 67:30 | begins translating their protein. Okay, once it moves down and then another |
|
| 67:37 | pops on and it goes and then one, then another one, Then |
|
| 67:40 | one. Okay, so pretty The whole strand is full of |
|
| 67:45 | each producing the same protein. Of down here, this guy's almost |
|
| 67:50 | So his strand is much longer than guy who just started. Right, |
|
| 67:54 | start finish. Right. And so you see the same thing over |
|
| 67:59 | all these little red blobs, black is the unit the blue are the |
|
| 68:08 | and the red are like gold. , so, um don't worry about |
|
| 68:17 | stuff. Just for showing the physical policy zones or poly wide zones. |
|
| 68:26 | right, so many ride the zones policy zones for short. Right? |
|
| 68:31 | own formation. So we call this unique precarious again, all all because |
|
| 68:38 | the there's no separation of these two all occurred yet. So because of |
|
| 68:46 | mechanism. What's the implication of What happens as a result of |
|
| 68:52 | Right? By having together 1 2 . Well, you can see by |
|
| 69:00 | red, these little strands here to proteins as as rival zones. Keep |
|
| 69:05 | down here and synthesizing. It's gonna a lot of protein very quickly. |
|
| 69:10 | of course you can also shut it down because very controlled as well. |
|
| 69:16 | it can make lots of protein very because of the fact that it's altogether |
|
| 69:21 | a big deal about that. Remember fast bacteria grew up growth means lots |
|
| 69:28 | protein because you're making new cells need have proteins do that. So this |
|
| 69:34 | one of the reasons why they can so fast. Right? Proteins very |
|
| 69:40 | . They have a small chromosome. ? So that that gets quickly |
|
| 69:44 | All factors why these things can these can grow so fast, reproduce. |
|
| 69:50 | ? But how can be so Uh lots of growth very quickly and |
|
| 69:57 | lots of protein production at the same . So all those hand in hand |
|
| 70:02 | this. Okay. Also, of because it is the components while they |
|
| 70:10 | the same in us. There are in terms of the structure and components |
|
| 70:15 | sequences making up. Right. That synthesis is also a target for |
|
| 70:25 | Target different parts of protein synthesis. tetrault cycling protein synthesis. Okay, |
|
| 70:38 | Any questions about this? So, get into more of the genetics. |
|
| 70:44 | is part of next year. But is uh uh aspect. And so |
|
| 70:52 | with structures in inclusions is kind of generic term for it can be food |
|
| 71:01 | type structures or granule is often called can be uh byproducts of metabolism. |
|
| 71:10 | can be uh structures for other But so inclusion is kind of a |
|
| 71:15 | name to encompass all that. And uh the first of these are kind |
|
| 71:21 | black called energy stores. Okay, these monochromatic Granules are basically polymers of |
|
| 71:29 | . So you take phosphates and stick together. Right? It will be |
|
| 71:33 | long in the cell. They staying methylene, blue and corona by terms |
|
| 71:40 | type that produces lots of these. you see the very bright blue |
|
| 71:43 | These are standing with how these are is to clip off one of these |
|
| 71:51 | added to ADP And you've got a . P. It's a quick it's |
|
| 71:56 | quick energy source for what it needs that Okay, so these can be |
|
| 72:01 | long. Lots of phosphates in parliament . So it can be again quick |
|
| 72:06 | source when needed. Um So starch glycogen. You're familiar with that because |
|
| 72:14 | restore glycogen in your muscles. Plant starch. So bacteria can do |
|
| 72:22 | Okay, again, it's an energy uh lipid inclusions also interview storage. |
|
| 72:29 | um PhD uh so yellow is kind the unit the moderated the polymer. |
|
| 72:41 | lots of this stuff to see the blobs are all ph b again, |
|
| 72:47 | you clip these off. Alright, can then metabolize the energy from |
|
| 72:53 | that kind of thing. Okay, of glucose. Palmer's clip off the |
|
| 72:57 | . You don't use them for energy sulfur Granules. So these are byproducts |
|
| 73:06 | Little Trophy metabolisms. Remember if you h. two s. These things |
|
| 73:12 | form elemental sulfur and they're inside the this yellow yellow clogs in the |
|
| 73:21 | And you see it here. all these are sulfur. Grand just |
|
| 73:26 | that happens. Okay. And then . Okay, so these are literally |
|
| 73:33 | come to think of as a Right? So to orient the cells |
|
| 73:38 | magnetic north or south depending on what you're in. Okay. So these |
|
| 73:46 | um will so if you see it , right? So again for the |
|
| 73:51 | hemisphere cells downward and toward north or and toward south depending on what side |
|
| 73:59 | the equator. Okay. So what's significance of that? What's really |
|
| 74:04 | Okay, this part right here. I wonder about this in the next |
|
| 74:11 | . Maybe next chapter. Anyway, and so remember this has to do |
|
| 74:15 | oxygen levels right? 02 levels. they don't like they either don't like |
|
| 74:23 | at all or just only like low of it. So by going downward |
|
| 74:29 | in the water column There's less 2 as you go deeper. So |
|
| 74:36 | them to kind of seek a level 02. That's optimal for them. |
|
| 74:39 | either very little or none or just little bit right? But by going |
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| 74:43 | making them go downward because the magnetic they'll get to an optimal level. |
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| 74:48 | it's not that that's that's what this about. So they're obviously aquatic aquatic |
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| 74:54 | that use this property to kind of them to write on two levels. |
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| 75:01 | okay. Um That anything. So all for today. And we'll finish |
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| 75:09 | four and starting to metabolism all black quizzes the program it to show the |
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| 75:47 | that they so um not not but they always automatically last night. |
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| 76:25 | I gave a date in between in somebody has a legitimate reason for |
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| 76:29 | So I used today to kind of up and that's why I have shows |
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| 76:34 | automatically tomorrow on Wednesday. Yeah, points. All of them. And |
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| 76:59 | in blackboard like half of the points what I'm actually getting. Yeah. |
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| 77:05 | . So you were at each session you used it. Um Okay. |
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| 77:13 | would say that. So it's it's points for each question, right or |
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| 77:21 | . It's one point for I guess call it attendance. But to get |
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| 77:27 | one point you have to answer the , Do you get that point? |
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| 77:34 | if you have four questions and you , let's say you have two |
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| 77:37 | you answer both questions right or You actually showed up for more than |
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| 77:44 | . So you get the full five . Okay. Yeah. If you |
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| 77:47 | there any way that I wouldn't get point because I was looking on blackboard |
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| 77:51 | if only if only if you didn't the questions. Yeah. So I |
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| 77:58 | say if you have an issue, ahead and for the support and go |
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| 78:02 | person over to the library and check out for you. Thank you. |
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| 78:07 | just wanted to let you know I get my email like results and |
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| 78:11 | Um So yeah, but the thing that I had ordered it. So |
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| 78:17 | just call it like right now and the confirmation code because I couldn't log |
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| 78:22 | because I don't have the I. . Like the idea of the subscription |
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| 78:26 | yeah yeah it's under the right Yeah they send it to the wrong |
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| 78:32 | again I guess the subscription code because it just shows that I didn't buy |
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| 78:39 | . All right questions like it was as I said last week I postponed |
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| 78:55 | because there are people coming in. professor actually had a question over your |
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| 79:09 | where you brought up the and for antibiotic what is it that the infection |
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| 79:23 | ? Because the prime action is actually actually working. So it's basically inhibiting |
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| 79:29 | well synthesis in the bacterium and killing killing actions what's producing the toxin. |
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| 79:36 | the talks so that the patients getting because the release of the toxin is |
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| 79:41 | the talks like that and that's just the cell. Right? Because now |
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| 79:46 | patient has its good because the antibiotics and killing the cells but bad because |
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| 79:53 | the gram negative and releasing those Right okay negative is releasing it. |
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| 79:59 | because compared with the be that antibiotic binds up the end a toxin so |
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| 80:10 | interact with your immune system cells so binds up and takes it away and |
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| 80:16 | that's what you want to happen. that's why the patient gets better. |
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| 80:19 | yeah I mean it's I mean the did get better because the infection was |
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| 80:26 | . But they had to do the two which is get rid of the |
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| 80:30 | of toxic because of the negative. having that just keep furthering itself. |
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| 80:39 | then the mastering bio. You said on a two week free trial. |
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| 80:43 | still have to purchase the access Yeah, that's what the guy told |
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| 80:47 | that emailed me. He said he make people aware that because they sometimes |
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| 80:51 | and they want to go and do assignment and then they realized I don't |
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| 80:56 | access because the so that's what he's people that be aware of. We |
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| 81:04 | be able to do the questions. correct. That's correct. Thank |
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| 81:10 | Yes. We have like this for class and they're wondering if you could |
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| 81:16 | your microphone. Thank you. I don't understand this thing. So so |
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| 81:29 | do you interpret? I really didn't . I think it was talking about |
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| 81:32 | envelope and how things can pass through membrane. That's correct. It's very |
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| 81:40 | . So it's full of very full of these full of these waxy |
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| 81:47 | molecules. So that's going to keep that's gonna slow things coming in |
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| 81:53 | Plus the chemical nature of the milk coming in is gonna be slowed down |
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| 81:57 | the thickness and the and the that's it's also the right but the amount |
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| 82:10 | those in this big structure here is . It's really these things I |
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| 82:21 | I have a lot of questions about . Is it okay if I just |
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| 82:26 | in your office hours? Thank appreciate it. |
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