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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture22_1118
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00:00 Alright. Clock says 8:30. So guess that means it's time to get
00:04 started. Yeah I know we got this is with including this lecture we
00:10 three lectures left at the end of semester. Yeah I see you
00:15 Um Yeah I know you guys like credit. Right? Yeah you love
00:22 . Yeah please let's have some. right it's been kind of a dull
00:26 . Don't sugary. I mean getting back and stuff. All right tomorrow
00:30 uh You have a choice playing Memphis over here you go to the
00:35 Send me a picture of the final with you in itself. Selfie email
00:41 to me. I'll add it's not to seem like a lot but it
00:45 one extra point to your final See that? All right. Yeah
00:50 gonna be on ESPN. We better a student section that looks like we
00:54 to be on ESPN but what on . V. No no we have
01:02 nationally ranked teams right now and I'm I'm talking about the big the big
01:07 stuff and you guys are sitting around whatever. Yeah. No that's a
01:13 deal. It's good stuff. Right at houses. I had a student
01:18 lived in Seeley who drove in every . Yeah I know I don't know
01:22 they did that. All right. but really? I mean that's that's
01:26 night you know it's free for You've already paid for it. Did
01:31 know that your tuition? Yeah I for my tickets. Got a reason
01:36 go where you read scream a lot know Get on tv I always look
01:44 like there's my student there's my student I can recognize the goal. All
01:49 . No. Anyway so if you like doing that if you want an
01:52 point on your final grade extra point not doesn't seem like a lot but
01:56 it's you I know many of you crawl across a field of glass if
02:00 asked you to it's like you get extra point and you'd be like show
02:04 the field. Okay so don't do . Yeah then email hold on then
02:10 me. So take a selfie The big old board will have the
02:15 scored selfie of you. That means been there the entire game. I
02:19 want you walking in taking a picture going out. I want the final
02:23 yep. Yeah because it's gonna be unless we get really really beat but
02:30 nine in one. We finally made into C. F. P.
02:33 is the college football playoff hole. ? Um And then we get to
02:38 Cincinnati at the end of the year ruin their chances of ever getting into
02:42 top four. No that's sort Yes sir. Oh really? Oh
02:51 just mean who's who's doing it dr I'll have a word. I'm gonna
02:59 no sway over that honestly But here's truth right. I mean you can
03:04 and how long is the example? hour? Hour and a half.
03:08 . The football game is three If it starts at seven o'clock.
03:12 me, you'll be wanting to go the game to forget what you just
03:16 . All right. Yeah. start today. So see you even
03:20 you wanna you'll only be missing the quarter when we go up by 15
03:25 you know, or I say but it's you know, Be about
03:28 or so. All right, So now have an extra credit.
03:35 everyone and you're sitting around like It's not about football, it's about
03:39 there supporting those people who are, know, showing up and playing on
03:45 behalf. Yeah, I had a conversation with my daughter and so my
03:51 who she's in band and she's like sucks. All right. I get
03:56 . Not everyone likes sports, you ? But I said, look,
03:58 know, you're part of the There's a drill team. There is
04:04 there's cheerleaders, there's even the guy the mascot outfit and every one of
04:08 guys are out there doing your Go do it, go do the
04:11 and be proud of all the other doing their jobs. Who are doing
04:14 best because they all represent each of other as well as the whole entire
04:20 . So that's what they are. are they are the face of the
04:24 looking at all right. Anyway extra , We might throw another one in
04:32 for a basketball game. I don't because yeah, those are more
04:36 But this one I know is tomorrow that's not always easy. And I
04:42 about last night, hey man, haven't had big student sections this
04:45 Everyone's afraid. Yeah. You I got four kids. They don't
04:52 me go to do anything tomorrow I have to go to a football
04:55 game. Oh yeah. High school friday night lights from texas. This
05:01 what we do for period. Were . Yeah. Yeah, But you
05:06 me that look All right today. we're gonna do apart from just reminiscing
05:12 playing football and and having fun and like that is we're going to look
05:16 the rest of the special senses. we're going to finish up in the
05:19 . We're gonna look at equilibrium. right. Then we're gonna jump and
05:22 with the question of faction. And gonna deal with the question of bus
05:25 . All right. And really what basically we're gonna learn how we maintain
05:29 , how we can taste things and we can smell things, although not
05:32 that order. So, um, so those are starting point. I
05:36 these three pictures because we have three things that are lots of fun for
05:40 people. We have the dungeon, , the dungeon drop anyone here like
05:44 drops. Yeah. You know that that's when they take you up like
05:48 million ft and then they give you the beep beep and you're ready for
05:52 third. But you drop before the beep happens and then you just plummet
05:55 your death Right until you get right the bottom and then they stop
05:59 It's like zero I hate those And the reason I hate those things
06:04 the people in the front and see you see a big old scar right
06:07 . Yeah. So I fell off cliff. Did a 20 ft face
06:11 broke my wrist. Put a hole my face and put a hole in
06:13 knee. So I noticed like when don't get to stop when gravity pulls
06:18 all the way to the ground. not my favorite. But yeah,
06:21 did stop but Mhm. But it the right type of stopping. All
06:30 , yep. This is what I like. All right. I like
06:33 fast. All right. I don't being in a car. I like
06:36 get to my destination. You don't to drive fast. All right.
06:40 ? Which one of you is a person always in front of me.
06:43 it is alright. So when you you steal me, I don't even
06:47 at you guys. I just come up behind you. If you're not
06:49 move I find a way around you you're just an impediment. All
06:54 It's just not even worth my time get out of my way because I
06:58 what you're thinking, you're like I'm charge of the road. Alright.
07:02 but what we're talking about here is talking about you know, going
07:05 And then how about this one you familiar with this one? This is
07:08 human gyroscope. If you've never seen , you can go down to the
07:12 to have one there. They usually a spring break. So, you
07:15 , by all means don't do it because you'll be drinking and it's even
07:19 . And then um And then the place you can go is the Natural
07:23 Museum where they have it under right? They have you in a
07:26 and they limit how fast it goes stuff. Um but really what this
07:31 you can see there's actually three little in here. 12 and then the
07:35 blue one on the outside. it's right there. You can see
07:38 they basically move each of these moves a different plane. And so you
07:43 imagine if you have a terrible inner basically you start spending that thing and
07:48 just like I don't know where my is. All right. And what
07:51 want, the reason I throw these pictures up here is because equilibrium deals
07:56 understanding our movement within these three All right? So with the dungeon
08:03 we have vertical acceleration and movement. we have horizontal driving, fastest horizontal
08:10 . So, acceleration of movement And here we're basically going every which
08:15 So that's X, Y and All different planes. And so what
08:19 really doing is we're monitoring where the of our head is and how it's
08:23 relative to the world around us. that's what we're monitoring. And so
08:27 structures that do this in the best you. We have to structures that
08:30 took on this actual which really deal these two issues. Now, we're
08:34 to kind of deal with some basics we're going to deal with the nuance
08:37 we're gonna come back and just kind stay focused on the basics here.
08:40 right. So what they're doing is looking at the position of the head
08:44 static equilibrium when things are steady All right. And so what they
08:49 do is they can identify linear All right. Where's the semicircular
08:54 These are those three canals that we and we're gonna come back and look
08:59 them and they're in the three different . So, you can think in
09:02 terms like, here's the explain here's y plane and the plane goes out
09:07 direction. And so the semicircular canals looking at movement and all three of
09:11 planes and it's looking for angular Right? Which is what you're doing
09:17 ? Or if you've ever laid down a merry go round, Did you
09:19 do that as a kid? Put head towards the center, lay down
09:21 it gets fun, maybe flip it , then get spun, then get
09:26 up, Right? So, that's we're kind of looking at when we're
09:31 about these things. Alright, semi circular canals, we're gonna start
09:35 structurally. You can see 123 there those three planes. That means I'm
09:41 at acceleration in a particular plane at given time. All right, at
09:46 very bottom, you have these structures Nampula, misspelled over here. There's
09:51 proper spelling ambulance. Okay. And we're doing is we're looking here at
09:55 ambulance, you can see here is canal goes all the way around,
09:58 it's going all the way around. , there's fluid that basically moves in
10:01 circle around there in the ampule. You have a structure that's like a
10:06 bump, or basically, it's more a flap that kind of sits on
10:10 speed bump. All right, This called the cupola. It's basically this
10:14 structure that sits upright and basically is the way of the fluid that's in
10:20 tube. And so when the fluid in the tube, you're gonna push
10:23 couple a one way or the So, if I move my
10:26 it's a from from the center point from this and move laterally then on
10:31 side, The fluid is gonna move one direction, and it's going to
10:34 in the other direction, and it's to bend the cupolas in that particular
10:38 circular canal. So my head knows it's turning all right now. How
10:43 it know? Well, it's pushing flap, that cupola and embedded in
10:47 cupola are a bunch of these hair . Okay, so remember hair cells
10:51 saw in the ear are detecting the of the fluid in the ear to
10:55 us what, what frequency we're hearing upon where we're located within the organ
11:00 corti right here, we're not caring what frequency all were caring about.
11:05 the hair cells bend or not? if the hair cells bend, then
11:09 degree of bending gives a sense of fast we're accelerating. And the directions
11:14 is telling the the uh head in , or the brain in essence,
11:20 way you're turning the head. All , So, in this structure,
11:26 going to point out here that there no Odalis. All right now,
11:29 the reason I mentioned that because the organs are a delicate organs, and
11:32 they have these things called Odalis. , so, what you're doing is
11:38 you move your head, the fluid that canal. So, it doesn't
11:42 if I'm moving this way moving this or moving this way? I'm detecting
11:46 in those planes, right? And can feel my head when you when
11:50 shake your head up and down like , can you feel your head
11:53 Yeah. Right. And like No, I'm not going to answer
11:57 question. Yes, I am. you see it's like, okay,
12:02 I move my head, what I'm is I'm moving fluid in that tube
12:05 a result of inertia and that causes cupolas to bend, which causes the
12:10 cells to bend, which basically sends signal up to my brain to stay
12:14 is moving. Yeah, the little and not. So this is a
12:21 good question. All right. So you're doing this is kind of what
12:26 doing. So when you move your , what you're doing is you're actually
12:31 the tube and the fluid is actually of sitting still. It's a result
12:34 inertia, right? So, it's when you're in a car, I'm
12:37 use the example of the car, because you understand when I put my
12:40 on the gas and begin to accelerate the to slow people. That's when
12:43 put your foot and you go Okay, When I accelerate, I
12:48 pushed into my chair, right? you drive fast, it's kind of
12:53 feeling is like, okay, I'm moving, right? And so
12:56 pushing is a result of inertia, body wants to stay back where you
13:01 . But the car is moving in body, your body hasn't accelerated at
13:05 same rate as the car is You're basically that's why you feel
13:08 And so that inertia that lack of is what's actually happening when the fluid
13:13 I turned the Coppola, the fluid moving with the sorry, when I
13:18 the couple, when I'm turning the canal, the fluid isn't moving,
13:22 their head is moving, the fluids of stuck. And then once the
13:26 starts then it begins to move All right. And so the way
13:31 the couple is the cupolas and or ambulance are set up. I'm just
13:35 use the one in the X. . Alright? So using my fingers
13:38 my fingers touching was where the angular notice they're both internal. Right?
13:44 when I turn my head, what's is is a fluid and this one
13:48 moving this way, the fluid is this way as well. But what
13:52 doing is we're actually bending the computers different directions in opposite directions. And
13:57 really what's happening is is because this is saying you're bidding the hair cells
14:01 way and you're bending the hair cells opposite way. That's an indication for
14:05 brain to say, oh, I you're turning your head that way and
14:08 I turned my head the other then the couple would move the other
14:11 as a result of that the fluid as a result of the inner
14:16 All right. So it's the degree bending of the hair cells that tells
14:22 brain what's going on. So, you're doing is you can imagine I'm
14:25 at a constant rate. Right? I bend toward the penicillium, I'm
14:30 increase the rate. If I've been from the penicillium, I slow down
14:34 rate. All right. And so the change in the rate of
14:38 That is the indicator of which way moving. All right. So,
14:43 you think semi circular canals, angular , That's me shaking my head.
14:49 me going up and down. That's being strapped in the human gyroscope and
14:54 spun around until I throw up. right. All those things are easy
14:58 to think about, right? The organs. Again, they're going to
15:06 movement. But really what we're doing we're looking at movement in the vertical
15:10 the horizontal plane. All right. , structurally what we have. These
15:15 found in the vestibule. And so can see they're trying to highlight here
15:20 light blue. This would be the of the vestibule, Right. And
15:24 you can see what we're looking at we're looking at the structure. This
15:28 be an example of the color of sexual. And what you can see
15:32 we got the gel over the just like we saw in the semi
15:35 canal. Right? So, there's that sits over these hair cells.
15:40 instead of being up in the movement the flow of fluid, what we
15:44 is we have a structure that we're to give mass to. And so
15:49 mass part are the total or the . It's these are just calcium carbonate
15:54 . And what they're done is you've them in this gelatinous goo called the
15:59 . So very confusing. We have amp ula, we have a couple
16:03 and we have a macula. So gotta make sure you got to know
16:06 one goes where. Right. Angela couple a semi circular canals.
16:11 oda with Oregon's. All right. , you took on this actual so
16:17 calcium carbonate crystals are embedded in the . And so again, now we're
16:22 be dealing with the question of inertia I begin moving either in the vertical
16:26 horizontal plane that kind of sits If you can't visualize this, I
16:31 we're in a generation where you haven't a lot of jell o. They
16:34 doing jell o you know, But you ever had jell O jell o
16:38 ? But you don't put stuff in shots other than the good stuff.
16:42 really, it's usually bad stuff. right. You don't use good vodka
16:46 jell O shots use cheap cheap Right? But there was a time
16:52 you could go and get jello, at Luby's or maybe your grandmother brought
16:56 over and usually what they do with jello as they like put stuff in
16:59 jello like grapes half grapes and all of horrible things. You're like,
17:03 not sure I really want this. right, But you can sometimes get
17:06 at school school cafeteria. Did they that with you guys? We had
17:11 slurping contest. I had there was girl, she would take the
17:17 There's little petite, little thanks. little thing. Whoa. All
17:24 But anyway, um if you take o and you like slide across the
17:29 , if you watch it, it bends back right and then it kind
17:33 comes back up, right? And when it gets to the end then
17:35 kind of goes forward. And so movement, that's the inertia.
17:40 so how do you get more We'll put stuff in that jello.
17:44 the grapes and stuff that's going to it more mass. That's going to
17:47 it really been backwards and it's going really bend forward when it moves.
17:51 that's really what the calcium carbonate crystals in the macula. They give that
17:57 more mass so that there's greater movement the macula, so it causes the
18:01 cells to bend. And that's how going to detect this type of
18:06 All right, So, let's take look at them in a little bit
18:10 detail here. Alright, we're gonna at the homosexual. So, the
18:14 coal. Alright. And again, same rules apply if you've been towards
18:17 penicillium, you get stronger deep polarization a way that's going to be less
18:22 polarization. So, you can think the rate of firing in the nerves
18:27 in the hair cells. It's constant I can increase it or I can
18:31 it down. All right. Now trickle. Their hair cells are going
18:36 be standing up in the vertical All right. So, you can
18:40 this is where it lies. And what I'm doing is if the hair
18:44 are in the upright position when I've them, I'm gonna be bending in
18:48 direction. So which way am I horizontal up there on the board
18:54 So, you tickle detects horizontal acceleration the hair cells are in the upright
19:00 . Alright. The sack. You the other hand, is positioned differently
19:05 . The hair cells are embedded in direction. The macula sits over
19:09 And so when I go up an down an elevator, it's going to
19:13 in this way. So, I'm vertical acceleration. All right.
19:18 having said that, let's just make a little bit more complicated. All
19:25 . So, the very simple thing the you tickle is horizontal.
19:30 So, that's the explain the actual vertical. So, that's the Y
19:36 . But you've probably learned at some in your life about vectors,
19:42 Maybe even just watching. Despicable All right. And why did he
19:47 himself? Why did the criminal call vector? Because he does crime with
19:53 and direction. Right now, we at it now. But it's a
19:59 way to remember what a vector Alright, vector is both magnitude and
20:05 . So if I'm moving in the plane at a certain speed, you
20:10 that's magnitude, the speed and then direction is where I'm going is
20:15 Now, if I tilt that do I have a horizontal vector even
20:20 I'm going up this way, is a horizontal component to it? Is
20:23 now a vertical component to it? . So when I'm down here where
20:27 100% horizontal, is there a vertical ? Yes. And What Is
20:33 0? Okay. Now again, throwing this in so that you can
20:39 what we're doing. So when I'm an airplane and I began taking
20:44 right? I can feel me being back in the chair and I can
20:47 myself lifting up as the plane tilt I'm affecting or I'm perceiving that.
20:53 because necessarily the semicircular canals. Although do play a small role. It's
20:59 of the horizontal and the vertical Right? When I shake my head
21:04 this and say no, that's that's no, it's really weird.
21:10 one country that actually does it backwards I can't remember which one it
21:13 But when I say yes, my is moving in both a horizontal in
21:18 vertical way. So the unicorn sexual play a role in that. All
21:23 . But for the purposes of the . Okay. Because I want to
21:30 it simple is when we're dealing with acceleration, semi circular canals, horizontal
21:37 is going to be the you trickle movement is the sack. You'll period
21:42 end. Alright. So, I something. Well, you explain all
21:45 . Yes, I know. I you to understand it, but I
21:49 to keep it simple for the purposes the test. All right. And
21:52 when you're nodding your head and stuff this, notice that I say both
21:56 you took on the secular being But I'm asking you the basic question
22:01 if I'm in a car or what just keep it simple, huge coal
22:05 . You'll as you see here, , horizontal plane, musical vertical plane
22:11 . You'll simple. Okay, I to keep it like that. Mm
22:19 . All right. Olfaction. This your sense of smell. All
22:25 What we're doing is we're now using receptors or chemical receptors or chemo
22:31 Alright. We're detecting chemicals in our and the way we do this is
22:35 the nasal cavity. That's where our epithelium is located. It allows us
22:40 do all sorts of things regarding our sampling our environment. For example,
22:44 can sample our food. You smell yummy or smell something awful.
22:49 identifying other individuals. We can do . I mean, we don't do
22:53 really well, But we're not like where it's like, you know,
22:56 remember you by your smell. I smell you All right. Some of
23:01 remember that from up, right? , but you can smell somebody and
23:07 , I recognize you by your Mothers in particular can identify their babies
23:12 their smell. Men have no concept what that means. All right.
23:20 the truth is, is that between and females, we're going to see
23:23 a little example of this in a . Females have a sense of smell
23:27 about a million times greater than males . I see this every day.
23:33 wife will come in the house and smell that. And I'm like,
23:35 have no idea what you're talking Right? But ladies, you just
23:40 . And they've actually done evidence. mean, they have done research to
23:44 this, right? They can take an odorant and dilute it down and
23:48 fold dilutions. And when they okay, here's the mail. Can
23:52 smell this? This is the last . You know, I can't smell
23:55 . And then the females like, , I can smell and then they
23:57 keep diluting it down six more And that's when they're like,
24:01 I can't smell anything further. That's . Also danger. And nine times
24:08 of 10 the danger we're talking about the food we're putting in our
24:11 right? I mean, we've all it. Right. There's that thing
24:15 the back of the fridge, You know, that's what I'm talking
24:19 . Set that container that yet you about. And what you do is
24:23 pull it out, you know, maybe. Mhm. I'm not going
24:33 clean it. Right. Have you it with the milk? Yeah.
24:40 . Everyone does it with the All right now, our sense of
24:45 is not as great as other organisms can think of of dogs for
24:49 have a great sense of smell. not that good, but we're still
24:54 impressive. All right. Now where spending our time is up here at
24:59 very top of the nasal cavity. is where the olfactory epithelium is.
25:02 notice it's not the entire knows it's this region that sits really high or
25:09 the superior portion of the nasal All right. And there are three
25:13 cell types. So, what I'm do is we're focusing out here.
25:16 can see there's a cruciform plate and here, this is the actual naval
25:22 cavity. And this cartoon represents what actually looking at. So, we
25:25 olfactory receptor cells. If you look them, they kind of look
25:28 oh, I don't know, green right there, basically. You have
25:32 bulbs as long stock and then you these little tiny hairs that sit at
25:35 bottom. All right. This is cell that's actually detecting odors. Alright
25:40 . We have support cells and basil , the the supporting cells. These
25:45 what the pink ones are supposed to . They basically secrete mucus and their
25:49 is to provide nutrients and helped in of keeping the olfactory receptor cells
25:56 Um We have basil cells which can uh you know, they're trying to
26:00 them here the stem cells what they is they give rise to uh new
26:05 receptor cells. So this is an of a neuron that actually does get
26:08 on a regular basis about every 40 60 days. Um So you can
26:13 about every two months. I'm basically over, turning these over. And
26:18 not shown here is there's also glands are found within the lamb inappropriate that
26:22 mucus. So the only it's not the supporting cells that are producing me
26:26 the mucus is found everywhere. And this little area that's white down here
26:29 supposed to represent kind of this layer mucus that's overlaying or covering up the
26:35 , the olfactory receptor cells. So I wanna do is I want to
26:39 of focus on this and show you is a bipolar neuron. This is
26:44 we learn way back talking about the types of neurons. We said we
26:48 these pseudo unipolar neurons or uni polar and then we have the bipolar neurons
26:53 I said there are two examples that going to see in the future.
26:57 one of them and they're literally not the bible. The next one we're
27:00 at is literally called the bipolar. . We've already seen it. It's
27:04 bipolar self. It's like okay, easy. So this is another
27:10 So you can see here is the body, Here's the ax on these
27:13 the danger. It's at the end the day injuries. That's when you
27:15 of spread out and we refer to olfactory hairs and this is what is
27:21 found on the surface of the So you can imagine they're not like
27:24 dangling down there just kind of spread on the surface and it's here where
27:28 going to actually see the little tiny , the molecule receptors that allow the
27:34 receptor cell to detect odorant. So extensions are where the concentration of these
27:41 are located. Um the axons are to join up with other accents from
27:47 cells and they're going to be what the olfactory nerves. All right.
27:51 what they're doing is they're projecting into olfactory bulb. So that's what this
27:56 trying to show. You here is olfactory bulb. Remember what I said
27:59 you think of cranial nerve number one think you need to think of it
28:02 a toothbrush. All the bristles on toothbrush or the olfactory nerves not the
28:07 that holds the bristles. And so doing is we're projecting into this larger
28:11 which is called the olfactory bulb and what this thing is. Way up
28:15 . All right. Now, each of these cells has one receptor
28:22 All right. So, what that is that each cell can only detect
28:26 type of chemical. All right. doesn't mean they only have one
28:30 They have thousands of receptors, but only detect one chemical. All
28:35 Which is kind of impressive. Because you think about this, what we
28:41 is a bunch of cells that can a whole bunch of different types of
28:46 now structural. You can see here up in the olfactory bulb and what
28:49 doing is we're taking our axons. our olfactory nerve and it goes into
28:53 round structure and terminates on a secondary . All right, So, this
28:59 our primary neurons. There's a secondary up here. Those secondary neurons are
29:03 mitral cells or tested cells. There's different types. And so, your
29:08 kind of focuses on one over the , but they're both embedded or mixed
29:12 there. And so they create these these glomeruli which if you go and
29:18 a slice through the olfactory uh It looks like someone's taking a bunch
29:23 tennis balls or ping pong balls or or any round thing. And basically
29:27 lined them up over and over and again. So, you have thousands
29:31 these things that basically represent where a chemical is being processed for detection.
29:40 right. We have thousands of About 2000 of them. Okay.
29:44 so there's highly, highly organized. again, this doesn't do any sort
29:48 justice to what it looks like. you can imagine just kind of fill
29:52 . And then the secondary neurons they what are called the olfactory tracks and
29:57 move on to the olfactory cortex as as to the hypothalamus. The
30:02 And they bypass the thalamus. So they're basically going to where we're
30:08 to understand what we're smelling. And going to place two places where we
30:13 uh emotional dimension to the two Okay. All right. So,
30:23 is an odor? All right. , an odor is basically lots and
30:30 of different molecules and it's the sum these molecules that we detect that give
30:35 to a particular scent or a particular . All right. So, the
30:40 that we're actually detecting, the thing the molecules of makeup and older are
30:44 utterance. All right now doesn't mean always going to know. It's just
30:48 we can detect it. That's an . Alright. And so in order
30:51 you to be detectable what you need be first off as you need to
30:55 volatile now when you hear volatile usually explosive. All right. But that's
31:00 what it means. It means something can basically become uh you know,
31:07 into the air in essence, I what it easily vaporized. All right
31:11 , how do we remember? How we know this? I love this
31:13 is a perfect little picture. Whenever draw a picture of someone who
31:16 you give them speak lines, And the stink lines represent the odor
31:23 away from the source to where it to go. Right? So that's
31:28 it is. That's showing you the , Alright. And it needs to
31:31 water soluble. In other words, is primarily water plus some proteins.
31:36 so you need to be able to through those layers of mucous to get
31:40 where the receptor cells are. So you're not volatile and if you are
31:44 water soluble, then you're not going be able to smell it.
31:48 I'm not going to challenge you to this. But right now in front
31:51 many of you, you have this , right? And you could stick
31:54 nose right down to that desk and could smell it right. Would you
31:58 to You were like, no, don't want to now. Does the
32:02 itself smell? No, the reason smell is because it basically is neither
32:08 nor the materials that are there are to be water soluble, really lack
32:12 volatility. But there have been if not thousands of students who have
32:17 at each of these desks all day , every day with their sweaty,
32:21 bodies touching things, leaving bacteria and things that have multiplied and divided and
32:27 accumulated themselves onto these tables. And you have something that produces volatile molecules
32:36 you can smell right now. Look the picture at the top. This
32:43 an actual job. All right. you'll notice what they're doing is they're
32:49 whether or not deodorants work. All . Do you see who's doing the
32:55 in this picture? All women? ? Because they have a greater sense
33:01 smell? All right. It's not you know, we're mean to
33:07 Now, what's interesting is you look all the people who are being
33:09 they're all fat men. So, know, they're probably sweatier. You
33:14 , I will adhere and I think mentioned this already. That body odor
33:19 not the odor that you produce. the bacteria on your body and the
33:24 of what they're consuming that give off bad odors. All right.
33:30 So how do we detect these Since, Right. Well, first
33:36 , most of the air that you sits down low in the nasal
33:40 Some of it moves its way But for the most part, when
33:43 breathing in and out regularly, air is moving down here. Remember
33:47 have these terminates these conta which basically for air to be kind of uh
33:54 over. And so some of the works its way up and we do
33:58 up things as we breathe in. it's not like really hard. But
34:01 you think you smell something usually good bad, what do you do?
34:07 , you pull the air up higher the olfactory epithelium, you do that
34:11 sniff and you're trying to bring that up to the superior aspect. All
34:17 now the molecules these odorant are going penetrate through the mucus, right?
34:23 they're water soluble and there are actually that combined up to them and carry
34:29 to the olfactory receptor cells, not will but there are there. And
34:34 they'll do is if they combined to a cell that has the right
34:41 then that's gonna what's gonna be activating cell to tell you that that particular
34:46 , is there? All right, that's the this right here is the
34:51 . And what you're doing is that's saying, hey um this is where
34:54 need to go. So I'm gonna you bind up to that receptor.
34:58 , what we're looking at now, looking at the surface of these olfactory
35:01 cells and we're looking at the odorant to the receptor. Alright, so
35:08 receptor is very specific to that particular , I should be let me back
35:13 up. It is specific. It's very specific. It's just specific to
35:17 right now, what we're looking at is just a G protein coupled receptor
35:21 . So the same thing we've learned along, basically you activate the trans
35:25 protein. That means you're going to a G protein which activates uh some
35:29 of enzyme that basically produces some sort second messenger. The second messenger opens
35:34 a channel. This particular channel in particular case is going to be because
35:39 the polarization. So, basically when bind uh an odorant receptor, I
35:44 a channel I cause a seller to . Now, do you have to
35:47 there and know all the steps? . All right. I'm not asking
35:51 to do that, but I want to kind of envision what's going on
35:54 . Yeah. Oh, trust when you get up, if you're
35:58 the human fizz, I make you all these things. But look,
36:02 said this for those of you who going to panic for for the
36:04 panicking to get rid of the Panicking if you learn this kind of
36:09 pathway. Once you've learned it for molecules. Right? And so now
36:13 just a matter of placing the receptor which sort of G protein you're using
36:19 today, we don't have to learn . Yeah, so, you're
36:24 all right. So, we have is basically odorant binds receptor things happen
36:30 up a channel seldom polarizes. So particular cell detects something specific. So
36:36 what I'm doing is I'm basically telling brain I've detected to something specific.
36:43 right now, this is kind of complicated idea But it's the idea that
36:49 want you to grasp here. All . So what we have up here
36:52 the top of the of the screen different receptors. All right now you
36:56 2000 receptors. So we're just trying make this simple. Are you guys
37:00 sonic before? All right. And understand that there's like a whole bunch
37:04 different add ins to your sonic So you can add in like
37:08 you can add in like an you can add in, oh I
37:12 know, coconut blue coconut. You can add in line, you
37:16 add in grape. Right? So trying to get a sense of like
37:20 example here you could smell those different , right? You could smell cherry
37:24 orange blah blah blah blah. All , down on the uh on the
37:29 here you see the types of deodorant it's a B C. D E
37:32 . G. That we're not naming odorant. Right? What we're saying
37:35 we have a receptor that's capable of different odorant. Alright. But to
37:41 degrees. All right. So what saying up here looking at the Red
37:46 Alright. Cherry. It says look can bind the a odorant very well
37:52 ? I can kind of behind the . And I can barely bind the
37:56 . And all the other ones I buy into it. All. What
37:59 means is if I'm smelling something that either D. B. R.
38:02 . In it I'm gonna activate the . Or I'm going to activate the
38:06 receptor and I'm gonna activate it to specific level. In other words different
38:13 . Right? So if a bind gonna activate it more than I would
38:17 sea bound or D bound. Sorry sorry not see. All right looking
38:23 at the blue one we can see really really activates even more so than
38:28 . And so you can imagine now I'm smelling something really what's happening is
38:33 I've got a whole bunch of different in there. I got a whole
38:36 of different receptors and it's the combination odorant and the degree to which they
38:41 the receptors that they're able to They give rise to our perception of
38:46 we're smelling. All right let's put into practice. Ever smell the
38:52 Can you think of the smell of strawberry tendonitis? Right? Think of
38:56 strawberry isn't the same chemicals? No it's a lot of chemicals that are
39:03 close to and gives you the sense strawberry. Now you know there's something
39:08 of off but you still know it's of strawberry right, strawberry dollar answer
39:13 a lot like an actual strawberry but quite. That makes sense.
39:20 You ever had artificial banana? It fun with artificial banana. Kind of
39:25 like real banana does it? But not like a banana except it does
39:30 right Back in the 1930s, there a type of banana that was the
39:35 dominant type of banana that we all . There was a huge banana
39:39 It's almost funny that I say it way, right? That wiped out
39:43 Cavendish Banana. All right. You still buy cavendish bananas, but you
39:47 have banana plantations with them because once get a whole bunch of banana plants
39:51 , they get wiped out by whatever viruses that kills at this point that
39:56 banana you're tasting is what bananas used taste like. Not weird.
40:04 but my point is is that we of go yeah, it kind of
40:09 like banana when we have a banana or banana, whatever kind of tastes
40:14 it. But the banana eat right doesn't taste like that doesn't smell like
40:18 . But I can tell banana because the oils and the bananas contain
40:22 particular utterance that allow me to detect . Now, what we're doing here
40:27 remember each of these cells which have of these receptors which can be stimulated
40:33 different magnitudes are all feeding into different line. It's the level of the
40:39 , realize that actually sends information up the up to the olfactory cortex.
40:48 what this is trying to show you , it's like look if this is
40:51 olfactory epithelium and there's thousands and thousands these receptors and we're making it even
40:54 simple, we have a red and and the blue, you can see
40:58 all these red receptor cells all converge the same glow Maria list. So
41:04 not it's not like you're relying on receptor cells to hopefully detect that one
41:08 that's in there, right? There's of them. And so it's just
41:11 matter of how many of these receptors are. So again, I'm gonna
41:15 the example of the sonic drink. , and let's pretend that we can
41:20 our drink right? We have our water and we smell I smell
41:24 Right? But let's say that soda who's making your drink? Actually scored
41:29 little bit of grape in there, ? Not enough that you could taste
41:32 or see it But maybe a molecule two kind of gets up in the
41:37 epithelium. Maybe like and your brain all right, well I kind of
41:41 stimulated by a great but not So maybe this is a false
41:46 And what the glamour really are doing they're basically sorting out what you're actually
41:51 , They're basically saying well you know not really there. So I'm gonna
41:55 ahead and suppress that signal and I'm gonna go ahead and send that signal
41:59 that says there's only coconut, that of makes sense. So you're already
42:04 processing information again before it even gets to the olfactory cortex. That's the
42:08 of the glamour, realize to refine smell before that signal gets up
42:15 So, that's the idea here so . Okay. Or is this kind
42:21 confusing? Got one thumb up, thumbs up, someone in the
42:26 All right. Excellent. All So where do these signals go?
42:31 , what we're gonna do is we're from the olfactory bulb down the old
42:34 track. All right. And then going specifically in the cerebral cortex to
42:37 us a conscious perception of smell. right. Where in the cerebral cortex
42:41 would be the olfactory cortex. All . And what we're doing is we're
42:45 smells. So the first thing we to do is we learn what smells
42:49 . Right? When you first smell , it's like that's a strawberry.
42:53 . When I smell strawberry, I do All right. Can you identify
42:58 ? Just on smell? So fora looking at some so far is that
43:03 supports so forth so forth. So you have to look at a
43:07 cause she's gonna go, yep, wrong. And can you walk in
43:10 and just like Yeah, I can someone who's been there. 10.
43:16 . Right. Because you basically keep catalog of the things that you
43:19 All right. The limbic system plays role in our visceral reactions as well
43:25 our ability our emotional response to Alright, so, I'm gonna give
43:29 a reaction when I was in high played football. There was a guy
43:33 had a lucky undershirt, right? one of the sander's shirt. That's
43:36 shirt you wear underneath your pads. ? Never watched it. Yeah.
43:41 he sweated a lot. All And when I say he didn't wash
43:45 , you know, he he wore for practicing for games and then he
43:48 it in his locker after each of events and he pulled out his locker
43:51 stiff as a board. I'm not this is this is true. And
43:57 have to bang it against the right? And then kind of crunch
44:00 up and then kind of work his on it and then he sweat like
44:03 pig. And then after practice he'd and he'd ring that bad boy
44:09 Imagine taking that shirt and sticking it your nose. Mhm. Would you
44:17 a visual response, would you? , Okay. Hypothalamus. Alright.
44:26 response. All right. Think about brownies that someone you really care about
44:33 done for you and that smell. right. My grandmother loved to cook
44:37 us. She knew like when I a little kid, I loved orange
44:41 , I didn't realize it just came of a Duncan Hines box. I
44:44 she actually did stuff, but it's Duncan sign if I smell that
44:48 I mean, just the thought of makes me happy, right? And
44:52 I smelled it, cooking my mouth start watering and I get happy.
44:57 right. That would be an emotional . We'll turn it into a bad
45:01 . Think about your first crush and either the perfume the the soap or
45:08 uh cologne that they wore. If can think that you can probably remember
45:11 it smells like. And it probably up that person and all of a
45:14 it's like I don't like that Uh huh. All right. You're
45:19 . All right. That's a All right. So the amygdala plays
45:24 role in attaching smells to emotion. on to go station. How we
45:33 on time? Sometimes my stories get little bit long winded. And I
45:37 this. Yeah. Seth usually like stuff. How many guys have breakfast
45:45 morning? Good for you. The of you guys. I'm so
45:51 All right. Gus station basic sense taste. Again, we're dealing with
45:55 detection of chemicals in the oral And basically what we're doing is we're
45:59 our bodies to understand what's in the that we're eating. All right.
46:04 before we go into this and this gonna be this will be aided by
46:07 sense of affection of that olfaction. , about three years ago, I
46:14 lunch every friday with my fact my faculty members and one of them showed
46:17 late and she was like, I'm so sorry. I'm late.
46:19 was a red tail hawk out in of the library And I was ripping
46:22 a squirrel and everyone was taking pictures awesome. What we're biologists, we
46:27 this type of stuff. And I'm , cool. And I said,
46:29 know, out of my dumbness you know, I never understood
46:35 um, you know, like an , like a hawk sits there and
46:38 sits there and rips out muscle and and just, you know, just
46:44 eating it. They're just the happiest . That's, that's so gross.
46:48 she looks at me like, I'm stupidest person on the planet because I
46:51 at the time, right? I , I'm just like, it's because
46:54 their gustatory system, right? They receptors that tell them what's in that
47:00 and it's feeding right to the brain say, hey, you're getting the
47:03 that your needs. So this is it tastes good. I'm just
47:07 well, of course I'm just used thinking about chocolate cakes and you
47:12 steak and stuff. So I just think, you know, yeah,
47:15 food would taste good as well when are in need of those materials.
47:21 so that's why we develop a sense that. We just learned how to
47:24 . And so we have a more form. It's like, oh,
47:27 cooked meat tastes a lot better than raw meat. I'm going to ask
47:31 question here and you can answer How many guys? like raw
47:37 All right. So you eat raw , Right? How many of you
47:39 have ever had steak tartare? You steak tartare? No. You know
47:45 you do. Right, Okay. , stick tart tart for you don't
47:48 that that's basically raw meat. Usually you serve it with a raw
47:54 on top, you know, and of your sitting on, Yeah.
47:58 know now when I cook a steak eat a steak, it's going to
48:03 rare to medium rare. I want steaks bloody why? Because it tastes
48:08 . There's more flavor to it than steak that has been burnt to a
48:12 of charcoal, which would be what mom eats. It's like why would
48:17 do that to a gorgeous piece of ? Just go eat a brick of
48:21 . All right. But anyway, my point being is that I want
48:25 to kind of think about this when when we taste things were basically telling
48:29 body what's in there and that sense joy or happiness or you know,
48:35 , I'm eating this and it makes feel good. The reason it does
48:38 because it's sending a signal to your telling you that the things that are
48:41 it are what your body wants. is why candy and things full of
48:46 tastes so good. Right? Because body says, who free glucose.
48:54 ? But it's really your brain and rest of your body is going to
48:57 killing us. All right. there's a lot of things in here
49:01 we deal with the sense of But we're dealing with chemicals all right
49:06 where the taste buds are because you , taste is found on the taste
49:10 . I'm sure you knew that. where all this stuff is? All
49:14 ? So, first off on the of the tongue, we have a
49:17 of papillary. We're going to identify different types of papillae and show you
49:21 they are. But within the papillary are specific ones that have taste
49:26 Not all the Papillion. Your mouth taste buds. All right. And
49:29 the taste buds. So, this be an example of a taste bud
49:33 taste buds have within them gustatory cells it's the gustatory cells that actually have
49:38 receptors that detect chemicals and there's different and structurally they kind of look like
49:43 onion. So, you got green and the nose. You've got regular
49:47 out in the gustatory system. when we see gustatory cell, I
49:52 you to think taste receptor cells. , what we're gonna do is I
49:55 you to point out here, the a form is down here. The
49:57 . It's up there. We basically these crisscrosses because I typically talk about
50:01 first. But the drawing went the way. All right. The first
50:05 . I want to talk about the a form. These are called fill
50:08 form because you kind of look like tiny threads are a little tiny
50:11 Our fingers, they're very short and . They're found all over the surface
50:15 the tongue. When you go and at your tongue because you're not going
50:18 go do that. Go look at tongue. The majority of your tongue
50:21 covered in the filling forms. The a form have nothing to do with
50:26 sense of taste. Their job is move materials around in the mouth and
50:32 texture. All right. You ever at an ice cream cone, notice
50:37 the ice cream gets on your tongue your little fill a form, people
50:40 sitting there raking the ice cream if got rid of that. If your
50:44 was entirely smooth, you basically just licking the surface over and over again
50:48 nothing would ever get in your All right. We were watching a
50:52 drink milk right, basically. What's doing? It basically, it's dipping
50:58 tongue in the milk. It kind cuts it, but it really doesn't
51:01 . The milk is being is getting up by these fill a form.
51:06 taste buds ever eating peanut butter and stuck to the top of your
51:12 Well, your tongue is manipulating But what you're doing is using those
51:15 tiny fingers to scrape and pull and forced to actually get that thing off
51:21 hard palate. All right. So what the fill a form do.
51:25 you can see here they're kind of and an interesting, but they're
51:29 All right. And then over here the side, way over here,
51:32 the side we have the foley. they're found basically if you pulled your
51:37 out because you really can't see if want like that. You're not going
51:40 see them. They're literally about right . And so if you pull your
51:44 out, we're able to look at . You see these things that kind
51:46 looks like a little slits on the of your tongue. Those would be
51:49 foliate papillae. Alright. And they're very well developed in Houston. They're
51:55 active during our infancy, in our . Think about every child that you've
51:58 seen and what they put in their . Everything right. What they're doing
52:03 they're tasting their environment and trying to about their environment. And so they
52:07 a major role in understanding our environment early on, but they sit right
52:11 here on the edges way up top that. You can see the little
52:15 dots here represent where the taste buds located and notice that they're never here
52:19 the surface. They're usually out here the sides of these papillae, the
52:25 is the the fungi form now when think of taste. But this is
52:29 one you're thinking of, if you and look at your tongue, if
52:32 look very carefully, you're going to these kind of things that kind of
52:35 like buttons or dots around your tongue arranged around your tongue, fungi form
52:42 funk. Yumi comes from fun. looks like a little tiny button
52:45 Now, when I say tiny, mean it's almost the same size as
52:48 other, but they do kind of out relative to the sharp pointing ones
52:52 don't look sharp and pointy. But could use the rough ones. They're
52:56 of smoothed up and every now and you might actually have one that kind
52:59 gets out of whack. You ever that one taste. But you can
53:03 can flick it with your teeth and like, oh, that hurts
53:08 It's like wanting to pick a It's like, oh, You know
53:13 you weird things and that's one of . So there's about 300 of them
53:17 the surface of the tongue, right , primarily on the anterior surface.
53:22 they have a couple of taste buds right now, these are you can
53:25 again are a little bit on the . And so these are the ones
53:28 you kind of recognize as being taste . But then we also have this
53:30 one. And again, these are to divide the anterior posterior tongue.
53:35 10 to 12 of these are called circum validate. All right. There
53:39 . All right. They look like giant bullseye. And again, if
53:42 go out, you're not gonna see . But they sit really kind of
53:45 back. And if you were able pull a tongue out, you'd be
53:49 to see. And that's what this . It's right there. Those are
53:52 line of taste buds, alright. an inverted V. And basically this
53:58 where the greatest concentration the taste buds actually going to be located. So
54:02 there at the boundary between the post in the anterior tongue. Now,
54:07 taste bud is opened up to the , right? Not necessarily on the
54:12 , usually on the sides. And can see there's this opening.
54:15 the structure here is a bunch of that have little tiny extensions from their
54:23 that kind of poke out to the , and that taste poor is what
54:28 the chemicals to come into contact with gustatory cells. All right. And
54:32 , what we're doing is we basically saliva and as we're breaking things
54:36 tearing them apart, we're basically releasing chemicals and the chemicals get dissolved in
54:40 saliva and coat or come across the of one of these taste buds at
54:46 taste Poor. And that's where we're to detect it. There's different types
54:49 cells within. In the taste buds have a gustatory cell which is what
54:54 going to focus on the moment. have basil cells that gives rise to
54:58 other cells. We have transitional cells basically create support. And then there
55:02 nerve fibers in there found between the so that the signals can be sent
55:06 to the gustatory cortex. Lifespan of taste receptor cells about 10 days.
55:13 here ever burned their mouth on something . Right. And it's like,
55:18 do you taste for? Like the day? Nothing. Or it's very
55:23 . Right? But over time it's , okay, now, I got
55:25 sense of taste back. Right? the reason for that is most of
55:29 stuff that we put in our mouth very, very dangerous to your
55:33 All right. I mean, think rough foods that you eat, Captain
55:37 . Right? You go like I'm Captain Crunch. Just think of anything
55:42 Doritos, cheetos, anything like that basically something that's rubbing up against these
55:46 and running them, right? Things are hot, hot soup, hot
55:51 , hot tamales. Rather candy. ? As the candy, All those
55:57 . They're just basically causing damage to surface of the of these structures.
56:01 , you want to have something that for you to turn these over?
56:05 You're gonna destroy all the cells in couple days if you didn't have
56:08 And so basically we replace these cells every 10 days. All right.
56:14 not on the same cycle. They know, But that's about the lifespan
56:17 a taste receptor self. So here our gustatory cells. Their specialist neuro
56:24 meaning their neural in nature. All . They have these endings basically these
56:30 tiny taste hairs, these micro villa are extended out through that taste
56:35 And so this is what's contacting the . On being able to have the
56:40 is where the receptors are located. we have different types of cells.
56:44 have the type one the type to type during the type four cell.
56:47 most boring is the Type four cells the stem cell that gives rise to
56:50 the other ones. All right. then we have the type one the
56:55 run one response to sodium gives us sense of saltiness. The type 2s
57:02 a whole bunch of different things sweet and bitter. All right. They
57:07 a G protein coupled receptor. So why you know that They're all the
57:11 type They have a that that trans protein seven trans membrane protein that able
57:17 detect different types of things. it means there's specific receptors for sweet
57:22 receptors for umami, sweet specific receptors bitter. And lastly the type three
57:27 detect sour. Yes, I'm referring these as the type numbers instead of
57:34 . So, I'll ask you for what is the type to sell
57:38 Really? Type one But we'll make easy for you. All right.
57:42 , no. You'll see. I'll show you how it's easy?
57:44 right. But before we get easy pathway. Alright, so we have
57:50 and innovate the tongue. We have nerve number seven. That's the anterior
57:54 thirds. That's the part that you see when you look at. That's
57:58 front and terry two thirds. Cranial number nine is the posterior third.
58:03 it's in the back. All So, if you don't remember
58:06 facial nerve and the glossary for And then cranial nerve number 10.
58:10 the epiglottis and lower pharynx. there's actually detection that takes place.
58:14 you ever tasted something in the back your throat? Like the way
58:18 you know? All right. So are there are receptors that move further
58:23 . But those aren't the ones we're talking about. They're going to go
58:26 these structures to the medulla. All . From the medulla. They project
58:31 the thalamus. So notice the only that doesn't go to the thalamus
58:37 All right. From the thalamus. protect to project to the gustatory
58:42 All right. And so this is we're gonna also project to the hypothalamus
58:46 well as olympic. Just as we've before in motion and the idea of
58:51 , is this something I like. this something I don't like yada
58:56 So, when I was in school your age. There were four since
59:02 types of tastes. All right. , there are five By the time
59:07 my age there might be seven because know, it's like we used to
59:13 in a black and white world now live in a color world.
59:19 that's not gonna buy that one. , no, those those were color
59:23 . It's just black and white Everything was black and white. Ask
59:28 parents. No, john you know teasing. Right, okay. Now
59:35 reason is is that as we go , we learn about new receptors that
59:39 us to understand a little bit more what we're tasting. Right? So
59:43 I was in school we had sour, bitter and sweet. Now
59:46 have umami. All right. And gonna show you some other ones here
59:51 a second. That's like goes beyond five. And so there's probably receptors
59:57 other things as well. All But salty, salty. This is
60:01 , really easy. I've got a here of salt right? Got some
60:06 snacks. All right. What's Well, what we do is we're
60:11 at the direct entry of sodium into cell. Alright, They go through
60:15 specific channel. You do not need know the channel. Okay, The
60:20 called enact channel. You can see has sodium right there in the middle
60:22 it and basically what it is is the channels there if there's sodium there
60:27 into stealth causes the cell to So type one cells automatically to polarize
60:32 you have salt around, that's how do that sour. On the other
60:37 , is we have this stuff right and this stuff right here, we're
60:41 make this one easy. What's Oranges? What do they have in
60:46 ? Citrix or citric asset up We got a whole bunch of pickled
60:51 . What do we use for pickling ? Which is what type? See
60:58 . See the gasses if you like warheads. Yeah, if you guys
61:04 sour patch kids. Yeah, that comes from either acetic acid or from
61:11 acid. So, there's a theme , sour things have acidity. All
61:19 . And what we're detecting then is detecting that acidity. All right.
61:24 , if you've got your entire life understanding what phs and stuff with ph
61:28 is basically the availability of free Right? So, when a chemical
61:33 has a proton that can disassociate, called an acid. And so the
61:38 of three protons determines how acidic something . All right. So, what
61:43 doing is we're detecting that acidity and gives us a sense of sour.
61:48 , what it does is it binds a channel that is a potassium
61:52 And the potassium channel basically no longer the passive movement of potassium out of
61:57 cell. Now, potassium is moving of a cell. What do we
62:00 happens to the cell hyper polarizes hyper . So, it's moving away from
62:08 and so what you're doing is you're that. So that allows the cell
62:12 de polarize. And so that's when fires. It basically says,
62:17 acid The cells no longer firing. I mean now this when the acids
62:23 the cell begins to fire because I'm longer allowing potassium to leave. And
62:27 that's how we detect that sour. right, This is the type three
62:32 notice start with type one. The threes. And I said the complicated
62:36 are the type twos. Type fours easy because you're just stem cells.
62:40 , so salt ease. That's The sour. Okay, detecting protons
62:48 then now this is just showing you picture. I think this comes from
62:51 book to just show you. salt here is the sodium channel.
62:54 is the potassium channel. Okay, if you need to visualize that,
62:57 can go and look at these All right, The sweet and the
63:03 And I said there's five. here's the first one. Sweet.
63:06 right. That's sweet. Yeah. what makes that sweet? Right up
63:12 ? Sugar. And which type of , fructose for the most part.
63:17 . But if I want to start that and there's gonna be a lot
63:20 sucrose in it as well. that's sweet. Mm hmm, caramel
63:27 brownies. I presume that's care about rallies. What's that filled with joy
63:32 happiness. Alright, It's sweet. sugar. More sugar. All
63:36 So, what we're looking at is looking for specific configurations of glucose.
63:42 , now glucose is a six carbon . So galactose can slightly bind to
63:49 fructose can slightly buy into these as , but not as well as glucose
63:53 . And so when sucrose gets into mouth, you got a lot of
63:57 there. So basically that activates and everything all happy. Now, what
64:02 doing is you're binding to a specific protein coupled receptor that then basically creates
64:08 cascade that causes cells to polarize to you that sweet is present. All
64:14 . So that's the g protein coupled . Umami with something that's been recently
64:20 again. It's working through G protein receptor. And what's happening is that
64:25 acids and especially the amino acid glutamate to this particular receptor. And what
64:31 does it gives you a sense of . All right, Mommy is in
64:38 activated when proteins are around. All . And so like when you have
64:42 steak and you sit there and go , oh, the steak is so
64:45 . It's savory to me. It's you're detecting the amino acids All right
64:53 in asian foods we have a specific of salt we like to use.
64:58 creates salt saltiness but it also creates burst of flavor. What is that
65:06 uh salt that we use? Msg sodium glutamate. All right now,
65:15 is not to say asian food is savory without msg in it.
65:21 I mean it's savory in and of , but what it does is it
65:24 this surge of this pop of Because what you're doing is you're giving
65:29 taste buds an extra boost of protein says this is awesome. All
65:37 So that's why msg is so frequently . It's also easy to to extract
65:44 kelp. So that's where it comes for the most part. Ah This
65:48 a fun one. What's this? did it come from? Cocoa?
65:54 right. What's this? All What's it come from? Not
65:59 but it's related. All right. is the brassica. Alright. What's
66:04 bir where does it come from? place? Yeah, that's that's actually
66:11 I'm trying to get here is hops right. So, what we have
66:15 , we have three different things. have cocoa. We have hops and
66:20 have brussels sprouts. All right. , what do these three things have
66:26 common. What are they? What their source bitterness? Yes. Obviously
66:32 not that that's obvious. But that's we're shooting for. I mean,
66:35 think I heard you say what the ? All right. And what these
66:40 are doing is there basically trying to you don't eat me. So they
66:44 chemicals that are there to kill This is most obvious with the brussels
66:53 . Have you ever eaten a brussels doesn't doesn't say to me just I
66:58 dog dare you. You take mm sprouts don't taste good with bacon.
67:07 , all right. Let's have a . You like brussel sprouts? Oh
67:10 goodness, You poor souls, you are all tortured as Children or
67:14 Yeah, I'm just teasing. I asparagus. All right. Yeah.
67:19 that's just it. I like, I like brassica. With the exception
67:22 brussel sprouts. What is, what brassica? Brassica is, is the
67:27 vegetable that we eat in our broccoli name another one. Cauliflower,
67:33 sprouts, cabbage. Um, no , different radishes, romaine lettuce is
67:42 rascal. Yeah. Um, there's couple of other broccoli's that are involved
67:48 . Um, and also greens, mustard greens all come from the brassica
67:54 basically. At some point, someone , oh, here's a mutant.
67:57 gonna want to move that off and that. That's what we're looking at
68:01 just different mutations from the original mustard that gave rise to all these
68:07 All right. I'm saying they're trying kill you. All. All
68:10 What they're doing is they're producing these called alkaloids. Alright. And basically
68:15 the plan is trying to do is , please don't eat me. And
68:19 for some reason this particular alkaloid, like think about coco do you guys
68:26 cocoa when you're a kid, Did ever sneak into the into the pantry
68:30 saw the baking chocolate and you're eyes were like baking chocolate. She'll
68:35 know. And you got the baking took a bite and it's like,
68:40 is this? All right. Because the cocoa is nice, but
68:44 not as nice as when you have with it. Right. All
68:49 But how do I know this is alkaloid is trying to kill me?
68:52 you feed chocolate to a dog? ? It'll kill the dock,
68:58 It can't respond to that particular Like we can. All right.
69:01 another fun one. You guys like and spicy food. I think I've
69:04 this question before. All right. makes uh something spicy like a pepper
69:08 is a chemical called kick it Perhaps a son. Alright, capsaicin
69:14 the thing that makes the thing All right. If you eat something
69:18 and spicy, what happens to your ? You're like, oh, it's
69:21 . You go give something hot and to a squirrel. It's the funniest
69:24 ever. Yeah, try these. quarrels will take anything from you walk
69:31 and give it a jalapeno. Watch happens, wow. Just watch and
69:39 . It's funny if you're mean. . But in essence. All
69:44 Have you ever watched a bird, bird can eat anything incredibly spicy.
69:48 has an ability to consume keepsakes and doesn't have that same responsiveness and so
69:54 essence what these do. Our hops basically that's from a flower and it's
70:00 the flower basically saying don't eat I know you guys are death.
70:03 out here. How much time do really hope? Yeah, I got
70:06 minutes, man, you guys are to get out of here. Like
70:09 got another class in 20 minutes. all right. Right. In essence
70:15 have lots of these different types of . We have about 50 200 different
70:19 of receptors. And the reason being we need to be able to detect
70:22 poisons that these plants are trying to to kill us. Right? Have
70:25 guys learned about eating mushrooms versus Right. Are there certain mushrooms you
70:30 eat if you were walking around the and you saw mushrooms growing when you're
70:34 oh, mushrooms, I want them my food. No, you have
70:38 know what they are because certain mushrooms produce certain toxins like musk your greens
70:43 basically will stop your heart from Right? So the goal here is
70:50 to identify those things before they get your body and kill you. But
70:54 of them provide dimension to our And so we enjoy them.
70:58 how does this all work? again, you have the G protein
71:02 through a process and basically you open channels to cause the cells to polarize
71:06 right? But there's specific G G protein coupled receptors for each of
71:11 different agents. Now you'll notice What does it say? Do not
71:16 anything on this slide. This is for fun and knowledge. All
71:21 We've known about all these different case a long, long time. But
71:24 only recently within the last 20 years we've been able to identify the receptors
71:31 . Which is kind of cool. you think about it, that means
71:34 lots of stuff we don't know about bodies that we're still learning about.
71:38 just to kind of show this Remember I said When I was in
71:42 , there were four. Now there five and there are other taste perceptions
71:50 we're starting to learn about. All . So for example, um you
71:56 like sodas. All right. Some don't some you know, But part
72:01 the attraction of soda is the dizziness what we have is we have a
72:05 dioxide receptor called the car for receptor found on the on the tongue.
72:09 again, this is not remembering this for fun. Right? The car
72:12 receptors which detects that carbon dioxide. , why would I care about detecting
72:16 dioxide? Well, the byproduct of consumption of aerobic consumption is a production
72:24 carbon dioxide if you take a piece food and it's fizzy, it's usually
72:28 sign that is probably contaminated now I've this in the wild meaning in real
72:37 . You guys know what double Dave's anyone who went to texas A and
72:39 really knows what double days is. you guys remember this is a there's
72:43 pizza a franchise. They're awesome on . They make, they make pepperoni
72:49 on Tuesday, it's two for it's awesome. You go in there
72:51 get like 3000 of these things. don't pay that much for them.
72:54 can eat them, but they always the marinara out in the salad
72:57 Right? That's what you do. rolls in. And then sometimes what
73:01 do is they take the marinade and put in the fridge overnight to come
73:03 and put it out again, perfectly to do. But over time bacteria
73:09 that marinara would begin to multiply and producing carbon dioxide. And so take
73:15 marine air, take it back to table and you feel that on your
73:19 you're like, okay, this has off. It's a sign says don't
73:23 me All right. You guys like , ice creams and stuff like
73:28 That creaminess. Right? Well there fat receptors in our bodies and their
73:35 receptors on our tongues. Part of reason we like fat so much is
73:39 it's actually the best sorts of energy our bodies. And so being able
73:44 detect fats in our foods is actually our benefit, we just haven't identified
73:49 fatty receptors are responsible on our tongues . So when you're in my my
73:55 and your kids are going there are different types of receptors on the
73:58 You can don't have to correct you probably say yeah so what do
74:01 have fatty now? You know the thing and this one I think is
74:07 really kind of important and it shows How important is to understand what it
74:13 that you're learning all right. So 19 I was basically there's there's something
74:18 a taste bud myth or map. so usually what you'll see and you
74:23 these off the Internet and I actually colleagues who still teach this and I'm
74:25 like that's wrong. So you basically it's like look there are different regions
74:30 the tongue where you can detect different , right? And that's that's what
74:33 is and it happened because this guy a paper basically says look I looked
74:38 over the tongue, I found these along the surface of the tongue where
74:42 are taste buds in essence is what said and you can see where they
74:46 . Look it's right here on the portion, right over here where the
74:50 would be back here where the circum it would be, it's like this
74:54 where the taste buds are located. this paper was written in Germany in
74:58 and so people who read this if poor translation learned, learned it or
75:04 it thought it said there are specific on the tongue where these specific receptors
75:09 located. And so we get this where it's like well salty has tasted
75:12 here at the front and so it's sours over on the side and so
75:16 bitter and yada yada yada. And is still being taught today. It's
75:20 lie. You can detect all those flavors or different tastings all over the
75:27 . And how do you know this true? Put food in your
75:30 roll around your mouth, right? of wind. Does a glass of
75:34 change as you roll it from the of your mouth to the back of
75:37 mouth. It tastes all the same basically what it is. It's activating
75:41 receptors in those particular locations. But you can detect suite in the
75:46 as well as in the front and on and so forth. So,
75:49 want to just bust that myth So that when you go off and
75:53 nursing professor teaches you the wrong thing you say no And you can pull
75:57 slide out and say in 1901 dr egg did this paper and it was
76:03 . So it's really funny. Yellow like that. All right.
76:10 we just covered the rest of special . Remember we do have class on
76:17 ? The break begins on Wednesday. right. I know. And then
76:21 have another class on the following Tuesday then we have a test and then
76:25 done with me and then to not . Not tonight, tomorrow night.
76:29 do you have besides an organic chemistry ? Extra credit. If you go
76:33 the football game, take a picture you with the final score in the
76:40 and then you email it to You might want to include your Peoplesoft
76:44 name, just so I can find . Yeah. Uh, one point
76:49 your final grade. Okay.
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